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650-02-0012412007-06 OA 17. 07. 2007. rOA"He.

ISBN 978-86-17-15007-3
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IIpe~rOBOp ............... . ... . ...... . .. . . . . . ... 8 3.9.1. Pe,D;Ha BeJa OTnopOllKa ..... . ..... .. . •• . . . .... 31
1. YBOA ......................................... 9 3.9.2. IIapanenHa Be3a oTnopHIIKa .................. 32
1.1. 3HN!AJ EnEKTPOTEXHMKE .....•. . ....... 9 3.9.3. MewoBllTa Be3a oTnopRDKa .. . . . ..... . .... . .. 32
1.2. PA3BOJ EnEKTPOTEXHMKE ......•. . ....... 9 3.9.4. Mepelbe oTnopHocTli . ..................... . . 33
3.9.5. YRDBepJanRD MepUll lIHcTpYMeHTo ............ 34
2. EnEKTPOCTATJlKA . ............... . . . . . .... 13 3.10. uynOB 3AKOH. EnEKTPMqHM PAA ....... 34
2.1. CACTAB ATOMA ......... ...... ............ 13 3.11. EnEKTPMqHA CHArA .................... 35
2.2. HAEnEKTPMCAlbE TEnA ..........•....... 13 3.11.1. Mepelbe eneKTpOttUe CHare .. . ..... . ......... 35
2.2.1. HalluHu Aa ce Tena HaeneKTpnmy ......•...... 14 3.12. EnEKTPMqHI1 rEHEPATOPM ............. 35
2.2.2. EneKTpocKon ........................•. . .... 14 3.13. IIPOCTO EnEKTPMqHO Kono CA
2.3. KynOHOB 3AKOH .......................... 14 JE)];HMM rEHEPATOPOM M JE)];HMM
2.4. EnEKTPMqHO IIOJbE ...................... 15 OTIIOPHMKOM ............................ 36
2.4.1. llpHH:U;llTI cynepn031ll..\uje . ................. . .. 16 3.14. IIPOCTO EnEKTPMqHO Kono KOJE
2.4.2. fpacpU1.JKO rrpe,n:cT3BJb3u.e eneKTpUl.IHOr nOJba . . 17 CA)];P)!{M BMlliE rEHEPATOPA M
2.5. IIOTEHl\HJAn ............................. 18 OTIIOPHMKA .............................. 38
3.15. CnO)!{EHA EnEKTPM'IHA KonA.
2.6. EnEKTPMqHM HAIIOH. .................... 19
2.7. IIPOBO)];HMl\M ............................. 20
APyrM KMPXO<l>OB 3AKOH . . ............. 39
3.15.1. PelIlaBalbe cnO)Keoor Kona npnMeHOM
2.7.1. HaeneKTpncaHo ycaMJbeHO "POBOAHO TenD .. ... 20
KUPXOq:)QBDX 3aKooa ........ . ............... 40
2.7.2. TIpoBoAHIIK y eneKTpn1.JHOM DOJLY ............. 21
3.16. IIPonA3 EnEKTPMl\MTETA KP03
2.8. )];MEnEKTPMl\M (M30nATOPM) ............ 22
EnEKTPonMTE .......... . . . . . . . . . ......... 40
2.8.1. ilonapII3an;nja nneneKTpuKa .. ........••..... . 22
3.16.1. EneKTponu3a .............................. 40
2.8.2. EneKTpoHcKa nonaplJ3a:u;nja ...... ........... . 22
3.17. EnEKTPOXEMI1JCKM M3BOPM ............ 42
2.8.3. AlinOJIHa nonapU33l.\nja .. . . . . . . ..... . ... . . . . . 23
3.17.1. IIpuMapuu eneKTpoxe~lIIjcKJJ reHepaTopn ..... 42
2.8.4. ,D,neneKTpnQH3 tJBpcTolla AueneKTpnKa ........ 23
3.17.2. CeKyH~apHII II3BOPII ..... . ... . . . ... . .... . . . . 43
2.9. KAIIAl\MTMBHOCT YCAMJbEHOr 3.18. TEPMOEnEKTPOHCKA EMMCMJA ........ 43
IIPOBOAHJlKA ............................. 24 3.19. KOHTAKTHE IIOJABE ..................... 44
2.10. KOH)];EH3ATOP ........................... 24 3.19.1. TepMoeneMeoT .................... , " . ... . . 44
2.10.1. Kanan;UTIIBBOCT nnO"'l3CTOr KOHAeH3aTopa . .. . 25 3.20. <l>OTOEnEKTPMqHE IIOJABE ............. 45
3. JEAHOCMEPHE CTPYJE . .................... 26 4. EJlEKTPOMArHETH3AM . ................... 46
3.1. IIOJAM JE)];HOCMEPHE CTPYJE ............ 26 4.1 . YBO)]; ..................... . ................. 46
3.2. JA'fMHA EnEKTPMqHE CTPYJE ........ . . . 27 4.2. MArHETCKO IIOJbE ....................... 46
3.2.1. 03HaQaBalLe eneKTpUl.JHe cTpyje Kp03 4.3. MArHETCKA MH):(YKl\MJA ................ 47
npOBOAHllK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.4. AEJCTBO MArHETCKOr IIOJbA
3.3. IIPATE'F>.M E<I>EKTM EnEKTPM'IHE HA IIPOBO)];HMK CA CTPYJOM
CTPYJE ..................................... 27 (EnEKTPOMArHETCKA CMnA) ............ 47
3.4. EnEKTPMqHA KOnA ....................... 28 4.5. MArHETCKO IIOJbE IIPOBOAHMKA CA
3.5. IIPBM KMPXO<l>OB 3AKOH .......•.......... 28 CTPYJOM .............................. . .. . . 49
3.5.1. Mepe",e cTpyje ......... . .................... 29 4.6. Y3AJAMHO AEJCTBO )];BA IIPOBO):(HMKA
3.6. OMOB 3AKOH ......... . . . .................. 29 CA CTPYJOM ............................... 49
3.6.1. Mepe",e HanOHa . . ..... . .............. . ..... 30 4.7. JAqMHA MArHETCKOr IIOJbA ............. 50
3.7. EnEKTPMqHA IIPOBO)];HOCT .............. 30 4.8. MArHETCKM <l>nYKC ...................... 50
3.8. OTIIOPHMl\11 .............................. 30 4.9. MArHETCKA KonA ....................... . 51
3.8.1. Cneu:mlmqua eneKTplPiHa oTnopHocT ......... 31 4.10. IIO):(EnA MATEPMJAnA IIPEMA
3.8.2. EneKTpolma oTnopHocT )t(lIttaHOr MArHETCKMM CBOJCTBMMA ............ 52
"POBO,D;UIIKa ................................ 31 4.10.1. KapaKTepucTuKa MarHeTncalba MaTepnjana ... 52
3.9. BE3MBAlbE OTIIOPHMKA . . ......... •. . ... 31 4.10.2. ry6nu:n ycne,D; xllcTepe31Ica .. . ........... . ... 53

