Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Salin
Salin
...
Sa balarila, ang bahagi ng pananalita/panalita (sa Ingles: part of speech), o kauriang panleksiko, ay isang
lingguwistikong kaurian ng mga salita (o mas tumpak sabihing bahaging panleksiko) na pangkalahatang
binibigyang kahulugan sa pamamagitan ng sintaktiko at morpolohikong asal ng bahaging panleksikong
tinutukoy.
Sa aklat na Balarila ng Wikang Pambansa (1939;1944) ni Lope K. Santos (kilala rin sa tawag na Balarilang
Tagalog at Matandang Balarila) ay may sampung bahagi ng pananalita.
Ang mga ito ay pangngalan, panghalip, pandiwa, pang-uri, pang-abay, pantukoy, pangatnig, pang-ukol,
pang-angkop at pandamdam. Sinimulan itong ituro sa mga paaralan sa Pilipinas noong 1940 matapos
maipahayag ng dating Pang. Manuel Quezon ang Tagalog bilang siyang saligan ng wikang pambansa.
Dala ng sunod-sunod na pagbabago at modernisasyon ng wikang pambansa (na kilala na ngayon bilang
Filipino) ay maraming aklat ang nalimbag na nagmumungkahi ng pagbabago sa Matandang Balarila. Isa
na rito ang Makabagong Balarilang Filipino (1977;2003) nina Alfonso O. Santiago at Norma G. Tiangco. Sa
aklat na ito'y napapangkat ang may sampung bahagi ng pananalita sa ganitong pamamaraan:
1. Mga nominal
a. Pangngalan (noun) - mga salitang nagsasaad ng pangalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, pook, katangian,
pangyayari, atbp.
2. Pandiwa (verb) - mga salitang nagsasaad ng kilos o nagbibigay-buhay sa isang lipon ng mga salita
Hindi na isinama ang Pandamdam (interjection; mga salitang nagsasaad ng matinding damdamin)
sapagkat ayon sa mga may-akda ng Makabagong Balarila ay maaaring magamit bilang pandamdam ang
kahit anong salita kung bibigkasin nga ng may matinding damdamin.
Samantala, sa Balarilang Ingles ay may walong tradisyunal na bahagi ng pananalita bagama't higit pa
itong nahahati sa iba't ibang kaurian sang-ayon na rin sa mga pag-aaral ng mga kasalukuyang
lingguwistiko. Ito ay ang pangngalan, panghalip, pandiwa, pang-uri, pang-abay, pangatnig, pang-ukol at
pandamdam.
General Education:
★Sintaks - Ang pagsasama ng mga salita upang makabuo ng pangungusap na may kahulugan.
Ano ang mga komponent ng sintaks? - estraktura at pagpapalawak ng pang., tamang pagkasunod-sunod
ng salita, uri ng pangungusap ayon sa gamit at kayarian
★Karaniwang Ayos - Uri ng pangungusap na una ang pang-uri sa simuno (e.g. Maganda si Lea.)
di-karaniwang ayos - uri ng pangungusap na may ay na nag-uugnay sa simuno at pang-uri (e.g. Siya ay
pagod na pagod.)
★Padamdam - Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa gamit na nagpapahayag ng matinding emosyon (e.g. tuwa,
lungkot, etc.). Gumagamit ng tandang panamdam (exclamation point [!]) at pwede ring tandang
pananong.
Pautos (pakiusap) - Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa gamit na nagpapahayag ng obligasyong dapat tuparin.
Nagtatapos sa tuldok.
★Payak - Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa kayarian na isang diwa lang ang tinalakay. Pwedeng may payak na
simuno at panaguri. ginagamit ang pang-ugnay na [at].
★Tambalan - Uri ng Pangungusap ayon sa kayarian na may higit sa dalawang kaisipan ang pangungusap.
May 2 o higit na sugnay na makapag-iisa (ind. clause.) ginagamitan ng pangating na magkatimbang (at,
saka, o, ngunit, atb.)
