Structural Analysis PDF

2
Structural Analysis

(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
01. Introduction to Structures & Static 02. Ans: (b)

Indeterminacy Sol: j = 9 ; m = 16;
01. Ans: (d) Dse = 3 – 3 = 0 Dsi = m – (2j – 3)

2 4 = 16 – ( 2×9 – 3)
= 16 – 15 = 1
1
3
4 6 Stable but indeterminate by one
03. Ans: (c)
1 5
Sol: Dse= 0;
2 3 5
Dsi = m – (2j – 3) = 9 – (2  6 – 3) = 0
(i) r = 4; j = 5; m = 6; The frame is internally as well as
Dse = 4 – 3 = 1 externally determinate.
Dsi = m – (2j – 3)
= 6 – ( 2×5 – 3)
= 6 – 7 = -1
The given truss is internally unstable.
(ii) Dse = r – 3 j = 9, m = 14
04. Ans: (a)
=6–3=3
Dsi = m – (2j -3) Sol:
= 14 – (18 – 3) = -1
The given frame is internally unstable.
(iii) All supports are roller,
As the two supports are hinged total no. of
 The given truss is unstable.
reactions = 4.
(iv) Dse = 4 – 3 =1
The deficiency of vertical member between
Dsi = m – ( 2j – 3)
the supports is taken care of by the additional
= 15 – (20 -3)
vertical reaction. Hence the structure is stable.
= 15 – 17 = -2
Hence Dse can be taken as zero.
Internally unstable.
Dsi = 2 (additional members in the first two
(v) In a member, there should not be more than spans more than required for stability)
two internal hinges. Dse = 2
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2 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
05. Ans: (b) 07. Ans: (d)

Sol: A B Sol:
A B
Dse = 2 + 2 –3 = 1 C
Dsi = m – (2j – 3)
= 10 – (2  5 – 3) = 3 C D
Ds = 3+1 = 4
Note: This is formula for internal

indeterminacy of pin jointed plane trusses. No. of reactions(r) : 3 + 2 + 3 = 8
We know that the basic perfect shape for pin Dse = r – 3
jointed truss is triangle either by shape or by
Dse = 8 – 3 = 5
behaviour. Hence by removing three members
Dsi = 3  no.of closed boxes = 3c = 3  2 = 6
suitably (A, B & C as shown in figure), the
force releases = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = 4
stability can be maintained.
Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases
Ds = 1 + 3 = 4
=5+6–4=7
06. Ans: 19 Note: A & B are horizontal shear releases.
A
Sol: At each of them one force is released.
C & D are vertical shear releases.
B At each of them one force is released.
08. Ans: (a) E

G
Sol: F
D
Number of reactions = 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8 A C
B
Equilibrium equations = 3
Dse = 8 – 3 = 5 Dsi = 3c = 3  6 =18 Dse = (3 + 2 + 1)3 =3
Force releases at A = n – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1 Dsi = 0
Force releases at B = n – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3 Force release at ‘D’ = 2
Where, Force release at ‘F’ = 1
n = number of members joining at that  Ds= 3 + 0 –2 1 = 0
location.
Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases
= 5 + 18 –1–3 = 19

3 Structural Analysis
09. Ans: (b) 12. Ans: (c)

Sol: B C Sol: In statically determinate structures, stresses
due to thermal changes, sinking of supports,
A Spring
lack of fit will not develop.
W
Reaction at fixed support = 3 Simply Supported Beam

Reaction at hinged support = 2
Reaction at spring support = 1 W
Total reactions =6 Fixed End Beam

Dse = 6 –3 = 3 Dsi = 3  2 = 6
Horizontal force release at ‘A’ =1 W 2
Bending moment at mid span for S.S =
Moment releases at ‘B’ = 1 8
Moment releases at ‘C’ = 1 Bending moment at mid span for fixed Beam
Note: At B and C the hinges are tangential to W 2
the horizontal beam. Hence the column and 
24
beam will have only one common rotation.
Ds = 3 + 6 –1 –1 –1= 6  As bending moment is greater in S.S Beam
(determinate) than fixed beam
10. Ans: (b)
(indeterminate), sections are more
Sol:
Hinge  Uneconomical when compared to fixed
Beam.
 Sections designed in determinate structures
No. of reactions(r) = 3 + 1 + 1 = 5
are uneconomical.
No. of eq.eqns (E) = 3
Force releases = 1
13. Ans: (c)
Dsi = 0 Ds = 5 – 3 –1 =1
Sol:
11. Ans: Zero
Sol: The given truss is statically determinate.
Determinate structures are not subjected to
stresses by lack of fit, temperature change, Static indeterminacy (Ds) = Dse + Dsi – force
sinking of supports etc. releases

Dse = 3 +3+3  3 = 6  While calculating static indeterminacy, due

Dsi = 3C to hinge in the structure m-1 extra
Where, equilibrium equations are considered.
C = Number of closed Boxes = 2
=32=6 15. Ans: (c) x
force releases = m 1 Sol:
Where, m = Number of members connected
to hinge
= 21 = 1 x
 Ds = Dse + Dsi – force releases

Let us consider section x-x divides the
= 6 + 6  1 = 11
structure in to 2-parts.
14. Ans: (a)
Sol: 1
3 3
1
B B
 2 2
 O 4 6 6 4
C A C
 O
 5
5
D D
Fig: (i) Fig: (ii)
Total unknowns are 6

If the joint O is considered as rigid as shown
To analyze Box frame 6 equilibrium
in fig (i), rotation of one member with respect
equations are required
to another member will be zero.
Static indeterminacy = 6 3 = 3
But, if hinge is considered at Joint ‘O’ as
shown in fig (ii), OB, OC and OD will have  Static indeterminacy of closed boxes were
will have rotations with respect to OA. To considered as 3
make three relative rotations zero, we need to
apply 3- moments. 16. Ans: (a)
 Thus for a 4-members meeting at a joint, Sol:
number of restraining moments required = 3

= 4 1
 If ‘m’ members meeting at a joint, number
External indeterminacy (Dse) = 2 + 13 = 0
of restraining moments required = “m-1”.
Internal indeterminacy (Dsi)  n  (2j 3)

Where, Ds = 0 Dk = 3
n = Number of members connected by hinges j = 4, m = 3, r = 6
=6 Ds = r – 3
j = Number of pin-Joints = 6 =6–3=3
Dsi = 6 (2  6  3) Dk = 3j – r = 3 × 4 – 6 = 6
= 3
 Dsi = – 3< 0 (Internally unstable) 02. Ans: (b)
Static indeterminacy (Ds) = Dsi + Dse Sol: A B
= 3 + 0 = 3
if Ds < 0 (It is considered as unstable)
(or) When one part of structure moves
appreciably with respect to other part of A & B are rigid joints.
structure it is classified as unstable. The rigid joint of a plane frame will have
three degrees of freedom.
02. Kinematic Indeterminacy Fixed supports will have zero degrees of
freedom.
01. Ans: (b)  Total number of degrees of freedom = 6
Sol: (considering axial deformations)
No.of members = 3
P
Neglecting axial deformations, degrees of
Dk = 3j – r Ds = (3m + r) – 3j freedom or kinematic indeterminancy
j = 2, r = 6 = 3 + 6 – (3×2) Dk = 6 – 3 = 3
Dk = 6 – 6 = 0 Ds = 9 – 6 = 3 or
Dk = 0 Ds = 3 Using the formula
Dk = 3j – r
Q = 3  4 – 6 = 6 (with axial deformations)
=6–3= 3 (Neglecting axial deformations)
Ds = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 Note: While using the formula supports also
Dk = 3j – r = (3×2) – 3 shall be treated as joints.
=3 R

03. Ans: (b) D.O.F of fixed supports =0

Sol: F D.O.F of hinged support =1
E I Total D.O.F or Dk = 12 +5+ 4 +1= 22
(considering axial deformations)
B D H K
Neglecting axial deformations = 22 –10 = 12
A C G J
05. Ans: 20 or 13
D.O.F of rigid joints = 7  3 = 21
Sol:
D.O.F of fixed support =0
2 1
D.O.F of hinged support = 1
D.O.F of roller support =2

D.O.F of horizontal shear release support = 1
Total D.O.F or Dk = 21 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 1= 25
(Considering axial deformations) D.O.F of moment release at ‘1’ = 4
D.O.F of horizontal shear release at ‘2’ = 4
Neglecting axial deformations = 25 – 11 = 14
D.O.F of 3 rigid joints =33=9
D.O.F of fixed support =0
04. Ans:22 or 12
D.O.F of hinged support = 1
Sol:
D.O.F of roller support =2
Total D.O.F or Dk = 4 + 4 + 9 +1+2 = 20

1
2 (considering axial deformations)
D.O.F of four rigid joints = 4  3 = 12 06. Ans: 9 or 5

D.O.F of hinged joint ‘1’ = 5 Sol:
(three rotations and two translations) 1
2
D.O.F of joint 2 = 4 (two rotations and two
translations. Both vertical members will have
one common rotation)
D.O.F of 2 rigid joints =23=6

D.O.F of fixed support =0 08. Ans: 4 or 2

D.O.F of hinged support‘1’ =2 Sol:
(Two members are connected to the hinged
support ‘1’. Hence two different rotations are
possible)
D.O.F of hinged support‘2’ =1
D.O.F of 1 rigid joint =13=3
Total D.O.F or Dk = 6 + 0 + 2 +1 =9
D.O.F of fixed supports =0
(considering axial deformations)
D.O.F of hinged support =1
Total D.O.F or Dk = 3 + 1 = 4
Note: The effect of diagonal member shall not be
(Considering axial deformations)
considered.
At hinged support ‘1’ two rotations, at hinged
support ‘2’ one rotation, at each rigid joint Note: As no sway the axial deformation of two
one rotation. No sway. Hence five D.O.F beams shall be taken as one.
neglecting axial deformations. At rigid joint one independent rotation + one
rotation at hinged support.
07. Ans: 6 or 2
09. Ans: 13
Sol:
Sol: For pin jointed plane frame Dk = 2j – r
= 2(8) – 3
= 13
10. Ans: (b)
Sol: j = 6, r = 3,
D.O.F of two rigid joints =23=6
D.O.F of fixed support =0 Dk = 2j – r
= 2×6 – 3= 9
Total D.O.F or Dk = 6 + 0 = 6
Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0
(Considering axial deformations)
Dsi = m – (2j – r)
= 9 – (2×6 – 3)
Note: The effect of two inclined members shall
Ds = Dse + Dsi= 0
be taken as one member.
At each rigid joint one independent rotation +  Statically determinate and kinematically
one sway of the frame as a whole. indeterminate by 9.

11. Ans: ( b) 14. Ans: (c)

Sol: j = 6, r = 3, Sol: 1 2 3
y2
Dk = 2j – r 21 23
= 2×6 – 3= 9 x2
Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 Degree’s of freedom are y2 , x2, 21 and

Dsi = m – (2j – r)
23
= 9 – (2×6 – 3)
i.e at each internal hinge there are 4 degree’s
Ds = Dse + Dsi
of freedom i.e (2 translations and 2 Rotations)
=0
 Statement- (I) is true and
 Statically determinate and kinematically
Statement –(II) is false
indeterminate by 9.
15. Ans: (c)

12. Ans: (a) 1
C
2
Sol:
Sol:
A B
At fixed supports =0
At ‘3’ Rigid joints =33=9 at fixed supports = 0
At locations A, B, C & D = 4  4 = 16 at Two rigid joints (1) and (2) = 3 + 3 = 6
Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 9 + 16 = 25 Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 6 = 6
by neglecting axial deformations DK (neglecting axial deformations) = 6 3
Dk = 25 10 = 15 =3
13. Ans: (b) i.e. vertical axial deformations in members A
Sol: Degree’s of freedom of pin jointed plane and B y1 = 0, y2 = 0 and axial deformations
truss =2 in member (C) is neglected i.e
Degree’s of freedom of pinjointed space truss  x = 0, y1 = and, y2 = 0 makes kinematic
=3 indeterminacy from 6 to 3.
Degree’s of freedom of at rigid joint for plane
frame = 3
Degrees of freedom of rigid joints space
frame = 6
 Options 3 and 4 are correct

03. Statically Determinate Frames 03. Ans: (c)

Sol: E F
Sign convention for forces
Axial compression: A compression
member will push the joint to which it is C D B
A
connected.
W W
Axial tension: A tension member will L L L
pull the joint to which it is connected
FDC = FDB
FCA = FCD
01. Ans: (d) FCE = W
A
Sol:
 FCF = 0
4m
04. Ans: (c)
10 kN D
4m B 4m Sol: First analyze at ‘E’.
10 t  FEC = 0
30
Analyzing at ‘A’, two forces are in the same Now analyze at ‘C’.
rd
line, hence the 3 force AB is zero. E C
 FCA = 0
02. Ans: (a) A 60 B

Sol: W
45 B C 05. Ans: (c) 5 kN
A C
Sol:
2m
3m
A D
E
B D
5 kN
2m
3m 3m
At ‘C’ the two forces not in the same line,
At roller support the reaction is horizontal
hence FCD = FCB= 0
which is in line with BD
Now analyzing at ‘B’ FBA= 0
 FAB = 0

06. Ans: (b) C
10 kN Using method of sections. Pass a section

Sol:
B 2m
X – X as shown through the chosen member
AB and other two members so that these two
A D other members pass through a common joint
E
say ‘C’.
2m 2m Consider left side of the section.
Apply M = 0 for the left side of the section.
RD = 5 kN   FCD = 5 kN X
At ‘D’ as reaction is normal to the plane of A
. B
rolling and DC and the vertical reaction are in
the same line then FDE = 0 4m
FBE = 10 kN
4m C 4m
07. Ans: (a) 4t
R X 2t
Sol: 2t
2 t  4  f AB  4
Apply V = 0 at Q. f AB  2 t Comp 
F 45o
FQR sin45o = F P L
Q
F
 FQR = F 2 (tension) 09. Ans: (a)
Sol:
Now apply H = 0 at Q. E
 F
FQR .cos45o = FQP F
4m 2 3
1 D F
F 2  FQP
2 2 3
FQP = F (compression). A B
C
08. Ans: (c) X
A B
10t 2m 2m 10t
Sol: 20t
4m 2 3
tan =
2
4m C 4m   = 30o
4t
X 2t Pass the section as shown in figure
2t
Apply M C  0 for the right part of the 11. Ans: (c)

section. Sol: 10 kN
4
 10  2  F cos 30 o  20 kN 3m G H
3 F
 F 10 t 3m
Now analysis at joint E. D 3m

C E
Fy  0  2F.Sin 30  FCE o
3m
1 HA = 20 kN A B
2  10   FCE
2
VA = 10 kN
FCE 10 t tension  6m VB = 20 kN
Reactions are VA =10 kN ,
10. Ans: (c) HA = 20 kN 
Sol: F VB = 20 kN 
30o D E 1000 kg FHG = FHE = 0
C
Apply V = 0 at ‘G’
L
 FAC  FAE
A B
Apply H = 0
L L FGE cos45o + FCG cos 45o = 20
Consider joint F.  2FGC cos 45o = 20
We know that if two members act at a joint
FGC = 10 2 (tensile)
and if they are not in the same line then each
Apply V = 0 @C
of them are zero.
 FCA = 0
Hence,
FCF , FEF both are zero. 12. Ans: (b)
Similarly Consider joint C. E D
P
 FCD, FCA both are zero
Taking M B  0 , RA = 500  
3m
Joint (A) HA A
4m B C
FAD sin 45 = RA 4m Vc
 FAD = 500 2 (tension) VA

mc = 0 13. Ans: (b)

X
P  3 – VA  8 = 0 F3
3P A
VA  F2
9m
8 8m
F1
 Fy = 0
1
3P 50 kN 50 kN
VA = VC = 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN 20 kN
8
6 @ 6 = 36 m
Joint A
FAE 5 Taking left side
3  MA = 0
A   50  12 – 20  6 –F1 8 = 0
HA FAB 4 4 F1 = 60 kN
VA cos  
5
3
Fy = 0 sin   14. Ans: (a)
5
FAE sin – VA = 0 Sol:
3 At any joint in planar truss, only two
FAE   VA  0
5 equilibrium conditions (Fx = 0 and Fy = 0)
3P 5 5P are available
FAE   
8 3 8 Using there two equilibrium conditions, only
FX = 0 two unknown member forces can be
FAB + FAE .cos  – P = 0 determined.
P  Statement (I) and (II) are correct and
FAB 
2 statement (II) is correct explanation of
Joint (E) E statement (I).
P FED
FX = 0

FBE – FAE. sin  = 0 15. Ans: (a)
5P 3 3P FBE By using method of sections method three
FBE   
8 5 8 FAE unknown member forces can be determined
FAB : FBE : FAE by using three equilibrium equations
P 3P 5P (Fx = 0, Fy =0 and M =0).
: :  4:3:5
2 8 8

16. Ans: (a)

Ans: Generally purlins will placed at joints to 17. Ans: (d)
eliminate bending moments in the truss Ans: In practical, there is a possibility of reversal
members, because sections/members designed of stresses i.e. due to wind (or) Earthquake.
by bending is uneconomical when compare to During reversal of stresses/forces, members
sections / members designed by axial loads. carrying zero forces (for a particular/forces,
 Truss members will carry only axial loads constant loading) may take forces.
if loads are placed at truss joints.  These zero force members cannot be
removed.
Conventional Practice Solutions

01.
Sol: B
45 C 15 kN
1513 30
1513 40 1513
 D
D 45 G 45
45 H
30kN 30 kN
155
10kN 40kN
2 2 3  E
tan   , sin   , cos   , F
He=15kN
3 13 3
2 1
tan   2, sin   , cos  
5 5
Vf =10kN Ve=70kN
Let Ve and Vf be the vertical reactions at the supports E and F
Let He be the horizontal reaction at the supports E (Note, there is no horizontal reaction at F)
Taking moment about F.
Ve  3 = 30  6 + 15  8 - 30 3  Ve = 70 kN Vf = 10kN
He = 15 kN 

Joint F Resolving vertically.

