PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FIRST QUARTER SY ‘19-‘20

UNIT 2 THE REVIEW PROCESS D. Comparative Reading – concepts and principles from the
various points of views of authors are compared and
Literature Review contrast
 A process of compiling, classifying and evaluating what
other researchers have written on a certain topic. It can Conducting the Review of Related Literature
be partial component of a research undertaking but it can ■ Looking for relevant materials
also stand alone as a self-contained review writing on a -Systematic skimming
subject ■ Actual Reading
 Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which – Analytical reading and comparative reading
the present study is related – Tools for reading and review:
 Materials which are usually printed and found in books, ■ Highlighting – uses marks and symbols
encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, to facilitate the reading process
newspapers, and other publications ■ Annotating – remarks, ideas, and
opinions the researcher writes during
Importance, Purpose and Functions of Related Literature the analysis and synthesis of related
1. It helps or guide the researcher in searching for or materials
selecting a better research problem or topic ■ Note taking
2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or research
better. Citation Styles: Introduction to MLA and APA
3. Builds the confidence of the researchers Referencing sources means systematically showing what
4. Provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the information or ideas are quoting or paraphrasing from another
planned research author’s work and the original sources
5. Provides information about the research methods used Reference
6. Provides findings and conclusions of past investigations ■ List of all materials in alphabetical order cited in text of
the research
Characteristics of a good literature review ■ Allows the readers to find out more information about the
1. Surveyed materials must be as recent as possible references used and readers may also want to view
2. Objective and unbiased Laying out Reference Section
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study ■ Use a direct quote
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon - Quote is longer than 40 words
genuinely original and true facts or data to make them - Indent the entire quote by ½ inch of the ruler
valid and reliable - Don’t use quotation marks
5. Delimits clearly the subject matter to be reviewed - Double- space the quote
6. Covers all important relevant literature - Use brackets enclosing ellipses [] to represent omitted
7. Points out similarities and differences, and strengths and text
weaknesses in the literature ■ Paraphrase
■ Summarize
Sources of the Literature Review Focus of MLA & APA Styles
Print, electronic or visual materials Modern Language Association (MLA)
1.Primary Sources ■ Humanities and related areas (i.e. literature)
Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies, ■ Focuses on authorship: “…(Smith and Johnson)”
official or research topics, patents and designs and empirical ■ Format is designed for eas of presentation
research articles ■ Often viewed as “easier” to follow by students
2.Secondary Sources ■ Commonly taught first to students
Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books,
American Psychological Association (APA)
documentaries
■ Social sciences (i.e. psychology, sociology, and
linguistics)
3.Tertiary Sources ■ Focuses on date of publication: “…(Smith & Johnson,
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks 2009)”
■ Format is designed for comparison of research and
Evaluating of Related Literature determining relevance
■ Examine the title ■ Often thought of as more difficult by students
- A good title is specific, indicates the nature of the research ■ Commonly taught as an alternative citation style
without describing the results and avoids asking open ended
questions. Basics of MLA & APA Citations (Book Example)
MLA
■ Read the abstract ■ Name(s) of author(s)
■ Work title
-a good abstract summarizes critical information about a study. It
■ Publication city and year
gives the purpose of the study, identifies methods used and ■ Publisher
highlights major findings. It prepares for examining the report in ■ Publication medium (i.e. print, web)
detail.
■ Read the article APA
A. Elementary Reading –basic type of reading. It consists ■ Name(s) of author(s)
merely of recognizing the words and the literal ■ Publication year
comprehension of the sentences. ■ Work title
B. Systematic Skimming – article or materials are discerned ■ Publication city
whether it is included for analysis. Researcher can gloss ■ Publisher
over the bold, underlined, or italicized terms in the first
and middle paragraph as well as in the conclusions for In-text citations:
MLA: “…no significant results” (Johnson 34).
the main idea or concept
APA: “…no significant results” (Johnson, 2003, p. 34).
C. Analytical Reading – analysis is a process of breaking
the whole into parts for better understanding, then an Reference citations:
article is examined paragraph by paragraph, a paragraph MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: McGraw-
is dissected sentence by sentence, and a sentence is Hill, 2003. Print.
read word by word.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
Comparing In-Text Citations
■ In-text citations are used when you need to give credit to
an author for using a quote (exact wording),
paraphrasing (rewording), or discussing his/her ideas.
Example: (Mathis and Jones, 2009, pg. 74)
■ All in-text citations for MLA and APA must reference the
author’s name.
■ Reference to the page number or publication year
depends on the situation and citation style.
■ When using APA, always give the year of
publication.
■ When quoting, always give the page number in MLA
& APA.
■ When paraphrasing or simply referencing, no page
number is needed for either style.
