WORLD REGIONS

COUNTRIES:
Argentina

Cuba

Haiti

India

Lebanon

Puerto Rico

Uzbekistan

Venezuela

Yemen

MEMBERS:
Anne Glomar

Eunice Manallo

Jannrein Reymundo

Reynald Ramirez

Royce Rey

SECTION:
BSIT 1.1C
 CUBA
Official Language: Spanish

Population (2018): 11.21 million

Current President: Miguel Díaz-Canel

Capital: Havana

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba as
well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located in the
northern Caribbean where the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
meet. Havana is the largest city and capital; other major cities include Santiago de
Cuba and Camagüey. The area of the Republic of Cuba is 110,860 square
kilometers (42,800 sq mi) (109,884 square kilometers (42,426 sq mi) without the
territorial waters).

ECONOMIC POLICY OF CUBA

The Cuban state claims to adhere to socialist principles in organizing its largely state
-controlled planned economy. Most of the means of production are owned and run by
the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Recent years
have seen a trend toward more private sector employment. By 2006, public sector
employment was 78% and private sector by 22%.

FOREIGN POLICY OF CUBA

Cuba's foreign policy has been fluid throughout history depending on world events
and other variables, including relations with the United States. Without massive
Soviet subsidies and its primary trading partner, Cuba became increasingly isolated
in the late 1980s and early 1990s after the fall of the USSR and the end of the Cold
War, but Cuba opened up more with the rest of the world again starting in the late
1990s when they have since entered bilateral co-operation with several South
American countries, most notably Venezuela and Bolivia beginning in the late 1990s,
especially after the Venezuela election of Hugo Chávez in 1999, who became a
staunch ally of Castro's Cuba.

SUMMARY

Cuba is a country located in Northern Carribean, led by Miguel Díaz-Canel. Its

economy type is planned economy, in which the government controls and regulates
production, distribution, prices, etc. Cuba's capital is Havana, and its main trading
partner since the late 1990s is Venezuela and Bolivia.
 INDIA
India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and
rich cultural heritage. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress since its
Independence. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production and is now
one of the top industrialized countries in the world and one of the few nations to
have gone into outer space to conquer nature for the benefit of the people. It covers
an area of 32, 87,263 sq. km (1,269,346 sq mi), extending from the snow-covered
Himalayan heights to the tropical rain forests of the south. As the 7th largest country
in the world, India stands apart from the rest of Asia, marked off as it is by mountains
and the sea, which give the country a distinct geographical entity. Bounded by the
Great Himalayas in the north, it stretches southwards and at the Tropic of Cancer,
tapers off into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal on the east and the
Arabian Sea on the west. India and Indian civilization have played a major part in
human development, world history and international relations. With roughly 1.2 billion
people, India is the world’s largest democracy and second largest country by
population. Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later
than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as
hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in
human genetic diversity.

FOREIGN POLICY OF INDIA

The Ministry of External Affairs of India (MEA), also known as the Foreign Ministry, is
the government agency responsible for the conduct of foreign relations of India. With
the world's fifth largest military expenditure, second largest and most valorous armed
force, fifth largest economy by nominal rates and third largest economy in terms of
purchasing power parity, India is a regional power, a nuclear power, a nascent global
power and a potential superpower. India has a growing international influence and a
prominent voice in global affairs. India was one of the founding members of several
international organizations which is the United Nations, the Asian Development Bank,
New Development BRICS Bank, G-20 and the founder of the Non-Aligned
Movement.

India has also played an important and influential role in other international
organizations like East Asia Summit, World Trade Organization, International
Monetary Fund (IMF), G8+5 and IBSA Dialogue Forum. India is also a member of
the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization. Regionally, India is a part of SAARC and BIMSTEC. India has taken
part in several UN peacekeeping missions and in 2007; it was the second-largest
troop contributor to the United Nations. India is currently seeking a permanent seat
in the UN Security Council, along with the other G4 nations. India wields enormous
influence in global affairs and can be classified as an emerging superpower.
 ECONOMIC POLICY OF INDIA