Pfg = 10 kN (tensile)
Joint E Resolving horizontally.
Peg cos = 15 Peg = 155 kN (compressive)
Resolving vertically
Peh = 70  155 sin  = 70  13 = 40 kN (compressive)
Joint A Resolving vertically
Pab sin = 30 Pab = 1513 kN (tensile)
Resolving horizontally,
Pag = 1513 cos  = 45 kN (compressive)
Joint D This is similar joint A
Pdc = 1513 kN (tensile) and Pdh = 45 kN (compressive)
Joint B resolving vertically.
Pbg = 1513 sin  = 30 kN (compressive)
Resolving horizontally,
Pbc = 1513 cos  = 45 kN (tensile)
Joint H Resolving horizontally
Phg = 45 kN (compressive)
Resolving vertically,
Phc = 45 kN (compressive)
Joint C Resolving horizontally
Pcg cos  = 15 + 1513 cos  - 45
3
Pcg   15  45  45  Pcg = 513 kN (tensile)
13
The forces in the members for the truss are tabulated below.
Force (kN)
Member
Compressive Tensile
AB 1513
BC 45
CD 1513
DH 45
HE 40
FG 10
GA 45
BG 30
GC 513
HC 40
HG 45
GE 155

04. Basic Methods of Structural Analysis 04. Ans: (c)

Sol:
01. Ans: (d) In Force methods, forces are kept unknowns
Sol: and unknown forces are found by using
 Stiffness method deals with unknown geometric compatability conditions.
joint displacement (degrees of freedom).
It is nothing but kinematic Indeterminacy. In displacement methods, joint displacements
Hence stiffness method is more suitable if are kept as unknowns and joint equilibrium
kinematic Indeterminacy is less than static conditions are enforced to find unknown
indeterminacy. As displacements are displacements.
unknowns it is also called displacement
method. 05. Ans: (b)
 Equilibrium equations are used at joints to Sol:
analyze the structure. Hence it is also
Description Option
called equilibrium method.
Kani’s method is very much
A-4
02. Ans: (b) suitable for multistorey frames
Sol: In theorem of three moments, consistent Force method suitable if static
B-3
deformation method unknown forces are dealt indeterminacy is less.
with. Hence these are force methods Column analogy method suitable
Moment distribution and slope deflection for box frames with varying  C-1
method deal with displacements. Hence these sections and inclined members
are displacement methods. Displacement method suitable if
D-2
Kinematic Indeterminacy is less
03. Ans: (a)
Sol: Force methods, deal with unknown 06. Ans: (a)
redundant forces. In pin jointed trusses, more Sol: To calculate unknown forces in a structure,
number of degrees of freedom. Hence compatibility conditions are used to
stiffness methods are complicated compare to analyze.
force method.

07. Ans: (b) 05. Energy Principles

Sol: Kani’s Method is suitable for:
1. To analyze high storied structures. 01. Ans: (d)
2. Non-sway and sway analysis can be Sol: Vertical deflection @ C
done together. W
3. Number of iterations for convergence B
is less C
L/2 EI
4. If any mistake was done at any step, it
will get adjusted automatically. L
2EI
A
08. Ans: (a)
FBD of BC:
Sol:
(i) Moment distribution was invented by WL/2 x W
Q
Hardy-cross (A3) C
B
(ii) Slope deflection method deals with L/2
displacements (B  4) Mx = + WX
(iii) Kani’s method also known as Rotation M X
X
method (C 1) W
(iv) Force method also known as flexibility 1
L/2
M x W
method (D 2)
 VBC 
EI  Mx W
dx
WL
0 B
y 2
L/2
1
09. Ans: (d) =
EI  WXX dx
0
L
Sol: For any truss, static indeterminacy (deals
L/2
with forces) is less than kinematic  WX 3 
=   A
indeterminacy (displacements).  3EI  o
As Ds < Dk
WL3
It is advisable to adopt force method 
24EI
 In all structural Engineering packages to
analyze indeterminate truss, force method is
used for quick and exact solutions.

FBD of AB: 1
L/2
WL
hBC =
EI  WX 0dx  0
My  0
2
FBD of AB:
M y L
 WL
W 2 My =  Qy
2
L
1  WL  1  M y
2EI 0  2  2 
 VAB    dy  y
Q
L
1 WL2 WL3 1  WL
L

 y   Q y y dy
2EI 4 0
8EI
hAB =  
2EI 0  2 
Total vertical deflection at L
1  WL 
y dy
2EI 0  2 
 
WL3 WL3 WL3
c =  
24EI 8EI 6EI
(Q= 0 as it is imaginary force)
02. Ans: (b) L
1  WL  y 2  WL3
=    
Sol: Horizontal deflection at C 2EI  2  2  0 8EI
W
B EI WL3
Q Total horizontal deflection =
C 8EI
L/2
L 03. Ans: (c) W

2EI
Sol: EI
A 2EI
FBD of BC: L
W
WL/2 x Shortcut: Strain energy is inversely
Q proportional to I.
Q W
B C w 2l 3
L/2 Q WL With uniform I, U = .
B 6EI
y 2
w 2l 3
Mx = + WX With uniform 2I, U =
L 12EI
M x As given has I varying from I to 2I,
0
Q denominator shall be in between 6 and 12.
A

Traditional procedure: 04. Ans: (b)

Mx = wx Sol: Mx = W Rsin
I.x M
Ix = I   R sin 
l W
 I1 x  l  I(l l x) 1

EI 0
H B  WR sin   R sin   R d
X W
l 2 2
w x .dx
U WR 3

I(l  x)   sin 2  d
I
0 2E
Ix
2I EI 0
l x
l 1  cos 2
l w 2 x 2 dx  sin 2  
 l
2
0
2EI (l  x) X

WR 3  1  cos 2 
EI 0 
w l x 2 l 2    d
2 EI 0 l  x
 dx 2 

WR 3   sin 2 
w l x l l
2 l 2 2 2    
2 EI 0
 dx EI 2 2 0
lx
WR 3
w l  (x  l)(x - l)
2 l
l  l 2 H B 
  dx   dx  2EI
2 EI  0 (l  x) 0
(l  x ) 
w 2 l  x 2 
l
 05. Ans: (c)
 
2 EI  2
 lx   l 2 log(l  x  
l
0 Sol: Consider free body diagram Of ‘AB’
 0 
B
w 2l  l 2  A
   l  l log e 2l - l log e l 
2 2 2 3L
2 EI  2 
P 3L
w 2l  - l 2 2l 
   l 2 log e 
2 EI  2 l 
L 2L
 
2
w l
  0.5l 2  l 2 0.693
2 EI M=2PL
2 3
w l
U= 3L
10.35 EI P
P3L  2PL 3L 

3 2
 VA   0
3E I 2EI

06. Ans: (a) W

07. Ans: (d)
Sol: B
M=
F2
A Sol: Strain energy (u) of Bar AB =
x 2AE
x
Where F = Axial force in the Bar
h
FAB = 0
u AB  0
C
1
For member AB 08. Ans: (b)
Mx = Mz + M Sol: D C
Mx
x
W
Mx dx
 v   Mx .
W EI
 A 4M B
dx
 v   ( Wx  M ) x.
o
EI Apply unit load in the vertical direction at
W = 0 {fictious load} ‘C’. Due to this unit load FCB = 1
 Change in length of member BC due
M M 2
EI o
Lv  x .ds  temperature change =  tl
2EI
= 10  106  4000  25 = 1mm
For member BC
 VC = k   = 1  1 = 1mm
Mx = W+M
Mx
 09. Ans: (a)
W
Sol: C
h D 1
dx
 v   ( W  M )
o
EI
h
M M h
v  
EI o
dx 
EI
A 4M B
M  
 W=0  h  
EI  2 Apply unit horizontal load at ‘C’.
   Due to this the force in the member BC zero.
(v)A =  h 
EI  2  Horizontal deflection @ C =k= 0

10. Ans: (d) Members P k  Pk ' l

Sol: B AE AE
A w w
AC W 1  W
2 2  
AE, l 2AE,l 2 2 AE 2AE
45 45
C AB W 1 l  W

2 2 2AE 4AE
W
 H C  
Apply unit vertical load at ‘C’. to get the Pk ' l Wl Wl Wl
  
values of k. AE 2AE 4AE 4AE

Members Force P k Pkl/AE 12. Ans: 1.5  10–3
AE
Sol: As the structure is determinate extra forces
W 1  W
  will not be generated due to lack of fit.
AC 2 2 AE 2AE
 6 
W 1 l W tan    3 
Inclination of member BC
  4  10 
AB 2 2 2AE 4AE
is mainly due to 6 mm extension in BD
Pkl Wl Wl 3Wl  = 1.5  10–3 Radians.
 v c  =  
AE 2AE 4AE 4AE
P
13. Ans: (c)
A B
Sol:
11. Ans: (d)
Sol:
3L/4, EI
Apply unit horizontal load at ‘C’. to get the L/4, 4 EI
values of k
Maxwell’s law of Reciprocal deflections:
B
A 1 1  ij  ji where
2 2  ij = deflection @ ‘i’ due to unit load at ‘j’
AE, l 2AE,l
45 45  ji = deflection @ j due to unit load at i
1
C Further Maxwell’s law is valid for both
prismatic and non prismatic beams.
Maxwell’s theorem independent of EI.

Hence option ‘C’.

14. Ans: (c) 16. Ans: (c)

W1
Sol: Sol: Apply unit Horizontal load at F by
X
y Removing all External loads.
2
B C D
W2
1 A F
G 1 kN
Using Bettie’s Theorem:

Virtual work done by Horizontal deflection at
W1 = virtual work done by W2 PKL
F,  H F  
 w22 = w11 AE
1 w 2 Apply H = 0
 
2 w1  HA = 1 kN ()
 at point A, KAG = 1 kN (T)
15. Ans: (b) at Join F, KFG = 1kN (T)
Sol: According to castigliano’s 1st theorem  Forces in rest of members are zero due to
U unit load at F

W Due to external loading, forces in members
i.e deflection at any point is equal to partial AG and G F exists.
derivative of strain energy with respect to  Horizontal deflections of roller support
load acting at a point where deflection is will be the summation of deformation in
desired to calculate. (A 4) members AG and GF.
If y is considered as deflection
dy 17. Ans: (c)
 slope (B 2)
dx Sol: As per Castigliano’s second theorem, in any
d2y M and every case of statically indetermination.
 (C 3)
dx 2 EI Where in, an indefinite number of different
We know that, values of redundant forces satisfy the
dM conditions of static equilibrium, their actual
V (shear force) = (D 1)
dx values are those that render the strain energy
stored to a minimum and this is applicable
only when the redundant support do not yield.

U U P
i.e.  0 (or) 0
R M
  I   II
Where,
R and M are redundant forces and moments  I will have less member force and less
respectively. deflections at B compared to II
U = Strain energy stored in the members
19. Ans: (a)
18. Ans: (a) Sol: Generally in Rigid frames, Bending will be
B
Sol: major criteria for design of members when
l l
B compare to axial and shear forces.

A C A /2 /2 C
 Strain energy due to Bending / flexure is
(I) (II)
more when compare to other.
At joint B: (Fig. I)
P  Strain energy due to flexure is considered.
Apply H = 0  
20. Ans: (b)
FBA cos = FBC cos FBA FBC
Sol: Deflection is calculated with the help of unit
FBA = FBC load method and this method is based on
Apply V = 0 virtual work principle
FBA sin+FBC sin = P Both the statements are correct, but statement
(II) is not the correct explanation of statement
2FBAsin = P
(I).
P
FBA  (C)
2 sin 
21. Ans: (c)
Similarly At joint B from fig. (II) Sol: Strain energy and complimentary strain
P energy due to gradual application of load is
FBA  (C)
 always equal in elastic limit.
2 sin  
2
 For a particular
Value of  Stress (b)
(a)
FBA I  FBA II Stress
PKL (a)  Strain energy

Deflection () = 
AE (b)  Complementary strain energy


01.
Sol: Static Indeterminacy 'DS'
Ds = Dse + Dsi
Dse = external Indeterminacy = No. of unknown reactions - No. of equilibrium equations
Dse = 3  3 = 0  Externally determinate structure
Dsi = Internally indeterminate = m  (2j  3)

Dsi = Dse + Dsi
Ds = 1  statically indeterminate structure
 Let us consider that the member BE is redundant. We will now analyse the frame after
removing the member BE.
180kN
90kN F E
 
902 902 902 9m
90
HA=90kN A  B  C  D
180 180 90
9m 9m 9m
RA=90kN RD=90kN
p – Values
v = 0 Tan  = 9/9
RA + RD = 180  = 450
Taking moment about 'A'
MA = 0 [↶ve ↷ +ve]

 RD  27 + 180 9 + 90  9 = 0
RD = 90 kN()
RA = 180  90 = 90 kN ()

At Joint A: -
F
V = 0 A
90  B
FAF sin  = 90
90
FAF = 902 [compression]
Resolving Horizontally
H = 0
FAB = 90 + FAF cos
1
 90  90 2 
2
= 180 kN (Tension)
At Joint D: - E

Resolving vertically C D
v = 0
90 kN
FDE sin = 90
FDE = 902 kN [compression]
H = 0
FDC = FDE cos 450
1
FDC  90 2  = 90 kN (Tension)
2
At Joint E: -
E
H = 0 F
 902
FFE = FED cos 
C D
1
 90 2  = 90 kN (Compression)
2

v = 0
1
FEC =  90 2  = 90 kN (Tension)
2
At Joint C: -
Resolving vertically F
90
v = 0

0 180
FCF sin 45 = 90 C 90
FCF = 902 [compression]
Now remove the given load system and apply a pair of unit loads at B and E in place of the member
BE.
K - Values:
F 12 E

1
12 1 12 9m
1 1
HA=0 A  C D
B 12
9m 9m 9m
RA=0 RD=0
There will be no reactions at the supports

L
= constant
A
Actual force in any member 'S' = P + k X
PkL
 AE  Pk    254.558   63.64
X  Factor     
k L
 AE
2
k 2
4
Compression  ve
Tension + ve

Member P(kN) K(kN) Pk K2 S=P+kX(kN)
AB +180 0 0 0 180 [Tension]
BC +180

1  902 1 134.99
2 2
CD + 90 0 0 0 90
FE  90 
1 452 1  135
2 2
FB 0 1 0 1  45

2 2
EC + 90

1  452 1 45
2 2
AF  902 0 0 0  902
FC  902 1  902 1  63.63
(Compression)
BE  1 0 1 63.64 (Tension)
DE  902 0 0 0  902
2
Pk= k = 4
254.558
02.
Sol: Dse = r  s = 3  3 = 0  externally determinate
Dsi = m  (2j  3) = 11 (2  6  3) = 2 [Internally indeterminate] B C D
Ds = Dse + Dsi = 2 [Statically indeterminate]
X1 X2
Let us consider the members BF & DF as redundant.
Let X1 be the tension in BF and X2 be the tension in DF. A F E
The truss will first be analysed after removing the members

10kN
BF & DF. The forces p1, p2, p3. in the members due to this condition.
1 .5 2 2
cos   sin   cos   sin   cos 1 
2
1.5  1.5 2 2 1.5  2 2
2

P - Values:
4 1 .5
cos 1  sin 1 
5 1 .5 2  2 2
3
sin 1  v = 0
5 B C D
RA + RE = 10
Taking moment about 'A' 8.08
10 7.13 1.5m
MA = 0 [↶ ve ↷ +ve]
 RE  3.5 + 10  1.5 = 0  5.71 5.71 1
10  1.5 A E
RE   4.28 kN (  ) 1.5m F 2m
3.5
RA = 10  4.28 = 5.72 kN (  ) 10kN
RA RE
At Joint A: -
V = 0
FAC sin  = 5.72 C
5.72  2
FAC   8.08 KN (Comp)  F
2 A
H = 0 RA = 5.72
FAF = FAC cos
2
FAF  8.08  5.71kN (Tension)
2
At Joint E: -
V = 0 FEC sin 1 = 4.28 C
4.28 1
FEC   5  7.13 kN (Comp) F E
3
H = 0 RE =4.28
FEF = FEC cos1
4
 7.13   5.74 kn (Tension)
5

Now remove the given load system and apply a pair of unit loads at B and F in place of the member
BF. 1
B 2 C D

1 1 1
1
2 2
 E
A
1 F
2 k1 - values
There will be no reactions at the supports

Now remove the given load system and apply a pair of unit loads at D & F in place of the member DF.
B C 4/5 D
1
3 1 1
3/5
5
1
A E
F 4/5
k2 - Values k2 - values
There will be no reactions at the supports.