Comparing In-Text Citations (Cont.)
Example: “The study provided no significant findings regarding the
relationship of gender and success in language classes.” --
Johnson, Thomas and Arlene Maiden. Studies in College. New
York: 2003. McGraw-Hill. Print.
Paraphrase
MLA: As stated by Johnson and Maiden, the research showed
that there was…
APA: As stated in Johnson & Maiden (2003), the research
showed that…
Quote (incorporation in text)
MLA: As Johnson and Maiden explained, their “study…classes”
(34).
APA: As Johnson & Maiden (2003) explained, their
“study…classes” (p. 34).
Quote (no incorporation in text)
MLA: “…in language classes” (Johnson and Maiden 34)
APA: “…in language classes” (Johnson & Maiden, 2003, p. 34)
CHICAGO/TURABIAN REFERENCING STYLE
Major difference between the format
1. INDENTATION
– The first line of the footnote are intended, while
subsequent line are not.
2. NAME ORDER
– list author as first name, last name.
3. PUNCTUATION
– Use more commas and bibliographic citation
,use more period.
Comparing References
■ At the end of each research paper, a section must be
devoted to listing the information for each resource that
you used in the paper. This includes all resources that
you quoted, paraphrased, or mentioned.
■ If you have done your citing correctly, you should have
mentioned each reference work at least once in your
paper and each cited resource should have a reference
citation.
■ Different citation styles use difference terms for this
section:
■ MLA: Bibliography (Works Cited title)
■ APA: Reference Page (Reference title)
■ Both MLA and APA require that you organize your
citations alphabetically by the first letter of an author’s
last name.
Books
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Work. City of Pub:
Publisher, Year. Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work. City of Pub,
State: Publisher.
Examples
MLA: Johnson, Thomas. Studies in College. New York: 2003.
McGraw-Hill. Print.
APA: Johnson, T. (2003). Studies in college. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.
FIRST QUARTER SY ‘19-‘20
Notice these primary differences…
• MLA uses the full first name; APA uses only the first
initial.
• MLA capitalizes all major words (excluding articles
(a/an/the) and prepositions (of, out, in)); APA only
capitalizes first words in the titles and proper nouns
(names).
• MLA states the medium of publication (print, web); APA
does not.
Articles in Journals
Template
MLA: Lastname, Firstname. “Title of Work.” Journal Title
Volume.Issue (Year):
page numbers. Medium.
APA: Lastname, First Initial. (Year). Title of work.
Journal Title, Volume(Issue), page numbers.
Examples
MLA: Smith, Linda. “Students in Danger.” New England
Journal of Student Progress 7.2 (2007): 142-
154. Print.
APA: Smith, L. (2007). Students in danger. New England
Journal of Student Progress, 7(2), 142-154.
Notice these additional differences…
• MLA puts the article title in quotation marks; APA does
not.
• MLA uses the V.I format for volume and issue numbers;
APA uses V(I).
Online Sources
Template
MLA: Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date created (use n.d. if
not given). Medium. Date accessed. <URL
(optional)/>.
APA: Author. (Year, Month[use n.d. if not given]). Article or
page sub-title. Major Publication Title, volume or issue
number (if available). Retrieved from http://url.
Examples:
MLA: Department of Enrollment Management. 2013 Fall
Term Comparison. University of Houston-Clear Lake,
24 Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Oct. 2014.
APA: Department of Enrollment Management. (2013). 2013
Fall Term Comparison. Enrollment Management 2013
Reports. Retrieved from
http://prtl.uhcl.edu/portal/page/portal/PRV/Enrollment-
Management/images/Enrollment%20and%20SCH-
Fall%2013%202-Yr%2010242013 %20final.pdf
SYNTHESIZING INFORMATION FROM RELEVANT
LITERATURE
SYNTHESIS
 Discussion that draws on one or more sources
 Bringing together of materials from different sources and
the creation of an integrated whole.
Types of Synthesis
1.) Explanatory Synthesis - It helps the reader to understand
a topic. Its primary aim is to present the facts in a
reasonably objective manner. Explanation given may
entail descriptions, sequence of events, or state of
affairs.
2.) Argument Synthesis - Its purpose is for you to present
your own point of view with the support of relevant facts
drawn from services and presented in a logical manner.
What is presented may be debatable.
Categories of sources
Fraenkel (2015) enumerates the categories of sources from
where your called data and information in the literature review
may have been taken.
1. Documents
2. Numerical Data
3. Oral Statements
4. Relics
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
How to write a synthesis
1. Consider your purpose in writing.
2. Select and read carefully your sources, according to your
purpose.
3. Formulate a thesis.
4. Decide how you will use your source material and take
down notes.
