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Important Formulae PDF
Important Formulae PDF
1. Important formulae used in simplification: 2. If P is the principal kept at Compound Interest (C.I.)
(1) (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab @ r% p.a., amount after n years
(2) (a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab n
(3) (a + b)2 = (a – b)2 + 4ab r
= P 1
(4) a2 – b2 = (a – b) (a + b) 100
(5) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(6) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) 3. Amount = Principal + Interest
2 2 1 2 2
(7) a b [(a b) (a – b) ] 4. Let P = Original Population, P = Population after
2
n years, r% = rate of anual growth
2. Rules of counting numbers r
n
1. Sum of f irst n natural numbers P' P 1
100
n n 1
=
2 5. Difference between CI and SI for 2 and 3 years
respectively:
2. Sum of first n odd natural numbers (CI)2 – (SI)2 = Pa2 for two years
= n2 (CI)3 – (SI)3 = Pa2 (a + 3) for three years
r
3. Sum of first n even natural numbers where, a =
= n(n + 1) 100
4. Sum of the squares of first n natural 6. A principal amounts to X times in T years at S.I. It
will become Y times in:
n(n 1)(2n 1)
numbers = Y – 1
6 Years T
X – 1
5. Sum of the cubes of first n
2 7. A principal amounts to X times in T years at C.I. It
n(n 1) will become Y times in:
natural numbers =
2 Years = T × n
where n is given by Xn = Y
PERCENTAGES
PROFIT AND LOSS
1. Two successive percentage changes of a% and Profit
b% is an effective change of 1. Profit % = 100
CP
ab
a+b+ 100 %. P
2. SP = CP + P% of CP = CP 1
100
2. If A is r% more/less than B,
3. Discount = Marked Price – Selling Price
100 r
B is % less/more than A.
100 r Discount
4. Discount % = 100
Marked Price
INTEREST
5. The selling price of two articles is same.
1. P = Principal, A = Amount, I = Interest, n = no. of
If one is sold at X% profit and the other at loss of
years, r% = rate of interest
Pr n X2
The Simple Interest (S.I.) = X%, then there is always a loss of %
100 100
LCM of numerators 1 1 1
3. (a) LCM of fractions (N) N 1 1 1 ...
HCF of denominators a b c
Here (N) is the number of numbers less than and
The series of such numbers will be 11. Number of ways of writing a number N as a product
(LCM of x, y, z) × n + r of two co-prime numbers = 2n–1
5. In general, for any composite number C, which where, n is the number of prime factors of a number
can be expressed as C = am × bn × cp× …, where
a, b, c, … are all prime factors and m, n, p are 12. Product of all the factors of
positive integers, then:
Number of factors
2
Number of factors is equal to N N
(m + 1) (n + 1)(p + 1) …
(p 1).(q1).(r 1)....
2
N
a b c a b c a b X
= = = x
p q r p q r p q
The same Inconsistent Two y
equation/ Equations/ intersecting
Just one line/ lines/
Two parallel Unique
Infinite Solutions lines/
Solution The minimum value of ax2 + bx + c will be
No Solutions
4ac – b2
y
4a
BINOMIAL THEOREM
–b
at, x
1. (x+y)n = K0xn + K1xn–1.y1+K2xn–2.y2 + ...+Knx0.yn 2a 2
where K 0 , K 1 , K 2 , ... K n are constants where, , are the roots of the equation
(called coefficients of binomial expansion)
5. In ax2 + bx + c, if a < 0
2. Sum of exponents of x and y in any term = n
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
–b + b2 – 4ac –b
= at, x
2a 2a 2
where, , are the roots of the equation
–b – b2 – 4ac
=
2a
6. If the roots of a quadratic equation are and ,
the equation can be re-constructed as
b x2 – (sum of roots) × x + (product of roots) = 0
2. Sum of roots: + =
a
c
3. Product of roots: × =
a
4. The above can be extended for higher degree 1. The nth term is given by,
equations as well. For an ‘n’ degree equation, Sum Tn = a + (n – 1)d
co-efficient of xn–3
=–
co-efficient of x n
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)
7. And, sum of roots taken ‘r’ at a time
Let,
coefficient of xn–r a = The first term,
=(–1)r n r = The common ratio
coefficient of x
Tn = The nth term and
Sn = The sum of n terms we have the following
8. Product of roots
constant term 1. Tn = arn – 1
= (–1)n .
co - efficient of xn
(1– r n )
2. Sn = a , where r < 1
9. Remainder Theorem: (1– r)
To identify whether a given expression is a factor
of another expression, we can take help of
Remainder Theorem. a(rn – 1)
3. Sn = , where r > 1
(r – 1)
According to the remainder theorem, when any
expression f(x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder
is f(a). (a is any constant in this example). a
4. Sum of infinite number of terms =
1– r
A/2
A/2
c b
2. Harmonic Mean (HM) of two numbers a and b
2ab
= B D C
ab a
3. For any set of n positive numbers, the following Angle bisector divides the opposite side in the ratio
relationship always holds true.