Morpolohiya - Ang pag-aaral ng mga morpema ng isang wika at napagsasama-sama ng mga ito upang
makabuo ng salita.
pangngalan (noun) - Bahagi ng Pananalita na tumutukoy sa pangalan ng tao, hayop, pook, bagay at
pangyayari.
★pang-ukol (preposition) - Bahagi ng Pananalita na ginagamit kung para kanino/saan ang kilos. (e.g.
para, ukol, ayon, SA)
★pang-angkop (ligature) - Bahagi ng Pananalita na ginagamit para maging maganda pakinggan ang
pagkakasabi ng pangungusap. (na, ng, g.)
panghalip.
★Ponolohiya - Tawag sa maagham na pag-aaral ng tunog; wastong bigkas ng mga tunog (ponema)
Kaunting kaalaman:
Ang walong bahagi ng pananalita ay pangngalan, panghalip, pandiwa, pang-uri, pang-abay, pang-ukol,
pangatnig at pang-angkop. Sa ibang mga babasahin, ang bahagi ng pananalita ay binubuo ng sampu. At
ang dalawang ito ay pantukoy at pangawing.
†(Noun) Pangngalan
†(Pronoun) Panghalip
†(Adverb) Pang-abay
†(Verb) Pandiwa
†(Adjective )Pang-uri
†(Preposition)Pang-ukol
†(interjection) Pang-angkop
†(Conjunction) Pangatnig
1. Noun
This part of a speech refers to words that are used to name persons, things, animals, places, ideas, or
events. Nouns are the simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the first ones taught
to students in primary school.
Examples:
•Tom Hanks is very versatile.
In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because it names an animal.
•It is my birthday.
★Proper– proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers to specific names of persons, places,
or things.
★Common– common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns. These are just generic names of persons,
things, or places.
★Concrete– this kind refers to nouns which you can perceive through your five senses.
★Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which you can’t perceive through your five
senses.
★Count– it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular and plural form.
★Mass– this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also called non-countable nouns, and they
need to have “counters” to quantify them.
Example: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students), pride (group of lions)
This great list of nouns can help you explore more nouns.
2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a part of a speech which functions as a replacement for a noun. Some examples of
pronouns are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers, we, they, theirs, and ours.
Sample Sentences:
•Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when I told her to stop.
The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the sentence.
3. Adjective
This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can specify the quality, the size,
and the number of nouns or pronouns.
Sample Sentences:
The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number of the noun “hamsters.”
The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the noun “doughnut.”
4. Verb
This is the most important part of a speech, for without a verb, a sentence would not exist. Simply put,
this is a word that shows an action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in a sentence.
Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were
Sample Sentences:
5. Adverb
Just like adjectives, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the difference is that adverbs describe
adjectives, verbs, or another adverb.
★Adverb of Manner– this refers to how something happens or how an action is done.
★Adverb of Place– this tells something about “where” something happens or ”where” something is
done.
★Adverb of Degree– this states the intensity or the degree to which a specific thing happens or is done.
The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the child talented?”
6. Preposition
This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify location or a location in time.
Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before, near, and since
Sample Sentences:
The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under the bed,” and tells where Micah is
hiding.
•During the game, the audience never stopped cheering for their team.
The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during the game,” and tells when the
audience cheered.
7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or clauses together.
Sample Sentences:
•Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the professor’s instructions.
•Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to audition.
•The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of conjunctions.
8. Interjection
This part of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since interjections are commonly used to
convey strong emotions, they are usually followed by an exclamation point.
Examples of Interjections:
interjections
Sample Sentences:
•Hurray, we won!
The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some examples of interjections.