5. Develop art organizational plan according to your thesis.
6. Write the first draft of your synthesis, following your
organizational plan.
7. Revise your synthesis.
Techniques for Writing a Synthesis
1. Summary
2. Example or Illustration
3. Two (or more) Reasons
4. Comparison and Contrast
Writing Coherent Review of Literature
Coherence
■ Directs to a well- organized and unified piece of writing
■ Requires careful evaluation of the effectiveness of the
rhetorical elements of the document for the readers to
understand the structure and relationship of elements
■ Use subheadings
■ Use transitional expressions
Sections
 Introduction
 Often single paragraph
 Introduces the general topic and provides an appropriate
scholarly or societal context for the review
 Identifies the overall state-of-knowledge about the topic
 Body
 Address previous research on the topic, grouped
according to theme, theoretical perspective,
methodological approach, or chronological development
 Draw together the significance of previous, individual
studies by highlighting the main themes, issues, and
knowledge gaps
 Use strong ‘ umbrella’ sentences at the beginning and
end of each paragraph
 Include brief ‘so what’ sentences at intermediate points in
the review to connect the literature to the proposed
research objectives
 Describe previous work have accomplished related to the
proposed research
 Conclusion
 Provides a summary statement of the overall state of
knowledge about the topic, including gaps in knowledge
and understanding, reconnecting to your introduction
 Reinforces the research purpose or objectives, and
establishes the potential significance or importance of
your proposed research, relative to the current state of
knowledge.
FOLLOWING ETHICAL STANDARDS IN WRITING RELATED
LITERATURE
Ethics- questions of right and wrong. When researchers think
about ethics, they must also ask themselves if it is “right” to
conduct a particular study or carry out certain procedures.
Ethical behavior -as being in accordance with rules or standards
for right conduct or practice.
Unethical behavior constitutes a violation of such conduct or
practice.
Literature review - ubiquitous in academic journals, scholarly
reports and in education. They are done within in context of
writing a research/paper and expose the students to the breadth
of information available on a topic
FIRST QUARTER SY ‘19-‘20
Plagiarism
- the appropriation of another person’s ideas, processes, results,
or words without giving appropriate credit, including those
obtained through confidential review of others’ research proposals
and manuscripts.
-is committed when authors present the words, data or ideas of
others with the implication that their own, without attribution. This
act is against the Intellectual Property Rights Law. It is a form of
research misconduct
Forms of Plagiarism
a. Self – Plagiarism
- author copies large parts of one of their previous manuscripts
word for word.
b. Duplicate Plagiarism
-authors submits a previously-published work as if it is an original
manuscript.
Republic Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines)
– rules on copyright ownership, copyright ownership
Acts of Plagiarism
1. When an individual is claiming that he/she is the author or
originator of another person’s work
2. When copying the whole written work or even words, ideas or
sentences from someone without acknowledging him/her
3. when one fails to put quote marks on a quotation or excerpt
from an outside source
4. when one gives incorrect information about the source of a
quotation
5. when changing words or ideas from a sources without giving
credits to the real author or source
6. When changing words but conveying the idea and using the
sentence structure of an original source without acknowledging
the author.
Ethics In literature review
 Two considerations stem from the definition:
a) Research must enhance the scientific community’s
current understanding of a phenomenon and
b) Research must communicate what were discovered in
the new study to the scientific community.
The use of literature should provide the grounds for legitimization
of the research questions proposed in a study
The issue of testing for applicability of research literature to the
proposed study has two critical facets:
• The first deals with the conclusion or exclusions of
articles from the literature review
• The second deals with the ethical and unethical use of
references.
One reason why ethics is an important consideration in
systematic literature reviews is that it may not always be possible
for the reviewer to identify the procedures, for example, around
consent that were used to ensure ethical practice for the study
being reviewed.
Five principles for research ethics
1. discuss intellectual proper frankly.
 it is unethical to take ideas from sources without giving
credit to the originator.
2. Be conscious of multiple roles.
 One of the most common multiple roles for researchers
is being both mentor and laboratory supervisor for
students they teach or advice.
3. Follow informed consent rules.
 You have to abide by the rule on informed consent. The
participants should signify their willingness to be part of
the research and have the right to know about the results
of the study.
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy.
 Letters sent to would be respondents and participants in
a study usually include a statement on the observance of
confidentiality in terms of data provided by them. Usually,
response are coded for this.