The redundant quantities X1 and X2 are given by the condition that the strain energy stored is a
minimum.
Pk 1L XkkL X k kL
 AE
  1 1 1   2 2 1  0 _______ (1)
AE AE
Pk 2 L Xkk L X k k L
 AE
  1 1 2   2 2 2  0 _______ (2)
AE AE
The unknown X1 & X2 can be determined by solving equations 1 & 2
Compression - ve
Tension + ve
Pk1L + X1 k21 L + X2  k1 k2 L = 0
 33.776 + 7.24 X1 + 0.636 X2 = 0 ___________ (3)

 Pk2L + X1  k1 k2 L + X2  k22 L = 0
 35.95 + 0.636 X1 + 8.64  2 = 0 __________ (4)
7.24 X1 + 0.636 X2 = 33.776
0.636 X1 + 8.64 X2 = 35.95
X1 = 4.32
X2 = 3.84
(L in
Member P k1 k2 Pk1L Pk2L k1 2 L k2 2 L k1 k2 L S=P+k1X1+k2X2
m)
AB 1.5 0 1 0 0 0 0.75 0 0 3.054
2 (Comp)
BC 1.5 0 1 0 0 0 0.75 0 0  3.054
2
CD 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 1.28 0  3.072
5
DE 1.5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0.54 0  2.304
5
EF 2 +5.71 0 4 0 9.13 0 1.28 0 2.638
5
FA 1.5 +5.71

1 0 6.05 0 0.75 0 0 2.655
2
FC 1.5 +10

1 3 10.606 9 0.75 0.54 0.636 4.641
2 5
AC 2.12 -8.08 +1 0 17.12 0 2.12 0 0 3.76
EC 2.5 -7.13 0 1 0 17.82 0 2.5 0 3.29
BF 2.12 0 +1 0 0 0 2.12 0 0 4.32
DF 2.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 2.5 0 3.84
Pk12= Pk2L= k12L= k22L= k1k2L=

-33.776 -35.95 7.24 8.64 0.636

03.
Sol: The horizontal reaction ‘H’ at B is given by
PkL
 AE
H  .... (1)
kL
 AE
2kN 4kN 2kN
6 D6 E E
C C 1 D1
2.83 4 2.83 0 0
4 4 2 0 2
8.95 2.23
8.95 2.23
F 4 G 4 H 2 2
5.7 5.7 2.83 2.83
B B
A
A 1
1 Fig. (c)
4 4
Fig. (b)
To calculate P, make the structure statically determinate by providing a roller at B, as shown in

Fig. (b), where the stresses due to external loading have been marked.
To calculate k, remove the external loads and apply unit pull at the joint B as shown in Fig. (c). The
stresses have been marked on the diagram.
The computations are done in the tabular form shown.
Substituting the values obtained from table in (1), we get
 358200
H
125700
= 2.85 kN ()
R A  R B  4 2  (2.85) 2
= 4.91 kN.
(+ For Tensions; - for compression)

Length L
Member P (kN) K PKL K2 L
(mm)
AC 4470  8.95 + 2.23  89400 22210
CD 2000  6.0 + 1.00  12000 2000
DE 2000  6.0 + 1.00  12000 2000
EB 4470  8.95 + 2.23  89400 22210

GH 2000 +4.0  2.00  16000 8000
FG 2000 +4.0  2.00  16000 8000
FA 2830 +5.7  2.83  45700 22640
HB 2830 +5.7  2.83  45700 22640
CF 2000 +4.0  2.00  16000 8000
CG 2830 +2.83 0 0 0
DG 2000  4.0 0 0 0
EG 2830 +2.83 0 0 0
EH 2000 +4.0  2.00  16000 8000
Sum 358200 125700
04.
Sol:
Note:
1. In case of statically determinate frames if any member is not of exact length and it is forced in
position, there are no stress induced in the member of the frame.
2. In case of indeterminate frames, if the members are not of exact length, they will have to be fixed
in position which will induce forces in the other members of the frame.
Force in the member having lack of fit 'x'

X
K 2L
 AE
Where '' is taken to be positive if the member is short in length (so as to exert pull 'X' at the
joints) and negative if the member is excess in length (so as to apply push at the joints)
DS = Dse + Dsi
= (3  3) + m  (2j  3) = 10  (2  6  3) = 1  Indeterminate structure

 To analyse the frame, it is made determinate by removing the member having lack of fit. Unit
forces are applied at the joints of the members having lack of fit.
 Member 'AC' is removed and unit loads are applied at joints 'A' and 'C'
D 1/2 C

2m 1
E 1 F
1/2 1/2
2m

B
1/2
2m 4m 2m
k-values
Compression  ve, Tension +ve
A= 8 m2, 8  102 mm2
Member k L (mm) k 2L Lack of fit Force in

A (kN) member due
to kX
AB 1 4  103 2.5 14.645 7.286
2
DC 1 4  103 2.5 14.645 7.286
2
AD 1 4  103 2.5 14.645 7.286
2
BC 1 4  103 2.5 14.645 7.286
2
AC 1 4  103 2 7.07 20.712 10.305
BD 1 4  103 2 7.07 20.712 10.305
DE 0 2  103 2 0 0 0
3
AE 0 2  10 2 0 0 0
BF 0 2  103 2 0 0 0
3
CF 0 2  10 2 0 0 0
k 2L
 A
=24.14

0.25  10
X
24.14
E
0.25mm  10
X  20712.510 N
24.14
2 10 5
= 20.712 kN
 When member 'AC' is subjected to temperature of 200C
 = L  t = 40002  1.1  10-5  20
= 1.244 mm
Force in the member AC is given by

X1 
k 2L
 AE
1.244
X1  10305.691 N
24.142
2  10 5
X1 = 10.305 KN
05.
Sol: Vertical deflection of the point 'C'
PkL kL
 VC   
AE E
4
cos  
4 2  32
4
cos  
5
3
sin  
5
@ Joint 'A': -
V = 0
A E

FAD sin  = 45 kN D
45  5 45kN
FAD   75 kN(Tension )
3

H= 0
FAE = FAD cos 
75  4
  60 kN(Compression )
5
@ Joint 'C': -
H= 0
F
FCD = 75  cos  75kN
75  4
  60 kN(Tension)
5 D 
v = 0 C
FFC = 75  sin
3
 75   45 kN(compression)
5
 k - values:
A 4m E 4m F 4m B
 4/9 4/9 8/9 
5/9 1/3 3m
1/3 5/9 10/9 2/3
 
D 8/9 C
RA + RB = 1 1
 RB  12 + 1  8 = 0
8 2
RB =  ()
12 3
2 32 1
RA = 1    ()
3 3 3
At Joint 'A': -
V = 0
1
FAD Sin  =
3
1 5 5
FAD    (Tension)
3 3 9
H = 0
FAE  5 cos   5  4  4 (comp)

9 9 5 9

At Joint 'D':-
V = 0 H = 0
5 5 5
FDF sin    sin  FDC   cos   cos 
9 9 9
5 5 4 5 4
FDF  (Comp)    
9 9 5 9 5
8
= (Tension)
9
At Joint 'B': -
V = 0
2
FBC sin = H = 0
3
3 2 10
FBC   FBF   cos 
5 3 9
2 5 10 10 4 8
FBC    (Tension)    (Comp)
3 3 9 9 5 9
At Joint 'F': -
5
FFC   sin 
9
5 3 1
   (Tension)
9 5 3
Compression ve, Tension +ve
Member J N/mm2 K L(mm) KL
AE 80 4/9 4  103 142.2  103

EF 80 4/9 4  103 142.2  103
FB 80 8/9 4  103 284.4  103
DC +100 8/9 4  103 355.55  103
ED 80 0 3  103 0
FC 80 1/3 3  103 -80000
277.77  103
AD 100 + 5/9 5  103
0
DF 0 5/9 5  103
555.55  103
BC 100 10/9 5  103
1677.67  103

 VC 
 KL  1667.67  10 3
E 2  10 5
VC = 8.38 mm ()
 Lateral displacement of the end 'B'.
A 4m E 4m F 4m B
1 1
1 1 1
3m
 k 1L
 HB   D C
E
 80  1  4  10 3  80  1  4  10 3  80  1  4  10 3

2  10 5
HB = - 4.8 mm ()
07.
L
Mxmx
Sol: Horizontal displacement at D =
O
EI
dx 
Where, Mx = BM at a section x – x due to real loads
Mx = BM at a section x – x due to vertical unit load applied where we want the deflection.
Mx – Values: 24kN mx – values: -

B C
B C
F
F
x
x x x
x x
12kN E
E
x
x x
x
A A D
D
12kN 1 1
O O
3kN 21kN

Sign conventions:
Sagging BM is +ve
Hogging BM is ve
Member L
Mxmx
Mx – values
mx – values 
O
EI
dx
DC 0 x 0
0
2
21x 5 105x 210
CF 
0
EI

EI
2
21(4 – x) – 24(2 – x) (36  3x )5 390
BF
= 36 + 3x
5 
0
EI

EI
2
12(5 – x) – 12(2 – x) 36(5  x ) 288
BE
= 36
5x 
0
EI

EI
3
12 x 2 108
AE 12 x x 0 EI  EI
996
 HD 
EI
L
Mxmx
Rotation at ‘D’ = 
O
EI
dx
B C
F
x
x x
x
x
A
D
O
1
1/4 1/4

L
Mxmx
Member Mx  Values mx 
O
EI
dx
DC 0 1 0
0
2
x  x 1
CF 21x 1
4  21x1  4   EI
0
2
21(4 – x)  24(2 – x) x x 1
BF
= 36 + 3x 4  (36  3x ) 4  EI
0
2
BE 12(5 – x) – 12(2 – x) = 36 0 0
0
3
AE 12 x 0 0
0
L
Mxmx 48
D   dx 
0
EI EI
06. Moment Distribution Method 02. Ans: (c)

Sol: A
B C D
01. Ans: (a)
6m 4m 4m 1m
Sol: B 1.5I I 2I I
4L EI = constant
3L Distribution
A C Relative
4L E Joint Member factor
stiffness ‘k’
4L D.F= k / k
BA 1.5I/6 0.5
B
D BC I/4 0.5
I I
1 CB 0.4
(D.F) BE  4L  4
I I I 3 I C
4
    CD
3  2I 
  0.6
4L 4L 4L 4 3L 4 4 

Note: Over hang present beyond ‘D’ does not 11EI


give fixity. Hence ‘D’ will act like simple L
support. ‘B’ and ‘C’ have other supports
M 11EI ML
beyond them. Hence they act like fixed   , =
 L 11EI
supports to calculate stiffness
 = Rotation of joint ‘B’.
03. Ans: (a) 05. Ans: (b)

Sol: Sol:
B B
L
L L/2 L
A D
O EI Rigid joint
EI = constant A
L L
L
EI D EI
L P
Rotational stiffness of a joint is the sum of EI
stiffness of all members meeting at that joint C
 KO = KOA + KOB + KOC + KOD
B
4EI 3EI 4EI 11EI
   0=
L L L L
04. Ans: (b) A MD= P.L

Sol: D
A M PL Member D.F
B C 1
EI, L
DB 3
EI, L
C 1
DA 3
EI, L 1
DC 3
D
Moment at ‘D’ transferred from over hang,
Rotational stiffness of joint ‘B’
MD = P.L

Distribution factors are 1 , 1 , 1 to DA, 07. Ans: (c)

3 3 3
Sol: P
DB, DC respectively.
PL A B
 MDA = C
3
MA l/2 l/2
P/2 P/2
PL PL
A D
6 3 Load is acting at center of the beam.
p
1 PL PL RA = RB = ()
 MA =   2
2 3 6 As center ‘C’ has an internal moment hinge
(Far end ‘A’ is fixed, hence the carry over
moment is half of that of moment of near end MC = 0
‘D’ of beam ‘AD’) L
MA = RB 
2
06. Ans: (d) p L
= 
Sol: 2 2
A pl
C MA = (anticlockwise)
M 4
l/2 l/2
B
08. Ans: (d)
Consider free body diagram of ‘BC’ Sol: Carry over factor
C B Moment developed at far end
M C AB 
l Moment applied at near end
2
2M M
2M
l A B M
l C B
Consider free body diagram of ‘AC’

RA=M/L RB= M/L
2M L L
l
l C Let us apply moment ‘M’ at A
2 For RA ; take moment @ C = 0
2M l
Moment at ‘A’ =  M  Mc = 0  RA  L = M
l 2
RA = M/L (upward )

M k D.F
&RB  (downward) D.FBA = 1
L 2
BA I 1
Again Mc = 0 from right side
4 2 D.FBC = 1
2
BC 3 I 1
 MB = RB  L 2
4 3
M
MB  L
L Hence applied joint moment ‘M’ gets equally
 MB = M distributed to members ‘BA’ and ‘BC’.
Moment at B M  MBA = M/2, MBC = M/2
Carry over factor   =1
Moment at A M 11. Ans: (a)
Sol:
300 kNm
B C
A 3m
09. Ans: (c) 3m
Sol:
D.F 1 0
A B
Initial +300
moment
L/2 L/2
balance –300
For prismatic beam with uniform EI, moment
1 carry over
The carry over factor = –150
2 moment
Beam towards ‘A’ is more stiff (has more EI)  Correct answer is 150 kN.m hogging.
Beam towards ‘B’ is less stiff ( has less EI)
Shortcut:
Carry over factor to ‘B’ is less than half
300 kN-m
3m 3m
10. Ans: (a)
M 150 kN-m
Sol:
3m, I
C
B 300 kN-m
300 kN-m
3m
300 kN-m
4m, I
3m
150 kN-m
(carry over) 300 kN-m

Then allow  1 (anticlockwise)

–Ve Or hogging moments
at B, keeping ‘A’ as fixed.
Now,
+Ve Or sagging moments
4EI
M BA  (anticlockwise)
L
2EI
M AB  (anti clockwise)
12. Ans: (b) L
Sol: If unit rotation at both ends, as shown
K K 4EI 2EI
M AB  
L L
=l =l 2EI
 (Clockwise)
L L
EI uniform 4EI 2EI
M BA  
L L
We know that moment required to produce a
unit rotation is called stiffness. 2EI
 (Anti clockwise)
L
∵ Slope  = 1 at both ends
2EI
Hence, K  M
L
4 EI
L A 13. Ans: (b)
 1 B 2 EI Sol: 2 3
L

4 EI
 1
2 EI L
L
2 EI  1  1 2 EI
L L 4
1
Initially for  1 (clockwise) At A, 
keeping ‘B’ fixed.
2 3
4EI
M AB  (Clockwise)
L 6EI
2EI 6EI
M BA  (Clockwise) L2
L L2

6EI 15. Ans : (b)

M 23 
L2 Sol:
2m , 2I
6EI
 2 3m 2m I
4 2I
6EI

16
Moment required for
sway of right column
14. Ans: (b)
D 6E I 6E I
Sol:  2

2 4
x 3
I l  E I   1.5 EI
B 2
B C C Moment required for sway of left column
6 2 EI  
l I

x 32
A 4
 E I   1.33 EI .
3
Consider the section passing through the
As the left column requires less moment for
middle of the beam ( xx)
sway compared to right column, the resistance
 D of left column is less against sway.
B
Frame will sway towards left
I
C 16. Ans: (b)

A  Sol:
A
B
∴  is present. EI,L
From the above diagram, it is seen that in the

member BC rotation is clock wise at B and EI,L WC
anticlockwise at C. D 
∴ B = C
Hint: As bar ‘BC’ is rigid it acts like sinking

fixed support.

6EI 6EI Using the Moment distribution method

L2 L2
A B 3 wl
Moment at support B, MB =
16
The ratio of support moment at ‘B’ and free
12EI 3WL 4
L3 moment of AB =  = 0.75
12EI 16 WL
L3
Free body diagram of ‘AB’ 18. Ans: (a)
As seen from above F.B.D. the  reaction Sol: A B C
developed at B is 12 EI /L3.
Similarly form F.B.D of ‘CD’ the  reaction

A B C
developed at ‘C’ is 12EI /L3.

from vertical equilibrium condition,
Wt. of rigid block W = 12EI /L3+12EI /L3

moments due
= 24EI /L3 to external 0 0
3 load
 down ward deflection  = WL /24EI
moments due
to sinking of 0
17. Ans: (a) central support
Sol:
W W The directions of moments at central support
l/2 B l/2 C
A
l/2 l/2 l/2 l/2 due to external load and sinking of central
support are shown.
D.F
½ ½
Initial  wl  wl  wl  wl As seen above, the net central support
moments 8 8 8 8
moment (negative moment) reduces.
Balance  wl
 wl From the fundamentals of redistribution of
moments 8
8
C.O  wl  wl
0
moments, if negative moment at central
0
16 16
Final support decreases, the positive (sagging)
0  3 wl  3 wl
Moments 0
16 16 moment at midspan increases.
WL
Free moment at centre of AB =
4

19. Ans: 1 P B I C The B.M.D of the frame is shown below.

Sol: 0.5I L/2 M M
L I 2 3
1 4
M/2
6EI M/2
Sway moment, MBA 
L2 At the locations 1, 2,3and 4, the bending
3E(0.5I) 6EI moment is changing sign. Hence, four points
Sway moment, MCD  2
=
(0.5L) L2 of contra flexure.
M BA
 1
M CD 21. Refer GATE solutions Book.(2004)
20. Ans: 4 22. Refer GATE solutions Book.(2006)

P
Sol: B C
Z
BZ = ZC 23. Ans: (d)
h EI=Constant
h>L
Sol: After distribution of unbalanced moment to
A D adjacent span, one half of this amount with
some sign is carried over to other end of
L respective sign.
Free body diagrams of beam and columns are  Option (d) is incorrect.
shown below.
24. Ans: (a)

Sol: All the given statements are correct w.r.t
Hardycorss (or) Moment distribution
method.
25. Ans: (b)

Sol: To find out fixed end moments
Area of fixed bending moment diagram
Carry Carry
over = Area of free bending moment diagram
over

Area of the BMD

M 1  M 1   M M 
M EI M     o    3 o  o 
2EI 2EI
2 4 8EI 2 2  4EI 4EI 
1  Mo  Mo
l/4 l/2 l/4   
2  EI  4EI
 M M  1   Mo  Mo
Area of fixed BMD =  2     
4 2EI EI 2 2 2  EI  4EI
M M 3M Free BMD under load M0 (part – 2):
   …. (1)
4EI 2EI 4 EI
Free BMD under load M0 (part – 1):-

Mo
Mo / l Mo Mo / l
Mo 4EI
3l/
Mo / l Mo / l 0 4
Mo l/h
4EI
3l/y
l/4 3M o
4EI
B.M.D for constant EI
3M o
Mo
4EI
4EI
B.M.D for constant EI
Mo Mo
4EI M 8EI
o
8EI
l/2 l/4
0
l/4 Mo
Mo 8EI
Mo
8EI
4EI Mo
B.M.D for varying EI 4EI
3M o
4EI
B.M.D for varying EI

Area of free BMD Total area of BMD
1  Mo 1   M2 3 Mo  1  Mo = Area of free BMD (Part I) + Area of free

         
2 4 8EI 2 2  4EI 4 4EI  2 4 8EI BMD (Part II)
1 M 
   o Mo Mo Mo
2 2  EI     ……(2)
4EI 4EI 2EI
Mo Equate (1) and (2)

4EI
3 M M0
 
4 EI 2EI
2M 0
M
3

01.
Sol: Fixed end moments:
Wab 2 6EI
M FAB   2  2
 
8  2  32 6  2.1 108  85  10 7 10
 2
 2
 =  5.76  4.284 =  10.044 kNm
5 5 1000
 2.1 10 5
 E   1000 2  2.1  10 8 kN / m 2 ,
 1000
85  10 5 10 
I  85  10 5 mm 4   85  10 7 m 4  m
(1000) 4 1000 
Wa 2 b 6EI 8  2 2  3
M FBA    2   4.284  0.444 kNm
2  52
Wab 2 6EI 5  4  32 6  2.1 108  85  10 7
M FBC        10
2 2 72 7 2  1000
[ In BC, left support sinks,  =  10 mm]
=  3.673 + 2.186 = 1.487 kNm

Wa 2 b 6EI 5  4 2  3 6  2.1 108  85  10 7  10

M FCB      
2 2 72 7 2  1000
= 4.898 + 2.186 = +7.084 kNm
W 2 1 8 2
M FCD     5.33 kNm
12 12
W 2 1 8 2
M FDC     5.33 kNm
12 12
Distribution Factor:
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Sum Distribution Factor
B BA 3/4  I/  (3I/20)+(I/7) (3I/20)  (140/41I)