India economic policies, initiated in 1991 with the goal of making the economy more
market- and service-oriented, and expanding the role of private and foreign
investment. Most of these changes were made as part of the conditions laid out by
the World Bank and the IMF as a condition for a $500 million bail out to the Indian
government in December 1991. Specific changes include a reduction in import tariffs,
deregulation of markets, reduction of taxes, and greater foreign investment.
Liberalizations have been credited by its proponents for the high economic growth
recorded by the country in the 1990s and 2000s. Its opponents have blamed it for
increased inequality and economic degradation. The overall direction of liberalization
has since remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party, although no party has
yet solved a variety of politically difficult issues, such as liberalizing labor laws and
reducing agricultural subsidies. There exists a lively debate in India as to whether
the economic reforms were sustainable and beneficial to the people of India as a
whole. Indian government coalitions have been advised by the IMF and World Bank
to continue liberalization. Before 2015, India grew at a slower pace than China,
which had been liberalizing since 1978.

SUMMARY

India is the 7th largest country in the world; India stands apart from the rest of Asia,
marked off as it is by mountains and the sea. India region now is highly diverse,
second to Africa in human genetic diversity. India has many connections to several
international organizations which is the united nation (US), The Asian Development
Bank and etc. India influences international organizations through their good ideas.
Many things happen to the country India because of the connections into other
countries or organizations that’s why many changes happens to this country for the
better.
 HAITI

Haiti became the world's first black-led republic and the first independent Caribbean
state when it threw off French colonial control and slavery in the early 19th century.
But independence came at a crippling cost. It had to pay reparations to France,
which demanded compensation for former slave owners. The 19th century
"independence debt" was not paid off until 1947. There have been recent calls for
France to repay the money. Chronic instability, dictatorships and natural disasters in
recent decades have left it as the poorest nation in the Americas. An earthquake in
2010 killed more than 200,000 people and caused extensive damage to
infrastructure and the economy. A UN peacekeeping force was put in place in 2004
to help stabilize the country, and only withdrew in 2017. Jovenel Moise was sworn in
as president in February 2017. His inauguration ended a protracted electoral crisis
that began in October 2015, when elections were annulled over allegations of fraud.
Mr Moise was finally declared the winner of the November 2016 presidential
elections by an electoral tribunal in January 2017. A businessman and the chosen
successor of former President Michel Martelly, Mr Moise had never held political
office before. Radio is Haiti's leading news medium and there hundreds of local,
privately-owned stations. The media reflect a range of views but the work of
journalists is hampered by threats and violence, press watchdogs say. Around 19%
of Haitians were online by 2019.

FOREIGN POLICY OF HAITI

Haiti is one of the original members of the UN and participates in many of its
specialized agencies. The country maintains diplomatic relations with most
European and Latin American countries, although most do not maintain embassies
in Haiti. To help his country emerge from poverty and become a player in the global
market, Aristide must attempt to make amends with donor countries, which include
Canada, France, Germany, and Japan, as well as the United States. These are also
the countries that would be likely sources of foreign economic investment. In 1998,
Haitians, already the poorest people in the Americas, saw their economy suffer from
the forces of nature, as well as their own politicians. A hurricane devastated the
economy, damaged rice crops, and left hundreds dead. Political instability has
caused most investors such as the United States to only offer the most basic
humanitarian aid, the funds for which are often received by agencies outside the
government. Drug-running has grown considerably. Since 1999, Haitian police have
been attempting to close down a network that carries drugs from Colombia through
Haiti to the United States and other destinations. Six of the police themselves were
detained on suspicion of theft. They were believed to have stolen the majority of a
haul of cocaine that was discovered in a boat headed for Miami. U.S. government
officials estimate 20% of drugs now reaching the United States pass through Haiti.
The police of Haiti decided to intensify the fight on drug trafficking as a means of
lowering crime in general, but the country still remains a trafficking hub.

ECONOMIC POLICY OF HAITI

Haiti is a free market economy with low labor costs and tariff-free access to the US
for many of its exports. Two-fifths of all Haitians depend on the agricultural sector,
mainly small-scale subsistence farming, which remains vulnerable to damage from
frequent natural disasters. Haiti has an agricultural economy. Over half of the world's
vetiver oil (an essential oil used in high-end perfumes) comes from Haiti, and
bananas, cocoa, and mangoes are important export crops. Haiti has also moved to
expand to higher-end manufacturing, producing Android-based tablets and current
sensors and transformers.