5
4.10.3. E neKTpoMa rHeTlI...................... .... . 54
4.11. EJIEKTPOMAfHETCKA I1H,C(YKUHJA .. 54
4.12. CAMOI1H,C(YKUI1JA .... . ............. . .... 56
4.12.1. ConcTBeHa IIHAYKTlI SHOCT Kan eMa ........... 57
4.13. ME1jYCOEH A I1H,C(YKUHJA .......... .... . 57
4.14. BPTJIO)!(H E CTPYJE .... ..... .............. 57
4.15. EJIEKTPOMAfHE T CKl111
EJIEKTPO,C(I1HAMI1'1KI1
I1H CTPYMEHTI1 ........... . . ..... 58
5. HAH3MEHH'IHE CTPYJE .. .. . .
5.1. OCHOBHI1 flOJMOBl111 BEJII1'fI1HE ....... 60
5.1 .1. feHeplIcal:be npocTonepnOAn'lHe
eneKTp oMoTopae ClIne. . . . . . . . .. 61
5.2. flPI1K A311BAlbE HAI13 MEHl1'fHI1X
flPOCTOIIEPI10,C(I1'fHI1X BEJII1'1I1HA . .. .. 62
5.3. AHAJII1TI1'fKI1 H A'II1H flPl1K A311BAlbA
HAI13MEHI1'fHI1X BEJI I1'fI1H A (CTPYJA,
HAflOH) ...... .. ............................ 62
5.3.1. IIap aMeTpn HalJ 3MeHII I.{ He npocTon epllOA n 'lHe
cTpyje. .. .. ... . .. . .. . ............. 62
5.3.2. CpeAl:ba speAHocT HaIl3Me HlI I.{ He
npocToneplIOAlIl.{He cT pyj e . . . . . .. 63
5.3.3. E cI>eKTu BHa Bpe,IJ;HOCT H3n3MeHn'lHe
npocTonepllOA II'IHe cTpyj e ................... 63
5.4. fPA<I>I1'fKI1 HA'II1H llPI1KA311BA fbA
H AI13MEHI1'fHl1X BEJII1'fI1HA ...... .... . 64
5.4 .1. 4>a3Ha pa3nuKa. . . ... .. . ....... . . . . . 65
5.5. <l>A3 0PCKI1 HA'fI1H flPI1KA311B A fbA
HAI13 ME HI1'fHI1X BEJI I1 '1I1HA ........... 65
5.6. OTflOPI1 Y KOJIY H AI13MEHI1'fHE
CTPYJE .......... . ... .. ..................... 66
5.6.1. OTnopHuK Y Kony Ha1I3MeHlIqae cTpyj e .. . .....
5.6.2 . K aneM y Kony Ha1l3MeHlI'·IHe cTpyj e. . ...
5.6.3. KOHAeH3aTop Y Kony HaU3MeHlI'IHe cTpyj e ......
5.6.4. I1MneAa Hca .................................
5.7. PE,C(HA BE3A OTflOPHI1KA, KAJIEMA 11
KOH,C(EH3ATOPA. .. . . . .. . ... ............ 69
5.8. CHAfE Y flPOCTOfl E PI10,C(I1'fHOM
PE)!(I1MY . ...... . ..... . .. . .................. 70
5.8. 1. TIonpasKa cl>aKTopa CHar e npllj er.IHUKa cos <f' •••• 71
5.9. TPO<l>A3HE HAI13 ME HI1'fHE CTPYJ E ...... 71
5.9.1. B e3a HaMoTaj a Tpocl>a3Ho rreHepaTopa y 3se3AY ... 72
5.9.2 . Be3a HaBoja r eHepaTopa y Tpoy r ao ............ 73
5.9.3. CHare Tpo cl>a3Re Ha1l3MeHII <lHe cTpyje ......... 73
6. flP0I13BO,C(ILA 11 llPEHOC EJIEKTPH'IH E
EHEPfHJE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.1. 3HA'fAJ EJIEKTPI1'fHE EHEPfI1JE .... . .... 75
6.2. EJIEKTPOEHEPrETCKI1 CI1CTEM (EEC) ... 75
6.2 .1 . TIpeHoc eneKTpn'lHe eHep r nje ......... . ...... 76
6.3. EJIEKTPAHE ............................... 77
6.3.1. K apaKTepncTuKe eneKTpaHa ............ . .... 77
6.3.2. BpcTe ene KTpaHa . .......... ... ... .. .. . .. ..... 78
6.3.3. TepMoeneKTpaHe (TE) ...... . . . . . ...... • . .... 78
6.3.4. XnnpoeneKTpa He (XE) . . . . . . . . . 79
6
6.3.5. T epMoeneKTpaHe U x li ApoeneKTpaHe Kao Aeo
EEC-a..... .............. . ..82
6.3.6. H YKneapHe eneKTpaHe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
6.3.7. E neKTpaHe Koje KOplJCTe eHeprnj y seTpa ....... 82
6.3.8. KO H~e HTplIllI y l1lI c nCTe~m conapHor 3pa'leFba .. 83
6.4. PA3 BO,C(H A rrO CTPOJEIbA ......... . ...... . 83
6.5. EJIE KTPI1'fHE MPE)!(E ... ... ...... .... ..... 85
6.5 .1. H a,lJ;3eMHlI eneKTpoeHepreTcKlI BOAOBU .. ... . ... 86
6.5 .2. TIoA3eMHlI eneKTp oeHep reTcKlI BOAOBli .. ....... 87
.60 7. flPHrYUlHH~E H TPAHC<l>OPMATOPH ..... 90
7.1. flPl1f YUlHI1UE ............................. 90
7.2. TPAHC<I>OPM ATOP ... . . ... ........ . . ....... 91
7.2.1. TIplIMeHa Tp aHccI>o pMaTopa ......... . . .. ....... 91
7.2.2. BpcTe TpaHccI>0pMaTopa .............• .. ..... 91
7.2.3 . .il.enoslJ TpaHccI>0p M3Topa . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 92
7.2.4. TIpUHLtlm pa.o;a TpaHccI>opMaTo pa .............. 92
7.2.5. IIpeliocHu OAROCTpaHccI>opMaTopa .. ... . ... .. . 93
7.2 .6. r y6ULtII CHare y TpaHccI>0pMaTOpy . . . . . .. 94
7.2 .7. X n a ~e l:be TpaHccI>opM3Top a ................... 94
7.2.8. CTeneH KOplJCHOr AejcTsa ............ . ........ 94
8. EJIEKTPH'fHEMAUlHHE ..... . . ...... 95
8.1. OCHOBE KOHCTPYKUI1JE OEPTHI1X
EJIEKTPI1'1HI1X MAUlI1H A ................ 95
8.1.1. ry6 1I1~ u y en eKTpnl.{HUM Ma mOHaMa. . .. . ... .96
8.2. OEPTHO MArHETCKO flOJhE .............. 96
8.2 .1. f eHepncal:be o5pTHo r MarHeTCKor n01ba
Asocl>a3HIJM CIlCTeMOM ... . . .. . . . .. ... . .. ... . . 97
8.2.2. f eHepllca l:be o6pTHor Marl::l eTCKOr n01ba
Tpo cl>a3HlIM CUCTeMOM .... . ................... 98
8.3. ACI1HXPOHE MAUlI1HE . . . ..... . .......... 98
8.3.1. K OHCTpYKLtuja aCllH XpOHII X Mawna3.. . .. . . . 99
67 8.3.2. npnH~un p3Aa aCIIHX pOHlIX MOTopa .......... 101
67 8.3.3. TIy llITal:be y paA aCIIH xp oHIIX MOTopa ......... 103
68 8.3.4. P e ryn a ~llj a 6p 311He acnHxpoHll X MOTop a ...... 104
69 8.3.5. TIpm feHa CMepa o6pTaiba aCIIHx poHor MOTopa . . 105
8.3.6. oona HC CHar e II CTeneH KopUCHor )J;ej cTsa
aClIH x pOHor MOTopa ................ . ....... 105
8.4. CI1HXPOHE MAUlI1HE . . ..... 105
8 .4.1. KO H CT p Y K~l1j a CJlH XPOHIi X MaWIlH a ........... 105
8.4.2. Y noTpe6a CIIH xpoHnx Ma llinH a............... 107
8.4.3. npllH Ltltn paAa CIIH xpoHe Ma WIlHe ............ 107
8.5. MA lIII1H E JE,C( HOCMEPHE CTPYJE ....... 108
8.5.1. Han aj albe no6Y)J; lIo r lI aMoTaj a ........ ..... .. 109
8.5.2. M amliHa j eAHocMe pHe cTpyj e ca He3aBliCHOM
no6YAoM ..... .. ............ . . 109
8.5.3. r eHepaTop j eA HocMepHe cTpyje .............. 111
75
8.5.4. PeAHo n o6y~e Hll MOTOP ..................... 111
8.5.5. 6nna HC CHar e MaWJlRa j eAHocMepHe cTpyj e .... 112
8.5.6. TIpnMe Ha MawnHa j eAHocMepHe cTpyj e........ 112
8.5.7. O CHOBHU np o6n e~m KO):]; MawnH a j eA HocMepHe
cTpyje ..................................... 112
8.6. KOMYTATOPCKE MAUlI1HE .. ..113
8.7. CEPBOMOTOPI1 . . . . . . . . ............ . . 114
8.8. KOPA'IHI1 MOTOPH . ... .. ................. 114
8.8.1. K O H CT p Y K~lIja KOpa1.fHIIX MOTOP3 ........ . ... 115
9. EJlEKTPOMOTOPHH nOfOHM ............. 117
9.1. CTP YKTY PE EflEKTPOMOTOPHMX
ITOfOHA. . . . . ....................... 117
9.1.1. TIpe,QHocT u ,Il,U n JTan HU X eneKTpoMOTOPHI1X
n orOHa .................................... 118
9.2. MEXAHI1KA EflE KTPOMOTOPHI1X
ITOfOHA ................. .................
9.3. PAAHI1 MEXAHI13MI111 M A lIIl1H E .......
9.3.1. Pa,ll,H3 TaqK3 •.. . •.•.•...•.• . • . • . • . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2. CTa6uJInOCT DorOHa . _. _. _. _. _... _..........
9.4. ITOrOHI1 EflEKTPl1'lHl1X MAlIIl1HA ..... 121
9.4.1. TpajHll norOH . . . ................... 121
9.4.2. KpaTKoTpajHII no r OH ....................... 121
9.4.3 .l1H Te p~mT e HTHIl norOH
(noroH ca nepUOAItl.fHlfM onTepeheJ-be~ {) ....... 122
9.5. Y ITPABJbAIhE H PErYflAUI1JA ........... 122
9.5.1. OnwT3 meM3 perynllc3Hor norona ........... 122
9.5.2. AYTOM3TCK3 perynal.{uja eneKTpoMoTOPH II X
norona ca np"M eHoM nOBpaTHe cnpere ........ 122
9.6. 3AlIITI1TA MAlIIl1 H A Oil, ITPETEPAHor
3ArPEBAIhA .............................. 123
9.6.1. 3alllTUT3 OJ.\ npeonTepeheJb3 n Oll-fOny
6m.leT3JI HII X peneja ......................... 123
9.6.2. 3awTuT3 DA KpaTKor cnoja TQn JbItBUM
ocnrypaQUMa . . .................... 124
9.6.3. KOMfinRoBaRa 3al.DTUTa II O,ll. npeonTepene}ba II
OA KpaTKor cnoja ..... . ....... . . . ........... 124
9.6.4. n O,ll.HanOHCKa 3amTlITa ..................... 124
9.6.5. Te~mepaTypHa 3amTIlTa ............ . ..... 124
9.7. AEJCTBO EflEKTPWIHE CTPYJE HA
40BEKA 11 3AlIITI1TA Oil, YAAPA CTPYJE .. 124
9.7.1. 3awTlJTa PYKoBaou.a O,ll. eneKTpUlJROr YAapa ... 125
9.7.2. AKo AO eneKTplIlJHOr YAapa IInaK A0ge ........ 125
9.8. CTEI1EH MEXAHI14K E 3AlIITI1TE
EflEKTPI1'lHI1X YPE1)AJA ....... . ........ 126
10. EJlEKTPM'IHH AnAPATH H nOM01iHH
YPE1)AJM .................................. 128
10.1. ITPEK I1AA'lI1 .................... . ........ 128
10.1.1. AYToMaTcKu npeKU jl;alJlI . ....•... . . • ••.... . . 128
10.2. PACTABJbA'l11 .................. .... ..... 129
10.3. OCI1rY PA411 .... . ..............•......... 129
10.3.1. TOnJLIIBH ocurypallll. . . . . • . . . . ... ... 129
10.4. C KflOITKE ............. .••. . .. . . .......... 130
10.4.1. fpe6eHacTe CKnonKe ....................... 130
10.5. PEflEJI1 . . ....... . . . ............••......... 131
10.5.1. EUMeTanHu pen eju ............. .•... ...... 131
10.5.2. TexHuKa penejH e 3alllTilTe ... . ............. 132
10.6. TAXOrEHEPATOPI1 ...................... 132
10.6.1. TaxoreHepaTopu jeAHocMepHe cTpyje ... . .... 132
10.7. MEPHI1 ITPETBAPA'l11 ITOMEPA JA ...... . 132
10.7.1.I1HAYKTUBHlI AaBallll n031fll,lIje (n HAYKT IIBHII
npeTBapalJU nOMepaj a) ..................... 132
10.7.2. OnTUlJKU jl;aBalJlI n03Ull,uj e (MepHII npeTBapallU
nOMepaja ca cpoToOCeTJLIIBIIM eneMeuTIIMa) .. 133
10.8. CI1MBOfll111 lII EME . .................. . .. 134
10.9. KPAJIhI1 ITPEKl1nA'l11 ....... .... . .. ..... 135
10.10. CEH30PI1 ................. • .......• • ..... 135
11. EJlEKTPOHHKA ........... . . ........ 137
]].1. KPETAlhE EflEKTPOH A KP03 BAKYYM Y
118 EflEKTPI1'lHOM 11 MArHETCKOM ITOJbY . 137
119
11.1.1. KpeTa}be eneKTpoHa Kp03 BaKYYM Y
120
eneKTpUlJHOM no.'l.y .. . ............. . ....... 137
121
11.1.2. KpeTa}be eneKTpou3 y MarueTCKOM nOJLY .... 138
11.1.3. KaToAAa l\eB ........ . ......... ....... ..... 138
11.2. ITPOBOAH I1UI1 ,I130flATOPI1,
nOflYITPOBOAHI1UI1 .......... . . .. ...... 139
11.2.1. n onynpOBO,ll HJlI..\n P II N Tlln a ........••..... 140
11.3. ITPOB01)EIhE CTPYJE Y
nOflY ITPOBOn HI1K Y ......... ....... ..... 141
11.4. PN C I10l ............................• . .... 141
11.4.1. AllpeKTHa nonapU3al\lJja PN cnoja ..... •..... 142
11.4.2. J.1HBep3Ha nonaptl3al.\uja PN cnoja ........... 143
11.4.3. IT po6oj PN cnoja . ... ... . . .. . .... •. .... 143
11.5. AI10AA .............................•..... 144
11.5.1. ITpn MeHa AIIOAa .......... . .........•...... 144
11.6. EI1ITOflAPHI1 TPAH3I1CTOPI1... .. . 144
11.6.1 . ITpIIHl\lIn paAa TpaH3l1cTopa ................ 145
11 .6.2. nOjalJaBalJKO CBOjCTBO TpaH3 l1 cTopa ......... 146
11 .6.3. CTaTlll.fKe KapaKTepucTuKe TpaH30cTopa .... 147
11.6.4. OrpaAIIQeH.a y paAY TpaH311cTopa ...... ..... 147
11.7. T PAH311CTOP CA E<I>EKTOM ITOJbA ..... 148
11.7.1. CnojHH TpaH3ucTop ca ecpeKToM
nOiLa (JFET-OBll) .............. ..... ....... 148
11.7.2. ITpUHl\lln paAa FET·a .......... ..... ....... 149
11.8. MOSFET ................... . .............. 150
11.8.1. MOSFET ca yrpaljeH IIM KaHanOM ........... 150
11.8.2. MOSFET ca IIH,Il.YKOBaHtlM KaHaJIOM ........ 150
11.9. TI1PI1CTOPI1 .............................. 151
11.9.1. TpnjaK ............... . ............ .. ..... 152
11.9.2. AujaK .......... . ................ . •....... 152
11.10. I1HTErPI1CA HA KOflA .................. 152
11.11.I1CITPABJbA'l11 ............. . . .. • ........ 153
11.11 .1. JeA HocTpaHIi UCnpaB1baQ .........•.... . ... 154
11.11.2. J],BocTpaHli ncnpasJLal.f ................ . ... 154
11.12. CTABI1fll13ATOP HAI10HA ............. 155
11.13. I1OlA'l ABA'l11 ..................••.. . .... 156
11.13.1. Onepau.noHH nOj alJaBalJ ......... • .... .... , 156
11.13.2. IToBpaTH a cnpera ............. ..... ....... 157
11.14.0CUl1flATOPI1 ............. . ......... . . 157
11.15. OCHOBH A flOrl1'lKA KOflA Y
AYTOMATI1Ul1l1fll1 PA4YHAPCKOJ
TEXHI1UI1 ............................... 158
11.16. MEMOPI1JE ........................... . . . 159
11.17. MI1KPOITPOUECOP ...................... 161
11.18. OC HOBHE CMETIhE I1IhI1XOBO
OTKflAIhAIhE .......................... 162
11.19. I1HAYCTPI1JCK I1PA'lY H A PI1 ....... .... 162
I1Pl1fl0311 .. .. 165
nllTepaTypa ...........•... . ....... . . 173
7
IIpep;roBop