=(3/4)I/5 =(21I+20I)/140 =0.512
=3I/20 = 41I/140
BC I/  =I/7 (I/7)(140/41I)=0488
C CB (I/7) (I/7)+(3I/32) (I/7)(224/53I)=0.604
=(32I+21I)/224
=53I/224
CD (3/4)(I/8)=(3I/32) (3I/32)(224/53I)=0.396
Moment distribution:
Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
0.512 0.488 0.604 0.396
Distribution Factor  
FEM  10.044  0.444 1.487 7.084 5.33 +5.33
Release A, D
and Carry over +10.044 5.022 2.665  5.33
Initial moments 0 +4.578 1.487 +7.084 7.995 0
Balance  1.583 1.508 +0.550 +0.361 
Carry Over   0.275 0.754  
Balance   0.141 0.134 0.455 0.299 
Carry over   0.228 0.067  
Balance  0.117 0.111 0.040 0.027 
Final moments 0 +2.737 2.737 +7.308 7.308 0

Simply supported bending moments:

Wab 8  2  3
M AB    9.6kNm
l 5
Wab 5  4  3
M BC    8.6kNm
l 7
Wl 2 1 8 2
M CD    8 kNm
8 8
9.6 kNm
8.6 kNm
7.308kNn
2.737kNm 8kNm
+ 
 +
C B D
Bending Moment Diagram
1kN/m
8kN 5kN
7.308
2.737 2.737 7.308
A B B C C D
2m 3m 4m 3m 8m
RA RB1 RB2 RC1 RC2 RD
4.25kN
4.91kN
(+)
1.49kN (+) (+)
A B C D
(-) (-)
(-) 3.51 kN
3.75kN
3.09kN
Shear Force Diagram

02.
Solution: (a) Fixed End Moments:
 Wab 2 100  2  (3) 2

Span AB: M FAB     72 kNm
2 52
Wa 2 b 100  2 2  3
M FBA     48 kNm
2 52
w 2 20  (3) 2
Span BC: M FBC     15 kNm
12 12
w 2
M FCB    15 kNm
12
Span BD: MFBD = MFDB = 0 (As there is no lateral load on span BD)
(b) Distribution Factors:
Relative Total Stiffness Distribution Factor
Joint Members
Stiffness (R.S) or Sum (T.S) = R.S/T.S
2I 2I / 5 24
BA   0.407
5 59I / 60 59
I 2I I I 59I I/3 20
B BD      0.339
3 5 3 4 60 59I / 60 59
3 I I I/4 I5
BC     0.254
4 3 4 59I / 60 59
(c) Moment Distribution:
Joint A B C
Member AB BA BD BC CB
Distribution Factor  0.407 0.339 0.254 

Fixed End  72 48 0  15 15
Moments 0
Release C and  7.5  15

Carry over to B
Initial Moments  72 48  22.5 0

Balancing  10.379  8.645  6.477
Carry Over  5.19
Final moments  77.19 37.621  8.645  28.977 0

We know that, A moment which rotates the near end of a prismatic beam without translation, the far
end being fixed induces at the far end, a moment of one half its magnitude and in the same direction
(i.e. of the same sign)
1 1
M DB  M BD  (8.645)  4.323 kNm
2 2
(d) To Draw S.F.D:
Span AB: 100 kN

MBA=37.621 kNm
MAB=77.19 kN
A B
RA 2m 3m Ra1
Taking moments about B,

RA(5) + MBA  77.19  100(3) = 0
RA(5) + 37.621  77.19  300 = 0 8.645kNm
RA = 67.914 kN
RBa = Total load  67.914 = 100  67.914 FBD
RBa = 32.086 kN B
Span BD:
3m
Taking moments about D, 8.645 + 4.323  FBD(3) = 0

FBD = 4.323 kN () FDB
D 4.323kNm
FDB = 4.323 kN ()
Span BC:
20kNm
Taking moments about C, B C

w 2
R B 2 (3)  M BC   0 MHC=28.977kNm 3m Rc
2 RB2
20  3 2
R B 2 (3)  28.977  0
2

RB2 = 39.659 kN
RC = Total load  RB2 = 20  3  39.659 = 20.341 kN
28.977 kNm 37.62 kNm 22.5 kNm
77.19 kNm (–) 120kNm C

(+)
(+)
8.645 kNm
4.323kNm

D
B
A C
Deflected Shape D
Simply supported Bending moments:
Wab 100  2  3
Span AB    120 kNm
 5
Span BD = 0
w 2 20  32
Span BC    22.5 kNm
8 8
67.914kN
(+) 39.659kN
B (+) C
A 32.086kN
(-)
20.341kN
4.323kN
4.323kN
Shear force Diagram

03.
Sol: (a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB, BC, CD: MFAB = MFBA = MFBC = MFCB = MFCD = MFDC = 0
Since the load is acting only at the joint, there will be no fixed end moments. However due to side
sway, moments will be induced at joints A, B and C.
B C
MBA MCD
MAB
A D
(b) Distribution Factors:
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Total Stiffness Distribution Factor
I I/5 1
BA 
5 2I / 5 2
B I I 2I
I  
BC 5 5 5 I/5 1
5 
2I / 5 2
I I/5 4
CB 
5 7I / 20 7
C I 3I 7 I
3 I 3I   3I / 20 3
CD   5 20 20 
4 5 20 7I / 20 7
(c) Side Sway:- Under the action of the 50 kN load, there will be side sway to the right and the
columns AB and CD will rotate in a clockwise direction. Thus negative moments will be induced at
A, B and C in these columns. As the end 'A' is fixed and 'D' is hinged, the ratio of moments will be,
M BA 6EI /  12 2
   2  M BA  2M CD (I1  I 2  I;  1   2  )
M CD 3EI /  22 1
Let us, first of all assume arbitrary value of these moments and find out the corresponding sway
force.
Let MCD =  10 kNm
MBA =  20 kNm = MAB

(D) Moment Distribution:

Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution Factor  1/2 1/2 4/7 3/7 
Fixed End Moments  20  20
   10 
Balancing 10
10 5.71 4.29
Carry Over 5 2.86 5
Balancing 1.43  1.43 2.86  2.14
Carry Over 0.72 1.43 0.72
Balancing 0.72 0.72 0.41 0.31
Carry Over 0.36 0.21 0.36
Balancing 0.11 0.11 0.21 0.15
Carry Over 0.06 0.11 0.06
Balancing 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.03 0.03
Final moments 15.42 10.76 10.77 7.66 7.66 0
(e) Sway Forces:

Balancing moment for AB = 10.76 + 15.42 = 26.18 kNm
Horizontal reaction at B = (26.18)/5 = 5.24 kN () = HBA
Horizontal reaction at A = 5.24 kN () = HAB
Balancing moment for CD = 7.66 kNm
Horizontal reaction at C = (7.66)/5 = 1.53 kN ()
Horizontal reaction at D = 1.53 kN ()
B C
7.66 kNm
HBA 10.76kNm
5m
5m
HAB
15.42kNm
A D

The sway force causing the assumed moments = 5.24 + 1.53 = 6.77 kN ()
But actual sway force is 50 kN; hence the moments be increased proportionately in the ratio of
(50)/(6.77) = 7.38
Joints
A B C D
HSway = 6.77 kN 15.42 10.76 10.76 7.66 7.66 0
HSway = 50 kN 113.8 79.41 79.41 56.53 56.53 0
Horizontal reaction at A = 5.24  7.38 = 38.67 ()

Horizontal reaction at D = 1.53  7.38 = 11.29 kN ()
() To Draw S.F.D. B 79.41 kNm
FBA
Span AB:
3m (a)
FAB
A
113.8 kNm
Taking moments about A,  79.41  113.8 + FBA(5) = 0

FBA = 38.642 kN = FAB
Span BC:
79.41 kNm 56.53 kNm

B C
(b)
FBC FCB
5m

Taking moment about B, + 79.41 + 56.53  FCB 5 = 0

FCB = 27.19 kN = FBC
Span CD:
Reaction at D = 11.29 kN 
Reaction at C = 11.29 kN 
27.19 kN 79.41 kNm 56.53 kNm

38.67 kN B C B  C 56.53 kNm
 79.41 kNm +

+
+

A D
38.67 kN 11.29 kN 113.8 kNm A D
Shear Force Diagram
04.
Sol: Distribution Factors. These are calculated in the table below.
Joint Member Relative Total Distribution

Stiffness Relative Factor
Stiffness
BA 3 I 3 1
. 
4 6 8 3
3l
B 2I I 8 2
BC 
8 4 3
CB I 1
4 2
C 2I
4 1
CD 3 I I
.  2
4 3 4

(i) Non sway analysis:
Fixed end moments

M ab  M ba  M cd  M dc  0
30  4 2 30  4 2
M bc     40 kNm, M cb     40 kNm
12 12
The moment distribution is worked out below.
B C
1 2 1 1
A 3 3 2 2 D
0 0  40.00 + 40.00 0 0
+ 13.33 + 26.67  20.00  20.00
10.00 +13.33
+ 3.33 +6.67  6.66  6.67
3.33 + 3.33
+ 1.11 + 2.22  1.67  6.66
0.84 + 1.11
+ 0.28 + 0.56  0.56  0.55
0.28 + 0.28
+ 0.09 + 0.19  0.14  0.14
0.07 + 0.10
+ 0.02 + 0.05  0.05  0.05
0 + 18.17 18.17 + 29.08  29.08 0
Horizontal reaction at A
0  18.17
  3.0283 kN 
6
 29.08  0
Horizontal reaction at D =  9.6933 kN 
3
 Sway force = Unbalanced horizontal force
= 9.6933  3.0283 = 6.665 kN 

30kN/m
B C B 6.665kN
4m 4m C
3m
3m
D 9.69333 kN
D
6m 6m
A A
HA=3.0283
(ii) Sway analysis. Now the frame will be analysed or a sway force of 6.665 kN . Since the frame
sways towards the left, the initial equivalent moments are positive. Ratio of the initial equivalent
moments at the tops of the columns.
I1 I 2 I I 1 1
 2
: 2  2: 2  :  9 : 36 (say)
1  2 6 3 36 9
B C
1 2 1 1
A 3 3 2 2 D
0 + 9.00 0 0 + 36.00
+ 3.00 6.00 18.00  18.00
9.00 3.00
+ 3.00 + 6.00 + 1.50 +1.50
+ 0.75 + 3.00
0.25 0.50 1.50  1.50
0.75 0.25
+ 0.25 + 0.50 + 0.13 + 0.12
+ 0.06 + 0.25
0.02 + 0.04 0.12  0.13
0.06  0.02
+ 0.02 + 0.04 + 0.01 + 0.01
Column 0 + 9.00 9.00 18.00 + 18.00 0
(a)
Let the moments shown in column (a) be due to a sway force S

0  9.00
Horizontal reaction at A =  1.50 kN 
6
18  0 B C S=7.50kN
Horizontal reaction At D =  6.00 kN 
3 4m
Resolving horizontally, S = 1.50 + 6.00 = 7.50 kN 3m
For a sway force of 7.50 kN

6.00 kN
the sway moments are as per column (a) D
6m
 For the actual sway force of 6.665 kN

The actual sway moments will be, A
6.665 1.50kN
 col(a ) moments
7.50
Col.(a) 0 + 9.00  9.00  18.00 +18.00 0

Actual sway moments
6.665
  Col.(a ) + 8.00  8.00
7.50 0  16.00 + 16.00 0
Non sway moments 0 +18.17  18.17 + 29.08  29.08 0
Final moments 0 + 26.17  26.17 + 13.08  13.08 0
30kN/m
40.375
B C
4m +
3m 26.17 13.08
4.36kN u B C 
6m
56.73kN
4.36kN
D
63.27kN A

05.
Sol:
Sol: Distribution Factors:
Since all the corners are alike it is sufficient to determine the distribution factors at one of the
corners. Let I be the moment of inertial of the section of each member. The relevant calculations at
the corner A are shown in the table below.
Joint Member Relative Total Relative Distribution

Stiffness Stiffness Factors
I 1
AD 4 3I 3
A 4
AB 2I I
 1
4 2
3
The distribution factors for the members at each corner are shown in figure.
Fixed end moments: Considering each member as a separate fixed member the fixed end moments
are as follows.
2 2
10  2 3 3
M ab    2.5 kNm A B
8 1 1
M ba  2.5 kNm 3 3
4 4
M da   2.00 kNm
8 1 1
M ad  2.00 kNm 3 3
M bc  2.00 kNm D 2 C
2
M cb  2.00 kNm 3 3
M dc  2.50 kNm
and M cd  2.50 kNm

-2.17 +2.17
+0.17 -0.17
-0.17 +0.17
+0.33 -0.33
+2.17 A -2.50 +2.50 B
+0.09
+0.17
+2.00
-0.09
+0.09
-2.00
-0.17
-0.09
-2.17
+2.00
+0.17
+0.09
+2.17
+0.09
-0.09
-2.17
-0.09
-0.17
-2.00
D +2.50 -2.50
C
-0.33 +0.33
+0.17 -0.17
-0.17 +0.17
+2.17 -2.17
The moment distribution is carried out as shown in figire.

10  2 2.83 kN m
Max. free B.M for AB   = + 5.00 kNm. +
4
 B.M at the middle of span AB  
2.17 kN m 2.17 kN m
= + 5.00  2.17 = + 2.83 kNm
Max. free B.M. for AD  A B 
4 4 1.83 kN m
   4.00 kNm
4
 B.M. at the middle of AD + +
= + 4.00  2.17 = + 1.83 kNm
1.83 kN m
Figure shows the B.M. diagram for the frame.
 D C 
2.17 kN m 2.17 kN m
 
+
2.83 kN m

06.
Sol: Imagine a support at C.
Distribution factors. These are calculate in the table below.
Joint Member Relative Stiffness Total Relative Distribution

Stiffness Factors
2I 2
CA 4 3I 3
C I 4
CB 4 1
3
(i) None-Sway: Assuming no vertical sway the moment distribution is now carried out.
Fixed End Moments:
32  3  12 32  32  1
M ac     6 kNm; M ca    18kNm; M cb  M bc  0
42 42
C
2 1
3 3
A B
-6.00 +18.00
-12.00 -6.00
-6.00 -3.00
-12.00 +6.00 -6.00 -3.00
 12.00  6.00  32  1
Vertical reaction at A =   9.50 kN 
4
 6.00  3.00
Vertical reaction at B   2.25 kN 
4
 Sway force = 32 + 2.25  9.50 = 24.75 kN 
32kN
3m 5m
B
A 2I I
C
4m 4m
9.5 kN 2.25 kN

Now the beam will be analysed for a vertical sway force of 24.75 kN at C
24.75kN
4m 4m
B
A
C
(ii) Sway Analysis:
Due to the vertical sway the fixed end moments for AC are negative, while the fixed end moments
for BC are positive.
I I 2I I
Ratio of fixed end moments for AC and BC 12 : 22 2 : 2  2 : 1 say 6:3
1  2 4 4
Choosing the above fixed end moments, the moment distribution is carried out below:
C
2 1
3 3
A B
-6.00 6.00 +3.00 +3.00
+2.00 +1.00
+1.00 +0.05
Column (a) -5.00 4.00 +4.00 +3.50
S= 4.125 kN
4m 4m
B
A
C
2.25kN
1.875kN
Let the moment shown in col. (a) be due to a sway force S.

 5.00  4.00
Vertical reaction at A   225 kN
4
4.40  3.50
Vertical reaction at B   1.875 kN
4
Resolving vertically, S = 2.25 + 1.875 = 4.125 kN
For a sway force of 4.125 kN the sway moments are as per column (a).

 For the actual sway force of 24.75 kN, the actual sway moments will be
24.75
 column (a) moments.
4.125
A B C
Column (a)  5.00  4.00 + 4.00 + 3.50
Actual sway moments

24.75
 Column (a)
4.125  30.00  24.00 + 24.00 +21.00
Non-sway moments  12.00 + 6.00  6.00  3.00
Final Moments  42.00  18.00 + 18.00 + 18.00
 42  18  32  1
Actual vertical reaction at A Va =  23 kN 
4
32kN
42kNm 18kNm
3m 5m
B
A
C
4m 4m
Va=23kN Vb=9kN
42kNm
27
(-) 18kNm
(+)
A C (-)
B BMD
18kNm
18  18
Actual vertical reaction at B (Vb )   9 kN 
4

R Y
07. Slope Deflection Method X
01. Ans: (a)

Sol: In slope deflection method deformation due For the above frame unknown displacements
to axial force and shear force are neglected. are the rotation at rigid joint X and sway
Deformations due to flexure only are deflection at right support Y.
considered.
04. Ans: (a)

02. Ans: (c)
2EI  3 
Sol: No. of unknown joint displacements is the Sol: MBA=  2 B  A  
L  L
most appropriate option. Option (b) is
Note:
ambiguous as nothing is spelt about axial
Clock wise rotations are taken as +Ve.
deformations.
Anti clock wise rotations are –Ve.
03. Ans: (c)  = relative sinking of right support with

Sol: The number of equilibrium equations is respect to left support. In the standard
= number of unknown joint displacements. equation right support is assumed to sink
more than left support and  is taken as +Ve.
P
In the given problem A is clock wise hence
taken as positive. B is anti clock wise hence
For the above beam unknown displacement is
taken as negative. Further right support sinks
the rotation at central support only.
less than that of left support.
Q
A B
B
A
For the above beam unknown displacements B

A
are the rotations at central support and right
/2
end support. 

2EI  Free body diagrams of columns shown below.

