PROPERTIES OF FORCES

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

MAGNITUDE The amount of force, N

DIRECTION Refers to the orientation

of its path or line of
action. It is usually
described by the angle
that the line of action
makes with some
reference

SENSE Refers to the manner in

which it acts along its
line of action.

FORCE SYSTEM

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

COPLANAR All acting in a single

plane of a vertical wall.
PARALLEL All having the same
direction.

CONCURRENT All having their lines of

action intersect at a
common point.

MOMENT Force x distance;

moment can be about
any point call CENTER
OF MOMENT.

MOMENT ARM Distance from center of

moment to force;
shortest or
perpendicular distance
from the center of
moment to the line of
action of force.

KINDS OF LOADS

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

CONCENTRATED A load acting on a very

LOADS small area of a structure.
DEAD LOAD Consists of the weight of
all materials and fixed
equipment incorporated
into the building or other
structure.

DISTRIBUTED A load which acts evenly

LOAD over a structural member
or over a surface that
supports the load.

FACTORED The load, multiplied by

LOAD appropriate load factors,
used to proportion
members by the strength
design method.

LIVE LOAD Loads produced by the

use and occupancy of
the building or other
structure and do not
include dead load,
construction load, or
environmental load such
as wind load, snow load,
rain load, earthquake
load or flood load.

LOAD A force or system of

forces carried by a
structure or part of a
structure.
UNIFORM LOAD A load uniformly
distributed over all or a
portion of a structure.

TYPES OF SUPPORT

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

HINGED Capable of resisting

forces acting in any
direction of the plane. It
is also used in doors to
produce only rotation in
a door. Hinge support
reduces sensitivity to
earthquake.

ROLLER Free to rotate and

translate along the
surface upon which the
roller rests. Roller
support is also used in
frame cranes in heavy
industries, the support
can move towards left,
right and rotate by
resisting vertical loads
thus a heavy load can be
shifted from one place to
another horizontally.
FIXED/ Can resist vertical and
RESTRAINED horizontal forces as well
as moment since they
restrain both rotation
and translation. They
are also known as rigid
support for the stability
of a structure there
should be one fixed
support.

TYPES OF BEAMS

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

SIMPLY A beam which is

SUPPORTED supported or resting
BEAM freely on supports at its
both ends.

SIMPLY If the end portion of the

SUPPORTED beam is extended
WITH OVERHANG beyond the support.
(OVERHANGING Mostly in overhanging
BEAM) beam one support is
hinge support while
other is roller support
having one end as free
like a cantilever.

CANTILEVER A beam which is fixed at

BEAM one end and free at the
other end.
PROPPED It is a little modification of
CANTILEVER the cantilever beam, if
BEAM the free end of the
(indeterminate) cantilever beam is place
on a roller support than
the resultant beam.

CONTINUOUS A beam which is

BEAM provided more than two
supports or is continuous
over more than two
supports.

FIXED BEAM A beam whose both

ends are fixed or built-in
walls. It is also known as
built-in or encastred
beam. It has
reinforcement that is
going through the beam
into the column.
INTERNAL FORCES TYPES

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

TENSION Push away from joint.

COMPRESSION Pushes towards joint.

SHEAR For connections.

ACRONYMS TO REMEMBER

ACRONYM LOGO

ASTM

American Society For Testing And

Materials International, a not-for-profit
standards development company, develops
and publishes technical standards for
materials, products, systems, and services.
The company also publishes annual books
and magazines.

ACI

The American Concrete Institute is a

leading authority and resource worldwide
for the development, distribution and
adoption of consensus-based standards,
technical resources, educational programs,
and proven expertise for individuals and
organizations involved in concrete design,
construction, and materials, who share a
commitment to pursuing the best use of
concrete.

AISC

American Institute of Steel Construction

is a non-partisan, not-for-profit technical
institute and trade association established
in 1921 to serve the structural steel design
community and construction industry in the
United States.
AWS

American Welding Society was founded

in 1919 as a non-profit organization to
advance the science, technology and
application of welding and allied joining and
cutting processes, including brazing,
soldering and thermal spraying.

ASEP

Association of Structural Engineers of

the Philippines is the recognized
organization of Structural Engineers of the
Philippines.

UAP

United Architects of the Philippines or

the Integrated and Accredited Professional
Organization of Architects, is the
professional organization for architects in
the Philippines.
FEATURES OF A STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

Stress-Strain A graphic representation

Diagram of the relationship
between unit stress
values and the
corresponding unit
strains for a specific
material.

1. Proportional Maximum stress which

Limit the material springs back
to the original length
when the load is
released.

2. Elastic Limit Maximum stress which

the material does not
return to its original
length but has incurred a
permanent deformation
we call permanent set.

3. Yield Point The stress wherein the

deformation increases
without any increase in
the load. The material at
some portion shows a
decrease in its cross
section.

4. Ultimate The maximum stress

Strength that can be attained
immediately before
actual failure or rupture.
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

ALLOWABLE The maximum unit

STRESS
stress permitted for a
material in the design of
a structural member,
usually a fraction of the
materials elastic limit,
yield strength, or
ultimate strength. Also
called allowable unit
stress working stress.

AXIAL FORCE A tensile or compressive

force acting along the
longitudinal axis of a
structural member and at
the centroid of the cross
section. Producing axial
stress without bending,
torsion or shear, also
called axial load.

AXIAL STRESS A tensile or compressive

stress that develops to
resist axial force,
assumed to be normal to
and uniformly distributed
over the area of the
cross section. Also
called direct stress,
normal stress.
BENDING The bowing of an elastic
body as an external
force is applied
transversely to its length.
Bending is the structural
mechanism that enables
a load to be channelled
in a direction
perpendicular to its
application.

BRITTLENESS The property of material

that causes it to rupture
suddenly under stress
with little evident
deformation. Since
brittle materials lack the
plastic behaviour of
ductile materials, they
can give no warning of
impending material.

COMPRESSION The act of shortening or

state of being pushed
together, resulting in the
reduction in size or
volume of an elastic
body.

COMPRESSIVE An applied force

FORCE
producing or tending to
produce compression in
an elastic body.
COMPRESSIVE The axial stress that
STRESS
develops at the cross
section of an elastic
body to resist the
collinear compressive
forces tending to shorten
it.

COMPRESSIVE The shortening of a unit

STRAIN
length of material
produced by a
compressive stress.

CREEP The gradual permanent

deformation of a body
produced by a continued
application of stress or
prolonged exposure to
heat. Creep deflection in
a concrete structure
continues over time can
be significantly greater
than the initial elastic
deflection.

DUCTILITY The property of a

material that enables it to
undergo plastic
deformation after being
stressed beyond the
elastic limit and before
rupturing. Ductility is a
desirable property of a
structural material since
plastic behaviour is an
indicator of reserve
strength and can serve
as visual warning of
impending failure.
ECCENTRIC A forced applied parallel
FORCE
to the longitudinal axis of
a structural member but
not to the centroid of the
cross section l,
producing bending and
uneven distribution of
stresses in the section.
Also called eccentric
load.

ELASTIC RANGE The range of unit

stresses for which a
material exhibits elastic
deformation.

ELASTIC A temporary change in

DEFORMATION
the dimensions or
shaped of a body
produced by a stress
less than the elastic limit
of the material.

ELASTICITY The property of a

material that enables it to
deform in response to an
applied force and to
recover its original size
and shape upon removal
of the force.
ELONGATION A measure of ductility of
a material expressed as
the percentage increase
in length of a test
specimen after failure in
tensile test.

FATIGUE The wakening or failure

of a material at sla sttess
below the elastic limit
when subjected to a
repeated ssries of
stresses.

MALLEABILITY The ability of material to

regain and rebound to
original shape when the
loas is feleased.

MODULUS OF A coefficient of elasticity

ELASTICITY
of a material expressing
the ratio between a unit
stress and
corresponding unit strain
caused by the stress as
derived from Hooke’s
law and represented by
the slope of the straight
line portion of the stress-
strain line diagram. Also
called coefficient of
elasticity, elastic
modulus.
PERMANENT The inelastic strain
SET
remaining in a material
after complete release of
the stress producing
deformation.

POISSON'S The ratio of lateral strain

RATIO
to the corresponding
longitudinal strain in an
elastic body u der
longitudinal stress.

REDUCTION OF Measure of ductility of a

AREA
material, axpressed as
the percentage
decreasd in cross-
sectional area.

RUPTURE Stress at which material

STRENGTH specimen breaks.

SHEAR The lateral deformation

produced in a body by an
external force that
causes one part of the
body to slide relative to
an adjacent part in a
direction parallel to their
plane contact.
SHEAR FORCE An applied force
producing or tending to
produce shear in the
body.