SUMMARY

Haiti is in the western country between the Caribbean Sea and the North
Atlantic Ocean and a tropical country. Haiti is a free market economy and has
agricultural economy. The culture of Haiti is an eclectic mix of African, Taino and
European elements due to the French colonization of Saint Domingue and its large
and diverse enslaved African population, as is evidenced in the Haitian language,
music, and religion. Haiti is a mountainous country and tropical country. And the
language there is French and Creole. Haiti is an indian name means ‘’Land of
mountains‘’. The president of Haiti is elected every 5 years. Haiti is the poorest
country in the western hemisphere.
 LEBANON
Lebanon is a country in Western Asia; bordered by Syria to the north and east and
Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's
location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland
facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic
diversity. At just 10,452 km2 (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized sovereign
state on the mainland continent Lebanon was the home of the
Canaanites/Phoenicians and their kingdoms, a maritime culture that flourished for
over a thousand years (c. 1550–539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule
of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of
Christianity. Despite its small size, the country has developed a well-known culture
and has been highly influential in the Arab world, powered by its large Diaspora.
Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975–1990), the country experienced a period of
relative calm and renowned prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, commerce,
and banking. Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday, Lebanon was
referred to as the "Switzerland of the East" during the 1960s. Lebanon has the 7th
highest Human Development Index and GDP per capita in the Arab world after the
oil-rich economies of the Persian Gulf. Lebanon has been a member of the United
Nations since its founding in 1945 as well as of the Arab League (1945), the Non-
Aligned Movement (1961), Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (1969) and the
Organization (1973).

FOREIGN POLICY OF LEBANON

Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria. The framework for
relations was first codified in May 1991, when Lebanon and Syria signed a treaty of
mutual cooperation. This treaty came out of the Tail Agreement, which stipulated that
"Lebanon is linked to Syria by distinctive ties deriving strength from kinship, history,
and common interests." The Lebanese-Syria treaty calls for "coordination and
cooperation between the two countries" that would serve the "interests of the two
countries within the framework of sovereignty and independence of each."
Numerous agreements on political, economic, security and judicial affairs have
followed over the years. After Syria's military withdrawal in 2005, Lebanon's foreign
policy charted a more independent course. Although its current government's policy
can be considered Western-leaning if not pro-Western, the political opposition led by
Hezbollah and the Free Patriotic Movement advocate a foreign policy more in line
with that of Iran and Syria.
 ECONOMY POLICY OF LEBANON
Lebanon is the third-highest indebted country in the world in terms of the ratio
of debt-to-GDP. As a consequence, interest payments consumed 48% of domestic
government revenues in 2016, thus limiting the government ’s ability to make needed
investments in infrastructure and other public goods. The Lebanese economy is
service-oriented. Lebanon has a strong tradition of laissez-faire, with the country's
constitution stating that 'the economic system is free and ensures private initiative
and the right to private property'. The major economic sectors include metal products,
banking, agriculture, chemicals, and transport equipment. Main growth sectors
include banking and tourism. There are no restrictions on foreign exchange or
capital movement. Lebanon ’s Constitution in 1989 states that the economic system
is free and ensures private initiative and the right of private property. And the website
of the Lebanese presidency adds. Lebanon has a free economy system that
guarantees entrepreneurship and private property. It is led by a private sector that
plays a major role in the different economic fields, especially the services sector and
the financial and banking sector, which represent 70 percent of Lebanon’s national
income. For many areas of Lebanon, there is a ‘before’ and ‘after ’ the Civil War
(1975-1990) in the economic field. During the first decade of the Civil War, the
Lebanese economy proved remarkably resilient. Eventually, however, the Lebanese
pound plummeted as a result both of the destruction of the infrastructure and
government policy.