 3 
M BA    2 .        
L  2 L2 
The joint moments are assumed clock wise
3EI
 2 B C
L MCD
MBA
4m 4m
05. Ans: (a)
A D
Sol: 15kN/m MAB MDC=0
HA HD
B D
C
5m 7m
For horizontal equilibrium  H = 0
HA+HD+P=0
M AB  M BA
HA 
8m 4m 4
 WL2 M CD  M DC M CD  0 M CD
Fixed end moment M BC  HD   
12 4 4 4
M BA  M AB M CD
15  8 2  P0
  80kN.m 4 4
12
2EI  3 
MBC = 2 B   C    M BC
L  L 07. Ans: (b) 30 kN/m
2EI Sol: Q R
M BC  2 B   C  0  80 3m
8
 0.25EI2 B   C   80 4m EI
06. Ans: (c) P

At joint ‘Q’ relative stiffness
Sol:
P B 4m C M 30 3EI 4EI
=     2EI
  3 4
4m EI=Constant 4m 15
Q 
EI
A hinge D

08. Ans (a) 10. Ans: (c)

Sol: Slope at ‘R’ Sol:
2EI A B
MR = 0 = (2 R   Q ) 
3 
Q   Q  7.5
  QR  R  
2 2 EI  c
(Sign neglected)
2EI  3 
MCB = M CB   2 C   B  
L  
09. Ans: 20
B C Here MCB = 0 (because of hinge at C) and
Sol:
M CB  0
10 kN
5m
2EI    
2.5 m 0  2 C  0  3  
A D L    
Hence,  = l  and B = 0 (for fixed support)
10 m
3
0  2 c 
For column AB, MB = 0 
5HA=15 + 10 + 102.5  3
B C =
10kN.m 2
 HA = 10 kN 
2EI  3 
2.5m MBC = M BC   2 B   C  
10kN L   
Applying  H=0
2EI    3  3 
2.5m  0 0    
HA+HD=10 HA
15kN.m L   2   
10 +HD =10
A 2EI  3 

  2 
F.B.D of Column AB
 HD = 0
3EI
M BC 
M CD  M DC C L
HD  =0
5 20
20  M DC 11. Ans: (b) B C
=0 5m
5 Sol: 10 kN/m
 MDC = 20 kN-m HD =0 4m 4m
MDC=0
D
F.B.D of Column CD A D

Horizontal Equilibrium equation M BA  80 M CD

  40  0
HA + HD + 10  4 = 0 4 4
HA + HD + 40 = 0 ……(1) MBA + MCD –80 + 160 = 0
MBA + MCD = –80  (2)
Span AB:
MBA We know that
B
10 kN/m
MBA + MBC = 0  MBA = –MBC  (3)
4m and MCD + MBC = 0  MCD = –MCB  (4)
The above two conditions are equilibrium
HA
A MAB = 0 equations at joints B and C.
Taking moments about point B, Substitute (3) and (4) in equation (2)
MB = 0 –MBC – MCB = – 80
–HA  4 + MBA + MAB – 10  4  2 = 0  MBC + MCB = 80 kNm
4HA = MBA – 80
 M  80  12. Ans: (b)
H A   BA kN () Sol:
 4 
In slope deflections methods, joint
Span CD:
D
MCD displacements/Rotations are treated as
unknowns. To calculate unknown joint
4m displacements equilibrium conditions will be
C
applied at each joint and displacement at a
HD
MDC = 0 joint are independent of the displacements of
the member at the far end of the joint.
 Option (b) is correct.
Taking moments about point D,
MD = 0
13. Ans: (b)
MCD + MDC – HD  4 = 0 Sol: In moment distribution, slope deflection
M CD method and Kani’s method unknowns are
HD  ()
4 displacements/rotations.
Substitute HA and HD in eq. (1)  These methods are classified as
displacement methods/stiffness method.

 Statement (I) is correct.

In moment distribution method final end 1st term (i) is fixed end moment
moments are calculated without calculation of 2nd term (ii) is distributed moment.
displacement like in slope deflection method. Concept of summation of fixed end moment
 Statement II is correct and distributed moment in moment
But, Statement II is not the correct distribution method comes from slope
explanation of Statement I. deflection equations only.
In slope deflection method, displacement are
14. Ans: (b) calculated to analyze end moments.
Sol:  Statement II is correct
While calculating final end moments in But Statement II is not the correct explanation
moment distribution method we follow, of Statement I.
Total moment  Fixed end moment   Distributed moment at a joint
(1) ( 2)
When we recall slope deflection equations,

for a fixed beam shown below
2EI
MBA  MBA  (2B )
L B
A C
(i) (ii)
2EI
M BC  MBC  (2B )
L
(i) (ii)

01.
200  4  10 7
Sol: For the data of this problem EI  6
 8000 kNm 2
10
Note: a = 0 and d = 0
Span AB:
2EI  3  2  8000  3 3 
M ab   2 a   b     0  b    4000  b  9
    4  4000 
2EI  3  2  8000  3 3 
M ba   2 b   a     2 b  0    8000  b  9
    4  4000 
Span BC
2EI  3  2  8000  3 2 
M bc   2 b   c     2 b   c    8000  b  4000  c  6
    4  4000 
2EI  3  2  8000  3 2 
M cb   2 c   b     2 c   b    4000  b  8000  c  6
    4  4000 
Span CD
2 EI  3  2  8000  3(5)  16000 20
M cd   2 c   b     2 c  0    c 
    6  6000  3 3
2 EI  3  2  8000   3(5)  8000 20

M dc   2 d   c     0  c   c 
    6  6000  3 3
Equilibrium condition at B, Mba+ Mbc = 0

8000 b  9 + 8000 b + 4000 c  6 = 0
16000 b + 4000 c = 15
3
 4 b  c  .... (1)
800
Equilibrium condition at C, Mcb+ Mcd = 0
16000 20
4000  b  8000  c  6  c  0
3 3

40000 2
4000  b  c  
3 3
10 1
 b  c   .... (2)
3 6000
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get,
b = 0.001027, and c =  0.0003581
Substituting for b and c we can determine
The final moments.
Mab = 4000 (0.001027)  9 =  4.892 kNm

Mba = 8000 (0.001027)  9 =  0.784 kNm
Mbc = 8000 (0.001027) + 4000( 0.0003581)  6 = + 0.784 kNm

Mcd = 4000 (0.001027) + 8000( 0.0003581)  6 =  4.757 kNm
16000 20
M cd  (0.0003581)    4.757 kNm
3 3
8000 20
M dc  (0.0003581)    5.712 kNm
3 3
A B C D
-4.892 -0.784 +0.784 -4.757 +4.757 +5.712
-4.892kNm 5.712kNm
B C D
A
0.784kNm
4.757kNm
Slope Deflection Method:
1
Mbd = 6.125 kNm; M db  (6.125)   3.0625 kNm
2

02.
Sol: Fixed end moments:
M ab  M ba  M cd  M dc  M ce  M ec  0
100 100
M bc    25 kNm; M cb    25 kNm
4 4
Note a = d = e = 0
Span AB
2 EI 1
M ab  0  (0   b )  EI  b
4 2
2 EI
M ba  0 (2 b  0)  EI  b
4
Span BC
2 EI 1
M bc  25  (2 b   c )  25  EI  b  EI  c ;
4 2
2 EI 1
M cb  25  (2 c   b )  25  EI  b  EI  c
4 2
Span CD
2 EI 2 EI 1
M cd  0  (2 c  0)  EI  c ; M dc  0  (0   c )  EI  c
4 4 2
Span CE
2 EI 2 EI 1
M ce  0  (2 c  0)  EI  c ; M ec  0  (0   c )  EI  c
4 4 2
Equilibrium condition at B, Mba + Mbc = 0

1
EI  b  25  EI  b  EI  c  0
2
1
2 EI  b  EI  c  25  4 EI b + EI c =  50 .... (1)
2
Equilibrium condition at C,
1
M cb  M cd  M ce  0; 25  EI  b  EI  c  EI  c  EI  c  0
2
1
EI  b  3 EI  c  25  EI b + 6 EI c =  50 ..... (2)
2

50
+13.04 C -6.52 -3.26 E
B +10.87 13.04
(+)
-10.87 -6.52 6.52
10.87 (-)
(+) E
B (-)
(+)
C
(+) 3.26
-5.43 -3.26
A D 50kNm
(-)
A D
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get 5.43
EI b = - 10.8696 and EI c =  6.5217
Substituting for EI b and EI c, the final moments are determined
1
M ab  (10.8696)  5.43 kNm; M ba   10.87 kNm
2
1
M bc  25  10.8696  (6.5217)  10.87 kNm
2
1
M cb  25  (10.8696)  6.5217  13.04 kNm
2
1
M cd   6.52 kNm; M dc  (6.5217)  3.26 kNm
2
1
M ce   6.52 kNm; M ec  (6.5217)  3.26 kNm
2
03.
Sol: Fixed end moments : Ma b  M ba  M cd  M dc  0 48kN
48  4 48  4 2m 2m
B C
M bc    24 kNm; M cb    24 kNm (2l) 4m
8 8
4m
Note A is hinged and D is fixed. d = 0 (l)
Member AB 6m
0 3E(2I)   1 (l) D
M ab  0; M ba  0     b    EI  b  EI 
2 6  6 6

Member BC
2E ( 2I)
M bc  24  (2 b   c )  24  2EI  b  EI  c
4
2E ( 2I)
M cb  24  (2 c   b )  24  2EI  b  2EI  c
4
2EI  3  3
M cd  0   2 c  0     EI  c  EI 
4  4 8
2EI  3  1 3
M dc  0   0   c    EI  c  EI 
4  4 2 8
Equilibrium condition at B, Mba + Mbc= 0
1 1
EI  b  EI   24  2EI  b  EI  c  0; 3 EI  b  EI  c  EI   24
6 6
 18 EI b + 6 EI c  EI  = 144 ... (1)
Equilibrium condition at C, Mcb + Mcd= 0
3 3
 24  EI  b  2EI  c  EI  c  EI   0; EI  b  3 EI  c  EI    24
8 8
 8 EI b + 24 EI c  3 EI  =  192 ... (2)
For horizontal equilibrium Ha + Hd = 0
M ab  M ba M cd  M dc
 0
6 4
2 [Mab + Mba] + 3[Mcd + Mdc] = 0
 1   3 1 3 
2 0  EI i b  EI   3 EI i c  EI   EI i c  EI   0
 6   8 2 8 
9 31
2EI  b  EI  c  EI   0
2 12
 24 EI b + 54 EI c  31 EI  = 0 .... (3)
Thus, we have the following equation.
18 EI b + 6 EI c  EI  = 144 ..... (1)
8 EI b + 24 EI c  3 EI  =  192 ...... (2)
24 EI b + 54 EI c  31 EI  = 0 ...... (3)

Solving, we get,
EI b = 11.7671; EI c =  13.7852 and EI  =  14.9030
Substituting for EI b, EI c and EI  the final moments can be determined.
Mab = 0
1
M ba  11.7671  (14.9030)  14.25 kNm
6
Mbc =  24 + 2(11.7671)  13.7852 =  14.25 kNm
Mcb = + 24 + 11.7671 + 2(-13.7852) = +8.20 kNm
3
M cd  13.7852  (14.9030)  8.20 kNm
8
1 3
M dc  (13.7852)  (14.9030)  1.30 kNm
2 8
36.78 48kN
2m 2m
B C
14.25 8.20 4m
B C 

1.30kNm
D Hd=2.375kN
D Vd=22.49kN
Ha=2.375kN
1.30 A
A
Va=25.51kN
Reaction:
0  14.25
Horizontal Reaction at A  H a   2.375 kN 
6
 8.20  1.30
Horizontal Reaction at D  H d   2.375 kN 
4
 14.25  8.20  48  2
Vertical Reaction at D  Vd   22.49 kN 
4
Vertical Reaction at A  Va  48  22.49  25.51kN 

08. Plastic Theory ii) Refer solution of Problem 3: for I section

along Y axis area is more near neutral axis
01. Ans: (d) compared to area near X axis. Hence shape
Sol: Ductile materials like mild steel are used for factor SYY > SXX
design using plastic theory. For ductile statement 3 is wrong.
materials plastic deformation before Fracture
is much larger than elastic deformation. 03. Ans: (d)
100
Sol:
02. Ans: (c)
20 40 (1)
Sol: Shape factor is the ratio of plastic moment
and yield (elastic) moment.
Plastic N.A. (2) 100

M f y .Z P Z P
S P   Elastic N.A.
Me f y .Z Z
We know that section modulus represents the 20
strength of a section both in plastic and elastic Elastic N.A. distance from top of flange
theory. A 1 Y1  A 2 Y2
ye =
A1  A 2
As ZP > ZY for all sections, shape factor
100  20  10  100  20  70
indicates the increase of strengths of a section ye = = 40mm
2000  2000
due to plastic action over elastic strength.
Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct. Plastic N.A. from top of flange;
Shape factor is more if area near neutral axis Plastic N.A. divides the section in to two
is more (bulk area). equal areas.
For example : Total area of the section = 4000mm2
Half of area = 2000mm2
i) Consider a square section and circular
section of same area. As the flange area is also equal to 2000mm2,
the plastic neutral axis lies at the junction of
A A flange and web.
Plastic neutral axis distances from top
Scircle = 1.7 Ssquare = 1.5 yp = 20mm

Distance between plastic N.A. From similar triangles,

and Elastic N.A = 40 – 20 = 20 mm p 

(M p  M e ) Mp
Note: Better use calculations in cm to save time
04. Ans: (a) ( M p  M e )

p 
05. Ans: (c) Mp
Sol: Plastic moment MP = fy  zp  1

 p   1  
Given,  S
MP = 120 kN.m (Shape factor of I section  1.12
MP = fy  5  10-4  1 
  1 
Yield stress  1.12 
120  10 6 
fy =  24  1010 N / m 2 p 
4 8
5  10
= 240 N/mm2
07. Ans: (c)
Sol: fy
06. Ans: (a) h/4
Sol:
W h
h/4
fy
X X b
lp
lp Mep = M. R of elasto plastic section

= M.R. of elastic part + M.R.of Plastic part
l = fy.Z + fy.Zp
2
b h bh 2
Me Zelastic part = .   
6 2 24
Mp   h  h .h  3bh 2
Zplastic part = 2 b    
  4  4 8  16
Mep = fy.Z + fy.Zp

 bh 2 3bh 2  11 We L M
= fi   = f y  bh 2  Me  e
 24 16  48 8 2
12M e
Shortcut :  We  …… (2)
L
 M.R of fully plastic section = f.bh2/4
From eqs. (1) & (2)
 M.R of fully elastic section = f.bh2/6
16M p
 M.R of partly plastifyed section lies between Wc 4M P 4
 L  =  shape factor
the above two values. We 12M e 3M e 3
(f.bh2/6) < Mep < f.bh2/4 L
 The denominator of the above value will be 4 3
=  =2
between 4 and 6. Hence by elimination 3 2
technique option c. (For rectangular section S = 1.5)
Deformation is just observed means the beam
08. Ans: (d) is subjected to elastic failure with yield load
Sol: Load factor (Q) (We=10kN/m)
Factor of safety in elastic theory  shape factor Collapse load = 2  10 = 20kN/m

1  additional % of stress allowed for wind
10. Ans: (b)
1.5  1.12 Sol:
  1.4
1  0 .2
1 l l 3
09. Ans: (c)
2 l/2
Sol:
l
MP MP
MP W
Wc L M
 2M P  Wc  16 P …… (1) The given frame is symmetrical both in
8 L
loading and configuration. The rigid block of
At the elastic limit, the centre moment is one-
weight W will have uniform deflection.
half of the end moment.
All the three wires will have same elongation.
WL2
Strain = change in length/original length
12
As central wire has half length compared to
WL2 end wires, the strain of central wire is two

24
times that of end wires. Hence the central 12. Ans: (a) P
wire will reach the yield stress ‘fy’ initially. Sol:
Mp
2 Mp
The end wires will have half the strain of that
of middle wire. Hence they reach stress of L/2
0.5fy when the middle wire yields. L/2

MP 2MP
The load corresponding to yielding of one of 

the wires
We = fy.A + 2(0.5fy) A = 2 fy.A  
At plastic collapse the end wires will also MP MP
reach yield stress fy.
When the end wires are yielding, the stress in External workdone = Internal workdone
the middle wire remaines constant (fy). 5 Mp = p × L/2 ×
collapse load = 3fy.A 10M p
p
ratio of collapse load and yield load = 3:2 L
10M P
Collapse load =
11. Ans: (a) L
Sol: In all theories, viz. elastic theory, plastic
theory and limit state theory, Bernouli’s 13. Ans: (d)
assumption is valid according to which “Plane Sol: W W
transverse sections which are plane and
MP MP
normal to the longitudinal axis before bending A B C
remain plane and normal after bending”. L/2 L/2 2L/3 L/3
It means
The given continuous beam will have two
Strain variation
independent mechanisms. Both will behave
is linear as shown
like propped cantilevers. Beam AB has
aside
central point load which has more B.M.
compared to BC which has eccentric point
load. Hence mechanism AB is sufficient to
know collapse load in objective papers.

Mechanism AB: Number of plastic hinges for collapse = 1+1 = 2

W B Plastic hinge and moment towards beam side
A
L/2 L/2 only since no rotation towards vertical
column side.
 Mp

  Mp



Mp Mp Mp
Wi = 3Mp
P
L
We = W = W 
2 Wi = 2MP ; We = P. = P.L.
We = Wi We = Wi
6M p 2M P
 Collapse load WC = P 
L L
14. Ans: (d)

P 16. Ans: (c)
Sol: 3
Sol: 2
l/2 1 2Mp 2Mp 4
A B C 5
Z
Mp, L Mp, L
l l
BC will act like propped cantilever with

central point.
6M p Clock
Collapse load = P  wise
Anti
Clock
L 4 wise
15. Ans: (b) 5 4
5
Sol: L
Clock
L/2 wise Clock
wise
P DS = 4 –3 = 1
Sway mechanism only possible.
DS = 43 =1

 Two plastic hinges will form at failure for (i) Beam Mechanism BC:
combined mechanism. One plastic hinge will 2W
form under point load ⑤ on the beam. The Mp B C
Mp
 
second plastic hinge will form at ④ on the 
column side of Lee ward side node of frame
 
as column side has MP which is less than 2MP
Mp E Mp
of beam.
Reason for not having plastic hinge on L

We = 2W. = 2W.  .
windward side: As seen in the combined 2
mechanism, the column and beam have Wi = 4Mp.
rotations in the same direction (clock wise)
and hence the initial included angle will not Wi = We
change. 4M P
W …. (i)
L
Reason for having plastic hinge on Lee ward
side: As seen in the combined mechanism, the
(ii) Sway Mechanism:
column and beam have rotations in the
Mp Mp
opposite (column clock wise and beam anti
W  
clock wise) and hence the initial included
 
angle changes leading to plastic hinge on
weaker side.


17. Ans: (b)

Sol: 2W Mp Mp
B C
W Wi = We  4Mp = W
L/2 E L/2
MP L
L/2 L/2 4Mp = W 
2
A D
L 8M P
W …. (ii)
L

(iii) Combined Mechanism: 21. Ans: (a)

2W MP Sol: Principle of superposition valid for linear
W 1    elastic structures for which stress verses
 strain relationship is linear.