-8 Basic Parts-
★Pronouns- Panghalip
★Verbs- Pandiwa
★Adjectives- Pang-Uri
★Adverbs- Pang-Abay
★Prepositions- Pang-Ukol
★Conjunctions- Pangatnig
★Interjections- Pandamdam
-Miscellaneous-
★Enclitics- Ingklitik
★Ideophones- Pantunog
★Ligatures- Pang-Angkop
★Pro-Sentences
★Pro-Words
★Coverbs
★Fillers- Paningit
★Quotatives
★Profanity
_________________________________________________________
1. Subjects and verbs must agree in number. This is the cornerstone rule that forms the background of
the concept. In these examples the subject is underlined and the verb is in italics
2. Don’t get confused by the words that come between the subject and verb; they do not affect
agreement.
4. When sentences start with “there” or “here,” the subject will always be placed after the verb, so care
needs to be taken to identify it correctly.
•There [is] a PROBLEM with the balance sheet. √Here [are] the PAPERS you requested.
5. Subjects don't always come before verbs in questions. Make sure you accurately identify the subject
before deciding on the proper verb form to use.
6. If two subjects are joined by "and," they typically require a plural verb form.
•The COW (and) the PIG [are] jumping over the moon.
7. The verb is singular if the two subjects separated by "and" refer to the same person or thing.
8. If one of the words "each," "every," or "no" comes before the subject, the verb is singular.
9. If the subjects are both singular and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or,"
and "not only/but also" the verb is singular.
10. The only time when the object of the preposition factors into the decision of plural or singular verb
forms is when noun and pronoun subjects like "some," "half," "none," "more," or "all" are followed by a
prepositional phrase. In these sentences, the object of the preposition determines the form of the verb.
11. The singular verb form is usually used for units of measurement or time.
12. If the subjects are both plural and are connected by the words "or," "nor," "neither/nor," "either/or,"
and "not only/but also" the verb is plural.
•Either the bears or the LION [has] escaped from the zoo. •Neither the lion nor the BEARS [have]
escaped from the zoo.
15. * Except for the pronouns "few," "many," "several," "both," "all," and "some" that always take the
plural form.
16. If two infinitives are separated by "and" they take the plural form of the verb.
17. When gerunds are used as the subject of a sentence, they take the singular form of the verb; but,
when they are linked by "and," they take the plural form.
18. Collective nouns like "herd," "senate," "class," and "crowd," usually take a singular verb form.
19. Titles of books, movies, novels, etc. are treated as singular and take a singular verb.
20. Final Rule – Remember, only the subject affects the verb√
________________________________________________________
★A figure of speech is a word or phrase that has a meaning something different than its literal meaning.
It can be a metaphor or simile that is designed to further explain a concept. Or, it can be a different way
of pronouncing a word or phrase such as with alliteration to give further meaning or a different sound.
★Ang Tayutay ay isang salita o grupo ng mga salita na kadalasang ginagamit upang maipahayag ang
isang emosyon sa paraang hindi karaniwan upang makabuo ng mas malalim na kahulugan. Ito ay hindi
literalkundi isang patalinghaga na minsa'y ginagamit bilang simbolo.
Halimbawa:
• Makikita sa mga mata ni Maria ang mga masasayang nangyari sa kaniya kasama si Marco. (makikita,
mga, mata, Maria, masasayang, Marco)
★Anaphora is a technique where several phrases or verses begin with the same word or words.
Examples are:
•Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition! King John - William Shakespeare
With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, - Abraham Lincoln
•We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. - Winston Churchill
★Anapora - Pag-uulit ng isang salitang nasa unahan ng isang pahayag o ng isang sugnay.
Halimbawa:
★Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together. Examples are:
•A - For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels named Lenore (Poe)
•E - Therefore all seasons shall be sweet to thee (Coleridge)
•I - From what I’ve tasted of desire, I hold with those who favor fire (Frost)
Halimbawa:
★Euphemism is a word or phrase that replaces a word or phrase to make it more polite or pleasant.
Examples are:
★PAGLUMANAY (Euphemism) - Ito ay paggamit ng mga piling salita upang pagandahin ang isang
dikagandahang pahayag.
