ALUGBATI (MALABAR SPINACH) (BASELLA ALBA) AND AVOCADO SEED

(PERSEA AMERICANA) AS ALTERNATIVE INK

TITLE OF RESEARCH

FACULTY OF GUSA REGIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL-X

ABASOLO, HANNAH CONCEPCION C.

ABUEVA, HANA ANDREA D.
ALOYON, JAY IAN C.
ARNAIZ, FRITZ ZACHARY
GARCIA, IVAN MARC S.
TONGCO, JUNE MARIELLA B.
PROJECT PROPONENTS

JOAN P. OHAY
CLASS ADVISER

JEANY GRACE S. MAGLUPAY

SUBJECT TEACHER

OCTOBER 2019
 CHAPTER 1
Introduction

The Ink
Ink is a liquid containing various pigments or dyes used for coloring a
surface to render an image or text. www.google.com. When you saw a color coming
out from a pen, that’s what you called “ink”. These days, ink is being used everyday
like in school, work, everywhere we use ink in writing. Most of the people doesn’t
know what are the chemicals used in making ink, resulting to do whatever they want
to do with the ink without knowing. So, in regular ink, the chemical compositions in
creating ink are, “The pigment in black ink is carbon black, which can be made from
coal or petrochemicals. In blue ink, various pigments are used. Other components
which make up ink include solvents, which serve as a liquid carrier for the pigment.
Common solvents are propylene glycol and ethylene glycol”.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-chemical-formula-of-ink.
It is used for drawing or writing with a pen or brush. As said earlier, if you saw a liquid
coming out from the pen with a specific color, that’s what you called “ink”. Mostly,
Japanese, Chinese, And Korean use brush because of the influence in China. In
Japanese, “A Brief History of Japanese Calligraphy. Sold for $10,158 via Christie's
(March 2004). The foundations of Japanese calligraphy originated in China during the
Han dynasty, with all basic forms developed by 220 A.D. It was introduced in Japan in
the 6th century A.D. as a means to stay in contact between countries”. In Korea, “Korean
calligraphy is an art of writing Hangul and Hanja. Unlike Western calligraphy, which is
written with a rigid instrument, traditional Korean calligraphy is created with a soft and
flexible brush. With the characteristic strokes which change in broadness and speed, on
a usually white sheet of paper, its general appearance reminds of other East Asian
writings. However, it does have its distinctions. For one, while Hanja characters have
exactly the same radicals, or the graphical components, as do Chinese characters in
China, Hangul on the other hand has its own distinct shapes that calligraphers never had
to produce before”. https://lovingkorean-
com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/lovingkorean.com/2015/01/29/korean-
calligraphy/amp/?usqp=mq331AQOKAGYAb-ElLe-
0Ork4gE%3D&amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1#referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co
m&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Flovingkorean.com%2F2015%2F01%2F29%2Fkorean-
calligraphy%2F. Lastly, In Chinese, Ink brushes (traditional Chinese: 毛筆; simplified
Chinese: 毛笔; pinyin: máo bǐ; Japanese: 筆
; rōmaji: fude; Korean: 붓/筆; romaja: pil; Vietnamese: bút) are used in Chinese
calligraphy as well as Japanese calligraphy, and Korean calligraphy which have roots in
Chinese calligraphy. They are also used in Chinese painting and other brush
painting styles. The ink brush was invented in China around 300 B.C.[1][2] Together with
the inkstone, inkstick and Xuan paper, these four writing implements form the Four
Treasures of the Study.
The importance of this research is to find other ways of making ink as it is being used
every day.
Due to the researcher’s curiosity and their instinct, they chose this study
also to benefit future generation in the production of ink.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Ink is much dangerous to our health especially inside our human body. The
researchers proposed this research in order to benefit any future generations in the
production of ink. In case of any emergency, for example, some people are bring their
pen causing the ink to come out of it, any body cannot be affected since it is made from
plants. An Avocado Seed contains or yields a milky fluid with the odor and taste of
almond. This milky fluid is called Tannin. Because of its tannin content, it turns red on
exposure, providing an indelible red-brown or blackish ink which was used to write many
documents in the days of the Spanish Conquest which may result to an ink.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/173848469/The-Feasibility-of-Avocado-Seeds-as-Ink.
Malabar Spinach or alugbati also have it’s own chemical components which may
result to an ink. The benefits also when you accidentally drank the ink when biting is that
malabar spinach has excellent source of calcium and iron; good source of vitamins A, B,
and C, with a high roughage value.
In comparing these two plants, the researchers planned to compare which of these
two are more effective and more efficient, and high quality in making these as an ink.
Statement of The Problem
This research is aimed to conduct in order to benefit future generation in using
ink as part of their daily lives. People who use ink more than pencil also have benefits in
using pens with plants as an alternative ink. In present, the researchers would like to
defend this study to protect the nature by chemical components that are thrown away
from their laboratory to nature, resulting the nature to be harm.
To be specific, the study ought to answer these questions:
1. Which of the two plants produce more and efficient ink?
2. Which plant is more lasting as an ink?
3. Which of the two that have more benefit as an ink?
 Conceptual Framework
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
The effectiveness of
Alugbati and Avocado each plant as an
Seed. alternative ink.