YI,I6eHHK je HanHCaH rrpeMa HaCTaBHOM rrnaHY 3a rrpeAMeT OCHOBe eneK-

TpOTeXHHKe H eneKTpOHHKe 3a II pa3peA TporOAHIIHbe H qeTBOpOrOI\H-
IlIlhe Ma IlIHHCKe IlIKone.
CaM Ha3HB rrpeAMeTa YKa3yje Aa yqeHHIIH Tpe6a Aa ce yrro3Hajy ca
OCHOBHHM 3aKOHHMa H rrpHHIIHrrHMa eJIeKTpOTexHHKe H eJIeKTpOHHKe,
Kao H KOHCTPYKIIHjOM, HaqHHOM paAa H yrroTpe6oM eJIeKTpHqHHX MaIlIH-
Ha, TpaHc¢opMaTopa, rrocTpojelhHMa 3a rrpeHoc eJIeKTpHqHe eHeprHje,
eJIeKTpOHcKHM eJIeMeHTHMa H CHCTeMHMa. IIOIliTO je rrpeAMeT y rroAPY-
qjy paAa MallIHHCTBO H o6paAa MeTaJIa, ayTop ce TPYAHO Aa yqeHHIIHMa
rrpH6JIHlKH eJIeKTpOTexHHKY H YKalKe Ha lheHY rrOBe3aHOCT ca MaIlIHH-
CTBOM.
YI,I6eHHK caAplKH 11 rrOmaBJha H rrpHJIOre Ha Kpajy. Ha Kpajy CBaKor
rrOrJIaBJha AaTa cy mlTalha 3a rrpoBepy 3Halha . Y yI,I6eHHKY ce BpJIO qeCTO
rroMHlhY rOAHHe KaAa cy 3aKOHH ¢opMyJIHCaHH, Kao H rOAHHe BalKHHjHx
oTKpHna. AyTOp je lKeJIeO I\a yqeHHIIH YO<Ie KaKO ce pa3BHjaJIa eJIeKTpO -
TeXHHKa y rrpOIlIJIOCTH, a KaKaB je lheH pa3Boj l\aHac. IIpH rrHcalhY, ayTop
je BOAHO paqYHa Aa cTpyqHa o6paAa MaTepHje 6YAe rrpHXBaTJhHBa yqeHH-
IIHMa, IbHXOBOM y3pacTy H HHTepecoBalhY.
AYTOP

8
5. HaIl3MeHIP-IHe cTpyje

EJIeKTp"'lHa KOJIa npOMeHJhIlBIIX CTpyj a IIMajy

BeJIIIKY npllMeHy y npaKCH: npH npeHocy eJIeK-
TpH'IHe eHeprHje, npH npeHocy CHrHaJIa KOI1 pa-
I1Hja, TeJIeBH3Hje HTI1.
IlpOMeHJhHBe cTpyje cy cTpyje Koje y BpeMeHY
a)
Mea.ajy IIHTeH311TeT IlJIH CMep, HJIH H jel1HO H I1PY-
roo IlpOMeHJhHBe cTpyje Mory 5HTH nepHOI1I1'1He
(BpeIlHOCTH ce nOHaBJhajy y jellHaKHM BpeMeH-
CKHM HHTepBaJIHMa) II anepHOIIH'lHe. IlepHO-
IIH'IHe cTpyje Mory 5HTH npOCTonepHOIIH'IHe
(npOMeHe ce Mory npHKa3aTH CHHYCHHM IlJIH KO -
CHHYCHHM q,YHKI1HjaMa) H CJIO)!(eHOnepHOIIH'IHe
(TO cy nepHOIIH'IHe cTPyje Koje HHCY npOCTone-
PIIOIIII'lHe). Y OBOM lIeJIY aHaJIH3HpaHa cy KOJIa ca
npOCTOnepHOI1H'IHHM cTpyjaMa H HanOHHMa. 5)

5.L OCHOBHll IlOjMOBllll

BeJIll'IIIHe
CTPyja Koja ce He Mea.a y BpeMeHY Ha3HBa ce CTaJI-
ua HJIH CTaIjHouapua crpyja H npeMa YCBojeHHM
CTaH)\apJlHMa 03Ha'laBa ce BeJIHKHM CJIOBOM l.
CTpyja Koja Mea.a y BpeMeHY HHTeH3HTeT HJIH
B)
CMep, HJIII H jellHo H IIPyro, jecTe npOMeUJbIlBa
cTpyja II 03Ha'laBa ce ca i.

IIpeMa cMepy KOju uMajy, ciItpyje ce geJle fia:

• jelluocMepHe cTpyje
GBe cTpyje YBeK HMajy HCTH CMep. YeJIeKTpOTex-
HHI1H ce BPJIO '1eCTO nOI1 jellHocMepHHM cTpyjaMa y
y)!(eM CMHCJIY n0l1pa3YMeBajy caMO CTaJIHe cTpyje .

• HaIl3MeHH'IHe cTpyje 2S
r)
GBe CTpyje nOBpeMeHO Mea.ajy 3HaK. IlOIl Ha-
113MeHH'IHHM cTpyjaMa y y)!(eM CMIICJIY ce BP-
JIO '1eCTO nOllpa3YMeBajy npocTonepHOIIH'I He
cTpyje, Kao H y OBOM nOrrraBJhY.

25 K a,Qa ce 03H3'IaBaj y HaU3MeHH'IHe BeJIJr~IIIHe Ha ype~ajn~ta 1I11H -

crpYM c HTlIMa KOpU CTI.1 ce mm 03HaKa .,-"mIll ,.AC". CAUKa 5.1. ~ lpacjJU/{U iipOlotefl e ciUpyja y BpeJ.teHy

60
CmrKa 5.1 rrpHKa3yje rpacpHKe rrpoMeHa cTpyje
y BpeMeHY: a) CTanHa HnH CTal1HOHapHa cTpyja,
0) BpeMeHcKH rrpOMeHJhHBa jellHocMepHa CTpy-
ja, B) HaH3MeHH'lHa H r) rrpOCTorrepHOIIH'lHa
CTpyja.
"pOCTonepHOllllqHe BeJlllqllHe (CTpyja, HanOH)
jecy BeJlH'lHHe 'Hlje ce rrpOMeHe Mory npHKa3a-
TH Cl-rHYCHIfM IfJlIf KOCHHYCHHM CPYHKl1lfjaMa.
300r BeJlIfKOr 3Ha'laja npocTonepHOlllf'lHHX
Benlf'lHHa y npaKcH, Kao H 300r penaTHBHo jell-
HOCTaBHe aHamne If rrpOpa'lyHa eneKTpH'lHHX
Kona, H y OBOM lIeny ce pa3MaTpajy caMO Be-
nH'lHHe Koje cy rrpoCTOrrepHOI1If'lHe. CHHycHa
H KOcHHycHa CPYHKI1Hja cy rrepHOIIH'lHe CPYHK-
I1Hje, illTO 3Ha'lIf lIa ce nOCJIe HCKor IfHTepBaJIa
BpeMeHa T BpellHOCTIf CPYHKI1Ifje lIOHaBJhajy.
HHTepBaJI BpeMeHa T je nepIfoll " jellIfHHl1a je
s (CEKYH}J)
5.1.1. reHepHcaIhe
ITpOCTOITepHOAH~He
eneKTpOMOTopHeCHne
Pall" JIaKWer pa3YMeBalba, npHHI1Hrr reHep"calba
rrpOCTorrepHOIIH'lHe eJIeKTpOMOTopHe CIfJIe rrpH-
Ka3aH je Ha yrrpoillheHOM MOlleJIY, KOjH IfMa jellaH
rrpoBollHIf paM. ITpoBOIIHH paM pOT"pa y XOMO -
reHOM MarHeTCKOM rrOJhY KOHCTaHTHOM yraoHoM
OP3HHOM w. TpeHYTHIf rrOJIo)!(aj paMa Ollpel)eH je
ymoM a, a TO je yrao H3Mel)y BeKTopa MarHeTCKe
IfHl1yKI1Hje B H BeKTOpa HOpMaJIe Ha nOBpwrmy
paMa ii. Kalla ce paM oophe, Melba ce If MarHeT-
CKIf CPJIYKC Kp03 paM. Ca CJIHKe 5.2 MO)!(e lIa ce
yO'lH lIa Kalla je a ~ 0, MarHeTCKIf cpnYKC IfMa MaK-
CIfManHY BpeIlHOCT, Kal1a je a ~ 90°, MarHeTCKIf
CPJIYKC je 0 HTII. Ha OCHOBY Tora ce H3BOilIf 3aKJhy-
'laK lIa ce cpnYKC Melba no KOCIfHYCHOj cpyHKI1IfjH
If TO MO)!(e l1a ce HanHDle "'(t) ~ '" m . COS a.

e <t>

"
-¥~-----'~------~__------*=------~~~a
/

o 7t- 1t / 31t 2:n:

2 "...... ,/ 2

CAlOW 5.2. - flpuHquil2eHepu ca1ba i1.po ciiloiiepuogu,{H e e.rreKiupo.AtoiuopHe culte

61
rrOlliTO ce MarHeTCKII CPJIYKC Melba, Y rrpOBOII-
HOM paMY lie ce IIHIIYKOBaTil eJIeKTpOMOTopHa 5.3. AHaJlHTHqKH HaqHH
CIIJIa Koja je jellHaKa: rrpHKa3HBalha HaH3MeHHqHHX
Ll.<I> BeJlHqHHa (CTpyja, HarrOH)
e=--
M'
AHaJIIITIIqKII HaqlIH rrplIKa3I1Balba Ha1I3Me-
rile je Ll.<I> rrpOMeHa cpJIYKca, a M rrpOMeHa Bpe- HIIqHIIX rrpOCTorrepIlOlllI'IHIIX BeJIIIqIlHa rrOIl-
pa3YMeBa rrlIcalbe cpopMyJIa Koje rrpIlKa3yjy Ty
MeHa. I1HIIYKOBaHa eJIeKTpOMOTopHa crma ce
3aBilCHOCT. OrrIIITil I13pa3 3a I1HTeH3I1TeT rrpo-
Melba rro CIIHYCHOj CPYHKI\lIjil e(t) = Em sin a, rrplI
cTorrepIlOIIIlqHe cTpyje je:
qeMY je Em = <l>mw.
YraOHa 6p3IIHa ce lIecpIlHIIIIIe Kao rrpei)eHII I i(t) = 1m . sin (w· t + '1') I
yrao Y BpeMeHY OJ = -a . 3 a BpeMe JellHe
. rreplI-
t 5.3.1. IIapaMeTpH HaH3MeHHqHe
olle T jellaH HaBojaK rrpei)e yrao Oil 360 0 IIJIII 2rr
rad 26 , rra je yraoHa 6p3IIHa w jellHaKa: rrpOCTorrepHO~HqHe CTpYJe
"TpeUYTU3 BpellUOCT U3I13MeHIIQHe BeJIIIQIl-
211 lie ;(t)
OJ=-.
T
03HaqaBa ce MaJIIIM CJIOBOM II rrpellCTaSJI,a Bpell-
rrepHOII je speMe Tpajalba jellHe rryHe rrpoMeHe HOCT HaIl3MeHIIqHe rrpocTorreplIOlllIqHe cTpyje
y ollpei)eHoM TpeHyTKy.
HalI3MeHIIqHe cTpyje, a cppeKBeHI\lIja f je 6poj
TIIX rryHIIx rrpoMeHa y jellHHIII\H BpeMeHa: " AMIIJIIITYll3 113I13Me1l1lQHe CTpyje
To je KOHCTaHTHa HeHeraTHBHa BpellHOCT (03Ha-
1 qeHa je ca 1m) II rroKa3yje lIaje MaKCIIMaJIHa Bpell-
f = - =} w = 211f.
T HOCT cTpyje 1m' a MIIHIIMaJIHa BpellHOCT je - 1m'
" <1"1333 27
(wt + '1') Ha3IIBaMO cpa30M, a TO je y CTBapil yrao
CIIHYCHe CPYHKI\lIje. Kalla je t = 0, Talla je cpa-
5.2. IIpHKa3HBalhe HaH3MeHHqHHX 3a jellHaKa '1'28 II TO je rrOQeTH3 1\1333. rrOqeTHa
cpa3a je cpa3a (IIJIII yrao) KOjy cTpyja liMa y rro-
rrpOCTorrepHO~HqHHX
qeTHOM TpeHyTKy rrOCMaTpalba. rrOqeTHa cpa3a
BeJlHqHHa M02Ke 6IITII rr03I1TIIBHa, HeraTIIBHa I1JIII HyJIa.