SUMMARY
Lebanon is a country in Western Asia bordered by Syria to the north and east
and Israel to the south, In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman
Empire, despite its small size; the country has developed a well-known culture and
has been highly influential in the Arab world, powered by its large Diaspora.
Lebanon's foreign policy had been heavily influenced by Syria. The Lebanese-Syria
treaty calls for "coordination and cooperation between the two countries". Lebanon is
the third-highest indebted country in the world in terms of the ratio of debt-to-GDP.
The Lebanese economy is service-oriented and lastly; in Lebanon, there are no
restrictions on foreign exchange or capital movement.
 VENEZUELA
Official Language: Spanish

Population (2017): 31.98 million

Current President: Nicolás Maduro

Ex-President: Hugo Chávez

Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country of striking

natural beauty, and one of the most highly-urbanised countries in Latin America. It
has some of the world's largest proven oil deposits as well as huge quantities of coal,
iron ore, bauxite and gold. Yet many Venezuelans live in poverty, often in shanty
towns, some of which sprawl over the hillsides around the capital Caracas. It has a
territorial extension of 916,445 km2 (353,841 sq mi).

ECONOMIC POLICY OF VENEZUELA

Venezuela has a mixed economy dominated by the petroleum sector, which

accounts for roughly a third of GDP, around 80% of exports, and more than half of
government revenues. Per capita GDP for 2016 was estimated to be US$15,100,
ranking 109th in the world. Venezuela has the least expensive petrol in the world
because the consumer price of petrol is heavily subsidized.

FOREIGN POLICY OF VENEZEULA

The foreign relations of Venezuela since the early twentieth century had been
particularly strong with the United States. However, with the election of Hugo Chávez
as President of Venezuela in 1998, the foreign policy differed substantially from that
of previous Venezuelan governments. Hugo Chávez refocused Venezuelan foreign
policy on Latin American economic and social integration by enacting bilateral trade
and reciprocal aid agreements, including his so-called "oil diplomacy". Chávez stated
that Venezuela has "a strong oil card to play on the geopolitical stage ... It is a card
that we are going to play with toughness against the toughest country in the world,
the United States.”

SUMMARY

Venezuela is one of the most beautiful and urbanised country in America. It has
some of the world's largest proven oil deposits as well as huge quantities of coal,
iron ore, bauxite and gold, but still poverty exists in this nation. Venezuela's
economic system is mixed economy, where both market forces and government
decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are
distributed.
 YEMEN

Officially the Republic of Yemen, is a country at the southern end of the Arabian
Peninsula in Western Asia. It is the second-largest Arabsovereign state in the
peninsula, occupying 527,970 square kilometres (203,850 square miles). The
coastline stretches for about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 miles). It is bordered by Saudi
Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, the Gulf of Aden and Guardafui
Channel to the south, and the Arabian Sea and Oman to the east. Yemen's territory
encompasses more than 200 islands, including Socotra, one of the largest islands in
the Middle East.

FOREIGN POLICY OF YEMEN

The foreign relations of Yemen are the relationships and policies that Yemen
maintains with other countries. It is a member of the United Nations, the Arab
League, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Yemen participates in the
nonaligned movement. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for all treaties
and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and the PDRY. Additionally, Yemen has
acceded to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and has stressed the need to render
the Middle East region free of nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction.

The Persian Gulf crisis dramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. As a member
of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for 1990 and 1991, Yemen abstained on a
number of UNSC resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait and voted against the "use
of force resolution". Western and Persian Gulf Arab states reacted by curtailing or
cancelling aid programs and diplomatic contacts. At least 850,000 Yemenis returned
from Saudi Arabia and the Persian Gulf.
ECONOMIC POLICY OF YEMEN
At the time of unification, South Yemen and North Yemen had vastly different but
equally struggling underdeveloped economic systems. Since unification, the
economy has been forced to sustain the consequences of Yemen's support for Iraq
during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War: Saudi Arabia expelled almost 1 million Yemeni
workers, and both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait significantly reduced economic aid to
Yemen. The war further drained Yemen's economy. As a consequence, for the past
24 years Yemen has relied heavily on aid from multilateral agencies to sustain its
economy. In return, it has pledged to implement significant economic reforms. In
1997 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved two programs to increase
Yemen's credit significantly: the enhanced structural adjustment facility (now known
as the poverty reduction and growth facility, or PRGF) and the extended funding
facility (EFF). In the ensuing years, Yemen's government attempted to implement
recommended reforms—reducing the civil service payroll, eliminating diesel and
other subsidies, lowering defense spending, introducing a general sales tax, and
privatizing state-run industries. However, limited progress led the IMF to suspend
funding between 1999 and 2001.