  MP
Mp Mp In case of plastic theory the relationship is bi-
  linear (Elasto- plastic).
Mp Mp Stress
We = W1 + 2W Strain

(a) (b)
L L
= W.  . + 2W.  . (a) – elastic range
2 2 (b) - plastic range
Wi = MP. + MP. + MP. + MP. + MP.+ MP. 22. Ans: (d)

= 6MP. Sol: Shape factor of circular section = 1.7
We = Wi and shape factor of rectangular section = 1.5
4M p  statement (I) is incorrect
W  …. (iii)
L Compared to rectangular section, circular
∴Collapse load is the minimum of above three section has more are near to neutral axis than
cases at the extreme fiber.
 Shape factor is more for circular section
4M p than rectangular section
 WC 
L
Short cut: S = 1.7 S = 1.5

Compared to the columns, the beam has
double the length and double the load. Hence 23. Ans: (b)
practically the beam mechanism will govern
the collapse.
18. Refer ESE solutions Book.(2008)

19. Refer ESE solutions Book.(2013)


01.
Sol:
W 4W
W W
A B D
1m 1m 1m 2m 1.5m 1.5m
Mechanism (1)
Mechanism (2)
Mechanism (3)
Mechanism (4)
Degree of indeterminancy, I = V.R + E.M.  2 = 4 + 0  2 = 2

No. of possible plastic hinges = 6
No. of independent Mechanisms = 6  2 = 4
Mechanism (1):
 W W
I    21 , 1 
2 1m 1m 1m
 3 A  B
  1     1 
2 2  2 1 
2
 3
External Work Done = W    W    1  
2 2
  3
 W     W
 2 2
3   3  
Internal Work done = M P   M P   M P     M P  2
2 2  2 2

Equating external and internal works

3 2 4M P
W  M P  2, W  M P  2  , WC 
2 3 3
Mechanism (2):
 4W 
Since This case is very similar to mechanism 1,   m  2 W / m
 2 
4M P
WC   
3 1
Mechanism (3): 2
1 1m
External Work Done  2 W   2    2W
2
2m
Internal work Done = MP   + MP  2 + MP  
= 4 MP  
Equating external and internal works
2W = 4 MP 
WC = 2 MP .......................... (1)
Mechanism (4): W
External Work done = W 1.5  1.5m 1.5m
Internal work done = Mp   + Mp  2

 
1.5
= 3MP  
Equating external and internal work done 2
W  1.5 = 3 Mp 
2M P 4
WC   MP
1.5 3
WC = 2MP ........................ (2)
Comparing (1) to (2), the least value of
4
WC  MP
3

02.
Sol: We will consider various possible collapse mechanisms.
(i) Beam mechanism: In this condition plastic hinges are developed at B, C and under the load W.
3
Provide a small displacement as shown in figure.  = 3 = 4   
4
W W
W B 3m E 4m C B 3m E 4m C
2  
2MP 
1.5MP 4m 2MP
6m 2MP 2MP
1.5MP
D D
A A
Equating the virtual work done to zero,

W3  2 MP  2 MP  2 MP  1.5 MP = 0
3
W 3  4M P   3.5 M P    0; 4 M P  2.625 M P  3W;
4
W=2.21MP
(ii) Sway Mechanism

In this condition, plastic hinges are developed at A, B, C and D  = 60 = 4;  = 1.5
W
 
W B 3m E 4m C C
2 2MP B

4m
1.5MP 4m
6m 2MP 6m 
D
D
A
A
Provide a small displacement as shown in figure.

W
Equating the virtual work done to zero, 6  2M P   2M P   1.5 M P   1.5 M P   0
2
3W  4 MP  3 MP  1.5 = 0; 3W = 8.5 MP  W = 2.83 MP
(iii) Combined Mechanism

In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, under the load W, C and D. Provide a small
displacement as shown in figure.
3
3  4    ; 6  4   1.5 
4
Equating the virtual work done to zero
W
 6  W  3  2M P   2M P   2M P   1.5M P   1.5M P   1.5M P  0
2
W  
W B 3m E 4m C
  C
2 2MP B
E 
1.5MP 4m
6m 2MP 
D D
A
A
2MP
6 W  4 MP  6.5 MP = 0
6 W  4 MP  3.5 MP  3MP = 0 +

3 0.938MP  1.5MP
6 W  4 MP  3.5 MP   3MP1.5 = 0
4 B E C 
6W = 4 MP + 2.625 MP + 4.5 MP
6W = 11.125 MP  + D
1.5MP
 W = 1.854 MP
A
2MP
The value of W at collapse is the smallest value of W obtained above .

 Collapse load W = 1.854 MP
Collapse will occur by combined mechanism

Consider the column CD W
W B
 1.5 M P  1.5M P 3m 4m C
Horizontal reaction at D  2 E
4
=  0.75 MP  4m
W 6m
Horizontal reaction at A =  0.75 M P D 0.75MP
2
1.854M P 1.5MP
  0.75 M P
2 A 0.177MP
= + 0.177 MP  2MP
B.M at B
=  2 MP + 0.177 Mp  6
=  2 MP + 0.062 Mp =  0.938 Mp
Fig. 2090 shows the collapse B.M. diagram
03.
Sol: We will consider the following possible collapse mechanisms.
1. Beam Mechanism for BC:
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at B, C and under the load W on the span BC
Provide a small displacement as shown in figure 3. W
Equating the virtual work done to zero. L/2 L/2
B C
  
W   4M P   0 1.5
2
8M P Figure 1
 W


B
2. Beam mechanism for AB
L/2 
This condition is similar to that of beam mechanism for BC. See Fig. 4.
8M P W
Hence, for this case also W 
 L/2

3. Sway Mechanism or Panel Mechanism
A
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, B, C and D. Figure 2
W
B L/2 C
L/2
 B C 
L/2
W
 
L/2
D
A
A D
Figure 3
Figure 4
provide a small displacement as shown in Fig. 6.

Equating the virtual work done to zero, W   4M P   0
2
8M P
 W

4. Combined Mechanism
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, C, D and under the load W on the span BC.
W
B L/2 C  
L/2
L/2
l
W 

L/2
Figure 5 Figure 6

Provide a small displacement as shown in Fig. 6 & 7.

Equating the virtual work done to zero.
  6M P
W   W   6M P ; W 
2 2 
5. Composite Mechanism
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, at the middle of the column AB, at C and at D
provide a small displacement as shown in Fig. 6 & 7.

We know      =2
2
W
B C  
L/2 L/2
  C
B
L/2
W l  
L/2
D A D
A
Figure 7 Figure 8

Equating the virtual work done to zero. W   2M P   2M P   0
2
 6M P
W 2  2M P 2  2M P   0; W 
2 
6M P
Hence the value of W at which the actual collapse will occur W 
W 
B L/2 L/2 C
C
MP
L/2
W
M P
L L/2
D MP
A 4M P
Ha  D
L 2M P 2M P
Md  Md 
Figure 9 L L

Fig. 9 shows the loading on the frame.

Considering CD for the equilibrium condition  MP
B
+ C 
M  MP 2M P
Hd  P  Hd  MP
  + MP
For the equilibrium of the frame ABCD
6M P 2M P 4M P A + D
Ha    MP MP
  
Figure 10
B.M. at B
BMD at Collapse
4M P 6M P 
   MP  .  4M P  M P  3M P  0
  2
04.
Sol:
DS = 4  3 = 1
n = Ds + 1 = 2
N=3
I = N  DS = 3  1 = 2 [Beam mechanism, sway mechanism]
Beam Mechanism:
1  1  10 kN/m
We  10   8    10   8  4 25kN MP
C M
2  2  B
P
 
Wi = 4MP 
 
We = Wi
MP MP
160 = 4 MP
160
MP   40kN  m
4  
25kN
S way mechanism:- 8m MP
We = 25   = 25  4 = 100 MP


Wi = 2 MP  
We = Wi
100  = 2MP
MP = 50 kN-m

Combined mechanism:-
1   10 
We  25    10  8  1 
2  MP
25kN
1  MP
 25  4  10   8  x  
2  
 MP MP
 100  40 x  
Wi = MP + MP + MP  + MP
Wi = 2 MP + 2MP
We = Wi
100 + 40 x = 2MP + 2MP
x = (8  x)
x

(8  x )
 x 
100  40x  2M P   2M P  
 (8  x ) 
 x 
100  40x  2M P 1  
 (8  x ) 
100  40x
MP 
 x 
21  
 (8  x ) 
(100  40x )(8  x ) 800  320x  100x  40x 2
MP  MP 
2[(8  x )  x ] 16
800  220x  40x 2 M P
MP  0
16 dx
1 220
220  80x   0 x  2.75m
16 80
800  220  2.75  40  2.75 2
MP 
16
MP = 68.906 kN-m
Note: - The required plastic moment will be the biggest of the three values
MP = 68.906 kN-m

09. Rolling Loads & Influence Lines 03. Ans: (b)

Sol:
01. Ans: (a) M M
RA =  RB =
Sol: 2 t /m L L

Take moment at the distance ‘x’ from support
B
A
A 4m 12m
M
 Mx = M  .x
 L
¾ (+) When x = L, Mx = 0
(–)
¼
When x = 0, Mmax = Mx = M
S.F @ = Intensity of u.d.l  area of I.L.D 05. Ans: (b)

under u.d.l Sol:
60kN100kN120kN
1 3 1 1  80 kN 40 kN
Max Vx  2   12    4 = 8t 3 m3 m 3 m 3 m
C B
2 4 2 4  A
15 m 25 m
ab 15 25
=
 40 ab
=9.375 m
= 9.375 m 
02. Ans: (c)
Sol:
120 kN
Place 40 kN on section C
0.4L 0.6L
40
Avg load on LHS 
25
The maximum B.M @ a section occurs if the 80  60  100  120 40
  22.4 kN
point load is @ the section. 15 25
 Allow to 40 kN to cross C and place 120 kN
Wab W  0.4L  0.6L on section C
Maximum B.M = 
L L 80  60  100 40  120
= 0.24 WL   9.60  0
15 25

 Allow to 120 kN to cross C and place 100 kN Apply Muller Breslau’s principle. To draw
on section C I.L.D for support RC, apply unit vertical
80  60 40  120  100 displacement at ‘C’. To the left of hinge ‘B’,
 =  1.06<0
15 25 simple support ‘A’ exists which cannot offer
Avg load LHS Avg load on RHS resistance against rotation but offers
resistance against vertical displacement only.
 Place 100 kN on C and other load in their Hence hinge ‘B’ rises linearly as shown.
respective position maximum BM at C Support ‘D’ only can rotate. Free end ‘E’ can
have vertical deflection also. Ordinates are
06. Refer GATE Solutions Book proportional to distances as the I.L.D for
determinate structures are linear.
07. Refer GATE Solutions Book
11. Ans: (d) x
08. Refer GATE Solutions Book Sol: A B C D E
x
09. Ans: (c)
Sol:
x A
D
B
L 3L
0.25x 0.75x
4 4  At x-x the I.L.D has vertical ordinate with
Average load on AD = Avg load on BD
change in sign from one side to the other side.
The ratio of AD : DB =1:3 It is the character of I.L.D for shear force.
th
 ¾ of u.d. l has to cross the quarter section ‘D’.  Using Muller Breslau’s principle, release the
shear constraint by assuming shear hinge at
10. Ans: (b) ‘x’. The deflected profile is the I.L.D shown.
Sol: A B C D A C
E 12. Ans: (a) B
+ 
Sol:
hinge 1/2 1/2
1.5 A B C
1.0
1.0 + 1/8

Apply unique rotation at ‘B’ by assuming a

hinge. The deflection profile is the I.L.D for Common Data for Questions 14 & 15
moment at ‘B’.
Note: as A and B are fixed A = B = 0
To calculate ordinate at ‘B’ assume unit load C D E F G
is applied at ‘B’. Due to this the B.M at ‘B’ =
L / 8. Further fixed beam being statically A B
indeterminate structure, the I.L.D will be non- H I J K L
L=54 m
linear.
14. Ans: (c)
13. Ans: (b) Sol:
Sol:
I.L.D for axial force in the member ‘CH’
For minimum positive moment at ‘x’ shown Design force for member CH
(mid point of second span), no load on second = Intensity of u.d.l  area of I.L.D under
span but u.d.l on alternative spans shall be u.d.l
provided. 1 
= (10 + 20)   18  1 = 270 kN (tension)
 Positive moment at ‘x’ means sagging in the 2 
second span. As minimum positive moment is
required, don’t place the load on the second 15. Ans: (d)
span. Further to counter sagging in second Sol: The frame shown is through type truss in
span place the u.d.l on alternative spans (1, 3 which loads will be transferred to the bottom
and 5) joints. Hence no load is possible at joint ‘E’.
 concept can be easily understood by seeing Hence at ‘E’ three forces exists of which two
the deflection profile shown using pattern are in the same line, hence the third force
loading. ‘EJ’ is zero.

16. Ans: (c) To obtain max B.M at section, this section

Sol: should divide the load in the same ratio as it
A B C D E F
divides the span.
For absolute max B.M, center of span will
As per Muller-Breslau’s principle, apply unit coincide with C.G of load.
displacement in the direction of reaction A.  In both cases UDL should be divided by
section.
1
 Statement (II) is correct.
A B D But statement (II) is not the explanation of
C statement (I)
ILD for reaction A
At B, member will rotate. Due to hinge at 18. Ans: (c)
point D, effect of unit displacement at A will Sol: ILD for indeterminate structures is
not get effected. curvilinear and for determinate structures is
linear.
17. Ans: (b) ILD can be drawn for indeterminate structure
Sol: When length of UDL is greater than span qualitatively. But, for determinate structures
length both qualitative and quantitative diagram can
To obtain maximum B.M (or) absolute max be drawn.
B.M, UDL should cover entire span
19. Ans: (a)
Sol: To find out the location of maximum B.M
 Statement I is correct and its value, ILD is used while design of
bridges.
When length of UDL is less than span
length

01.
Sol: For absolute maximum negative shear, the load position is a shown in Fig. 1.
16 14 11
Absolute maximum negative shear  80  1  60   80   100 
18 18 18
For absolute maximum positive shear, the load position is as shown in Fig. 2.
11 13 15
Absolute maximum positive shear  80   60   80   100
18 18 18
= 258.889 kN
80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
16 14 11
18 18 18
l
Load position for absolute maximum -ve SF

Figure 1
80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
l
11 14 16
18 18 18
Load position for absolute maximum +ve SF
Figure 2

80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
yC
y2 y3
y1
9m 9m
9.2188m 8.7812m
ILD for absolute maximum moment

Figure 3
Note: No additional trials are made since, end loads are not light. For finding absolute
maximum moment, first C.G. of loads is to be found and the position of loads to be
determined.
Taking moment about leading load 100kN

80  3  60  5  80  7
a  3.4375 m
100  80  60  80
i.e., resultant is very close to leading 80 kN load.
Hence, maximum moment is likely to occur under 80 kN leading load. The distance between this
load and the resultant is d = 3.4375  3 = 0.4375 m.
L d 18 0.4375
For maximum bending moment this load should be at =   
2 2 2 2
= 9.2188 m
ILD ordinate for a section at 9.2188 is
9.2188  (18  9.2188)
yc 
18
= 4.497
ILD for this case is shown in Fig. 3.
Absolute maximum B.M.

 80 y1  60 y 2  80 y c  100 y 3
 5.2188 7.2188 5.7812 

 80   60   80  100  4.497
 5.2188 9.2188 8.7812 
= Since, yc = 4.497
= 1070.77 kNm
Note: Additional trial to check the moment under 60 kN load is not made since, centre of
gravity is very close to the load which is heavier than 60 kN load.
02.
Sol: The beam is shown in Figure ILD for shear force at 8 m from left support is shown in Figure along
with possible load position for maximum negative shear force. Maximum negative SF at C.
15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
22
30
y4 y3 y2 +
 8
y1 
30
Load position for maximum ve FC
15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
22 20 18
30 30 16
30
30
Load position for maximum +ve FC

8
30

15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
y1 yC y2 y3
8m 22m
ILD for MC
= 10 y1 + 15 y2 + 15 y3 + 8 y4
8 6 4 2
= 10   15   15   8 
30 30 30 30
= 8.2 kN
For maximum positive SF at C, load position is as shown in Figure S.F. at C
16 18 20 22
 10   15   15   8
30 30 30 30
= 30.2 kN
Check for another position i.e., when WS = 15 kN load is on the section
18 20 22 6
S.F at C = 10   15   15   8
30 30 30 30
= 25.4 kN
 Maximum positive shear force is = 30.2 kN
ILD for bending moment at C is as shown in Figure. The maximum ordinate
z(L  z) 8(30  8)
yc  
L 30
To find the load position for maximum moment, average load on portion AC and CB are to be
found as loads crosses section C one after another.

Table: Calculations to find load position for maximum MC
Load crossing Average load Remarks
AC BC
W1av W2av
38 10
10 kN W1av > W2av
8 22
23 25
15 kN W1av > W2av
8 22
8 40
15 kN W1av < W2av
8 22
Hence, load position for maximum moment at C is when second 15 kN load is on C.

Maximum Mc = 8y1 + 15yc + 15y2 + 10y3
6  20   18 
 8  y c  15y c  15   y c  10  y c
8  22   22 
= 251.21 kNm, Since yc = 5.867
04.
Sol: When the unit load is on AB, distant x from A.
Fixed end moments
A B C
8m 4m
x (8  x ) 2 x 2 (8  x )
M ab   ; M ba  
64 64
The distribution factors at B for BA and BC are respectively,
4 1 8 2
D ba   and D bc  
84 3 8 4 3

x B
A 8m 4m C
B
1 2
3 3
A 2 2 C
x (8  x ) x (8  x ) 0 0
 
64 2 64
x (8  x ) 2
 x (8  x )

64 128
2
0 x (64  x ) 0 0

128
2 2
x (64  x ) 2 x (64  x )
 
384 384
0 2 2
x (64  x ) x (64  x ) 0
 
192 192
The moment distribution is carried out and the final moments are calculated. See moment table. The
reactions at the supports are given by,
 x (64  x 2 ) 
  1(8  x ) 
x x (64  x 2 )
Va    192   1 
 8  8 1536
 
x (64  x 2 ) 1 x (64  x 2 )
Vc   
192 4 768
x x (64  x 2 ) x (64  x 2 ) x (128  x 2 )
Vb  1  Va  Vc  1  1    
8 1536 768 512

The ordinates of the influence lines for Va, Vb and Vc at 1 metre intervals as the unit load moves
from A to B are tabulated below.
Distance of x x (64  x 2 ) x (128  x 2 )  x (64  x 2 )
Va  l   Vb  Vc 
the unit 8 1536 512 768
load from
A (m)
0 1 0 0
1 0.8341 0.2480 -0.0821
2 0.6719 0.4844 -0.1563
3 0.5176 0.6972 -0.2148
4 0.3750 0.8750 -0.2500
5 0.2481 1.0058 -0.2539
6 0.1407 1.0781 -0.2188
7 0.0566 1.0801 -1.1367
8 0 1 0
When the unit load is on BC at a distance x from C
A B C
8m 4m
Fixed end moments:

(4  x ) x 2 (4  x ) 2 x
M bc   and M cb  
16 16
The moment distribution is carried out and the final moments are calculated. See moment table.