Kao IIITO ce Melba IIHIlYKoBaHa eJIeKTpOMoTOP- "KpY>KH3 YQeCT3HOCT w rrpellCTaSJI,a 6p3IIHy

Ha CIIJIa, TaKO ce Melbajy II HaIl3MeHIIqHII HarrOH KOjOM ce cpa3a Melba.
II cTpyja. HaIl3MeHIIqHe BeJIIIqIlHe (cTpyja, Ha-
rrOH, eMC) Mory ce rrpIlKa3aTil Ha BIIIIIe HaqlIHa: JellHHIII\a 3a Kpy2KHe yqeCTaHOCTil je S-1 I1JIII
rad/s .
• aHaJlUTHQKH,

" rp3l\mqKII, " llepllollje BpeMe 3a Koje ce I13BpIIIe CBe rrpoMeHe

" 1\1330PCKII, HaIl3MeHIIqHe cTpyje. 03HaqaBa ce CJIOBOM T:
"KOMIIJIeKCUUM opojeBIIM3.

26 BeJIlf'IHHa yrJIa ce 113pa.)KaBa Y CTeneH.llMa, a TaKoge 11 y pa-

IT=~ I
AlIjanlU.fa (03HaKa rad) 1I Be3a 1I3Me9Y CTeIIeHa fi paAlijaHa je: 27 Pe'I r.jJa3a je rp'IKor nopeKJIa II 3Ha'lU 1Ioja8a UJIU u32.11eg.
1800:::: 11 rad. 28 fP'IKO CJlGBO, 'IUTa ce ucu.

62
 rrOSplllHHI1 KOjy 06yxsaTa HeraTI1BHa rroJlyrrepl1-
Jel\HHHl1a 3a rrepHOI\ je CEKYH,o: (s).
Ol1a 11 XOpH30HTaJlHa speMeHCKa oca. Ha OCHOSY
Tora 3aKlby'lyje ce l1a je Cpel1fua Spel1HOCT Ha113-
• Y'IeCTaHOCT HJlH tjlpeKBeHHHja je 6poj rrepH-
MeHl1qHe rrpOCTOrrepl101111'1He cTpyje 3a speMe
0i\a Y jel\Hoj ceKYHl\lL 03HaqaBa ce CHM60JlOM
jel\He rrepl1Ol\e jel\HaKa HyJlH (CJlHKa 5.3a).
f AKo je rrepHOI\ BeliH, cppeKBeHI1Hja lie 6HTH
Mafua, lIlTO 3Ha'lH i\a cy rrepHOI\ H cppeKseHI1Hja
06pHYTO cpa3MepHe SeJlHqHHe:

If=~ I
a 3aMeHOM H3pa3a 3a rrepHOi\ 1106Hja ce I\a je
(j)
f =- (HJlH (j) = 2rrf).
2rr

Jel1HHHl1a 3a cppeKseHl.\Hjy je XEPU: (Hz).

Cl Y rpal\CKHM MpelKaMa EBporre cppeKSeHI1H-
W ja je 50 Hz, a y MpelKaMa CA,o: je cppeKseH-
I.\Hja60Hz.
AHaJlIITII'IKII1I3pa3 3a HaIl3MeHII'IHII HanOH je:
rile je ca Um 03Ha'leHa MaKCHMaJlHa Bpel\HOCT
Hal13MeHI1'1HOr HarrOHa, (j) je KpylKHa Y'leCTa -
HOCT, a rrO'leTHa cpa3a je 829
Kao lIlTO MO)Ke l1a ce rrpHMeTH, rrO'leTHe cpa3e
HarrOHa H cTpyje cy 03Ha'leHe pa3J1H'IHTHM CHM-
60JlHMa l1a 6H ce JlaKlIle pal1l1J1o ca ful1Ma. I1po-
CTOrrepHOI\H'IHa SeJIH'IHHa (CTpyja, HarrOH) CMa-
Tpa ce rr03HaTOM aKO ce 3Ha fueHa MaKCHMaJlHa
SpeI\HOCT, KpY)KHa Y'leCTaHOCT 11 rrOqeTHa cpa-
3a . KpY)KHa Y'leCTaHOCT, nOlllTO je Ol\pe~eHa
KPY)KHOM yqecTaHolllliy reHepaTopa, MO)Ke ce
CMaTpaTH rr03HaTOM.
a) 6)
ClHtKa 5.3. -JI,eqJUHuu,uja cpegl-be 6pegHociiiu
liaU3.4teHll'fHe ciupyje
113 Tor pa3J10ra cpeAlLa BpeAHOCT HaH3MeHH'I'
He npOCTonepIIOAII'IHC cTpyje i\ecpHHl1l1lC ce
Kao CTaJlHa Spel\HOCT cTpyje rrpH KOjOj 3a spe-
Me 01\ jel1He nOJlOSHHe rrepHOl1a Kp03 rrOrrpe'lHH
rrpeceK KOJla rrpOTeKHe HCTa KOJlH'IHHa eJleK-
TpHI.\HTeTa Kao H rrpH rrOCMaTpaHoj HaH3MeHH'I-
HOj CTpyjH (CJlI1Ka 5.36). I1oMoliy BHlIle MaTe-
MaTHKe 1\06Hja ce cpopMyJla 3a H3pa'lYHasal-he
cpel1fue spel1HOcTI1:
Iisr =;.I m I
I101llTO je H HaH3MeHH'IHH HarrOH rrpocTorrepH-
OI\H'IaH Kao H HaH3MeHH'IHa cTpyja, H cpel1fua
Bpel\HOCT HaH3MeHH'IHOr HarrOHa ce pa'lyHa rro
CJlH'IHOj cpOpMyJlH:

5.3.2. Cpe,o:lha Bpe,o:HOCT

HaH3MeHHqHe
I1pOCTOrrepHo,o:HQHe CTpYJe
AKO ce rrOCMaTpa npOMeHa HaH3MeHI1'1He cTpyje
3a speMe jel\He rrepHOl\e, yoqasa ce l1a je rrosp -
IllHHa OrpaHHqeHa rr03HTHSHOM rroJlyrrepl10110M
1'1 XOpl130HTaJlHOM BpeMeHCKOM OCOM jel1HaKa
29 a- rp'lKO CJIOBO, ' lllTa cc ilieiTta.
5.3.3. E¢eKTHBHa Bpe,o:HOCT
HalI3MeHHQHe
rrpOCTOI1epHo,o:HQHe CTpYJe
EtjlCKTHsHa Bpel\HOCT HaIl3MeHII'IHe IIpOCTO-
nepHOAH'IHe cTpyje je CTaJlHa Bpel1HOCT cTpyje
rrpl1 KOjOj ce OCJl060l\H HCTa KOJll1qHHa TOrrJlOTe

63
Kao 11 npl1 nOCMaTpaHoj Hal13MeHI1'1Hoj CTPyjl1. sinx cosx
EcpeKTI1BHa Bpel\HOCT Hal13MeHI1'1He cTpyje ce
03Ha'laBa CIIOBOM I.

a ecpeKTI1BHa Bpel\HOCT HaI13MeHF!'1HOr HanOHa

je

C.IlUKa 5.4. - CW-tyCfIil U KOcLlHycHa cjJYHKI{uja

EcpeKTI1BHa Bpel\HOCT Hal13MeHI1'1HI1X BeIII1'1I1- AKO ce aMnIIHTYlla CMaIDI1, Ha npl1Mep IIBa ny-
Ha I1Ma Bem!KI1 rrpaKTl1'1HI1 3Ha'laj. OrrI1CI1Ba- Ta, lIo511ja ce CPYHKI1Hja Koja lie I1MaTI1 MaKCI1-
IDe Hal13MeHI1'1HI1X Bem!'1I1Ha ce BprrIl1 rrpeKO MaIIHY 11 MI1HI1MaIIHY BpellHOCT rrOl\eJbeHY ca
ecpeKTI1BHI1X BpeI\HOCTI1. IIpOCTOrrep"01\I'1Ha IIBa, Ha CIII1I1I1 5.5 rrp"Ka3aHa je HCrrpeKHl\aHOM
Benl1'1l1Ha (CTpyja, HanOH) CMaTpa ce rr03HaTOM III1Hl1jOM.
aKO ce 3Ha IbeHa ecpeKTI1BHa Bpel\HOCT 11 IbeHa
rrO'leTHa cpa3a. TaKolje, CBI1 I1HcTpYMeHTH rro-
Ka3yjy ecpeKTI1BHY Bpel\HOCT BenH'IHHe Koja ce
i(t) = Im"sin(wt)
Mepl1.
,,,(t) = O,5fm sin(wt)
EcpeKTI1BHa Bpel\HOCT HarrOHa Ha KOjl1 ce,
WI
Y l\oMaliI1HCTBY, rrpl1KJby'lyje MOHocpa3HH
rrpHjeMHI1Kje 230 V.

C/lUKQ 5.5. - YiTtul{aj i1pOAteHe MQKCUMa.!lHe spegHocluu

ciupyje fta ilpociiiouepuogU"/'He cUipyje
5.4. rpa<plIqKII HaqlIH 06.1lUK

IIplIKa3lIBalha AKO ce KpY)KHa yqeCTaHOcT W rroBelia IIBa rry-

HalI3MeHlIQHlIXBenlIQlIHa Ta, TO 3Haql11\a ce H cppeKBeHl1l1jajrroBelia IIBa
rryn a rrepl1ol1 T CMaIDl1l1Ba rryn (cppeKBeHI1I1-
Ha OCHOBY rr03HaBaIDa H3 MaTeMaTHKe rpacpl1- ja 11 rrepl1ol1 cy 06pHYTO cpa3MepHe BeIII1QI1He).
Ka 11 oco5HHa CHHYCHe (Hnl1 KOCI1HYCHe) CPYHK- Y TOM cIIy'lajy lIo611ja ce "rywlia" CPYHKl1l1ja.
I1Hje (cIII1Ka 5.4) Mory I\a ce Hal1pTajy H rpacpl1'1-
KH rrpHKa)KY rrpoCTOrrep"0I\H'IHe BeIII1'1HHe.
f\ I \
,
IIpoCTOnepl101\I1'1Ha BeIIH'IHHa je n03HaTa aKO I \ I i(t)=Jm'sin(cot)
I \
ce 3Ha IDeHa aMnIIHTYl\a, KpY)KHa Y'leCTaHOCT 11 \

nO'leTHa cpa3a. Ha CIII1KaMa 5.5, 5.6 H 5.7 rpa-

WI
CPH'IKH je npl1Ka3aHa npocTOnepHOl\l1'1Ha CTPY- \
\
ja MaKCI1MaIIHe BpellHOCTH 1m , nO'leTHe cpa3e \ li(t)=Im sin(2wt)
'i' = 0 11 KpY)KHe yqeCTaHOCTI1 W nYHOM IIHHHjOM. \I

Ha I1CTI1M CIIHKaMa I1CnpeKl1l\aHOM III1Hl1jOM cy

npHKa3aHI1 yTl1l1ajl1 npOMeHe nojelll1HI1X napa- C.!lUlW 5.6. - YlUUl{aj iipOAteHe KpYJlCHe ytteciiiaHociUu lW
MeTapa Ha H3rnell rpacpHKa. 06JlUK iipociuoiiepuogU'iHe ciUpyje