SHEARING An internal force

FORCE tangential to the surface
on which it acts,
developed by a body in
response to shear,
shearing in a vertical
plane and vice versa.

SHEARING The force per unit area

STRESS developed along a
section of an elastic
body to resist a shear
force. Also called shear
stress, tangential stress.

SHEARING The lateral deformation

STRAIN developed in a body in
response to shearing
stresses, defined as the
tangent of the skew
angle of the deformation.

SHEAR A coefficient of elasticity

MODULUS OF of a material expressing
ELASTICITY the ratio between
shearing stress and the
corresponding shearing
strain produced by the
strain. Also called
modulus of rigidity,
modulus of torsion.
STRAIN The deformation of a
body under the action of
an applied force. Strain
is a dimensionless
quantity, equal to the
ratio of the change in
size and shape to the
original size and shape
of a stressed element.

STRAIN GAUGE An instrument for

measuring minute
deformation in a test
specimen caused by
tension, compression,
bending or twisting. Also
called extensometer.

STRAIN RATE The behavior an

EFFECT increased rate of load
application can cause in
normally ductile
material.

STRESS The internal resistance

or reaction of an elastic
body to external force
applied to it. Equal to the
ratio of force to area and
expressed in units of
force per unit of cross-
sectional area. Also
called unit stress.

STRESS The time-dependent

RELAXATION decrease in stress in a
constrained material
under a constant load.
TEMPERATURE The brittle behavior low
EFFECT temperatures can cause
in a normally ductile
material.

TENSILE FORCE An applied force

producing or tending to
produce tension in an
elastic body.

TENSILE The resistance of a

STRENGTH material to longitudinal
stress, measured by the
minimum amount of
longitudinal stress
required to rupture the
material.

TENSILE STRESS The axial stress that

develops at the cross
section of an elastic
body to resist the
collinear tensile forces
tending to elongate it.

TENSILE STRAIN The elongation of a unit

length of material
produced by a tensile
stress.

TENSION The act of stretching or

state of being pulled
apart, resulting in the
elongation of an elastic
body.
TORQUE The moment of a force
system that causes or
tends to cause rotation
or torsion.

TORSION The twisting of an elastic

body about its
longitudinal axis caused
by two equal and
opposite torques,
producing shearing
stresses in the body.

TOUGHNESS To absorb energy before

rupturing.

TRANSVERSE A force applied

FORCE perpendicular to the
length of a structural
member producing
bonding and shear.

YIELD The stress necessary to

STRENGTH produce a specific
limiting permanent set in
a material.

YOUNG’S Coeffient of elasticity of

MODULUS material expressing the
ratio of longitudinal
stress to the
corresponding
longitudinal strain
caused by the strain.
SECTION 109 – GRADING AND EARTHWORK

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

BEDROCK Is in-place solid rock.

BENCH Is a relatively level step

excavated into earth
material on which fill is to
be placed.

BORROW Is earth material

acquired from an off site
location for use in
grading on a site.

COMPACTION Is the densification of a

fill by mechanical
means.

EARTH Is any rock natural soil or

MATERIAL fill or any combination
thereof.
EROSION Is the wearing away of
the ground surface as
the result of the
movement of the wind or
ice.

EXCAVATION The mechanical removal

of the Earth material

EXISTING The grade prior to the

GRADE grading.

FILL A deposit of earth

material placed by
artificial means.

GRADE The vertical location of

the ground surface.
EXISTING The grade prior to
GRADE grading.

FINISH GRADE The final grade of the

site that conforms the
approved plan.

GRADING Any excavating or filling

or combination thereof.

KEY A designed compacted

fill placed in a trench
excavated in earth
material beneath the toe
of the proposed fill slope.
SECTION 208 – EARTHQUAKE DESIGN

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

ACCELELO- An instrument which

GRAPH measures the velocity
and acceleration of an
earthquake in the
ground.

ARTIFICIAL Will cause torsion

RIGIDITY (twisting)

BASE The level at which the

earthquake motions are
considered to be
imparted to the structure
or the level at which the
structure as a dynamic
vibrator is supported.
This level does
necessarily coincide with
the ground level.

BASE SHEAR, V The total designed

lateral surface or shear
at the base of the
structure.
BEARING WALL A structural system
SYSTEM without a complete
vertical load carrying
space frame.

BOUNDARY An element at edges of

ELEMENT openings or at the
perimeters of shear
walls of diaphragms.

BRACED FRAME An essentially vertical

truss system of the
concentric or eccentric
type which is provided to
resist lateral surfaces.
BUILDING Is an essentially
FRAME SYSTEM complete space frame
which provides supports
for gravity loads.

CANTILEVERED Is a column element in a

COLUMN lateral-force-resisting
ELEMENT system that cantilevers
from a fixed base and
has minimal moment
capacity at the top, with
lateral forces applied
essentially at the top.

COLLECTOR Is a member of an
element provided to
transfer lateral forces
from a portion of a
structure to the vertical
elements of the lateral
force resisting system.

COMPONENT Is a part of element of an

architectural, electrical,
mechanical or structural
system.
COMPONENT, A component having a
FLEXIBLE fundamental period
greater than 0.06
second.

COMPONENT, A component having a

RIGID fundamental period less
than or equal to 0.06
second.

CONCENTRIC Is a braced frame in

BRACED FRAME which the members are
subjected primarily to
axial force.

DESIGN BASIS Is that ground motion

GROUND that has a 10 percent
MOTION chance of being
exceeded in 50 years as
determined by a site-
specific hazard analysis
or may be determined
from a hazard map.

DIAPHRAGM Is a horizontal or nearly

horizontal (including
horizontal bracing
system) acting to
transmit lateral forces to
vertical resisting
elements.
DIAPHRAGM Is the boundary element
CHORD of a diaphragm or a
shear wall which is
assumed to take axial
stresses analogous to
the flanges of the beam.

DIAPHRAGM Also known as tie or

STRUT collector. is the element
of diaphragm parallel to
the applied load which
collects and transfer
diaphragm shear to the
vertical resisting
elements or distribute
loads within the
diaphragm. Such
members may also take
axial tension or
compression.

DUAL SYSTEM Is a combination of

special or intermediate
moment resisting space
frame and shear walls or
braced frame.

ESSENTIAL Are those structures

FACILITIES which are necessary for
emergency post-
earthquake operations.
FLEXIBLE An element or system is
ELEMENT one whose deformation
under lateral load
significantly larger than
adjoining parts of the
system

HARMONIC The coincidence of the

MOTION natural period of
structure with the
dominant frequency in
ground

MOMENT Is a space frame in

RESISTING which the members and
FRAME joints are capable of
resisting forces primarily
bay flexure.

ORTHOGONAL Is the effect of the

EFFECT structure due to
earthquake motions
acting in direction of
resistance under
consideration.

OVERSTRENGTH A characteristic of
structures where the
actual strength is larger
than the design strength.
P. Delta Effect Is the secondary effect
om shears and moments
of frame members
induced by the vertical
loads acting on the
laterally displaced
building frame.

PLATFORM Is the lower rigid portion

of a structure having
vertical combination of
structural system.

PNEUMATIC Mortar applied to a

MORTAR surface with a cement
gun in the same manner
as gunite, with such
mortar has a cube
crushing strength of 20.
68 Mpabat 28 days with
water/cement ratio of
0.45

SHEAR WALL Is a wall designed to

resist lateral forces
parallel to the plane of
the wall (sometimes
referred to as a structura
wall)

SOFT STOREY Is a storey whose lateral

stiffness is less than
70% of the stiffness of
the storey above.
SOIL- Is the coincidence of the
STRUCTURE natural period of
RESONANCE structure which
dominant frequency in
the ground motion.

SOIL Is the process of

STABILIZATION improving the properties
of a soil to make it more
suitable for a particular
purpose.

SPACE FRAME Is a three dimensional

structural system without
bearing walls composed
of members
interconnected si as to
function as a complete
self contained unit with
or without the aid of
horizontal diaphragms
bracing system.

STOREY Is the space between

levels. Storey x is the
storey below level x.

STOREY SHEAR Is the summation of

design lateral forces
above the storey under
consideration
STOREY DRIFT Is the displacement of
one level relative to the
level above or below

STOREY DRIFT Is the storey drift divided

RATIO by the storey height

STRENGTH Is the usable capacity of

a structure or its
members to carry loads
within the deformation
limits prescribed in the
code

STRUCTURE Is an assemblage of
framing members
designed to support
gravity loads and resist
lateral forces. They
maybe categorized as
building or non-building.

RAINWATER It is another term of

LEADER downspout. It is a
vertical pipe, often of
sheet metal, used to
conduct water from a
roof drain or gutter to the
ground.
TORSION (used in seismic design)
RIGIDITY refers to the relative
stiffness of the structure
to resist torsional stress.