1
B x
A 8m 4m C
B
1 3
3 4
A 2 2 C
x (4  x ) x (4  x )
 
16 16 2
2 x(4  x )
x(4  x )
 
32 16
2
x (16  x )

32
2 2
x (16  x ) x (16  x )
 
96 40
2 2
x (16  x ) x (16  x )
 
96 96
The reactions at the supports are now given by,

x (16  x 2 ) 1 x (16  x 2 )
Va   . 
96 8 768
  x (16  x 2 ) 
  1(4  x ) 
96 x x (16  x 2 )
Vc     1  
 4  4 384
 
x (16  x 2 ) x x (16  x 2 ) x (80  x 2 )

Vb  1  Va  Vc  1  1  
768 4 384 256
The ordinates of the influence lines for Va, Vb and Vc at 1 metres intervals, as the unit load moves
from C to B are tabulated below.
Distance of the unit x (16  x 2 ) x (80  x 2 ) x x (16  x 2 )

Va   Vb   VC  1  
load from C(m) 768 256 4 384
0 0 0 1
1  0.0195 0.3086 0.7109
2  0.0312 0.5938 0.4374
3  0.0273 0.8322 0.1951
4 0 1 0

A B C
8m 4m
10000
0.8314
0.6719
0.5176
0.3750
0.2481
0.1407
0.0566
Va
0.0273
0.0195
0.0312
0.0781
1.0801
1.0058
0.8750
1.0000
0.5972
0.8322
0.4814
0.5939
0.3086
0.2480
Vb
1.0000
0.7109
0.4373
0.1951
VC A B
C
0
0.0821
0.1367
0.1563
0.2148
0.2539
0.2188
0.2500
Above figure shows the influence line for Va, Vb and Vc.
05.
Sol: (a) I.L for RB
y XB
RB  .................. (1)
y BB
To computer yXB, apply a unit vertical load at B, as shown in Fig. b.
At any section X distant x from B, we have
d2y
EI  M x  1.x
dx 2
dy x 2
Integrating, EI   C1
dx 2
dy
At x  L, 0
dx

L2 1
 C1   A X B
2 (a)
2 2 x
dy x L L=10 m
Hence EI   1
dx 2 2
A X B
Integrating further, yXB
yBB (b)
x 3 L2
EI y   x  C 2 x
0.00 10.0 m
6 2
0.023 8.75
7.50
2.50
0.00
6.25
5.00
3.75
1.25
At x = L, y = 0
0.087
L3 L3 L3 (c)
0.185
 C2   
0.313
0.464
2 6 3
0.633
0.813
I.L for RB
1.00
x 3 L2 L3 1
Hence Ely   x  ............(2) x
6 2 3 A X B
Pin (d)
L3 AX
At x = 0, y  y BB 
3EI
1 kN-m x
At x = x A X B (e)
yXA
1 x L 3
L 2 3
 AA
y  y XB    x   x
EI  6 2 3 
0.0 m
7.50
2.50
0.00
6.25
5.00
3.75
1.025 8.75
0.615 1.25
Substituting these in (1), we get (f)
1.172
1.875
1.63
 x 3 L2 L3  3
1.9
1.61
R B    x   3
 6 2 3 L I.L for MA
1  x 3 3x 
or R B   3   2 
2 L L 
1 x
R B  (n 3  3n  2), where  n
2 L
The ordinates of I.L for RB are computed in Table below.
Table
x(m) 0 1.25 2.50 3.75 5 6.25 7.5 8.75 10
n = x/L 0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.5 0.625 0.75 0.875 1
RB 1 0.813 0.633 0.464 0.313 0.185 0.087 0.023 0

The I.L for RB is shown in Fig. c.

(b) I.L for MA:

In order to draw the I.L for MA, replace the fixed support at A by a pin, as shown in Fig. d.
Remove the external unit load and apply a unit couple at A, as shown in Fig. e.
y' XA
MA S
 AA
Where y'XA = vertical deflection at X due to unit couple at A
AA = slope at A due to unit couple at A,
1
Let R'B = Reaction at B, when unit moment is acting at A  
L
d2y x
EI3
 M x   R ' B. x  
dx L
2
dy x
EI   C1
dx 2L
x3
and EI y    C1 x  C 2
6L
At x = 0, y = 0.  C2 = 0; At x = L, y = 0,  C1 = L/6
dy x2 L x 3 Lx
Hence EI   and EI y   
dx 2L 6 6L 6
dy 1  L2 L  L
At x  L,   AA       
dx EI  2L 6  3
1  x 3 Lx 
At x  x , y  y ' XA     
EI  6L 6 
Substituting these values in (3), we get
 x 3 Lx  3 1  x 3 
M A        2  x 
 6L 6  L 2  L 
This is thus the equation of the influence line for MA. The ordinates are calculated in the tabular
form in table below.
Table
x(m) 0 1.25 2.5 3.75 5 6.25 7.5 8.75 10
2 2
x /L 0 0.0195 0.156 0.53 1.25 2.45 4.24 6.7 10.0
MA 0 -0.615 -1.172 -1.61 -1.875 -1.9 -1.63 -1.025 0
The minus sign shows that the direction of MA is in reverse direction to that of the unit moment
applied at A, i.e., MA acts in anti-clockwise direction. The I.L for MA is shown in Fig. f.

10. Arches & Cables 03. Ans: (c)

Sol:
01. Ans: (a) B C
Sol: 100 kN/m
C
8m 4m 10 kN/m
A HB
B A D
Vb 20 kN/m
20m 20m
5m VD
VA
Take moment about A MA = 0
As the support are at same level, the vertical
40  Vb = 100  8  8/2
reactions can be worked to similar to that of
Vb = 80 kN
S.S beam
MC = 0, from RHS
80  20 = HB  8 MD = 0 from left
HB = 200 kN 5VA = 10  4 2 = 80 kN  VA = 16 kN
w
02. Ans: (b)

Sol: C 04. Ans: (a)
R
Sol: w kN/m
H = wR H = wR
2 2
R R C
h1
w.R w.R h2
A
Mc = 0 l1
H.R = wR.R – wR. R/2 B
l2
wR 2
H R = wR2– = HR l
2
wR
H Equation for parabola can be taken as
2

x2  
= constant  
y   w
h1 h2
 H  
x    h1    h2   2
  constant   
y  
 h1  h 2




 h 1  h 2  
1  1   2 

h1
 2 
h2 h1  h 2

h1  h 2 
H ( h1  h 2 ) h1  h 2 ( h1  h 2 )   w 2
2
 h1  h2 w 2
 1  and  2  H 
h1  h 2 h1  h 2 2( h 1  h 2 ) 2
Taking moments on left portion about C
 VA   1  H  h 1  w ( 12 ) / 2  0 05. Ans: (b)
1 kN/m
w 1 Hh 1 Sol:
 VA   …….. (1) C
2 1
Similarly taking moments on right portion A
8m
5m
about C, 1m
VA
 VB   2  H  h 2  w ( 22 ) / 2  0 B
10m HB
h  w 2 HB = 1500 N
 VB  H. 2   …….. (2)
 2  2 VB
Apply V = 0, Supports are at different levels Mc = 0

VA + VB = w(l1 + l2) = wl from right
Substitute VA and VB in above equation
Vb  10 = 5 Hb Vb = 0.5 Hb …. (1)
w 1 h   h  w 2 Mc = 0, from left.
 H 1   H 2    w
2  1   2  2
4HA + 1  8  4 =VA  8
h h     2  VA = 0.5HA + 4 …. (2)
H 1  2   w  1   w
 1  2   2  Va + Vb = 8  1 = 8
h h     w HA = Hb = H
H 1  2   w  w   
 1  2  2 2 Va + Vb = 0.5 Hb + 0.5Ha + 4
Substitute l1 and l2 in above equation Va +Vb = H + 4

8=H+4 H = 4 kN

06. Ans: (c) 07. Ans: (b)

W
Sol: 160 kN Sol:
4m C
C R1
R2
D 4m
A
H
A B
B H
8m R1 R2
16m VB = 40 kN
120 kN= VA MC = 0 from left
VA.R1= H.R1  VA = H
Similarly VB = H
160  12 160  4
 VA = VB  VA + VB = 2H = W
16 16
= 120 = 40 kN W
H=
2
Take Mc = 0 H  4 = 40  8
08. Ans: (d)
 H = 80 kN.m
Sol: 1
Calculation of vertical ordinate at section ‘D’ x C
where the point load is acting h
A B
4h H H
y  2 ( x)(l - x)
l VA L
VB
4 4 L
  (4)  (16  4) 4h
16 2
1 ILD for H
=  4  12  3m
16
Assume a unit load rolls on the span from left
Note: The height at quarter of a parabola is to right. The horizontal and vertical reactions
= 3h/4 will change at the supports as the load moves
MD = 120  4 – 80  3 = 480 – 240 on the span.
= 240 kN-m Assume the unit load be at a distance x from A.
Then
Lx x
VA = and VB =
L L
Assume H=The horizontal thrust at supports.

Apply MC = 0 from right i) Reaction Va and H at A

x L ii) External loads between A and X
H.h = .
L 2 iii) Reacting forces VX and HX provided by the
x part XB on the part XA at X
H =
2h iv) Reacting moment (bending moment) at X.
For horizontal thrust to be maximum Resolving the forces on the part AX vertically
L and horizontally, we can determine the
x= i.e., at the crown.
2 vertical and the horizontal reacting forces VX
L and HX at D.
 Maximum horizontal reaction of is
4h P2
P1
X C
possible if the load is at the crown.
y
09. Ans: (d) H x H
Sol: When resolved it can be axial force A B
Va VX C
 P2 Vb
P1
y
H x H
A B
Catenaries shape Va Vb
If load is along
Parabolic shape S
If load is along
the length M Pn
horizontal span
Arch section subjected to normal thrust Pn

radial shear S, bending moment M.
Load transferred from cross girders to the longitudinal girder in cable bridges.
10. Ans: (b)

Let the tangent to the centre line of the arch at
Sol: Figure shows an arch (either two-hinged or
X be inclined at  to the horizontal.
three-hinged arch) subjected to an external
The component of the reacting forces at X
load system. Consider any section X.
perpendicular to the tangent at X is called the
Consider the equilibrium of the part AX of
Shear Force (or) Radical Shear at X.
the arch. This part is in equilibrium under the
 Shear at X= S
action of the following
= HX sin –VX sin (or) VX cos –HX sin

wl 20  16
The component of reacting forces at X along Sol: V    160 kN
2 2
the tangent X is called the Normal thrust at X.
wl 2 20  16
H 
8h 8 4
 Normal thrust at X = Pn = HXcos +VXsin
= 160 kN
(HX = H) from F.B.D
(Neglecting sign) Tmax  V 2  H 2  160 2 kN
Tmin = H = 160 kN
11. Ans: (c)
w l wl
Sol:  H max .h  .  H max  s 13. Ans: (c)
2 2 4h
Sol: When unit load is in b/w A and C
(due to rolling point load)
Considering RHS of C.
 In the problem, here. Place 20 kN at
L
centre. H  h = VB 
10 20
2
x L 1 x
H   
L 2 h 2h
5 4m
When unit load is in b/w C and B.
Considering LHS
L
12.5 kN
VA   Hh
12.5 kN 2
(L  x ) L L  x
Mc = 0 H  
L 2h 2h
12.5  10 = H  4
12.5  10 C
H= = 31.25 kN
4
12. Ans: (b) HA A HB
V TMax B
VA VB
H H
L/4h
TMin= H
20 kN/m

16 m
14. Ans: (b) 16. Ans: (a)

VB
Sol: Sol: Stresses will generate due to change in
VA
B temperature, rib shortening, and lack of fit in
A H
two hinged arches only, but not in three
H 3m hinged arches because two hinged arches are
2m indeterminate structures.
C
17. Ans: (b)

8m 12m Sol: w
10 kN/m x C
h
H A B H
Mc = 0, from left
Va Vb
VA  8 = H  2 + 10  8  4 l
VA = 0.25 H + 40 …. (1) Let ‘W’ be single rolling load placed at a

Mc = 0 from right distance x from left end support A,
12Vb = 3H + 10  12  6 x Wx
Va  W  and VB 
Vb = 0.25H + 60 …. (2)    
Va+ Vb = 200 kN Taking moments about point C on right hand
400 = 0.25H + 40 + 0.25 H +60 section, Mc = 0
400 = 0.5 H + 100 
 Vb   H  h  0
 H = 200 Kn 2
Vb 
H
15. Ans: (c) 2h
Sol: H = 200 kN The maximum bending moment occurs under
Vb = 0.25  200 + 60= 110 kN the load “W”
Maximum tension occurs at highest support (B.M)x–x = (Va) (x) –H y

(B) W   x   Wx  4hx   x 
= x  
  2h  2
 Tmax. = H 2  Vb 2  110 2  200 2
Wx (  x ) 2 Wx 2 (  x )
 
 2

d  dy 
For maximum B.M x x  0 tan    
dx  dx  at x 10
w
 

  2x   2w2 2x  3x 2  0  
4 10
40  2 10
40 2
(l – 2x) (l) – 2(2 lx – 3x2) = 0 120 1
l2 – 2xl – 4lx + 6x2 = 0  
40 2
6x2 – 6lx + l2 = 0   = tan-1(1/2)
 6  6 2  46 2  Statement 1 is correct
x
26 Taking moments about point A, MA = 0
6  12 2 6  2 3 –Vb  40 + 2  20 10 = 10
x  x
12 12 Vb = 10 kN
x 

 62 3
and x 

 62 3    VA = 2  20 – 10
12 12 VA = 30 kN
= 0.788l and 0.211 l Taking moments about right hand portion of
 Absolute maximum B.M occurs from hinge C, Mc = 0
0.211 l from both supports –Vb  20 + H 10 = 0
10  20
H  20kN
18. Ans: (c) 10 10 kN
2 kN/m
Sol: 2 kN/m
 20 kN
C 10 m
10 m
10 m
20 kN
H A B H
30 kN
VA 40 m VB
Net horizontal load at D = 20 kN ()
We know that equation of arch is Net vertical load at D = – 2  10 + 30
4hx (  x ) = 10 kN ()
y
2 Normal thrust at D = 20 cos  + 10 sin 
dy 4h
   2x   20 
2
 10 
1
dx  2 5 5

40 10 Apply V = 0
= 
5 5 w
VA + VB =
50 2
=
5 w w
 VA  
= 10 5kN 2 8
3
 Statement 2 is incorrect VA  w
8
Shear force (S) = (20) sin – 10cos
1  w 2  w 2
1 2 H   
 20   10  =0 2  8h  16h
5 5
wx 2
 Statement 3 is correct. B.M XX  VA x    Hy
2
Bending moment (B.M)
= 30  10 – 20  yat x = 10 – 2  10  5 3wx wx 2 w 2 4hx   x 
   
8 2 16h 2
4  10  1040  10
y at x 10  = 7.5 m 3wx wx 2 wx   x 
40 2   
(B.M)x=10 = 30  10 – 20  7.5 – 2  10  5 8 2 4
= 50 kNm 3wx wx 2 wx wx 2

   
8 2 4 4
 Statement 4 is incorrect
wx wx 2
 
y 8 4
19. Ans: (b) x
‘w’kN/m At x = 0 ; (B.M)x–x = 0
Sol:
w 2
At x = l/4 ; (B.M)x–x =
64
h  (B.M)x–x is sagging moment between A and C
w 2
H x H (B.M)y–y = (Vb) (x) – y
x 16h
y
wx w 2 4hx   x 
VA l VB   
Taking moments about point A,  MA = 0 8 16h 2
  wx wx   x 
– Vb    w    0  
2 4 8 4
w w wx wx 2
Vb  kN   
8 8 4 4

 wx wx 2  H = W/2
 
8 4  HA = HB = H/2
at x = 0 (B.M)y–y = 0 and VA = VB = H/2
 w 2 Resultant load at A =
2
VA  H A
2
at x = l/4 (B.M)y-y =
64
2 2
at x = l/2 (B.M)y-y = 0 H H H H
=       2 
 (B.M)y-y is hogging moment between C and B 2 2 2 2
C Inclination angle with horizontal
+ve VA H / 2
–ve tan  =  =1
HA H / 2
  = 45o
A B.M.D (kNm) B
21. Ans: (d)
20. Ans: (c) Sol: In three hinged arches
W
Sol:  H   h 
C     
 H   h 
2R H Where, H = Horizontal thrust
R B
2R  H = Change in Horizontal thrust
H
A VB h = Rise of an arch
VA h = change in rise of an arch.
Taking moments about point C on right hand  In three hinged arches as temperature
portion Mc = 0 increases, horizontal thrust decreases.
–VB  R + H  R = 0  Statement (I) is incorrect
VB = H As temperature increases, change in length
Taking moments about point C on left hand occurs as there is a free moment at hinge C.
portion, Mc = 0  Statement (II) is correct.
(VA) (2R) – H  2R = 0
VA = H 22. Ans: (a)
But we know that Sol: Due to temperature rise in two hinged arches,
VA + VB = W horizontal thrust will be generated at each
H+H =W supports.

EIT 
Horizontal thrust, H 
 y ds
2
23. Ans: (a)
Sol: (B.M)x–x in arch = Beam moment – ‘H’
 Bending moment on arch is due to
moment.
horizontal thrust H .
‘H’ moment (or) moment due to “H” will
B.M = (–H) (y)
reduces the bending moment in arch. This is
 Shape of bending moment diagram will
called arching action. Due to this cross-
correspond to shape of arch
section of arch reduce, which is practically
 Statement (I) and (II) are correct and
used in the construction of dams in irrigation
Statement (II) is the correct explanation of
field.
statement I.