64
~O ce Melba rrO'IeTHa ¢a3a, a rrpHTOM aMrrJIH- AKO ce J.\Be BeJIH'IHHe Melbajy Ha BCTH Ha'IHH,
~-:la H KpYlKHa Y'IeCTaHOCT ce He Melbajy, OH- a npllTOM HeMajy jeJ.\HaKe rrO'IeTHe ¢a3e, OHJ.\a
_:1 j e BalKHO J.\a JIll ce rrO'IeTHa ¢a3a rroBeliaJIa nocTojH lj!a311a pa3J1HKa cp30. <Pa3Ha pa3JIIIKa
L-:m CMaIbBJIa. AKO ce rrO'IeTHa ¢a3a nOBelia, HanOHa H cTpyje je:
:-pa¢llK ¢YHKUllje ce rrOMepa YJIeBO, a aKO ce
'leTHa ¢a3a CMalbH Y OJ.\HOCY Ha 3aJ.\aTY BpeJ.\-
EOCT, rpa¢HK ¢YHKUHje ce rrOMepa YJ.\eCHO. Ha
c.-mUll 5.7 rrpllKa3aH je YTHuaj rrpoMeHe rrO'leT- u i
3e ¢a3e Ha npocToneplloJ.\B'IHY CTpyjy. PaJ.\ll
_'IaKlIIer pa3YMeBalba HaupTaHa je rrpocTorrepB-
O.:\1l'lH3 cTpyja (Ha CJIHUH je 03H3'IeHa ca 1) K0J.\ ,i
Koje je rrO'leTHa ¢333 \jI = O. rpa¢HK Ha CJIHI\H I
~ . KOjH je 03Ha'IeH 6pojeM 2 rrpeJ.\cTaBJha CJIy- I
'laj KaJ.\a ce rrO'IeTHa ¢a3a CMalbllJIa, a rpa¢HK
03Ha'IeH 6pojeM 3 rrpeJ.\cTaBJha cJIY'Iaj KaJ.\a ce
rrO'leTHa ¢a3a rroBeliaJIa . u

, 2 CAUleO 5.9. - TpacpuLf-KU upuKoa g6e eeAU'iUHe u3Me!Jy

KOjux je cjJa3Ho P03J1UKO 'P
\
\
AKO je ¢a3Ha pa3J1HKa H3Mel)y J.\Be rrpocTone-
OJ/ PHoJ.\H'IHe BeJIH'IHHe 1l, OHJ.\a cy Te BeJIWIlme y
npOTIIBlj!a3U. TaKBa cHTyaUlIja je rrplIK33aHa
Ha CJIHI\II 5.10.

u
CA UKa 5.7. - YWlll{aj UpOAteHe iio'ieUiHe ljJa3e HO 06JlUK
iipociuDLlepuogllLtHe ciupyje

5.4.1. <Pa3Ha pa3JIMKa wt

A Be BeJIll'IHHe cy y lj!a311 aKO ce Melbajy Ha HCTH
Ha'IHH (TO 3Ha'IH J.\a HMajy HCTe KpylKHe Y'IeCTa-
HOCTH) H rrpHTOM HMajy jeJ.\HaKe rrO'IeTHe ¢a3e
(CJIHKa 5.8).
CAUlea 5.10. - rpmjJuLfKu ilpUKoa 960 HaU3.MeHu'tHO
u HoiioHO KOjU cy y iipoiUuBpa3u

I
/ ",
I \ 5.5. <Pa30pCKM HaqMH
npMKa3MBaIha HaM3MeHMQHMX
BeJIMQMHa
I
\ I OJ.\pel)HBalbe 36Hpa BHlIIe rrpOCTorrepHOJ.\WIHHX
, I
cTpyja Koje cy J.\aTe aHaJIHTH'IKHM H3pa3HMa
npeJ.\CTaBJha 3aMopaH H KOMllJIHKOBaH nocao.
ClHlKa 5.B. - TpatjJU'lKU iiPUK03 geo HQU3.A£eJ.tUlilW
HaiioHll Koja cy y cfJa3u 30 q> _ rpQKO C1JOBO, QUTa ce tjJu.

65
Cm-l'lHa j e CHTyal\Hj a H ca rpa<jJH'IKHM Ha'IHHOM Ha110Be3HBaH.a seKTopa 3a ca6Hpa~be, C THM
npHKa3HBal{,a HaH3MeHH4HHX npOCTOnepHO- WTO Tpe6a l1a ce 3Ha l1a je 36HP cpa30pa HOBH
AH4HHX BenM4HHa. <jJa30p.
Kao neno H eneraHTHO pewel{,e Ha\)eH je <jJa-
1
30PCKM Ha4MH npMKa3HBaH.a HaH3MeHH'IHHX
BeJllf'fHHa KOjH oMorynaBa 6p3y aHanH3Y Kona
H peWaBaH.e nOMeHYTMX np06neMa penaTHBHO I
I
jeAHocTaBHHM nocTynl\HMa. I
~a30p je 06pTHH BeKTOp KOjM ce 06pne y cMepy I

cynpoTHoM OA Ka3aJbKe Ha eaTY OKO HenOMH'I-

He Ta4Ke O. AY)((MHa <jJa30pa OArOBapa e<jJeK-
TIfBHOj BpeAHOCTH npOCTOnepHOAH'IHe BenH'IHHe,
a yrao KOjH 3aKnana ca <jJa3HOM OCOM je jeAHaK
cpo o.
nO'ieTHoj <jJa3M y TpeHyTKy 1 = 0 (n OBAe neMO
l\pTaTH caMO 06pTHe BeKTope KOjH cy 3ayCTa-
CJlltKG 5. 12 . - C/JoaopcKIl glljoipa.M
BJbeHH y TOM TpeHYTKY). <Pa30p cTpyje ce 03Ha-
'1aBa ea L AKO je aHanHTH'IKH H3pa3 cTpyje
;(1)= 1m · sin (WI + 1jI)= I· v'2.
sin(wt+'I'), TO 3Ha-
'1M l1a Taj <jJa30p MMa I1YlKHHY 1 H yrao KOjM <jJa- 5.6. OTilOPH Y KOJIY
30p CTpyje 3aKnana ca <jJa3HOM OCOM je '1'. ~a-
HaH3MeHHqHe CTpYJe
30p ce 3anl1cyje Ha cneAel\M Ha'lHH I = l l~. Ha
Cnl1l\M 5.11 npl1Ka3aHH cy npl1MepH <jJa30pa KO - Y Kom<Ma HaH3MeHH4He cTpyje ce ynoTpe6Jba -
jH cy 3aYCTaBJbeHH y TpeHyTKy t = 0 '1Mje cy I1Y- Bajy eneMeHTH KOjH ce KoplifCTe y KonlifMa jel1HO-
lKl1He epa3MepHe H.HXOBHM e<jJeKTHBHHM BpeA- CMepHe cTpyje, am-l H eneMeHTM KOjH ce TaMO He
HOCTnMa. KoplifCTe. EneMeHTIif KOjH y KonMMa HaH3MeHM'I-
He cTpyje HMajy HeKY OTnopHocT ey OTnopHHK,
KaneM M KOHl1eH3aTOp, '1HjH cy CMM60nH npHKa-
3aHM Ha Cnlifl\M 5.13. Tpe6a HarnaCI-ITH l1a j e OBO
ynpowl\eHa aHanlif3a.

o cpo o. (cpa3Ha oca) R

u <>---i'-_--'f-----o

o cpoo.

CIHIKO 5. 11 . - flpU.lf ep l(pilial-bo cpa30pa ci«pyje II

¢a30pa Hai"ioHQ (OOp iUHU BeKiuopuaoyci«a6lbe1W y
iupeHyiiiKy I = 0)

~830pCKIf AlljarpaM je cKyn <jJa30pa HanOHa H

cTpyja 3a HeKO eneKTpn'IHO Kono HJIlI HeKn H.e-
rOB l1eo. ilOWTO ce <jJa30pH 06pl\y IifCTOM yra-
OHOM 6P3HHOM 00, yrao 113Me\)y <jJa30pa ce He
MeH.a. 3a <jJa30pe BalKe eBa npaBlifna Kao H 3a
onepal\f.fje ca BeKTopHMa, 3Ha4H Mory l1a ce KO-
pHCTe, Ha npHMep. npaBHna n apanenorpaMa Hnlif
CAl I KO 5.13. - EJle.At eHiuu y KO.J1I1J,ffl HllU,J.ueHI_I'l.He ci7ipyje
ilpHMep 3a oTnopHIifK y Kony HaM3MeHM4He
cTpyje je eneKTpH'fHa rpejanMl\a, 3a KaneM
HaMoTajH TpaHc<jJopMaTopa, a KOHI1eH3aTop
ce Hana3H y pal1HO M TB npHjeMHMl\HMa .

66
5.6.1. OTllOPHIIK Y KOJIY
HaII3MeHII'me CTpYJe
Ha CJIHl(H 5.14llpHKa3aHje OTllOPHHK OTllOPHO-
CTH R Ha KOjH je llpHKJbY'IeH llpOCTorrepHOIIH'I-
HI1 HallOH u ca CTpyjOM i, rrpl1 '1eMY cy IhHXOBH
pe<j:JepeHTHH CMepOBH ycarJIallIeHI1.
u
+ KaJIeM (rrOCMaTpaMO HlleaJIaH KaJIeM '1Hja je
CJWKO 5.14. ~ OiTtfiopH.ll K Y KOII),
)J,aT je aHaJII1TH'IKH H3pa3 llpHKJbY'leHor HallO-
Ha u(t) = Um • sirr (ol . t + 8). 3allaTaK j e lIa ce 011-
pellH aHaJIHTH'IKH 113pa3 3a llpocTorrepHOIIH'I-
Hy CTpyjy.
HaH3MeHH'IHH (rrpOCTOrrepHOIIH'IHH) HarrOH H
cTpyja KOII OTllOpHHKa ce Melhajy Ha HCTH Ha-
'1HR, Kao llITO ce BHIIH H3 llpeTXOIIHHX H3pa3a
H rrO'leTHe <j:Ja3e cy jellHaKe lla 3aKJbY'lyjeMo lIa
cy HarrOH H cTpyja KOII OTrrOpHHKa y l\la3H. Ha
CJIHl(H 5.15 llpHKa3aHH cy rpa<j:JH'IKH HarrOH H
cTpyja KOII OTrropHHKa rrpH '1eMY je rrpOH3BOJb-
HO H3a6paH yrao '" = 0, a TO 3Ha'iH lIa je = e o.
5.6.2. KaJIeM Y KOJIY
HaII3MeHIIqHe CTpYJe
aKTHBHa OTrropllOCT jellHaKa 0) rrpHKJby'leR je
HouaJoICHu'-me ctTipyje Ra rrpOCTorrepHOIIH'IRH HarrOH U H Y lheMY rro -
CTOjH rrpOCTorrepHOIIH'IHa CTpyja i Kao mTO je
rrpHKa3aHO Ha CJIHl(H 5.16.
- L

IIpocTollepHOIIH'IHa cTpyja MO)!(e lIa ce H3pa-

,_ _ _ "-u_ _ _ -i
'1yHa llpHMeHOM OMOBor 3aKOHa:
+
. u(t) Urn . Cil UKO 5.16. - KaJle.4t y KO.ll.Y H(lll3,AfeHU'l.1-lC clupyje
,(t)= - = - ·sm(w .t+'I')'
R R HarrOH H cTpyja ce MeH,aj y ca HCTOM Y'leCTa-
HOllIny H y orrWTeM CJIy'lajy HHCY lIaTH HCTHM
IIopeljelheM YOllllITeHor aHaJIHTI1'1KOr 113pa3a H3pa3HMa, rra H3Meljy OBe IIBe BeJIH'lHHe llOCTO-
3a llpocTollepl1ollH'IHY CTpyjy H H3pa3a 1I06H- jH <j:Ja3Ha pa3JIHKa Koja j e j ellHaKa:
jeHor rroMony OMoBor 3aKOHa, 1I06Hja ce lIa j e 1t
'1'=8 - '1'=-,
U; = 1m' OIlROCHO lIeJbelheM ca .fi 1I06HjaMo 2
OIlROCHO Mo)!(e lIa ce Ka)!(e lIa HarrOH <j:Ja3Ho rrpell-
U I U lha'iH CTpyjH 3a lt/2 (HJIH qeTBpTHHy llepHolla).
' "rn = ~, OllaKJIe CJIellH - = I. OCHM TO-
v2·R v2 R i,u
fa , YO'laBa ce lIa j e 11 llO'leTHH yrao 3a HallOH H
CTpyjy HCTH, = ",. e u
.i
i,u /
/
/ wt
o /

o <1>. o. (q,a3Ha oca)