5. Tap into ethics resources.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FIRST QUARTER SY ‘19-‘20

 Ethics includes certain rules that researchers have to 3. PC model (predictor-criterion model) – model used when
abide by. Limitations do not really hamper procedures relating and assessing the influence between two or more
like data collection and data analysis but ethical variables. Studies that focus on relationships, associations,
standards will have to be addressed . differences, and impacts will benefit from this model
4. –P model – model used in research studies that propose a
Ways of Avoiding Plagiarism program or any intervention measure. It fits the situation
1. Citation – the complete source or reference must be producing level of questioning.
placed after the copied phrase or sentence using 5. POM (proposed original model) - model is used when the
researcher presents an original paradigm. The requirement must
prescribed format of citations
be scientific.
2.Paraphrasing – process by which the information to be
lifted is rephrased into one’s own words or how you
HYPOTHESIS
understood the information
- A tentative prediction about the relationship between two
3. Quoting- includes exact phrases or sentence from
or more variables in a population under study.
original source to the own paper
- Translate a research question into a prediction of
- “Block quotes” or quotes of more than 40 words should
expected outcomes.
be avoided
- It is an intelligent guess
4. Referencing
- When the result of the study is the SAME AS THE
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
HYPOTHESIS, then the HYPOTHESIS IS ACCEPTED.
- Formulated from an existing theory/ies serves as the
- When the result of the study is the EXACT OPPOSITE
foundation of the study
OF THE HYPOTHESIS, then the HYPOTHESIS IS
- It can be adapted since the researcher can add or
REJECTED
subtract variables from the original framework, provided
that the whole theory is utilized.
Kinds of Hypotheses
- Theory – a conceptual idea that is used to describe,
1. Simple Hypothesis
explain, predict, or understand a certain phenomenon. It
-it is a hypothesis formulated when predicting a
describes the relationship among variables for purposes
relationship between an independent variable and a
of explaining a current state or predicting future events.
dependent variable
- Researcher cites and discusses related theories that
Examples:
serve as the foundation of the variables and their
a. The nature of teachers is related to the nature of the
relationships to make the study more scientific and
students
understandable especially to the readers.
b. there is a relationship between the level of exercise
and weight retention among elementary school children
Writing a Conceptual Framework
2. Complex Hypothesis
Conceptual framework- a blueprint which provides an outline of
- It is a hypotheses formulated when predicting the
the plan on how to conduct a research. It is presented in a flow
relationships of two or more independent variables to two
chart, map or diagram
or more dependent variables
- it maps out the actions required in the course of the study, given
Examples:
the previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and
a. there is no significant relationship between the profile,
the researchers’ observation on the subject of the study
classroom leadership, and management skills and the
- Consist of concepts that are placed within a logical and
school’s performance of Sunday school teachers.
sequential design.
-Represents less formal structure and used for studies in which
3. Directional Hypothesis
existing theory is insufficient
- It is a hypothesis that specifies not only the existence but
-Based on specific concepts and propositions and take from
also the expected direction of the relationship between
practical observation and intuition,
the independent and dependent variables.
Examples:
PURPOSES OF CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
a. Lower levels of exercise are associated with greater
1.To clarify concepts and purpose relationships among the
weight retention than higher levels of exercise/
concepts in a study
b. The higher the intake of fiber, the lower is the weight
2.To provide a context for interpreting the study findings
of the physical mass.
3.To explain observations
4.To encourage theory development that is useful and
4. Non-directional Hypothesis
practical
-a hypothesis that does not stipulate the direction of the
relationship between the independent and dependent
STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON WRITING CONCEPTUAL
variables
FRAMEWORK
Examples:
1.Choose your topic
a. The number of hours spent in reviewing is associated
2.Do a literature review
with the level of performance in periodical exams.
3.Isolate the important variables
b. The sources of stress are related to the different
4.Generate the conceptual framework.
coping mechanisms among teachers.
Conceptual Paradigm- a diagram that represents and interprets
5. Null Hypothesis
the underlying theory, principles and concepts. It is a visual
- Hypothesis formulated for the purpose of statistical
representation of the entire research.
analysis. This kind is always expressed as a negative
statement.
Common paradigms or models
Examples:
1. IPO Model (Input-process-output) – research attempts to
a. There is no significant relationship between the
isolate the factor or major variable that causes the problem,
reasons for using alternative medicine and the level of
subject or phenomenon under investigation. This model used
comfort of the patients.
when the statement of the problem are all factor- isolating
questions.
6. Research Hypothesis
2. IV-DV model (independent variable-dependent variable
- a hypothesis which states the actual expected
model) - model used in experiment-based studies. The questions
relationships between variables.
raised are higher order and classified as situation-relating.
 PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 FIRST QUARTER SY ‘19-‘20

ASSUMPTION
- a realistic expectation which is something that believe to be true,
however, no adequate evidence exists to support this belief.
- provides a basis to develop theories and research instrument
and therefore, influence the development and implement of
research process
-statements that are taken for granted or are considered true,
even though it is not scientifically tested.