TOWER Is the upper flexible

portion of a structure
having a vertical
combination of structural
system.

VERTICAL LOAD Is a space frame

CARRYING designed to carry all
SPACE FRAME vertical (gravity) loads.

WEAK STOREY Is a storey whose

strength is less than
80% of the strength of
the storey above.
SECTION 402 – CONCRETE

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

ADMIXTURE A material used as

ingredient of concrete
and added to concrete
before or during its
mixing to modify its
properties.

AGGREGATE Granular material such

as sand gravel stone and
iron blast furnace slag
used with cementing
medium to form a
hydraulic cement
concrete mortar.

AGGREGATE Aggregate with a dry,

LIGHTWEIGHT loose weight of 100 kg/m
or less.

ANCHORAGE In a post tensioning, a

DEVICE device used to anchor
tendon to concrete
member. In
pretensioning, a device
used to anchor a tenon
during hardening of
concrete.
ANCHORAGE Any various means,
embedment length or
hooked bars, for
developing tension or
compression in a
reinforcing bar on each
side of critical section in
order to prevent bond
failure or splitting.

BALANCED A concrete in which the

SECTION tension reinforcement
theoretically reaches its
specified yield strength
as the concrete in
compression reaches its
assumed ultimate strain.

BOND STRESS The adhesive force per

unit area of contact
between reinforcing bar
and the surrounding
concrete developed at
any section of a flexural
member.

BONDED Prestressing tendon that

TENDON is bonded to concrete
either directly or through
grouting.
COLUMN Member with a ratio to
least lateral dimension of
3 or greater used
primarily to support axial
compressive load

COMPOSITE Concrete flexural

CONCRETE members of precast
FLEXURAL and/or cast in place
MEMBERS concrete elements but
so interconnected that all
elements respond to
loads.

CONCRETE Mixture of any Portland

cement or any other
hydraulic cement, fine
aggregate, course
aggregate, and water,
with or without
admixtures.

CONCRETE Concrete containing

STRUCTURAL lightweight aggregate
LIGHT WEIGHT and has an air dry unit
wight no exceeding 1900
kg/m3. wihtout natural
sand as termed all-light
weight concrete and
lightweight concrete in
which of the fine
aggregate consists of
normal wight sand as
termed sand lightweight
concrete.
CONTRACTION Is a formed sawed, or
JOINT tooled groove in a
concrete structure to
create a weakened
plane and regulate the
location of cracking
resulting from the
dimensional change of
different parts of the
structure.

COVER The amount concrete

required to protect steel
reinforcement from fire
and corrosion,
measured from the
surface of the
reinforcement to outer
surface of the concrete
section.

CRITICAL The section of flexural

SECTION concrete member at a
point of maximum stress,
a point of inflection, or a
point within the span
where the tension bars
are no longer needed to
resist stress.

CURVATURE Friction resulting from

FRICTION bends or curves in the
specified pre-stressing
tendon profile.
DEFORMED Deformed reinforcing
REINFORCEMENT bars, bar mats,
deformed wire fabric and
welded deformed fabric.

DEVELOPMENT Length of embedded

LENGTH reinforcement required
to develop the design
stregnth of
reinforcement at a
critical section.

EFFECTIVE The depth of concrete

DEPTH OF section measured from
SECTION the compression face to
the centroid of the
tension reinforcement.

EFFECTIVE Is the stress remaining in

PRESTESS the prestress tendons
after all losses have
occurred, excluding
effects of dead load and
superimposed load.

EMBEDMENT Is the length of the

LENGTH embedded
reinforcement provided
beyond a critical section.

HOOK A bend or curve given to

develop an equivalent
embedment length, used
where there is
insufficient room to
develop in adequate
embedment length.
ISOLATION Is a separation between
JOINT adjoining parts of a
concrete structure, such
as to allow relative
movement in three
directions to avoid
formation of cracks
elsewhere in the
concrete.

JACKING FORCE The temporary force

exerted by a device that
introduces tension into
prestressing tendons in
prestressed concrete.

PEDESTAL An upright compression

member with a ratio of
unsupported height to
average least lateral
dimension not
exceeding three.

OVER A concrete section in

REINFORCED which the concrete in
SECTION compression reaches its
assumed ultimate strain
before the tension
reinforcement reaches
its specified yield
strength. This is a
dangerous condition
since failure of the
section could occur
instantaneously without
warning.
POST A method of prestressing
TENSIONING in which tendons are
tensioned after concrete
has hardened.

PRECAST A structural concrete

CONCRETE element cast in other
than its final position in
the structure.

PRESTRESSED A structural concrete in

CONCRETE which internal stresses
have been introduced to
reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete
resulting from loads.

PRETENSIONING A method of prestressing

in which tendons are
tensioned before
concrete is placed.

RESHORES Are shores placed

snuggly under a
concrete slab or other
structural member after
the original forms and
shores have been
removed.
SHEATHING A material encasing a
prestressing tendon to
prevent bonding the
tendon with the
surrounding concrete, to
provide corrosion
protection, and to
contain the corrosion
inhibiting coating.

SHORES Are vertical or inclined

support members
designed to carry the
weight of the formwork,
concrete and
construction loads
above.

SPECIFIED Compressive strength of

COMPRESSIVE concrete used in design
STRENGTH OF expressed in
CONCRETE megapascals.
Whenever the quantity
F'c is under a radical
sign, square root of
numerical value only is
intended, and result has
units of megapascals.

SPIRAL A continuously wound

REINFORCEMENT reinforcement in the form
of a cylindrical helix.
STIRRUP A reinforcement used to
resist shear and torsion
stresses in a stuctural
member ( the term
"strirrups" is usually
used for lateral
reinforcement in flexural
members while the term
"ties" is used for
compression members)

TENDON A steel element such as

a wire, cable, bar, rod, or
strand, or a bundle of
such elements used to
impart prestress forces
to concrete.

TIE Is a loop of reinforcing

bar or wire enclosing
longitudinal
reinforcement

UNBONDED A tendon that is

TENDON permanently prevented
from bonding to the
concrete after stressing.
UNDER A concrete section in
REINFORCED which the tension
SECTION reinforcement reaches
its assumed ultimate
strain.

WOBBLE In prestressed concrete,

FRICTION is friction caused by
unintended deviation of
prestressing sheath or
duct from specified
profile.
BEAM

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

BEAM A rigid structural

member designed to
carry and transfer
transverse loads across
spaces supporting
elements.

BENDING An external moment

MOMENT tending to cause part a
structure to rotate or
bend equal to the
algebraic sum of the
moments about the
neutral axis the section
under consideration.

BENDING A combination of
STRESS compressive and tensile
stresses developed at a
cross section of
structural member to
resist transverse force
having a maximum value
at the surface furthest
from the neutral axis.
CAMBER A slight convex curvature
intentionally built into
beam, girder or truss to
compensate for an
anticipated deflection.
How is camber treated in
a steel truss 25 meters
and longer? Camber shall
be approximately equal to
the dead load deflection.

CANTILEVER A beam or other rigid

structural member
extending beyond a
fulcrum and supported
by a balancing member
or a downward force
behind the fulcrum.

CANTILEVER A projecting beam

BEAM supported at only one
fixed end.

CLEAR SPAN The distanced between

inner faces of the
support of a span.

CONCENTRATED Produce bending

LOADS moments which vary
linearly between loads.
CONTINUOUS A beam extending over
BEAM more than 2 supports in
order to develop greater
rigidity and smaller
moments than a series
of simple beams having
similar spans and
loading. Both fixed and
continuous beams are
indeterminate structures
for which the values of all
reactions, shears and
moments are dependent
not only on span and
loading but also on cross
sectional shape and
material.

DEFLECTION The perpendicular

distance a spanning
member deviates from a
true course under
transverse loading.
Increasing with load and
span, and decreasing
with an increase in the
moment of inertia of
section of the modules of
elasticity of the material.

EFFECTIVE The distance between

LENGTH the inflection points in
the span of a fixed end or
continuous beam,
equivalent in nature to
the actual length of
simply supported beam.
EFFECTIVE The center to center
SPAN distance between the
supports of a span.

FIXED END A beam having both

BEAM ends restrained against
translation and rotation.
The fixed ends transfer
bending stresses,
increase the rigidity of
the beam and reduces
its maximum deflection.

FLEXURE Formula defining the

FORMULA relationship between
bending moment,
bending stress, and tbe
cross sectional
properties of a beam.
Bending stress is directly
proportional to bending
moment and inversely
proportional to the
moment of inertia of a
beam section.

HAUNCH The part of a beam that

is thickened or
deepened to develop
greater moment
resistance. The
efficiency of a beam can
be increased by shaping
its length in response to
the moment and shear
values which typically
vary along its
longitudinal axis.
HORIZONTAL The shearing stress
SHEARING developed to prevent
slippage along
longitudinal planes of a
beam under transverse
loading, equal to any
point to the vertical
shearing stress at that
point. Also called
longitudinal shearing
stress.