Extraneous Variable:

The condition of each

plant.

Figure 1.0: Independent, dependent, and extraneous variable.

Formulating Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant difference between alugbati and avocado seed as an
alternative ink.

Ho: There is no significant difference between alugbati and avocado seed as an

alternative ink.

Scope and Delimitations of The Study

In this study, the avocado seed is not also in making ink. It has these
nutrients that can help our body, the avocado oil consists of 71% monounsaturated
fatty acids (MUFA), 13% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and 16% saturated
fatty acids (SFA), which helps to promote healthy blood lipid profiles and enhance
the bioavailability of fat soluble vitamins and phytochemicals from the avocado or
other fruits and vegetables, naturally low in fat, which are consumed with
avocados. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/2013/245828/.
Also in Malabar Spinach, No flyweight, nutritionally, Malabar spinach provides
a good amount of vitamins A, B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (niacin) and C, as well
as the minerals calcium, iron, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and sodium.
https://www.nwitimes.com ›niche.
Limitations of The Study
Any limitations of this study are mentioned as following:
1. Finding any avocado seed
2. Finding Malabar spinach in the wild.
3. Materials used
4. Place where should the researchers make and observation of the study.

Definition of Terms
 Bioavailability—the proportion of a drug or other substance which enters
the circulation when introduced into the body and so is able to have an
active effect.
 Flyweight—a weight in boxing and other sports intermediate between light
flyweight and bantamweight. In boxing it ranges from 108 to 112 pounds
(48 to 51 kg).
 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)— monounsaturated fats are
simply fat molecules that have one unsaturated carbon bond in the
molecule, this is also called a double bond. Oils that
contain monounsaturated fats are typically liquid at room temperature but
start to turn solid when chilled.
 Niacin—another term for nicotinic acid.
 Phytochemicals—are compounds that are produced by plants ("phyto"
means "plant"). They are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and
other plants. Some of these phytochemicals are believed to protect cells
from damage that could lead to cancer. ... help stop carcinogens from
attacking cells.
 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (SUFA)— Polyunsaturated fats are fats in
which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon–
carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts,
seeds, fish, seed oils, and oysters. "Unsaturated" refers to the fact that the
molecules contain less than the maximum amount of hydrogen.
 Riboflavin—a yellow vitamin of the B complex which is essential for
metabolic energy production. It is present in many foods, especially milk,
liver, eggs, and green vegetables, and is also synthesized by the intestinal
flora.
 Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA)— A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the
fatty acid chains have all or predominantly single bonds. A fat is made of
two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Fats are made of
long chains of carbon atoms. Some carbon atoms are linked by single
bonds and others are linked by double bonds.
 Thiamine—Thiamine is a vitamin, also called vitamin B1.