SUMMARY
Despite its ancient roots as the crossroads of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, the
modern Republic of Yemen is a relatively new state. It was created after communist
South Yemen merged with North Yemen in 1990, following years of strife, but
tensions have never been far below the surface. A fresh wave of protests in 2011,
inspired by the Arab Spring uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, forced President Ali
Abdallah Saleh to resign. In the ensuing turmoil, the Houthis seized much of the north
and west of the country, while Saudi-led forces intervened to support the
internationally-recognised government based in the south.
 UZBEKISTAN

Is a landlocked country in Central Asia. The sovereign state is a secular,

unitary constitutional republic, comprising 12 provinces, one autonomous republic,
and a capital city. Uzbekistan is bordered by five landlocked countries: Kazakhstan
to the north; Kyrgyzstan to the northeast; Tajikistan to the southeast; Afghanistan to
the south; and Turkmenistan to the southwest. Along with Liechtenstein, it is one of
the world's only two doubly landlocked countries.

Uzbekistan has a diverse cultural heritage due to its storied history and strategic
location. Its first major official language is Uzbek, a Turkic language written in the
Latin alphabet and spoken natively by approximately 85% of the population. For
2013, Russian has widespread use as an inter-ethnic communication language.
Uzbeks constitute 81% of the population, followed by Russians (5.4%), Tajiks (4.0%),
Kazakhs (3.0%), and others (6.5%). Muslims constitute 79% of the population while
5% of the population follow Russian Orthodox Christianity, and 16% of the
population follow other religions or are non-religious. A majority of Uzbeks are non-
denominational Muslims. Uzbekistan is a member of the CIS, OSCE, UN, and the
SCO. While officially a democratic republic, by 2008 non-governmental human rights
organizations defined Uzbekistan as "an authoritarian state with limited civil rights".

ECONOMIC POLICY OF UZBEKISTAN

Since gaining independence, the Government of Uzbekistan has stated that it is
committed to a gradual transition to a market-based economy. The progress with
economic policy reforms has been a cautious one, but cumulatively Uzbekistan has
shown respectable achievements. Its restrictive trade regime and generally
interventionist policies continue to have a negative effect on the economy.
Substantial structural reform is needed, particularly in these areas: improving the
investment climate for foreign investors, strengthening the banking system, and
freeing the agricultural sector from state control. Remaining restrictions on currency
conversion capacity and other government measures to control economic activity,
including the implementation of severe import restrictions and sporadic closures of
Uzbekistan's borders with neighbouring Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have
led international lending organizations to suspend or scale back credits.

Working closely with the IMF, the government has made considerable progress in
reducing inflation and the budget deficit. The national currency was made convertible
in 2003 as part of the IMF-engineered stabilization program, although some
administrative restrictions remain. The agriculture and manufacturing industries
contribute equally to the economy, each accounting for about one-quarter of the GDP.
Uzbekistan is a major producer and exporter of cotton, although the importance of
this commodity has declined significantly since the country achieved independence.
Uzbekistan is also a big producer of gold, with the largest open-pit gold mine in the
world. The country has substantial deposits of Silver, strategic minerals, gas, and oil.

SUMMARY

The land that is now Uzbekistan was once at the heart of the ancient Silk Road trade
route connecting China with the Middle East and Rome.
The country spent most of the past 200 years as part of the Russian Empire, and
then of the Soviet Union, before emerging as an independent state when Soviet rule
ended in 1991.
Under authoritarian President Islam Karimov, who ruled from 1989 until his death in
2016, Uzbekistan was reliant on exports of cotton, gas and gold to maintain its rigid,
state-controlled economy. President Karimov's successor, Shavkat Mirziyoyev, has
made efforts to break Uzbekistan out of its international isolation