01.
Sol: The arch is shown in figure below. Taking moment about B, we get
50 kN
30kN/m
VA  24  30  12  18  50  6 = 0
12 m
VA = 282.50 kN 18 m
VB = 30  12 + 50  282.50 = 127.5 kN
Taking moment about crown C,
YD 4m
VB  12  H  4  50  6 = 0
127.5  12  H  4 + 50  6 = 0 H B
A H
H = 307.5 kN
At 6 m from the left support, 6m
2 VA 24 m VB
6
M  VA  6  Hy D  30 
2
4hx( L  x)
In the parabolic arch, y
L2
4  4  6(24  6)
Therefore, at x = 6 m yD  3m
24 2
62
M  282.5  6 - 307.5  3 - 30  = 232.5 kNm
2

Vertical shear at D,
V = VA  30  6
= 282.5  30  6 = 102.5 kN
Equation of crown is given by
4hx(L  x)
y
L2
dy 4h ( L  2 x )
  tan  
dx L2
Therefore, at x = 6 m,
4  4(24  2  6)
tan  
24  24
  = 18.4350
 N = V sin  + H cos 
= 102.5 sin 18.4350 + 307.5 cos 18.4350
= 324.133 kN
and radial shear
Q = V cos   H sin 
= 102.5 cos 18.4350  307.5 sin 18.4350
=0
02.
Sol: Referring to figure below,
L = 20 m, h = 3m , z = 5m
z(L  z) 5(20  5)
ILD ordinate are    3.75
L 20
Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is on the section and its value is given by
= Load  ILD ordinate
 5 
= 3003.75   3.75
 10 
= 562.5 kNm

C
D

h = 3m
A z =5m B
L L
 10m  10m
2 2
-ve
+ve 3.75
5m 5m 10m
ILD for MD
Maximum negative moment occurs when the load is on the central hinge and its value
= W  ordinate at centre
 10 
 300 3.75   3.75
 15 
= 375 kNm
Absolute maximum positive moment occurs at section
= 0.2113  L
= 0.2113  20
= 4.226 m, from either support
Therefore, absolute maximum positive moment = 0.096225 WL
= 0.96225  300  20
= 577.35 kNm
Absolute maximum negative moment occurs when the load is at the quarter span and its value
WL 300  20
 
16 16
= 375 kNm

03.
Sol: Figure shows the parabolic arch carrying the load W at D at a distance ‘a’ from the end A. Let the
vertical reactions at A and B be V1 and V2 respectively. Let H be the horizontal thrust, at each
support.
Above figure shows the same arch, but carrying the load W at E, at a distance of a from the right
end B.
W
C a
E
h
H H
A l B
V2 V1
The vertical reaction at A and B will now be V2 and V1 respectively. But the horizontal thrust would
still be H, at each support.
Below figure shows the same arch carrying two concentrated loads each of magnitude W one at D,
the other at E.
For this load system the horizontal thrust would be 2H, at each support.
Let us consider this case
Each vertical reaction = W.
At any section distant x from A (x < a) the beam moment at the section = M = Wx
But any section X distant x from A (x > a and < l/2) the beam moment
= M = Wx – Wx (x – a) = Wa = constant
4h
y x   x 
2
 Horizontal thrust 2H 
 Mydx
 y dx
2

W W
a C a
x
E
y
h
x
2H 2H
A l B
W W
a 4h
/2
4h 
2  Wx. 2 x   x dx   Wa. 2 x   x dx 
 
2H   0 /2
0 
 
2
16h 2
0  4 x   x dx
2
a /2
4Wh 2 4Wha
2  x   x dx   x   x dx
 0 2
2H  2 /2
a
---------- (1)
16h
 x   x  dx
2 2
4 0
Numerator of equations (1)

a /2
4 Wh 4Wha
 N  2  x 2   x dx   x   x dx
 0 2 a
4Wh  a 3 a 4  4Wha     2  1 
 2     2    a 2    
  3 4  2  4  3 
4Wha  a  a 3  3 a 2  3 a 2 
       
2  3 4 8 2 24 3 

4Wha 1

. 8a 2  6a 3  3 3  12a 2     8a 3
 2 24


Wha 3
6 2

2  4a 2  2a 3 
Wha
6 2

.2  3  2a 2  a 3  

Wha 3
3 2

  2a 2  a 3 
Wha 3
3 2

  a 2  a 2  a 3  


Wha
3 2
 
  2  a 2  a 2   a  
 N
Wha
3 2

  a   2  a  a 2 
Denominator of equation (1)
/2 /2
     
16h 2 16h 2
D 4 x   x dx  4
2 2 2
x 2  2x 3  x 4 dx
 0
 0
16h 2  2 1 3 1 4 1 5  4 2
   .  2 . .  .  h 
4  3 8 4 16 5 32  15
 Horizontal thrust
 2H 
N Wha

D 3 2

  a   2  a  a 2  152
4h 

=
5 W

. 3 .a   a   2  a  a 2
4 h

 horizontal thrust when one of the two point loads is present.
5 W

 H  . 3 a   a   2  a  a 2
8 h

Horizontal thrust  = 20 m
a = 3 m, h = 6 m, W = 10 kN
5
H 
10
8 6  20 3

 320  3 20 2  20  3  32 
= 2.99 kN
H  3 kN

A B C D
11. Matrix Methods 3EI 0.5EI 
  
4mk   
01. Ans: (b) 0.54m
EI 2EI
1 03. Ans: (d) 1
Sol: d 
EI Sol: 2
B
A
d1 EI 2 L C L

d 2 EI 1
6EI 6EI 6EI
d1 2EI  2 0
 l2 l2 l
d2 EI
6EI 6EI
d2 = d1/2 l2 l2
6EI 3EI 3EI
 2  2
l2 l l
02. Ans: (d)
Sol: 2I I 2I
A D
B C For portion AC () RB
6EI 6EI
4m 4m 8m  2
  l 2
l  12EI
=
Assume restrained structure at 1 & 2
l l3
A B C D 3EI 3EI
For portion BC( ) RB =  3
l3 l
12EI 3EI 15EI
K11 =  3  3
Restrain at ‘C’. Apply unit rotation at B l3 l l
 3EI
Consider BC K21 =
l2
4EI C
 EI 6EI
4
0.5 EI l2
B 6EI 3EI
l2 l2
k21 = force developed at 1 due to unit rotation
at 4EI
l 3EI
l
k21 = k12 = 0.5 EI

4EI 3EI 7 EI 05. Ans: (d)

K22 =  
l l l Sol:
 6EI 3EI  3EI 1
K12 = 2
 2 = Stiffness 
l l l2 flexibility
 15EI  3EI  [K]  Stiffness matrix
 K11 K12   l 3 l2 
K=   7 EI  []  flexibility matrix
K 21` K 22    3EI 
 l2 l   [k] [] =I
04. Ans: (a)  Flexibility matrix [] = [k]-1
Sol: l 2EI  2  1
Given [k] =
I L  1 2 
L  2  1
  = k  
1
2I l 6EI  1 2 
06. Ans: (c)

1 2
Sol:
Initially restrain the structure @
co-ordinates 1 & 2. Order of stiffness matrix = degree of
2EI1 only.
Allow unit defection in the direction kinematic indeterminacy = degrees of
6
L2 freedom
d  Order of stiffness matrix = [2  2]
24EI
L3
07. Ans: (c)
d1 =1
Sol: Flexibility is defined as displacement
12 EI
L2 obtained due to unit applied load .
 Flexibility matrix contains
24EI 24EI
 k11  3 L3 displacements elements.
L
With this value of k11 only option (a).  Flexibility matrix is a square and
symmetric matrix.
 In flexibility matrix all the leading
diagonal elements are always positive and
other diagonal element may be positive
(or) negative.

08. Ans: (d)  10. Ans: (a)

  Sol: Elements
Sol: EI in the leading diagonal in
flexibility matrix are always positive
l EI
because, displacement will occur in the
EI l
direction of force applied.
But Rest of elements other than leading
diagonal elements may be Negative.
To calculate K23: l
 Statement (I) and (II) are correct and
Apply unit Rotation in the direction of statement (II) is correct explanation of
degree of freedom ‘3’ and lock other
statement (I).
degrees of freedom i.e. (1 and 2)
2EI 4EI
o 11. Ans: (c)
 =1 
EI, l 4EI Sol: As per maxwell’s reciprocal theorem,
 = 1o  deflection at point A due to unit load at B is
equal to deflection at point B due to unit load
EI, l EI,l at A.
i.e f21 = f12 (or) k12 = k21
Diagonal elements (i.e. k11, k22, k33 etc) of the
matrix are not same.
2EI  Statement (II) is flame.

K23 = Moment developed in the direction of
12. Ans: (d)
degree of freedom ‘2’ due to unit rotation in
Sol: Size of stiffness matrix and flexibility matrix
the direction of degree of freedom 3.
are different because stiffness matrix deals
2EI
 with unknown displalcements and flexibility

09. Ans: (d) matrix deals with unknown forces.
Sol: Stiffness is defined as force required due  Size of stiffness matrix is equal to number of
obtain to unit displacement. unknown displacements/Rotations, and size
 To obtain 1st column of stiffness matrix, of flexibility matrix is equal to number of
Release unit displacement in the direction of unknown forces/Moment.
degree of freedom ‘1’ by look other degree’s
of freedom.


01.
Sol: 1 2
A
1=1 (b) K12 2=1

K11 K21
K22
311 (d)
240 (c)
120
321 172
257
126.4 199.3 34.3 321
(e) (f)
In this problem the only two independent displacement components are the rotation at  and C.
hence the degree of freedom is two. Coordinates 1 and 2 many be assigned to the rotations at B and
C as shown in Fig. b. Locking joints B and C, the fixed-end moments due to the applied loads are
240  5  5 2
'
M AB   300kN.m
10 2
240  5  5 2
M ' BA   300kN.m
10 2
120  5  5 2
M ' BC    150kN.m
10 2
120  5  5 2
M ' CB   150kN.m
10 2
As the supports are unyielding, there are no additional fixed-end moments due to the settlement of
supports. Hence,
M " AB  M " BA  M " BC  M " CB  0
Therefore forces P'1 and P'2 at coordinates 1 and 2 for the fixed-end conditions are

P'1 = 300  150 = 150 kN.m

P'2 =150 kN.m
Next, the stiffness matrix with reference to coordinates 1 and 2 may be developed. To generate the
first column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at coordinate 1 as shown in Fig. c.
4EI 4EI
k 11    0.8EI
10 10
2EI
k 21   0.2 EI
10
Similarly, to generate the second column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at
coordinate 2 as shown in Fig. d.
2EI
k 12   0.2 EI
10
4EI
k 22   0.4 EI
10
As there are no external loads at coordinates 1 and 2,
P1 = P2 = 0
1
 1  0.8EI 0.2EI 150 1   107.14 
    0.2EI 0.4EI 150  EI  321.43
 2      
Knowing the displacements, the end moments may be calculated by using the slope-deflection.
2EI  107.14 
M AB  300    321 kN.m
10  EI 
2EI   107.14 
M BA  300  2    257 kN.m
10   EI 
2EI   107.14   321.43 

M BC  150  2       257 kN.m
10   EI   EI 
2EI   321.43   107.14 
M CB  150  2      0
10   EI   EI 
The free-body diagram and the bending - moment diagram drawn on the compression side are
shown in Fig. (e) and (f) respectively.

02.
Sol:
1 2
(b)
k11 k21 131.3

2=1
k12
k22
1=1
57.4
1=1 57.4
25.5
19.3
(c)
(d) (e)
As the frame cannot sway, rotations at B and C are the two independent displacement components.
Hence coordinates 1 and 2 may be chosen as shown in Fig. (b). Forces P1' and P2' at coordinates 1
and 2 respectively, due to the external loads other than those acting at the coordinates when no
displacement is permitted at the coordinates, may be computed first. Considering member AB as
fixed ended, the end moments are
50  2  32
M ' AB    36 kN.m
52
50  3  2 2
M ' BA    24 kN.m
52
Similarly, considering member BC as fixed ended, the end moments are
160  2  2 2
M ' BC    80 kN.m
42
160  2  2 2
'
M CB   80 kN.m
42

Hence,
P '1  M ' BA  M ' BC  24  80  56 kN.m
P ' 2  M ' CB  80 kN.m
As there are no external forces at coordinates 1 and 2,
P1 = P2 = 0
The stiffness matrix may now be developed. To generate the first column of the stiffness matrix,
give a unit displacement at coordinate 1 without any displacement at coordinate 2 as shown in Fig.
(c) and compute the forces at coordinates 1 and 2.
4EI 4E (2I)
k 11    2.8EI
5 4
2 E ( 2 I)
k 21   EI
4
Similarly, to generate the second column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at
coordinate 2 without any displacement at coordinate 1 as shown in Fig. (d) and compute the forces at
coordinates 1 and 2.
2 E ( 2 I)
k 12   EI
4
4 E ( 2I)
k 22   2EI
4
Hence, the stiffness matrix [k] is given by the equation.
2.8EI EI 
k   
 EI 2EI
Substituting into Eq. (6.11),
1
 1  2.8EI EI  0  56 
    EI   
 2  2EI 0  80  
 41.74 
 
  EI 
60.87
 
 EI 
Knowing the displacements, the end moments are obtained by using the slope – deflection equation.
2EI  41.74 
M AB  36  0    19.3kN.m
5  EI 

2EI  2  41.74 
M BA  24    0   57.4 kN.m
5  EI 
2E( 2I)  2  41.74 60.87 
M BC  80      57.4kN.m
4  EI EI 
2E(2I)  2  60.87 41.74 
M CB  80    0
4  EI EI 
The bending-moment diagram drawn on the compression side is shown in Fig. (e).
03.
Sol: The beam is statically indeterminate to the second degree. The released structure may be obtained
by inserting hinges at B and C as shown in Fig. (b). So that the released structure comprises a
series of three simply supported beams. The chosen coordinates 1 and 2 correspond to the
released bending moments at B and C respectively. The displacements in the released structure
at coordinates 1 and 2 due to the applied loads.
1 2
D
(b)
40kN/m 120 kN
20kN/m
A B C D
202.5 380.5 151.5 105.5

(c)
513 278
38
174
450
5.06m 5.06m 5.28m 5.28m
(d)

40  12 3 2880
The rotation at B is span AB   (Counter  clock wise)
24EI EI
120  4  8  20
The rotation at B in span BC 
6  12EI
3200
 (Colckwise)
3EI
Hence, the displacement at coordinate I due to the applied loads,
2880 3200 11840

1L   
EI 3EI 3EI
120  4 2560
The rotation at C in span BC  (12 2  4 2 )  (Counter-clockwise)
6  12EI 3EI
20  12 3 1440
The rotation at C in span CD   (Clockwise)
24EI EI
Hence, the displacement at coordinate 2 due to the applied loads,
2560 1440 6880
 2L   
3EI EI 3EI
The flexibility matrix may be developed by applying a unit force successively at coordinates 1 and 2
and using Table 2.16.
12 12 8
11   
3EI 3EI EI
12 2
12   21  
6EI EI
12 12 8
 22   
3EI 3EI EI
Substituting into Eq. (5.3)
1
8 2 11840 
 P1   EI EI   3EI   450
P     2 8  6880    
 2       174 
 EI EI   3EI 

Hence, P1 = - 450 kNm and P2 = - 174 kN m. All the reaction components may now be computed
by using the equations of static equilibrium. Hence, the free - body diagram shown in Fig. (c) can be
drawn. The bending-moment diagram for the continuous beam drawn on the compression side
is shown in Fig. (d).
04.
Sol: The frame is statically indeterminate to the third degree. The released structure may be obtained by
removing the support at D and thereby releasing three reaction components. Coordinates 1, 2 and 3
may be assigned to these reaction components as shown in Fig. (b). The displacements at the chosen
coordinates in the released structure due to the applied loads may be calculated by using any one of
the methods discussed.
1
3
2
(b)
111.2kN
152.6 174.4
174.4
76.3 207.1
207.1
34.9 196.3
32.7
(c) 196.3
32.7 (d)
6950
 1L 
3EI
13900
 2L  
EI
1390
 3L 
EI

Next, the flexibility matrix for the frame with reference to the chosen coordinates may be developed.
 750 375  150 
1 
   375 2000  225
6EI
 150  225 60 
As the supports are unyielding, ,
 6950 
375  150 
1  3EI   76.3 
 P1   750  13900  
P   6EI  375 2000  225  
  32.7 
 2    EI   
 P3   150  225 60   1390     207.1
 EI 
Knowing the reactive forces at D, the reactive forces at A can be calculated by statics. Hence the
free- body diagram of the entire frame as shown in Fig. (c) may be drawn. Fig. (d) shows the
bending- moment diagram for the frame drawn on the compression side.


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2

01. Introduction to Structures & Static 02. Ans: (b)

01. Ans: (d) Dse = 3 – 3 = 0 Dsi = m – (2j – 3)

05. Ans: (b) 07. Ans: (d)

Note: This is formula for internal

08. Ans: (a) E

09. Ans: (b) 12. Ans: (c)

Reaction at fixed support = 3 Simply Supported Beam

Total reactions =6 Fixed End Beam

Dse = 3 +3+3  3 = 6  While calculating static indeterminacy, due

 Ds = Dse + Dsi – force releases

Total unknowns are 6

 Thus for a 4-members meeting at a joint, Sol:

number of restraining moments required = 3

03. Ans: (b) D.O.F of fixed supports =0

D.O.F of roller support =2

Total D.O.F or Dk = 4 + 4 + 9 +1+2 = 20

D.O.F of four rigid joints = 4  3 = 12 06. Ans: 9 or 5

D.O.F of fixed support =0 08. Ans: 4 or 2

11. Ans: ( b) 14. Ans: (c)

Dse = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 Degree’s of freedom are y2 , x2, 21 and

15. Ans: (c)

03. Statically Determinate Frames 03. Ans: (c)

02. Ans: (a) A 60 B

06. Ans: (b) C

10 kN Using method of sections. Pass a section

Apply M C  0 for the right part of the 11. Ans: (c)

Now analysis at joint E. D 3m

mc = 0 13. Ans: (b)

16. Ans: (a)

Conventional Practice Solutions

Joint F Resolving vertically.

04. Basic Methods of Structural Analysis 04. Ans: (c)

07. Ans: (b) 05. Energy Principles

L 03. Ans: (c) W

Traditional procedure: 04. Ans: (b)

P3L  2PL 3L 

06. Ans: (a) W

10. Ans: (d) Members P k  Pk ' l

Maxwell’s theorem independent of EI.

14. Ans: (c) 16. Ans: (c)

Using Bettie’s Theorem:

PKL (a)  Strain energy

Conventional Practice Solutions

Dsi = Internally indeterminate = m  (2j  3)

MA = 0 [↶ve ↷ +ve]

There will be no reactions at the supports

Member P(kN) K(kN) Pk K2 S=P+kX(kN)

AB +180 0 0 0 180 [Tension]

Let X1 be the tension in BF and X2 be the tension in DF. A F E

The truss will first be analysed after removing the members

There will be no reactions at the supports

There will be no reactions at the supports.

The unknown X1 & X2 can be determined by solving equations 1 & 2

EC 2.5 -7.13 0 1 0 17.82 0 2.5 0 3.29

BF 2.12 0 +1 0 0 0 2.12 0 0 4.32

DF 2.5 0 0 1 0 0 0 2.5 0 3.84