INFLECTION A point at which a

POINT structure changes
cruvature from convex
to concave or vice
versa as it deflects u
der a transverse load.
Theoritically, an
internal hinge and
therefore a point of
zero moment.

LATERAL The bucklimg of a

BUCKLING structural member
induced by
compressive stresses
acting on slender
portion insufficiently
rigid in the lateral
direction.
MOMENT A graphic representation
DIAGRAM of the variation in
magnitude of bending
moment present in a
structure for a given set
of yransverse load and
support comditions. The
overall deflected shape
of a structure subject to
bending can often be
inferred from the shape
of it's moment diagram.

MOMENT OF The sum of the two

INERTIA products of each
element of an area and
the square of its
distance from a
coplanar axis of
rotation. Moment of
inertia is a geometric
property that indicates
how the cross sectional
area of structural
member is distributed
and does not reflect the
intrinsic physical
properties of a material.

NEGATIVE A bending moment that

MOMENT produces a convex
curvature at a section of
a structure.
NEGATIVE A net resultant of shear
SHEAR forces that act vertically
downward on the left
part of the structure
being considered.

NEUTRAL AXIS .an imaginary line

passing through the
centroid of the cross
section of a beam, other
ember subjecf to
bending, along which no
bending stresses occur.

OVERHANGING A simple beam

BEAM extending beyond one of
its supports. The
overhanging reduces the
positive moment at
midspan while
developing a negative
moment at the base of
the cantilever over the
sipport.

POSITIVE A bending moment that

MOMENT produces a comcave
curvature at a section of
a structure.

POSITIVE SHEAR A net resultant of shear

forces that acts vertically
on the left part of the
structure being
considered.
RESISTING An internal momenr
MOMENT equal and opposite to a
bending moment,
generated by a force
couple to maintain
equilibrium of the section
being considered.

SECTION A geometric property of

MODULUS a cross section defined
as the moment of inertia
of the section divided by
the distance from the
neutral axis to the most
remote surface.

SHEAR A graphic
DIAGRAM representation of the
variation in magnitude
of the external shears
present in a structure
for a given set o
transverse loads and
support conditions
concentrated loads
produce external
shears which are
constant in magnitude
between the loads
uniformly distributed
loads produce linearly
varying shears.
SIMPLE BEAM A beam resisting on
simple supports at both
ends which are free to
rotate and have no
moment resistance. As
with any determinate
structure, the values of
all reactions, shears, and
moments for a simple
beam are independent of
its cross sectional shape
and material.

SPAN The extent of space

between two supports of
a structure.

SPANDREL Is a beam from column

BEAM to column carrying an
exterior wall in a
skeleton building

STRESS Lines depicting the

TRAJECTORIES direction but not the
magnitude of the
principal stresses in a
beam.

SUSPENDED A simple beam

SPAN supported by the
cantilevers of two
adjoining spans with
pinned construction
joints and points of zero
moment. Also called
hung span.
TRANSVERSE An external shear force
SHEAR at a cross section of a
beam or other member
subject to bending, equal
to the algebraic sum of
transverse forces on one
side of the section.

UNIFORMLY Produce parabolically

DISTRIBUTED varying moments.
LOADS

VERTICAL The shearing stress

SHEARING developed along cross
section of a beam to
resist transverse shear,
having a maximum value
at the neutral axis and
decreasing nonlinearly
toward the outer faces.

WEB CRIPPLING Local failure of a thin

web plate of a steal
beam or girder in the
immediate vicinity of a
concentrated load.
COLUMN

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

BIFURCATION The critical point at

which a column carrying
its critical buckling load,
may either buckle or
remain undeflected fine
columns are therefore in
a state of neutral
equilibrium.

BUCKLING The sudden lateral or

tensional instability of a
slender structural
member induced by the
action of a compressive
load. Buckling can occur
well before the yield
stress of the material is
reached.

BUCKLING The axial load at which a

column begins to deflect
laterally and becomes
unsuitable.

COLUMN A relatively slender

structural member
designed primarily to
support axial
compressive loads,
applied at the member
ends.
COMBINED A set of tensile and
STRESSES compressive stresses
resulting from the
superposition of axial
and bending stresses at
a cross section of a
structural member,
acting in the same
direction and equal at
any point to their
algebraic sum.

CRITICAL The maximum axial load

BUCKLING LOAD that can theoretically be
applied to a column
without causing it to
buckle. It is inversely
proportional to the
square of its effective
length and directly
proportional to the
modulus of of elasticity
of the material and to the
moment of inertia of the
cross section. A.K.A
Euler’s Buckling Load

CRITICAL The critical buckling load

BUCKLING for a column divided by
STRESS the area of its cross
section.
ECCENTRICITY The amount by which an
axis deviates from
another parallel axis.

EFFECTIVE The distance between

LENGTH inflection points in a
column subject to
buckling load. When this
portion of a column
buckles, the entire
column falls.

EFFECTIVE A coefficient for

LENGTH FACTOR modifying the actual
length of a column
according to its end
conditions in order to
determine its effective
length. Fixing both ends
of a long column reduces
its effective length by
half and increases its
load-carrying capacity
by a factor of 4.

INTERMEDIATE A column having a mode

COLUMN of failure between that a
short column and a long
column.
KERN The central area of any
horizontal section of a
column or wall within
which the resultant of all
compressive stresses
are to be applied beyond
this area will cause
tensile stresses to
develop in the section.
Also called Kern Area.

KERN POINT A point on either side of

the centroidal axis of a
horizontal column or wall
section defining the
limits of the kern area.

LATERAL The bracing of a column

BRACING or other compression
member to reduce its
effective length. It is
most effective when the
bracing pattern occurs in
more than one plane.

LONG COLUMN A slender column

subject to failure by
buckling rather than by
crushing.
MIDDLE THIRD The preposition that a
RULE compressive load should
be located within the
middle third of a
horizontal section of a
column or wall to prevent
tensile stresses from
developing in the
section.

P-DELTA EFFECT An additional moment

developed in a structural
member as its
longitudinal axis
deviated from the line of
action of a compressive
force equal to the
product of the load and
the member deflection at
any point.

POST A stiff vertical support

esp. a wooden column in
timber framing.
RADIUS OF The radial distance from
GYRATION any axis to a point at
which the mass of a
body could be
concentrated without
altering the moment of
inertia of the body about
the axis. For a structural
section, the radius of
gyration is equal to the
square root of the
quotient of the moment
of inertia and the area.
The higher the radius of
gyration of a structural
section, the more
resistant the section is to
buckling. For an
asymmetrical cross
section, buckling will
tend to occur about the
weaker axis or in the
direction of the least
dimension.
SHORT COLUMN A thick column subject to
failure by crushing rather
than by buckling.
Failures occurs when the
direct stress from an
axial load exceeds the
compressive strength of
the material available in
the cross section. An
eccentric load, however,
can produce bending
and result in uneven
stress distribution in the
section.

SLENDERNESS
The ratio of the effective
RATIO
length of a column to its
ratio of gyration. The
higher the slenderness
ratio, the lower is the
critical stress that will
cause buckling. A
primary objective in the
design of a column is to
reduce its slenderness
ratio by minimizing its
effective length or
maximizing the radius of
gyration of its cross
section.
The distance between
UNBRACED
the points at which a
LENGTH
structural member is
braced against buckling
in a direction nominal to
its length.
TRUSS

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

METHOD OF
A method of determining
SECTIONS
member forces in a truss
by considering the
equilibrium of any
portion of the truss
assembly.

METHOD OF S
A method of determining
JOINTS
member forces in a truss
by considering the
equilibrium of the various
joints idealized as points
in free body diagrams

SAG ROD A structural member in sag rod

the steel truss framing

that counteracts forces
in compression because
of high possibility of the
purlins to deflect and
bend down during purlin
installation.
DEFINITION OF TERMS

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

ACTIVE EARTH A soil pressure acting on

PRESSURE
any structure that will

tend to push the

structure wherein the

structure of a wall tends

to move away from the

soil

ANCHOR BOLTS A round, steel bolt

embedded in concrete or

masonry used to hold

down machinery, steel

columns or beam casting,

shock beam plates and

engine heads.

ASD A method of proportioning

(ALLOWABLE structural element such
STRESS DESIGN)
that computed stresses

produced in the elements

by the allowable load

combinations do not

exceed specified

allowable stress (also

called working stress

design.
BALANCED Is one which both the
DESIGN
concrete and the steel

are so proportioned as to

work to their full working

stresses when the

member carries its full

allowable load.

BATTER PILES Are piles driven at an

inclination to the vertical

to resist horizontal forces

that are not critical. Also

known as Brace Pile or

Spur Pile.