C'UIIW 5.15. - FparjJU'1.KU HOt(UH iipUKaaU6a1bO lipoAleHe ellllKO 5.17. - tpacjJUtlKU u. cjJa30pcKu HQLfWI ripww3uaa -
fUntOHO tI ciupyje KOg oiTiiiop mlKo 30 liP01l380lbHO JUG llp0.AWHe Haiiolw u ciupyje KOg Ka.rteAfG 30 fipoU3801b -
u306pOH yzao t{I=O HO u3a6pOH yzao 1/1 = 0

67
Ha CJIHl\H 5.17 rpacpwIKH cy rrpHKa3aHe rrpOMe-
c
He HarrOHa H cTpyja, Kao H IhHXOB cpa30pCKH I1H-
---.L.. ,
jarpaM rrpH 'leMY je rrpOH3BOJbHO H3a6paHO l1a 0

je 'V =0, a 360r cpa3He pa3JIHKe HarrOHa H cTpyje II

U
. 8 TC
Je OHl1a =2· +
PeaKTHBHa OTrropROCT KaJIeMa 31 HJIH IIRI1YK- C/lUKa 5.1S. - KmtgcH3atUOp Y KOJlY HaU3.l1teHU'iHC
THBRa OTIIOPROCT je BeJIll'lIlHa Koja rroKa3yje ciUpyje
Be3Y ll3Mei)y ecpeKTllBHllX Bpel1HOCTll HarrOHa II Ha CJIlll\H 5.19 rpacpH'lKH cy rrpllKa3aHe rrpOMe-
cTpyje KaJIeMa. OHa je jel1HaKa w . L H Y CJIy'lajy He HarrOHa H cTpyja , Kao H IhllXOB cpa30pCKH I1H-
KaJIeMa 03Ha'laBa ce ca XL: jarpaM, rrpH 'leMY je rrpOll3BOJbHO ll3a6paHO l1a
je 'V = 0, a 360r cpa3He pa3JIllKe HarrOHa H cTpyje
.
Je OHl1a
8= --.
TC
2
PeaKTHBHa OTHOPHOCT KOHI\eH3aTOpa 32 llJIll
Jel1llHHl\a 3a peaKTllBHy OTITOPHOCT je OM (0.).
Karral\IITIIBlla OTHOPROCT 03Ha'laBa ce ca II Xc
Ha OCHOBY Tora cal1a MO)Ke l1a ce llCKa)Ke Be- jel1HaKa je _ 1_. JeI1HHHl\a je OM. Ha OCHOBY
wC 1
3a ll3Mei)y MaKCllMaJIHllX Bpel1HOCTH HarrOHa H Tora cal1a MO)Ke l1a ce HarrHIIIe Urn =~- · /rn'
CTpyje Urn = wL· 1m' OI1HOCHO U = wL·J. 1 wC
OI1HOCHO U = ~-. I.
wC

5.6.3. KOH,n;eH3aTOp Y Kony 1 I

IXc= wC
HaIl3MeHIPIHe CTpYJe
32 OIITepefieHOCT HAeaJIHOr KOH,QeH3aTopa paqYHa ce npeMa peJIa-
Ha CJIlll\ll 5.18 rrpHKa3aH je KOHI1eH3aTOp y KO- QlIjR Q = CU, Koja rroKa3yje,qa je KOJIWHIHa naeneK1'pIIcalba (orr-
JIy HaH3MeHH'lHe cTpyje KOjH je rrpllKJby'leH Ha Tepefien.e) cpa3MepHa HarrOHY. AKO ce HallOH Melba, Melba CC II KO-

rrpOCTOrrepHOI1H'lHH HarrOH u. HarrOH II cTpyja nwrnHa HaenCKTplIcalba enCKTpo,qa ~OH.QCH3aTopa. Ka,Qa je KOH-
AeH3aTOp HanYlheH, HanOH Ha lbe~fY je Urn H y TOM CJIyqajy, rrpel\ta
ce Melhajy ca llCTOM KPY)KHOM Y'leCTaHOllihY H peJIaQlIjn, KOJIWIHHa HaeneKTpHcalba oune
Q rn = CUm' KOJlHY.llHa
y orrIIITeM CJIy'lajy HHCY l1aTll HCTHM H3pa3HMa, HaeneK"rpIICaIba MO)[{e;o;a ce pa'Iyua nOMony Clpyj e.,Ua ce OJIaK- on
rra H3Mei)y OBe I1Be BeJIH'lHHe rrocTojll cpa3Ha i, Y3eTI1.Qa y KOH-
IlIao pa'IyH, MO)J(e ce, YMeCTO rrpOMCHlhllBe crpyjc
.QCH3aTOpy nocTOjII cpenlha crpyja Isr 3a speMe 0.QT/4.11 Ta.Qa fic ce
pa3JIHKa Koja je j el1HaKa: au HanYHlITu KOJIWIHHOM HaCJICK1T>JIcaFba Qm :
TC
<p = 8 -Ij! = -2· T
Q rn = Isr ' - .
4
31 Kap;a ce ycrrocTaBlI crpyja y KaJIe~f)', jaBJba ce COIlCTBeHll Mar- ITOWTO ce cpe,qIha SpC,qHOCT u3pa-qYHasa rro
HeTeK" <PJJYKC. 360r rrpoMeHa MameTCKor <pl1YKca llHl1.YKyje ce 2
cpOpMyJIIf lsr = -; ·lm,3aMeHoM ce .Qoonja:
eJIeKTPoMoTopH a CUlla Y CBaKOM HaBojKY KaJIeMa. MaKCliMaJIHa
eneKTpoMOTopHa CRJIa je:Em = <Dill' tv, rrplr'qeMy-je MaKCHMaJJHlI 2 T 1m' T
qmYKc: !J)m = L - 1m. 3a"'1eHOM MaKCIIMalIHor cpJIYKca .o;o6nja ce 11;3 je Q ~ -·I .- ~ -- .
m rt m 4 2:rr
MaKCHMaJIHa eMC je.QHaKa:
2.
Em=L ' / m w. C APyrc CTpaHC, rrOlliTO jc Q m = C . V m 11 T = -OJ , cpel]lIBaH.eM ce
TIOlIITO cy MaKCHMaJIHe Bpep;HOCTU eJIeKYpOMOTopHe cnne H MaK- Aoonja MaKCIlMaJ1Ha SPCAHOCT HanOHa
CHMaJIHC spe,QHOCTll HarrORa HeTe ITO arrCOJIYTHoj Bpep;HOCTll, MO)Ke 1
ce HaillicaTII Aa je Urn = - · l m·
roC
Um=w·L · !m'
,UeJhel-beM ca J2 /l;oEinja ce 3a ecpeKTIIBHC spelWOCTII HarraHa
1
II cTpyja Ha KOHACH3aTopy Ba)l(ll

U=w · L·l. peJIaQlIja U = - .I II rropcl]ClbCM ca OMOBUM 3aKOHOll.I n3s0.QlI

roC 1
ITopegelheM DBor 113pa3a ca OMOBllM 3aKOHOM nOKa3yje ce ,Qa je ce 3aKJbyq aK.Qa jc 1I3pa3 - rro rrplIpO)J;lI OTIIOPHOCT. Osa OTnop-
w . L no npRpO):\lI oTnopHoCT, R y crryqajy KaJIeMa 03HaqaSa ce ca roC
XL n Ha3Ima peaKTmma OTTIOPHOCT KaJICMa UJIll UH,qYKTHSHa OT- HOCT Ha3UHa ce Kanall,liTlfBHa OTrropHOCT IUTH peaKTIfBHa OTIIOp-
nopHOCT. HOCT KOHAeH3aTopa.

68
 i,u rrO'IeTHe cjJa3e 8. CMaTpajyhH OBe rrOllaTKe rro-
3HaTHM, 3allaTaK je lIa ce OApeAH cTpyja Kp03
OBY pellHy Be3Y Koja je Herr03HaTa, a TO 3Ha'IH lIa
Tpe6a lIa ce OllpelllI !heHa ecjJeKTHBHa BpellHOCT
/
/ I H !heHa rrO'IeTHa cjJa3a ",.
/ rot
o /
R L C
u
........j t---" y y y -
i
II
II
uR uL Uc
q,. o. (q,a3Ha oca) + '+ +
u
+
CAUKa 5.19. - TpacjJuLfKu U cjJa30pcKu HaLfUH CAUKa 5.20. - PegHG 6e3a OiiiuopHuKa, KaACMa u
iipuKa3u6afba iipo.MeHc Hait01-w U ciiipyje KOg KOHgeH3aiii.opa
KOHgcH3aiiiopa 3a itPOU360JbHO u3a6paH yzao I/' = 0
<pa30pCKH IIHjarpaM (CJIHKa 5.21) 3a OBO KOJIO
ce l.\pTa Ha CJIellehH Ha'IHH: Hajrrpe ce Hal.\pTa
5.6.4. HMIIe,n;aHca cjJa30p cTpyje [ (rrOlliTO je KOIl pellHe Be3e eJIe-
MeHaTa cTpyja HCTa 3a CBe eJIeMeHTe) yCBaja -
IIMnel\aHCa je KapaKTepHCTHKa npHjeMHHKa H
jyl1H, pallH jeIlHocTaBHOCTH, lIa je 1f! = O. <pa30p
no npHpOAH je oTnopHocT. To je BeJIH'IHHa Koja
HarrOHa Ha oTrropHHKY UR je KOJIHHeapaH ca
1I3pa)KaBa rrporrOpl.\HOHaJIHOCT H3Meljy aMrrJIH-
cjJa30pOM cTpyje H HMa ecjJeKTHBHY BpellHOCT
TYAa HarrOHa H cTpyje:
U = RI. <pa30p HarrOHa Ha KOHAeH3aTopy Uc Ka-
Um = Z.Im,*Z =Um . '"
CHH y 0IlHOCY Ha ,¥a30p . 3a
cTpYJe n H !herOBa
~
Irn 2
ecjJeKTHBHa BpellHOCT je U c = _1 . I. <pa30p
wC
3aMe!hyjyhH Urn =uJ'i H Im =IJ'i HMrre- HarrOHa Ha KaJIeMY UL rrpell!ha'IH Y 0IlHOCY Ha
AaHca ce H3pa'IYHaBa Kao KOJIH'IHHK ecjJeKTHB-
He BpeAHOCTH HarrOHa H ecjJeKTHBHe BpeAHOCTH
cjJa30p cTpyje 3a ~ H !herOBa ecjJeKTHBHa Bpell-
2
cTpyje: HOCT je UL = wL . I.

v - V "[j -.../""'1_I
- L-C~
O+"-oI~---
lfR q,. o. (q,a3Ha oca)

5.7. Pe,n;Ha Be3a OTIIopHIIKa, C.!lUlW 5.21. - t:Pa30pC1cugujazpa.Al

KaJIeMa If KOH,n;eH3aTopa <pa30p HarrOHa peAHe Be3e je:

PeAHa Be3a OTrropHHKa OTrropHOCTH R, KaJIeMa U = UR + UL + Uc

HHAYKTHBHOCTH L H KOHAeH3aTopa Karral.\HTHB-
HOCTH C je rrpHKa3aHa Ha CJIHl.\H 5.20. Ha Kpa- Ha CJIHl.\H 5.21 je rrpHKa3aH CJIy'Iaj Kalla je
jeBe peAHe Be3e rrp"KJhyqeH je HarrOH u ecjJeK- U L > Uc Hajrrpe ce ca6epy cjJa30pH HarrOHa UL
THBHe BpellHOCTH U, KpY)KHe Y'IeCTaHOcTH W H H U c' a 3aTHM ce rro rrpaBHJIy rrapaJIeJIOrpaMa