Halimbawa:
Halimbawa:
•Huminto ang pagtibok ng aking puso nang makita kong may kasama siyang iba.
★Irony is using words where the meaning is the opposite of their usual meaning. Examples are:
•After begging for a cat and finally getting one, she found out she was allergic.
•A traffic cop gets suspended for not paying his parking tickets.
★Pag-uyam - Isang uri ng ironya na ipinapahiwatig ang nais iparating sa huli. Madalas itong nakakasakit
ng damdamin.
Senekdoke o Pagpapalit-saklaw - isang bagay, konsepto kaisipan, isang bahagi ng kabuuan ang
binabanggit.
★PAG-UYAM (Irony) - Isang pagpapahayag na may layuning mangutya ngunit itinatago sa paraang waring
nagbibigay-puri.
Halimbawa:
•Siya ay may magandang mukha na kung saan tanging ina niya lang ang humahanga.
•Heart of stone
•Time is money
•He is an ogre
Halimbawa:
•Whoosh
•Splat
•Buzz
•Click
•Oink
★Panghihimig o Onomatopeya - ito ang paggamit ng mga salitang kung ano ang tunog ay siyang
kahulugan. ONOMATOPOEIA sa Ingles.
Halimbawa:
•Peace force
•Kosher ham
•Jumbo shrimp
•Free market
★PAGTATAMBIS (Oxymoron) - Ito ay ang paglalahad ng mga bagay na magkasalungat upang higit na
mapatingkad ang bisa ng pagpapahayag.
Halimbawa:
•Snowflakes danced
•Thunder grumbled
•Fog crept in
★PAGBIBIGAY - KATAUHAN (Personification) - Ginagamit ito upang bigyang-buhay ang mga bagay na
walang buhay sa pamamagitan ng pagkakapit sa mga ito ng mga gawi o kilos ng tao.
Halimbawa:
★Simile is a comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as."
Examples are:
★PAGTUTULAD (Simile) - Isang di-tuwirang paghahambing ng dalawang magkaibang bagay gamit ang
pariralang tulad ng, kawangis ng, para ng, gaya ng, makasing, at magkasim.
Halimbawa:
★Synecdoche is when a part represents the whole or the whole is represented by a part.
Examples are:
•Wheels - a car
•Army - a soldier
Halimbawa:
★Understatement is when something is said to make something appear less important or less serious.
Examples are:
•It is sometimes dry and sandy - referring to the driest desert in the world
★Apostrope o Pagtawag - isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao.
★PANAWAGAN (Apostrophe) - Ito ay isang panawagan o pakiusap sa isang bagay na tila ito ay isang tao.
Halimbawa:
Halimbawa:
Halimbawa:
Gawa ng mamamayan,
At mula sa mamamayan.
★Katapora - Paggamit ng isang salita na kadalasang panghalip na tumutukoy sa isang salita o parirala na
binanggit sa hulihan.
Halimbawa:
a. Madilim ang kinabukasan para sa kaniya at kaniyang pamilya mula nang iwanan sila ng kanilang ama.
Balintuna - isang uri ng ironya na hindi ipinapahiwatig ang nais sabihin sa huli.
★Pasukdol (Climax) - pataas na paghahanay ng mga salita o kaisipan ayon sa kahalagahan nito mula sa
pinakamababa patungo sa pinakamataas na antas.
Halimbawa:
a. Ang aking pagmamahal para kay Rosal ay lalong tumatatag habang tumatagal. (pagmamahal, Rosal,
tumatagal)
★PAGHAHALINTULAD (Analogy) - Ito ay paghahambing na nagpapakita ng ugnayan ng kaisipan sa kapwa
kaisipan.
Halimbawa:
Halimbawa:
★TANONG RETORIKAL (Rhetorical Question) - Ito ay isang tanong na walang inaasahan sagot na ang
layunin ay maikintal sa isipan ng nakikinig ang mensahe.
Halimbawa:
See Translation