BEARING WALL A structural system

SYSTEM
without a complete

vertical load carrying

space frame.

THEORY
BENDING Is the algebraic sum of
MOMENT
the moments of the

forces acting on either

side of the section of a

beam about an axis

through the center of the

gravity of the section.

BORED PILE A concrete pile which
(BEARING PILE)
concreted either with a

casing or without a

casing at its permanent

location. This is a cast in

place pile.

CAISSON A watertight, cylindrical

or rectangular chamber

used to in under water

construction to protect

workers from water

pressure and soil

collapse.

CEMENT GUN Is an ejector operated by

compressed air to force
gunite into cavities or
cracks in rocks or
cement works

CHUTE Is an open-top through

which bulk materials are
conveyed and by gravity
COFFER DAM A temporary dam-like
structure constructed
which excludes water
from the site of the
foundation during its
excavation and
construction. The water
is pumped from within to
permit free access to the
area.

COFFER DAM A temporary watertight

enclosure around an
area of water or water
bearing soil, in which
construction is to take
place, bearing on a
stable stratum at or
above the foundation
level of new
construction.

COLD JOINT Formed when a concrete

surface hardens before
the next batch of
concrete is placed.

CONSTRUCTION The vertical or horizontal

JOINT face in a concrete
structure where
concreting has been
stopped and continued
later.
COUNTER A cantilever wall that is
reinforced with a
(Inner in retaining
masonry structure
wall)
extending upward from
the foundation or from
the inner face of the
retaining wall to provide
additional resistance to
thrust and are placed at
regular intervals
(buttress if outer).

CREEP The tendency of most

material to move or
move or deform over
time under a constant
load. The amount of
movement varies
enormously depending
upon the material. The
area that is highly
stressed will move the
most. The movement
cause stresses to be
redistributed.

DIAPHRAGM A horizontal or nearly

horizontal system
including horizontal
bracing system that act
to transmit lateral forces
to the vertical resisting
elements.
DIAPHRAGM A structural member of a
STRUT horizontal bracing system
that takes axial tension or
compression. It is parallel
to the applied load that
collects and transfers
shear to the vertical
resisting elements or
distributive loads within
the horizontal bracing
system.

DISTRIBUTION Design analysis

OF HORIZONTAL requirement considered
SHEAR as the basis for the
structural design of
structures where the total
lateral forces are
distributed to the various
vertical elements of the
lateral force resisting
system in proportion to
their rigidities considering
the rigidity of the
horizontal bracing system
or diaphragm.

DIVING BELL A watertight bell-shaped

steel chamber which can
be lowered or raised from
a fresh or seawater bed
crane. It is opened at the
bottom and filled with
compressed air so that
men can prepare
foundations and
undertake similar
construction work under
water.
DOWEL A short steel bar
extending from one
concrete element to
another as for instance a
concrete foundation to a
concrete column. It may
or may not transfer direct
stress.

DRIFT BOLT Is a long pin of steel or

wood, made with or
without the head, driven
through the timber and
into an adjacent timber
to hold them together
and to transmit stresses.

EXPANSION OR A joint designed to take

CONTRACTION expansion and
JOINT contraction

JOINT A joint designed to take

expansion and
contraction.

FATIGUE Is a phenomenon of
failure under repeated
stresses. A fact, based
experience and
experiments, is well
known that stresses
which are applied to a
body a few times without
causing apparent
structure injury may, if
applied repeatedly or
causing a great number
of times causes failure.
GRADE BEAM A concrete beam placed
directly on the ground to
provide foundation for
the superstructure.

GRANALOTHIC A surface layer or

FINISH granolithic concrete
which maybe laid on a
base of either fresh or
hardened concrete.

GRILLAGE Is a footing which consist

of steel beams arranged
to distribute a
concentrated load to the
masonry or soil.

GUNITE Is a rich cement mortar

which is applied by
spraying under high air
pressure.

HYBRID STEEL Is a fabricated metal

GRINDER beam composed of
flanges with a material of
specified minimum yield
strength from that web
plate.
INFLECTION Otherwise known as
POINT Point of Inflection, it is
the point in the length of
a structural member
subjected to flexure at
which the direction of
curvature changes and
where the bending
moment is zero.

INTENSITY The measure of the

damage level of an
earthquake (subjected to
visual assessment).

JETTING .A method of driving

piles or well points into
the sand in the situation
where a pile hammer
might not be suitable
owing to the risk of
damage by vibration to
the piles of adjacent
buildings.

LINTEL BEAM A beam especially

provided over an
opening for a door,
window, to carry the wall
over the opening.
LRFD (Load and .A method of
Resistance proportioning structural
Factor Design) elements using load and
resistance factors such
that no applicable limit
state is reached when
the structure is subjected
to all appropriate load
combinations. It used in
the design Steel and
Wood structures.

MAGNITUDE The measure of the

energy released by an
earthquake (measured
by instrument).

MODULUS OF The ratio of the unit

ELASTICITY stress to the
corresponding unit
strain. It shows the ability
of material to resist
deformation.

MODULUS OF A measure of the ability

RESILIENCE a material to absorb
energy without being
permanently deformed.

MOMENT OR The internal resisting

moment of a beam
RESISTANCE
MORTAR A plastic mixture of
cementitious materials
(such as plaster,
cement, or lime) with
water and a fine
aggregate (such as
sand)

NON- BEARING A wall that came no load

other than its own weight
WALL

ORTHOGONAL The effect on the

structure due to extreme
EFFECT
lateral (earthquake)
motions acting in
direction of resistance
under consideration.

PARTY WALL A wall used or adapted

for joint service between
two buildings

PERT-CPM It is a presentation of a
(Program project plan a schematic
Evaluation diaphragm or network
Review that depicts the
Technique- sequence and
Critical Path interrelation of all the
Method) component parts of the
project, and the logical
analysis and
manipulation of this
network
PLASTER A mixture of Portland
CEMENT FINISH cement, with water and
sand applied to surfaces
such as walls, ceilings in
a plastic state, later it
sets to form a hard
surface.

POINTING In masonry, the final

treatment of joints by the
troweling or mortar or
putty like filler into joints.

PORTAL Method of analyzing

METHOD indeterminate modular
building frames by
assuming hinges at the
center of beam spans
and column heights or
the interior column
carries twice as much
shear as the exterior
column

PORTLAND The product obtained by

CEMENT finely pulverizing clinker
produced by calcining to
incipient fusion an
intimate and properly
proportioned mixture of
argillaceous and
calcareous materials
with no additions
subsequent to
calcinations except
water and calcined or
uncalcined gypsum
PROPORTIONAL The highest unit stress
LIMIT for which the
deformation of a body is
proportional to the
stress. Beyond this
point, permanent
deformation occurs

REDUNDANT Any trained structure or

MEMBER truss, is one which
maybe omitted in the
structure without affect in
the possibility of
analyzing the frame or
truss by ordinary static
method such as the
counter diagonal truss.

RIP-RAP Consist of rough stones

placed compactly or
irregularly to prevent
scour by water and
protect material which
may be washed out by
water.

SAND DRAIN It is provided to help in

the compaction of
natural soil which
provide channels
through which water can
escape much more
rapidly then through the
clay itself. The weight of
the drain itself helps in
the compaction
SHEAR WALL A wall designed to resist
lateral forces parallel to
the plane of a wall.

SOFFIT The concave surface of

an arch.

STIFFNESS In moment distribution

RATIO (K)
method – (as used in

analysis of

indeterminate

structures) is the ratio of

moment of inertia of the

cross section of its

length

STRAIN OR The change in the shape

DEFORMATION
of any material when

subjected to the action

force.
SDM (STRENGTH A method of
DESIGN
proportioning structural
METHOD)
elements such that the

computed forces

produced in the

elements by the factored

load combinations do not

exceed the factored

element strength. It is

used in the design of

concrete and masonry

structures.

STRESS The cohesive force in the

body which resists the

tendency of an external

force to change the

shape of the body.

TIE BAR A deformed bar,

embedded in a concrete

construction at a joint

and designed to hold

building edges together,

not designed for direct

load transfer.
TORSION OF A quality which
MOMENT OF
measures the resistance
INERTIA
of the mass to being

revolved about a line.

TRANSFORMED One in which the flexural

SECTION
steel is conceived to be

replaced by large area of

imaginary concrete

which can take tension.

This gives a

homogeneous section of

concrete to which

ordinary beam analysis

may be applied.

TREMIE A watertight pipe 300mm

to 600mm in diameter

with a flared top used in

depositing concrete

underwater.

UNDERPINNING An act of placing new

foundation under old

foundation.
VIBRATOR An oscillating power

operated machine used

to agitate fresh concrete

so as to eliminate gross

voids including

entrapped air and to

produce intimate contact

with form surfaces and

embedded materials.