69
IhHXOB pe3YJITyjylill <jJa30p ca5epe ca <jJa30pOM
HarrOHa UR. Ha OCHOBY <jJa30pCKor I1HjarpaMa 5.S. CHare Y rrpOCTOrrepIIOp;I1QHOM
ca CJIHKe 5.21 cal1a MO)J{e l1a ce Hamilile 1I3pa3 3a pe)KIIMY
e<jJeKTHBHY Bpel1HOCT HanOHa pel1He Be3e:
Kaga y KOJIY nocToje caMO OTrrOpHHI.\H , Ihero -
U2 =U R2 + (UL - Uc )2 Ba TpeHYTHa CHara je YBeK rr03I1THBHa, UITO
<jJH3IIqKH 3HaqH ga ce eHeprHja YBeK 110B0l1H Y
U = ~U~ +(U L - Uc)2 OTrropHHK H Y lheMY ce OHa rrpeTBapa y TOrrJIO-
TY HerrOBpaTHO. OTrrOpHI'IK je aKTI'BHII npujeM-
HIIK. Kal1a je y nHTalhY KOHl1eH3aTOp, OH Y3HMa
Ol1peljeHY nOTpe5HY KOJIIIqIIHY eHeprHje ga 5H
ce HarrYHHo, aJIH Kaga ce rrpa3HII, l.\eJIOKynHa
Ta eHepmja ce Bpalia y Mpe)J{y. Kal1a je KOH-
l1eH3aTop npHKJhyqeH Ha HaH3MeHH'IHH HanOH ,
KOHgeH3aTop ce HaH3MeHHqHO nyHH H npa3HH.
Y CJIY'Jajy KaJIeMa, Kal1a cTpyja paCTe, eHeprH-
KaKO je U = 2, 1105Hja ce l1aje HMnel1aHca pel1- ja ce gOBOI1H KaJIeMY, a Kal1a HHTeH3HTeT CTPY-
I je orral1a, eHeprHja ce Bpalia Y Mpe)J{y. KaJIeM H
He Be3e OTnopHHKa, KaJIeMa H KOHI1eH3aTOpa
KOHI1eH3aTOp cy peaKTIIBHlIlIplljeMHUnU.
jel1HaKa:
TpeHYTlIa CHara ce l1e<jJIIHlIllie Kao npOll3B0l1
TpeHyTHHx Bpel1HOCTH HanOHa H CTpyje:

I pet) = lI(f) . i(t) I

CHTyal1Hja npllKa3aHa Ha CJIHI1II 5.21 je l1a je TpeHYTHa CHara npHjeMHHKa KOjH je CaCTaBJheH
e<jJeKTHBHa Bpel1HOCT HanOHa Ha KaJIeMY Belia 011 OTrropHHKa, KaJIeMOBa H KOHAeH3aTopa ca-
011 e<jJeKTHBHe Bpel1HOCTH HarrOHa Ha KOHl1eH3a- CTaBJheHa je H3 ABa AeJIa jel1HOr, KOjll npeAcTa-
1 BJha AOBoljelhe eHepmje npIIjeMHHKy Koja ce
TOpy UL > UC' OI1HOCHO wL > -. 3a KOJIO ce
wC rrpeTBapa IIJIII y TOrrJIOTY (OTnOpHIII.\H) HJIH y He-
Tal1a K3)J{e l1a je npeTelKHo IIHIIYKTIIBHO. AKo KH I1PyrH 05JIHK eHeprllje, II Apyror, KOjll rrpeg-
je U L < UcOgHOCHO wL <_ l _, 3a KOJIO ce Ka)J{e CTaBJha pa3MeHY eHeprHje 1I3Meljy nplljeMHIIKa
wC H reHepaTopa (KaJIeMOBII II KOHgeH3aTopH).
l1a je npeTelKHo KananIlTIIBHO.
Kal1a je U L = U C ' KOJIO je Y HalloHcKoj pe30- • AKTIIBlIa CHara rrpHjeMHHKa gaTa je H3pa30M :

Hallnlljll33. Tal1a j e wL = _1_, ogaKJIe CJIegII

l1a je KpY)J{Ha yqeCTaHOcT HarrOHCKe pe30HaH-
wC I p= Ulcos'{J I
.. 1
I.\IIJe W Jel1HaKa w = ~ = 00" a yqeCTaHOcT JegllHIIl.\a 3a aKTHBHY cHary je BAT (W).
, -vLC
je f = J-Lc
2rc LC
f, · Kaga Y KOJIY HacTyrrII Ha-
• PeaKTIIBHa CHara Q
nOHCKa pe30HaHl1l1ja, Tal1a IIMrrel1aHCa HMa Haj-

MalhY Bpel1HOCT H jel1HaKa je 2min = R, HarrOH

I Q = Ulsin I '{J

peg He Be3e H cTpyja cy y <jJa311, a cTpyja HMa

. I U Jel11'1HIIl.\a 3a peaKTHBHy cHary je
CBOJY MaKCHMaJIHY Bpel1HOCT max = R
BOJ1TAMIIEPPEAKTI1BHO HJIII
33 Peq pe30HaHI~nja rrOTWle OA JI3TlIH CKe pe~II1 resolUlfltia UI1'O 3Ha - BAP(VAr).
'HI OgjCK.