VOID-CEMENT The ratio of volume of air

RATIO
plus water to the volume

cement.

WALL FOOTING A continuous type of

spread footing that

supports vertical load,

the weight of the wall

itself and the weight of

the footing.

WATER-CEMENT The ratio of the amount

RATIO
of water to the amount of

cement in a concrete of

mortar mixture.
CHAPTER 5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

ASPECT RATIO Any rectangular

configuration, the ratio of
the lengths of the sides.

BEAM A structural member

whose primary function
is to carry loads
transverse to its
longitudinal section.

BEAM-COLUMN A structural member

whose primary function
is to carry loads both
transverse and parallel
to its longitudinal axis.

BENT A plane framework of

beam or truss members
which support loads and
the columns which
support these members.

BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous bending

of a member about two
perpendicular axes.

BRACED FRAME A frame in which the

resistance to lateral load
or frame instability is
primarily provided by a
diagonal, a K-brace or
other auxiliary system of
bracing.
BRITTLE Abrupt cleavage with
FRACTURE little or no prior ductile
deformation.

BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a

perfectly straight
member under
compression assumes a
deflected position.

BUILT UP A member made of

MEMBER structural metal
elements that are
wielded, bolted, or
riveted together.

CHEVRON A form of bracing where

BRACING a pair of braces located
either above or below a
beam terminates at a
single point with the
clear beam span.

CLADDING The exterior covering of

the structural
components of a
building.

COLD-FORMED Structural members

MEMBERS formed from steel
without the application of
heat.
COLUMN A structural member
whose primary function
is to carry loads parallel
to its longitudinal axis.

COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the

relationship between
axial column strength
and slenderness ratio.

COMBINED A mechanism
MECHANISM determined by plastic
analysis procedure
which combines
elementary beam, panel
and joint mechanisms.

COMPACT Compact sections are

SECTION capable of developing a
fully plastic stress
distribution and possess
rotation capacity of
approximately 3 before
the onset of local
buckling.

COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally

connected to a concrete
slab so that the beam
and slab respond to
loads as a unit
COMPOSITE A steel column
COLUMN fabricated from rolled or
built-up steel shapes
and encased in
structural concrete or
fabricated from steel
pipe or tubing and filled
with structural concrete

CONCRETE- A beam totally encased

ENCASED BEAM in concrete cast
integrally with the slab.

CONNECTION Combination of joints

used to transmit forces
between two or more
members. A group of
elements that connect
the members to a joint
categorized by the type
and amount of force
transferred (moment,
shear, end reaction)

CRITICAL LOAD The load at which

bifurcation occurs as
determined by a
theoretical stability
analysis
CURVATURE The rotation per unit
length due to bending

DESIGN See structural design

DOCUMENTS documents

DESIGN Resistance (force,

STRENGTH moment, stress, as
appropriate) provided by
element or connection;
the product of the
nominal strength and the
resistance factor

DIAGONAL Inclined structural

BRACING members carrying
primarily axial load
employed to enable a
structural frame to act as
a truss to resist
horizontal loads. A form
of bracing that
diagonally connects
joints at different levels.
DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall or
roof panel possessing a
large in-plane shear
stiffness and strength
adequate to transmit
horizontal forces to
resisting systems

DIAPHRAGM The in-plane action of a

ACTION floor system (also roofs
and walls) such that all
columns framing into the
floor from above and
below are maintained in
their same position
relative to each other

DOUBLE A bending condition in

CURVATURE which end moments on a
member cause the
member to assume an
S-shape

DRIFT Lateral deflection of a

building.

DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral

deflection to the height
of the building.
DUCTILITY The ratio of the total
FACTOR deformation at
maximum load to the
elastic-limit deformation.

ECCENTRIC A diagonal braced frame

BRACED FRAME in which at least one end
(EBF) of each bracing member
connects to a beam a
short distance from a
beam-to-column
connection or from
another beam-to-brace
connection.

EFFECTIVE The equivalent length

LENGTH KL used in compression
formulas and
determined by a
bifurcation analysis

EFFECTIVE The ratio between the

LENGTH FACTOR, effective length and the
K unbraced length of the
member measured
between the centers of
gravity of the bracing
members.
EFFECTIVE The moment of inertia of
MOMENT OF the cross section of a
INERTIA member that remains
elastic when partial
plastification of the cross
section takes place,
usually under the
combination of residual
stress and applied
stress. Also, the
movement of inertia
based on effective
widths of elements that
buckle locally. Also, the
movement of inertia
used in the design of
partially composite
members.

EFFECTIVE The stiffness of

STIFFNESS members computed
using the effective
moment of inertia of its
cross section.

EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a

plate of slab which, with
an assumed uniform
stress distribution,
produces the same
effect on the behavior of
a structural member as
the actual plate width
with its non-uniform
stress distribution.
ELASTIC Determination of load
ANALYSIS effects (force, moment,
stress, as appropriate)
on members and
connections based on
the assumption that
material deformation
disappears on removal
of the force that
produced it.

ELASTIC- A material which has an

PERFECTLY idealized stress-strain
PLASTIC curve that varies linearly
from the point to zero
strain and zero stress up
to the yield point of the
material, and then
increases in strain at the
value of the yield stress
without any further
increases in stress.

EMBEDMENT A steel component cast in

a concrete structure
which is used to transmit
externally applied loads
to the concrete structure
by means of bearing,
shear, bond, friction or
any combination thereof.
The embedment may be
fabricated of structural-
steel plates, shapes,
bars, bolts, pipe, studs,
concrete reinforcing bars,
shear connectors, or any
combination thereof.
ENCASED STEEL A steel-framed structure
STRUCTURE in which all the individual
frame members are
completely encased in
cast-in-place concrete.

EULER FORMULA The mathematical

relationship expressing
the value of the Euler
load in terms of the
modulus of elasticity, the
moment of inertia of the
cross section and the
length of a column.

EULER LOAD The critical load of a

perfectly straight,
centrally loaded, pin-
ended column.

EYEBAR A particular type of pin-

connected tension
member of uniform
thickness with forged or
flamed cut head of
greater width than the
body proportioned to
provide approximately
equal strength in the
head and body.

FACTORED LOAD The product of the

nominal load and a load
factor.
FASTENER The generic term for
welds, bolts, rivets or
other connecting device.

FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon

resulting from a
fluctuating stress cycle.

FIRST-ORDER Analysis based on first-

ANALYSIS order deformations in
which equilibrium
conditions are
formulated on the
underformed structure.

FLAME-CUT A plate in which the

PLATE longitudinal edges have
been prepared by
oxygen cutting from a
large plate.

FLAT WIDTH For a rectangular tube,

the nominal width minus
twice the outside corner
radius. In absence of
knowledge of the corner
radius, the flat width may
be taken as the total
section width minus
three times the
thickness.

FLEXIBLE A connection permitting

CONNECTION a portion, but not all, of
the simple beam rotation
of a member end.
FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural
components separating
the stories of a building.

FORCE Resultant of distribution

of stress over a
prescribed area. A
reactions that develops
in a member as a result
of load (formerly called
total stress or stress).
Generic term signifying
axial loads, bending
moment, torques and
shears.

FRACTURE Measurement of the

TOUGHNESS ability to absorb energy
without fracture.
Generally determined by
impact loading of
speciments containing a
notch having a
prescribed geometry.

FRAME BUCKLING A condition under whicj

bifurcation may occur in
a frame.
FRAME A condition which a frame
INSTABILITY deforms with increasing
lateral deflection under
system of increasing
applied monotonic loads
until the maximum value
of the load caleed
“stability limit” is reached,
after which the frame will
continue to deflect
without further increase in
load.

FULLY A composite beam with

COMPOSITE sufficient shear
BEAM connectors to develop
the full flexural strength
of the composite
section.

GIRDER A horizontal member in

seismic frame.

HIGH-CYCLE Failure resulting from

FATIGUE more than 20,000
application of cycling
stress.

HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel beam

composed of flanges
with a greater yield
strength than that of the
web. Whenever the
maximum flange stress
is less than or equal to
the yield stress, the
girder considered
“homogeneous”
INCLUSIONS Nonmetallic material
entrapped in otherwise,
sound metal.

INCOMPLETE Lack of union by melting

FUSION of filler and base metal
over entire prescribed
area.

INELASTIC Material deformation

ACTION that does not disappear
on removal of the force
that produced it.

A condition reached in
the loading of an
INSTABILITY
element or structure in
which continued
deformation results in a
decrease of load
resisting capacity.

Area where two or more

ends, surfaces, or edges
JOINT
are attached. The entire
assemblage at the
intersections of the
members. Categorized
by type of fastener or
weld used and method
of force transfer.
K-BRACING A system of struts used
in a braced frame in
which the pattern of the
struts resembles the
letter K, either normal or
on its side. The form of
bracing of bracing where
a pair of braces located
on one side of a column
terminates at a single
point within the clear
column height.

LAMELLAR Separation in highly

TEARING restrained base metal
caused by through-
thickness strains
induced by shrinkage of
adjacent weld metal.

A member utilized
individuality or as a
LATERAL
component of a lateral
BRACING
bracing system to
MEMBER
prevent buckling of
members or elements
and/or to resist lateral
loads.

LATERAL Buckling of a member

BUCKLING involving lateral
( Lateral-Torsional) deflection and twist.
LIMIT STATE A condition in which a
structure or component
becomes unfit for
service and is judged
either to be no longer
useful for its intended
function (serviceability
limit state) or to be
unsafe (strength limit
state).

LIMITS STATE Limits of structural

usefulness, such as
brittle fracture, plastic
collapse, excessive
deformation, durability,
fatigue. Instability and
serviceability.

LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an

eccentrically braced
frame which is designed
to yield to shear and/or
bending so that buckling
of the bracing members
is prevented.

A factor that account for

unavoidable deviations
LOAD FACTOR
of the actual load from
the nominal values and
for uncertainties in the
analysis that transform
the load into a load
effect.
 Forces or other actions
that arise on structural
LOADS
systems from the weight
of all permanent
construction, occupants
and their possessions,
environmental effects,
differential settlement
and restrained
dimensional changes.
Permanent loads are
those loads in which
variations in time are
rare of small magnitude.
All other loads are
variable loads.

A method of
proportioning structural
LRFD (Load
components such that
Resistance Factor
no applicable limit state
Design)
is exceeded when the
structure is subjected to
all appropriate load
conditions.

LOCAL BUCKLING The buckling of a

compression element
which may precipitate
the failure of the whole
member.
LOW CYCLE- Fracture resulting from a
FATIGUE relatively high stress
range resulting relatively
small number of cycles
to failures.

LOWER BOUND A load computed on the

LOAD basis of an assumed
equilibrium moment
diagram in which the
moment are not greater
than Mp1 that is, than or
equal to the true
ultimated load.

MECHANISM An articulated system

able to deform without
an increase in load, used
in the special sense that
the linkage may include
real hinges or plastic
hinges or both.

MECHANISM A method of plastic in

METHOD which equilibrium
between external forces
and internal plastic
hinges is calculated on
the basis f an assumed
mechanism. The failure
load so determined is an
upper bound.
NOMINAL The capacity of the
STRENGTH structure or component
to resist the effects of
loads, as determined by
computations using
specified materials,
strength and dimensions
and formulas derived
from acted principles of
structural mechanics or
by field tests or
laboratory scaled
models, allowing for
modeling effects and
differences between
laboratory and field
conditions.

NONCOMPACT- Noncompact sections

SECTION can develop yield stress
in compression
elements before local
bucking occurs but will
not resist inelastic local
buckling at restrain
levels required for a fully
plastic stress
distribution.

P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effects of

column axial loads and
lateral deflection on the
moments in members.
PANEL ZONE The zone in the beam-t-
column connection that
transmits moments by a
shear panel.

PARTIALLY A composite beam in

COMPOSITE which a shear strength
BEAM of shear connectors
governs the flexural
strength

PLANE FRAME A structural system

assumed for the
purpose of analysis and
design to be two-
dimensional.

PLASTIC Determination of load

ANALYSIS effects (force, moment,
stress, as appropriate) on
members and
connections based n the
assumptions of rigid-
plastic behavior, i.e that
equilibrium is satisfied
throughout the structure
and yield is not exceeded
anywhere. Second order
effects may need to be
considered.
PLASTIC DESIGN The cross section of a
SECTION member which can
maintain a full plastic
moment through large
rotations so that a
mechanism can divide
length section suitable
for plastic design.

PLASTIC HINGE A yielded zone which

forms on a structural
member when a plastic
moment is attained. The
beam is assumed to
rotate as if hinged,
except that it is
restrained by the plastic
moment Mp1.

PLASTIC-LIMIT The maximum load that

LOAD is attained when a
sufficient number of
yield zones have formed
to permit the structures
to deform plastically
without further the
increase in load. It is the
largest load a structure
will support when perfect
plasticity is assumed
and when such factors
as instability second
order effects strain
hardening and fracture
are neglected.
PLASTIC The section modulus of
MODULUS resistance to bending of
a completely yielded
cross section. It is
combined the static
moment about the
neutral axis of the cross
sectional areas above
and below that axis

PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting moment of

a fully yielded cross-
section.

PLASTIC STRAIN The difference between

total strain and elastic
strain.

PLASTIC ZONE The yielded region of a

member.

PLASTIFICATION The process of

successive yielding of
fibers in the cross
section of a member as
bending moment is
increased.

PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural

beam.
POST-BUCKLING The load than can be
STRENGTH carried by an element,
member or frame after
buckling.

REDISTRIBUTION A process which results in

OF MOMENT the successive formation
of plastic hinges so that
less highly stressed
portions of a structure
may carry increased
moments.

REQUIRED Load effect (force,

STRENGTH moment, stress, as
appropriate) acting on an
element of connection
determined by structural
analysis from the factored
loads (using most
appropriate critical load
combinations).

RESIDUAL The stress that remains in

STRESS an unloaded member
after it has been formed
into a finishing product.
(Examples of such
stresses include, but are
not limited to those
induced by cold bending,
cooling after rolling, or
welding).
RESISTANCE The capacity of a
structure or component to
resist the effects of load.
It is determined by
computations using
specified material
strengths, dimensions
and formulas derived
from accepted principles
of structural mechanics,
or by field tests or
laboratory tests of scaled
models, allowing for
modelling effects and
differences between
laboratory and field
conditions. Resistance is
a generic term that
includes both strength
and serviceability limit
states.

RESISTANCE A factor that accounts for

FACTOR unavoidable deviations
of the actual strength
from the nominal value
and the manner and
consequences of failure.

RIGID FRAME A structure in which

connections maintain
the angular relationship
between beam and
column members under
load.

ROOT OF THE Location on the web of

FLANGE the corner radius
termination point or the
toe of the flange-to-web
weld. Measured as the
k-distance from the far
side of the flange.
ROTATION The incremental angular
CAPACITY rotation that a given
shape can accept prior
to local failure defined as

R = (9u/9p) – 1 where 9u
is the overall rotation
attained at the factored
load state and 9p is the
idealized rotation
corresponding to elastic
theory applied to the
case of M = Mp

SECOND-ORDER Analysis based on

ANALYSIS second- order
deformations, in which
equilibrium conditions re
formulated on the
deformed structure.

SERVICE LOAD Load expected to be

supported by the
structure under normal
usage; often taken as
the nominal load

SERVICEABILITY Limiting condition

LIMIT STATE affecting the ability of a
structure to preserve its
appearance,
maintainability, durability
or the comfort of its
occupants or function of
machinery under normal
usage
SHAPE FACTOR Thr ratio of the plastic
moment to the yield
moment, or the ratio of
the plastic modulus to
the section modulus for
a cross-section

SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between the

embedment and the
concrete that transmits
shear loads. The relative
displacement in the
plane of the shear load is
considered to be
resisted by shear-friction
anchors located
perpendicular to the
plane of the shear load.

SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs,

bolts and other steel
shapes that are
embedded in the
concrete and located
transverse to the
direction of the shear
force and that transmit
shear loads introduced
into the concrete by local
bearing at the shear lug-
concrete interface.
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own
plane resists shear
forces resulting from
applied wind,
earthquake or other
transverse loads or
provides frame stability.
Also called a structural
wall.

SIDESWAY The lateral movement of

a structure under the
action of lateral loads,
unsymmetrical vertical
loads or unsymmetrical
properties of the
structure.

SIDESWAY The buckling mode of a

BUCKLING multistory frame
precipitated by the
relative lateral
displacements of joints,
leading to failure by
sidesway of the frame

SINGLE A deformed shape of a

CURVATURE member having one
smooth continuous arc,
as opposed to double
curvature which
contains a reversal
SLENDER The cross section of a
SECTION member which will
experience local
buckling in the elastic
range

SLENDERNESS The ratio of the effective

RATIO length of a column to the
radius of gyration of the
column both with
respect to the same axis
of bending

SLIP-CRITICAL A bolt joint in which the

JOINT slip resistance of the
connection is required.

SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional

structural framework (as
contrasted to a plane
frame)

SPLICE The connection between

two structural elements
joined at their ends to
form a single, longer
element.
STABILITY-LIMIT Maximum (theoretical)
LOAD load a structure can
support when second
order instability effects
are included

STEPPED A column with changes

COLUMN from one cross section
to another occurring at
abrupt points within the
length of the column.