70
?eai;:THBHa CHara om!cyje pa3MeHY eHeprl!je
~e~y peaKTHBHHX eneMeHaTa (KaneMoBa H
lIIHQeH3 aTopa) H reHepaTopa. I101lITO ce OBa
.?D~! eHa BpllIH IIY)K npoBolIHHKa KOjHM ce npH-
ioorn HK Hanaja, jaBlhajy ce H 1I0nYHCKH ry5Hll,H.
_. npa KcH ce Te)KH ga ce OBH ry5Hll,H lIITO BHlIIe
otaFhe.
• nplIBHIIHa CBara npnjeMHHKa 03Ha'-IaBa ce
cm,50noM S n jegHaKa je:
S= VI
JegHHHll,a 3a npl!BHIIHy cHary je
BOnTAMI1EP (VA).
Y onllITeM cnyqajy j e npl!BHIIHa CHara Bena og
aKTI!BHe CHare. Te gBe CHare cy jegHaKe oHga
gaga je npHjeMHHK OTnopHHK.
n I1pHBHgHa CHara ce npaKTW'fHO KOPHCTH
~ npll npojeKTOBalbY TpaHc<j:>opMaTopa.
C Be CHare HMajy pa3nwmTe jegHHHll,e pagH
.1aKlIIer pa3nllKOBalba. I1ocToje jOlli HeKH 05pa-
Cll,H KOjll ce KopHCTe TOKOM npOpaqYHa :
s Q
p
C.II UKa 5.22. - CHQie y apocmoaepuogLl~I·WJIt.
5.8.1. IIoI1paBKa cpaKTopa CHare
I1pHJeMHHKa cos <p
¢aKTOp CHare HMa BeOMa Ba)KHY ynory y eneK-
TpOTeXHHll,1I 3a pall,1I0HaJ!HO KOpl!lIInelbe eneK-
TPW'fHHX ypel)aja H npeHOCHHX BOIlOBa. EneK-
TPWIHH ypel)ajH Tpe5a lIa HMajy lIITO BenH
<j:>aKTOp CHare.
I10npaBKa q:.aKTopa CHare "plljeMHIlKa cos q>
nogpa3YMeBa Be3HBalhe 1I0llaTHI!X peaKTHB-
HHX eneMeHaTa, am! TaKO ga ce <j:>aKTOp CHare
npHjeMHHKa H gOllaTHHx eJ!eMeHaTa nOBena. Y
npaKCH, npHjeMHHll,H y HHAYCTPHjH (MOTOpH)
npeTe)KHO cy HHgyKTHBHH H Kao TaKBH, npll-
jeMHIU\H npegcTaBlhajy pellHy Be3Y OTnopHHKa
R H HHIlYKTHBHOCTH L KOjH cy npHKlhyqeHH Ha
HaH3MeHWIHH HanOH. Y TOM cny'fajy, nonpaSKa
<j:>aKTopa CHare ce BpllIH 1I0l1aBaibeM KOHgeH3a-
Topa Kanall,HTHBHOCTH C napanenHo npHjeM-
HHKy (cnHKa 5.23). BpegHOcT OBor KOHlleH3aTO-
pa MO)Ke ga ce H3pa'fyHa Ha OCHOBY jegHa<lIIHa
Koje Ba)Ke 3a OBO Kono.
Y npaKCI! ce BPJlO 'feCTO ynoTpe5lhaBajy KOH-
lIeH3aTopH 'fHje cy Kanall,HTI!BHOCTH gOBolhHe
lIa ce H3BPllIll caMO genHMH'fHa nonpaBKa <j:>aK-
Topa CHare. 3a nOTnyHy nonpaBKy <j:>aKTopa
CHare nOTpe5aH je KOHgeH3aTop BenHKe Kana-
ll,HTHBHOCTH KOjH je gocTa cKyn.
¢aKTOp CHare 3aSHCII 011 npHpoge nOTpo-
IIIa'fa, H OH H3HOCH, Hd npHMep, KOg Hgean-
Hor KaneMa IInH KOHgeH3aTopa HyJ!a, KOg
oTnopHHKa 1, KOg eneKTpH'fHHX MOTopa 0il
0,7 go 0,9.
+
,1
R
-'-- C
ul -~
-<
-< L
-<
peJlw,uy
CIlUKa 5.23. - ilOlip(I(JKa paKi7i.opa cHa2e
5.9. Tpocpa3He HaH3MeHHqHe
CTpYJe
MOHo<j:>a3HH HJ!H jegHo<j:>a3HH eneMeHTIl (reHe-
paTopH I! npHjeMHIIll,H) IIMajy no gBa npllKlhyq-
Ha Kpaja. BHlIIe<j:>a3HH Hm! nonH<j:>a3HH 34 ene-
MeHTH IIMajy Bllilie og gBa npIIKJbY<JHa Kpaja.
3.1 Pe~l ii oAU jc rp'Hwr nOpeKJla ~I 3Ha'·JI1 6/Jwe.
71
Mpe)J(e ca nOJUHpa3HHM eJIeMeHTHMa ce Ha3H-
Bajy nOJIH<jJa3He Mpe)J(e. Oil CBHX nOJIH<jJa3HHX
CHCTeMa Haj BHIIIe ce KOpHCTe TpO<jJa3HH CHCTe-
MH.
n TpO<jJa3HH npHjeMHHI1H y 1I0MahHHcTBHMa
~ 06HqHO cy TA nehH H eJIeKTpHqHH llITell-
lbaI1H.
ITOJIH<jJa3He CHCTeMe je H3YMeO HaIII HayqHHK HH-
KOJIa TecJIa (1856-1943) . Y CBOjHM naTeHTHMa H3
1887. H 1888. rOIlHHe lIeTaJhHO HX je onHcao. ITo-
JIH<jJa3HH CHCTeMH, a HapOqHTO Tpo<jJa3HH CHCTe-
MH, BpJIO cy 3HaqajHH 3a npeHoc eJIeKTPWIHe eHep-
rHje, KOjH ce H y lIaHaIIIlbe BpeMe, y3 BeOMa MaJIe
H3MeHe, ollBHja npeMa lberoBoj 3aMHCJIH.
3a npoH3BoillbY Tpo<jJa3HHx HanOHa KopHcTe
ce Tpo<jJa3HH reHepaTopH. JeIlHo<jJa3HH reHe-
paTop HMa jellaH HaMoTaj, a Tpo<jJa3HH HMa TpH
HaMoTaja Koja cy npocTopHO nOMepeHH 3a yrao
2n
Oil 120 0 HJIH - H HaJIa3e ce y )J(JIe60BHMa CTa-
3 II npHjeMHIIK. ITpOBOIIHIIK BOlla Be3aH 3a nplI-
Topa. POTOP j e y cTBapH jellaH MarHeT KOjH npH
OKpeTalbY HHIlYKyje y npOBOIIHHI1HMa eJIeK-
TPOMoTopHe CHJIe HCTe aMnJIHTYlle aJIH <jJa3Ho
2n
nOMepeHe 3a - . AHaJIHTHqKH H3pa3H eJIeK-
3 +
TPOMOTOPHHX CHJIa (npeTnOCTaBJheHO je lIa je
nOqeTHa <jJa3a eJIeKTpOMoTopHe CHJIe eA jellHa-
Ka HYJIH) jecy:
e A = Em sinmt
n
eB = Em Sin (mt - 23 1 c
ec = Emsin(mt- ~nl
lie
E Ha3HBa 3Be3)l;HlUTe HJIJI HeYTpaJlHa T3"'1Ka;
-A
E 2n
- B
C./lUKO 5.24. - f/>aaopcKu gujazpaAt eJlcKiUpOAWUtOPHUX
CUAO illpocjJa3HOlzeHcpaiiiopa
72
M3MeJ:jy KpajeBa HaMoTaja nocToje HanOHH KO-
jH cy jellHaKH THM eJIeKTpOMOTOPHHM CHJIaMa.
HaMoTajH TpO<jJa3HOr reHepaTOpa Mory 6HTH
Be3aHlI y 3Be311Y HJIII TpoyraO. TpO<jJa3HII reHe -
paTOp ce npellCTaBJha Kao TplI MOHO<jJa3Ha re -
HepaTOpa. CBaKH Oil MOHO<jJa3HIIX reHepaTOpa
npellCTaBJha jellaH HaMoTaj Ha CTBapHOM reHe-
paTopy. Taj HaMoTaj ce Ha3HBa ljJa30M reHepa-
TOpa .
5.9.1. Be3a HaMoTaja Tpocpa3Hor
reHepaTopa y 3Be3p;y
Be3a HaMoTaja Tpo<jJa3Hor reHepaTopa y 3Be-
311Y ca Tpo<jJa3HIIM BOIlOM je npHKa3aHa Ha CJIH-
I1II 5.25 (npeTnOCTaBJheHO je lIa cy MOHo<jJa3HII
reHepaToplI IIlIeaJIHII II npOCToneplIOIlII'lHII Ha-
nOHII II cTpyje cy nplIKa3aHlI CBOjlIM e<jJeKTIIB-
HHM BpellHOCTIIMa H OllroBapajyhHM CMepOM).
TpO<jJa3HH BOil nOBe3yje TpO<jJa3HH reHepaTOp
KJbyqaK reHepaTopa je ljJa3HH npoBolIHHK BOlla.
ITpOBOIIHIIK cnojeH ca 3Be311HIIITeM ce Ha3IIBa
HyJITH (HeYTpaJIHH) "POBOIIHHK IIJIII HyJIa.
A
+
+ +B ~
'~~~--~n+------~+--~--====-
UB Usc
+
CJlUKO 5.25. - Be3G Ha.JtOiiiaja zeHepaiiiopa y 36eagy
03HaKe Ha CJIHI1H 5.25 IIMajy CJIellehe 3Ha'Ielbe:
N - 3ajellHIIqKa TaqKa TpH HaMoTaja, qeCTO ce
A , B, C - cy 03HaKe 3a ljJa3e 35 . CMaTpa ce lIa Ha-
nOH <jJa3e A npelllbaqlI HanoHY <jJa3e
4n
B 3a - , a HanoHY <jJa3e C 3a - ;
3 3
35 Tpe6a HaIIOMeHYTU .n:a cy CTape 03HaKe 33 <pa3e R, SifT If 3a
Heyrpamm rrpoBOAHllK O. CTaH):PP.QHe 03HaKe Koje cy y yrroTpc5H
jeey A, B II C, a 3a HeyTpanHlI rrpOBO.QHUK N .
141' V f2 , V f ) - !/Ja3HII HanOHII (HanOHII rpaHe, ¢a30pCKII Al1jarpaM <j:>a3HIIX II Meljy<j:>a3HIIX Ha-
<j:>a3e, reHepaTopa); nOHa npllKa3aH je Ha CJIlIl111 5.26. AKo e<j:>eKTIIB-
In. .lfz, 1(3 - !/Ja3He cTpyje (cTpyje rpaHa reHepa- Hy speAHocT Me!)y<j:>a3Hor (JIIIHlIjcKor) HanOHa
Topa); 03Ha'lllMO ca V, e<j:>eKTlIsHY BpeAHocT <j:>a3Hor
HanOHa ca V f npeMa CJIlIl1l1 5.26, Ha OCHOSY reo-
liA , Vs, V e -!/Ja3HlI lIalIOHlI BOlla (<j:>a3HlI Ha-
MeTpllje, A0611ja ce IbllXOBa Me!)yc06Ha se3a:
nOH je HanOH lI3Me!)y jellHor <j:>a-
3Hor npoBoAHIIKa II HeYTpaJIHOr
npOBOAHI1Ka);
liAS' V AB' IleA - Mel)y!/Ja3HII, JIIIHlIjCKlIl1JIH CJlO- To 3Haqll Aa je KOA Be3e y 3Be3AY e<j:>eKTIIBHa
}KeHIf Han01f1l (Me!)y<j:>a3HII HJIH speAHocT JIIIHlljcKor HanOHa .j3 nyTa Befia OA
mlHl1jcKII HanOH je HanOH 113Me- e<j:>eKTllBHe BpeAHocTII <j:>a3Hor HanOHa.
!)y 611J10 Koja ABa <j:>a3Ha npo-
BOAHI1Ka); Y CJIy'lajy rpaAcKe Mpe)!(e BpeAHocT <j:>a3Hor
HanOHa je 230 V, !lITO 3Ha'lll Aa je Meljy<j:>a-
IA; IB' Ie - cTpyje !/Ja31111x npOBOIIHIIKa BOlla II 3HII (JIIIHlIjCKII) HanoH.J3. 230 V = 400 V. 36
OHe ce He Melbajy AY}K BOAa (nOliITO
cMaTpaMo Aa j e BOAIIAeaJIaH).
5.9.2. Be3a HaBoja reHepaTopa Y
Kalla je Tpo<j:>a3HII CIICTeM Be3aH y 3Be3AY,
Tpoyrao
1A=lfI ,
Be3a HaMoTaja reHepaTopa y Tpoyrao npllKa3a-
IB = 1f2,
Ha je Ha CJIlIl1l1 5.27. DO!lITO ce Tpo<j:>a3HII reHe-
Ie = 1f3 , paTOp npIIKa3yje Kao Be3a MOHo<j:>a3HIIX reHe-
a TaKol)eje11 VA = Vfl> Vs = Vrzl1 Vc= Vf3' paTopa, TO 3Ha'lll Aa ce Be3a y Tpoyrao Ao6l1ja
TaKO !lITO ce 3a Kpaj npeTXOI\HOr MOHo<j:>a3Hor
Be3e 113Meljy Meljy<j:>a3HlIx II <j:>a3HlIx HanOHa,
reHepaTopa Be3yje nO'leTaK HapeAHor.
npeMa CJIl1l1l1 5.25 cy:
VAB=VA-VS ' A
VBe=Vs-V e,
IleA =Ile - VA' B
+
-u EB
, - s
\ / c
\ flAB /
\ /
\ / C/lUKa 5.27. - Beaa NOMoillaia ieHeparuopa y fiipoyzQO
-fl A---------'*"----~ U
-A
5.9.3. CHare Tpocpa3He
HaM3MeHMqHe CTpYJe
TpeHyTHa CHara lIeJlor Tpo!/Ja3Hor IIplljeMHII-
\ Ka jeAHaKa je 36l1py TpeHyTHllx CHara nojeAII-
\ / HIIX !/Ja3a:
\ /
/
\
/ pOO=~OO+hOO+~OO = ~OO~OO+
+ u 2(t)iit) + u 3(t)i 3 (i)
CI/.UKCl 5.26. ~ Cl>a:wpC1w gujazpa.M cjJa3Hux It Ateljycf>a-
3HUX HaiioHa y c.nY'tajy aeae Ha.JltOUtaja ilipotj}{l3H02 36 Ao CKOP O je cpa3HH HanOH 6"0 220 V, IUTO 3Ha t JII na je
ieuepaiuopa y 3Be3gy JlIIHujcKn HanOH Y TOM cnY'lajy 5"0 J3 ·220 V = 380 v.
73
3aMeHOM aHaJlHTWIKHX H3pa3a 3a cTpyje JI Ha-
nOHe rpaHa npHjeMHHKa, Kao H npJlMeHOM npa-
BHJla TpHrOHoMeTpJlje 3a CJlMeTpJlqHH Tpo¢a-
3HH CHCTeM g06Hja ce:
pet) = 3 Vr I cos 'P,
npH qeMY je ca VI 03HaqeHa e¢eKTHBHa Bpeg-
HOCT ¢a3Hor HanOHa Boga, ca I e¢eKTHBHa
BpegHocT cTpyje ¢a3Hor npoBogHJlKa, a 'P ¢a-
3Ha pa3J1HKa cTpyje H HanOHa y rpaHl'1 npHjeM-
HHKa. TpeHYTHa CHara Tpo¢a3Hor npHjeMHHKa
je KOHCTaHTHa.
Cpeglha 0I\HOCHO aKTHBHa CHara CHMeTpJl'l-
Hor Tpo.pa3Hor nplljeMlIlIKa je jegHaKa 36J1py
aKTHBHJlX CHara eJleMeHaTa og KOjHX je Hanpa-
BJheH:
rge je V 03HaQeHa e¢eKTHBHa BpegHocT Meljy-
¢a3Hor (JlJlHJljcKor) HanOHa H KOpJlIlllieHa je
Be3a H3Meljy e¢eKTJlBHHX Bpel1HOCTH JlHHllj -
CKor H ¢a3Hor HanOHa V = .J3 .V f, ogaKJle cJle-
' Vf
gil ga Je
V
= .J3'
PeaKTIIBlla cllara CIMeTp"'lHOr Tpo.pa3Hor
IIplljeMHHK3 je jel1HaKa 3611py peaKTJlBHHX CHa-
ra eJleMeHaTa 011 KOjJlX je HanpaBJheH:
Q = 3 V f ! sin cp =.J3 VI sincp.
74
<$ TIPOBEPI1 CBOJE 3HAfuE
1. 05jacHli 3H31..laj HaI13MeHHQHJ1X cTpyja.
2. KaKo Mory ,lJ;a ce rrpHKa)KY Ha1l3MeHHqHe BeJIH-
"{HiHe?
3. HanHIllH aHanHTHl..IKH H3pa3 3a CTpyjy '-lI1ja je
aMrrJIJlTyga 10 A, q,peKBeHl1l1ja 50 Hz H rro'reTHH
n .
yrao \V:::::; - , a 3aTJIM M3pal..J.YHaJ IT OCTaJIe rrapa-
MeTpe. 2
4. 06jacHll CpeAl-bY Bpe;ll,HOCT HaH3MeHllqHe npo-
CTOrrepMO}l,HLJHe cTpyje.
5. 3a npOCTOrrepI10I\WIHI1 HarroHje rr03HaTO: U = 100 V,
n .
T = 0,02 S H 8 = - . TIpHKa)!(H OBa] rrpocTorrepll-
4
OgHqHH HarrOH: a) aHaJlJlTHqKJI, 6) rpaq,wTKJI H
B) q,a30pCKI1.
6. Y KOJlY HaH3MeHH'lHe cTpyje KOj ll cagp)!(11 OT-
rropHIIK R = 1 kn YCiloCTaBJbeHa je cTpyja eq,eK-
THBHe Bpe]1.HOCTH 1,5 A. KOJIllKa je ~JaKCHMaJIHa
Bpe,n;HocT rrpUKJbyqeHOr HarroHa?
7. KOH}],eH33Top KanaIJ,I1TeTa 1 jlF npHKJbyqeH je Ha
HaH3MeHII'lHII HarrOH eq,eKTIIBHe BpegHocTH 230 V
H q,peKBeHI1Hje 50 Hz. KOJIHKa je eq,eKTHBHa Bpe)1-
HQCT cTpyje Koja rrocTojn y KOH)l.eH3aTopy?
8. AKO je lIHAYKTI1BHM oTrrop 100 n 11 q,peKBeHl1l1ja
100 Hz, KOJIHKa je HH.D,YKTIIBHOCT Tor Kanel\w?
9. Hal1pTaj q,a30pcKM f(HjarpaM HarrOHa II cTpyja
KO.D, pe.D,He Be3e OTllopHHKa , KaneMa H KOH.D,eH3a -
Topa.
10. Hal1pTaj Be3Y Tpoq,a3Hor reHepaTopa y 3Be31\Y.