STIFFENER A member, usually and

angle or plate, attached
to a plate or web if a
beam or girder to
distribute load, to
transfer shear or to
prevent buckling of the
member to which it is
attached.

STIFFNESS The resistance to

deformation of a
member or a structure
measured by the ratio of
the applied force to the
corresponding
displacement.

STORY DRIFT The difference in

horizontal deflection at
top and bottom of a
story.
STRAIN The phenomenon
HARDENING wherein the ductile steel,
after undergoing
considerable
deformation at or just
above yield point
exhibits the capacity to
resist substantially
higher loading than that
which caused initial
yielding.

STRAIN- For structural steels that

HARDENING have a flat (plastic)
STRAIN region in the stress-
strain relationship, the
value of the strain at the
onset of strain
hardening.

STRENGTH A method of
DESIGN proportioning structural
members using load
factors and resistance
factors such that no
applicable limit state is
exceeded (also called
load and resistance
factor design).

STRENGTH LIMIT Limiting condition

STATE affecting the safety of
the structure, in which
the ultimate load-
carrying capacity is
reached.
STRESS Force per unit area.

STRESS Localized stress,

CONCENTRATION considerably higher than
average (even in
uniformly loaded cross
sections of uniform
thickness) due to abrupt
changes in geometry or
localized loading.

STRONG AXIS The major principal axis

of a cross-section

STRUCTURAL An assemblage of load-

SYSTEM carrying components
which are joined
together to provide
regular interaction or
independence.

STUB COLUMN A short, compression-

test specimen, long
enough for use in
measuring the stress-
strain relationship for the
complete cross-section,
but short enough to
avoid buckling as a
column in the elastic and
plastic ranges.
SUBASSEMBLAGE A truncated portion of a
structural frame.

SUPPORTED A frame which depends

FRAME upon adjacent braced or
unbraced frames for
resistance to lateral load
or frame instability. (This
transfer of load is
frequently provided by
the floor or roof system
through diaphragm or by
horizontal cross bracing
in the roof.)

TANGENT At any given stress level,

MODULUS the slope of the stress-
strain curve of the
material in the inelastic
range as determined by
the compression test of
a small specimen under
controlled conditions.

TEMPORARY A general term for

STRUCTURE anything that is built or
constructed (usually to
carry construction loads)
that will eventually be
removed before or after
completion of
construction and does
not become part of the
permanent structural
system.
TENSILE The maximum tensile
STRENGTH stress that a material is
capable of sustaining.

TENSION FIELD The behaviour of a plate

ACTION girder panel under shear
force in which diagonal
tensile stresses develop
in the web and
compressive forces
develop in transverse
stiffeners in a manner
analogous to a Pratt
truss.

TOE OF THE Termination point of fillet

FILLET weld or of rolled section
fillet.

TORQUE TENSION Term applied to the

RELATIONSHIP wrench torque required
to produce specified pre-
tension in high strength
bolts.

TURN-OF-NUT Procedure whereby the

METHOD specified pre-tension in
high-strength bolts is
controlled by rotation of
the wrench a
predetermined a mount
after the nut has been
the nut has been
tightened to a snug fit.
UNBRACED A frame in which the
FRAME resistance to lateral is
provided by the bending
resistance of frame
members and their
connections.

UNBRACED The distance between

LENGTHS the braced points of a
member measured
between the centers of
gravity of the bracing
members.

UNDERCUT A notch resulting from

the melting and removal
of metal at the edge of a
weld.

UNIVERSAL MILL A plate in which the

PLATE longitudinal edges been
formed by a rolling
process during
manufacture. Often
abbreviated as UM
Plate.

UPPER BOUND A load computed on the

LOAD basis of an assumed
mechanism which will
always be at best equal
to or greater than the
true ultimate load.
V- BRACING That form of chevron
bracing that intersects a
beam from above and
inverted V-bracing is
that form of chevron
bracing that intersects a
beam from below.

VERTICAL A system of shear walls,

BRACING SYSTEM braced frames or both
extending throughout
one or more floors of a
building.

WARPING That portion of the total

TORSION resistance to torsion that
is provided by resistance
to warping of the cross
section.

WEAK AXIS The minor principal axis

of a cross-section

WEATHERING A type of high-strength,

STEEL low-alloy steel which can
be used in normal
environments (not
marine) and outdoor
exposures without
protective paint
covering. This steel
develops a tight
adherent rust at a
decreasing rate with
respect to time.
WEB BUCKLING The buckling of a web
plate.

WEB CRIPPLING The local failure of a web

plate in the immediate
vicinity of a concentrated
load or reaction.

WORKING LOAD Also called service load.

The actual load
assumed to be acting on
the structure.

X-BRACING That form of bracing

where a pair of diagonal
braces cross near mid-
length of the bracing
members.

YIELD MOMENT . in a member subjected

to bending, the moment
at which an outer fiber
first attains the yield
stress.
YIELD PLATEAU The portion of the stress-
strain curve for uniaxial
tension or compression
in which the stress
remains essentially
constant during a period
of substantially
increased strain.

YIELD POINT The first stress in a

material at which an
increased in strain
occurs without an
increase in stress, the
yield point less than the
maximum attainable
stress.

YIELD STRENGTH The stress at which a

material exhibits a
specified limiting
deviation of stress from
the proportionality of
stress to strain.
Deviation expressed in
terms of strains.

YIELD STRESS Yield-point, yield

strength or yield-stress
level as defined

YIELD-STRESS The average stress

LEVEL during yielding in the
plastic range, the stress
determined in a tension
test when the strain
reaches 0.005 mm per
mm
CHAPTER 6 – WOOD

TERM DEFINITION DRAWING/S

BLOCKED Is a diaphragm in which

DIAPHRAGM all sheathing edges not
occurring on framing
members are supported
on and connected to
blocking

CONVENTIONAL Is a type of construction

LIGHT-FRAME whose primary structural
CONSTRUCTION elements are formed by
a system of repetitive
wood-framing members

DIAPHRAGM Is a horizontal or nearly

horizontal system acting
to transmit lateral forces
to the vertical resisting
elements. When the
term "diaphragm" is
used, it includes
horizontal bracing
systems.

FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel
made from
lignocellulosic
fibers(usually wood or
crane) having a density
of less than 497 kg/m^3
but more than 160
kg/m^3
GLUE BUILT-UP are structural elements,
MEMBERS the sections which are
composed of built-up
lumber, wood structural
panels or wood
structural panels in
combination with
lumber, all parts bonded
together with adhesive.

GRADE The classification of

(LUMBER) lumber in regard to
strength and utility in
accordance with the
grading rules of an
approved lumber
grading agency.

HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel
made from
lignocellulosic fibers
consolidated under heat
and pressure in a hot
press to a density not
less than 497 kg/m^3.
NOMINAL SIZE the commercial size
(LUMBER) designatiom of widthand
depth in standard sawn
lumber graded,
somewhat larger than thr
standard net size of
dressed lumber. In
accordance to Phillipine
National Standards
(PNS)

NORMAL a design load that

LOADING stressed a member or
fastening to the full
allowable stress
tabulated in this chapter.
This loading may be
applied for
approximately 10 years,
either continuously or
cumulatively, and 90
percent of this load may
be applied for the
remainder of the life of
the member or fastening.

PARTICLEBOARD is a manugactured panel

product consisting of
particles of wood or
combinations of wood
particles and wood fibers
bonded together witj
synthetic resins or other
suitble bonding system
by as bonding process,
an accordance with
approved nationally
recognized standard.
PLYWOOD Is a panel of laminated
veneers conforming to
Philippine National
Standards (PNS)
"Construction and
Indistrial Plywood" and
UBC Standard for Wood-
based Structural-Use
Panels."

ROTATION Is the torsional

movement of a
diaphragm about a
vertical axis

SUBDIAPHRAGM Is a portion of a larger

wood diaphragm
designed to anchor and
transfer local forces to
primary diaphragm
struts and the main
diaphragm

TREATED WOOD Is wood treated with n

approved preservative
under treating and
quality control
procedures
WOOD OF Is the heartwood of the Narra
NATURAL species set forth below.
RESISTANCE TO Corner sapwood is
DECAY OR permitted on 5 percent or
TERMITES more of the width of each
side on which it occurs is Kamagong
heartwood. Recognized
species are:

Decay resistant: Narra,

Kamagong, Dao, Tangilr

Termite resistant: Narra,

kamagong

WOOD Is a structural panel

STRUCTURAL product composed
PANEL primarily of wood and
meeting the
requirements of
Philippine National
Standards (PNS). Wood
structural panels include
all-veneer plywood,
composite panels
containing a
combination of veneer
and wood-based
material, and mat-
formee panel such as
oriented stranded board
and waterboard.