(AM, GM and HM have been defined earlier) BD AB
of sides containing the angle. So
DC AC
AM GM HM
(GM)2 = (AM)·(HM) 3. Apollonius Theorem:
Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and m is the
GEOMETRY length of the median to the side with length a. Then
1 2
Triangle b2 c 2 2m2 a
1. The area of a triangle can be determined in the 2
following ways:
1
(a) Area of a triangle = b h , where b is base
2
b c
and h is height m
(b) Area of a triangle = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ,
where a, b and c are the sides of the triangle a
abc
and s is the semi-perimeter i.e. s Special case:
2
This formula of area is known as Heron’s If b = c (the triangle is isosceles), then we have
formula 1 2
2b2 2m2 a
1 2
(c) Area of triangle = ab sin , where a and b are
2
the sides of the triangle and is the included
a2
m2 b2 –
angle i.e. angle between sides of length a 4
and b.
a2 b2 – c 2
cos
2ab
or c = a + b2 – 2 ab cos
2 2
B D C
abc
(f) A where R is circum-radius and A is
4R
area of the triangle
A
B D
P A
D P B
C
C
Then, PA × PB = PC × PD
B C D
Polygon
In a polygon of ‘n’ no. of sides,
Reflex AOB
O
n(n – 3)
1. Total number of diagonals = A B
2
360 P
2. Exterior angle of a regular polygon
n Thus AOB = 2 × AXB
6. Also, when a square or rectangle is inscribed in a (c) When two circles intersect.
circle, the diagonal of the square / rectangle is Two direct common tangents are possible.
equal to the diameter of the circle.
(d) When one circle is completely inside the other
7. Common Tangents for a pair of circles: without touching each other.
For the two circles with centres O1 and O2 and No common tangent is possible
radius r1 & r2
(e) When two circles are apart i.e. not touching
each other
P Q Two direct and two transverse tangents are
r1 r2 possible.
O1 O2
8. Alternate segment theorem:
R S Angle between any chord passing through the
tangent point and tangent is equal to the angle
subtended by the chord to any point on the other
C B side of circumference (alternate segment)
O1 O2 A
A D x C
PQ, RS are Direct common tangents & AB, CD
are Transverse common tangents.
x
P B Q
Length of PQ or RS
a = Length
1. Rectangle b 2(a + b) ab
b = Breadth
a
a
2. Square a a 4a a2 a = Side
a
b is the base and
1 h is the altitude.
a c 1. b×h
3. Triangle h a + b + c = 2s 2 a, b, c are three
2. sides of 's is the
semiperimeter
b
Isosceles d 1 2
6. right angled a 2a + d a
2 a = Each of equal
triangle sides.
a
a
a = Side
7. b b 2(a + b) ah b=
Parallelogram h
h=
a
a
d1 a=
a 1
8. Rhombus d2 a 4a d × d2
2 1
a
D C AC is one of its
h1 diagonals and h1, h2
h2 Sum of its 1
9. Quadrilateral (AC)(h1 + h2) are the altitudes on
four sides 2 AC from D, B
respectively.
A B
b a, b are parallel
sides and h is the
Sum of its 1 perpendicular
10. Trapezium h h(a + b)
four sides 2 distance between
parallel sides.
a
1 r 2 r = Radius of
12. Semicircle r + 2r the circle
2
r r
=
l+ 2r where
Sector of A
14. r ×r 2 r=
a circle l= ×2r 360°
360°
B C l=
Area of
segment ACB r=
O ×2r
Segment of 360° (Minor segment) =
15. a circle r
sin
A B + 2rsin = r2 –
C 2 360° 2
l
Pathways l = Length
running across b = Breadth
16. the middle of w A = w(l + b – w) w = Width of
a rectangle the path
w b
w
17. Pathways l 2[l + b + 4w] A = 2w(l + b + 2w)
outside b
w
l
w
18. Pathways 2[l + b – 4w] A = 2w(l + b – 2w)
inside b
w
2. Cube 6a 2 a3 a = Edge
(Area of
3. Right prism base) ×
(Height)
r=
Right circular 2r(r + h) r 2 h
4. 2rh h=
cylinder
1 (Perimeter of 1
5. Right pyramid 2 3 (Area of
the base) × the base)
(Slant height) × Height
h = Height
Right circular r(l + r) 1r 2h r = Radius
6. rl 3
cone l = Slant height
2 2
= r +h
7. Sphere 4r 2 4 r 3
r = Radius
3
Trigonometry
Height PB
(i) sin
1. Angle Measures: Hypotenuse AP
Angle are measured in many units viz. degree,
Base AB
minute, seconds, radians. We have (ii) cos
1 degree = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds, Hypotenuse AP
radians = 180°
Height PB
(iii) tan
Trigonometrical Ratios: Base AB
1 Base AB
In a right angled triangle ABP, if be the angle (iv) cot
tan Height PB
between AP and AB we define
P 1 Hypotenuse AP
(v) sec
cos Base AB
1 Hypotenuse AP
(vi) cosec
sin Height PB
B A
1 3 1
30° 2
8. logx X = 1
2 3
1 1
45° 2 2
1 1
9. loga X = log a
x
3 1
60° 2
3
2
logb X
90° 1 0 10. loga X
logb a
n n!
You can remember above table as 2. Cr
(n – r)! r !
School After
To College n
n Pr
3. Cr
r!
LOGARITHM
n
4. Cr n Cn–r
1. loga (XY) = loga X + logaY
5. nC + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ... + nCn = 2n
0
X
2. loga = loga X – loga Y 6. Number of ways of distributing ‘n’ identical things
Y
among ‘r’ persons such that each person may get
any no. of things = n + r – 1Cr – 1
4. Odds against x1 x 2 y1 y 2
= ,
Number of unfavourable cases 2 2
=
Number of favourable cases
5. The centroid of a triangle whose vertices are
(x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3)
5. If two events are said to be mutually exclusive
then if one happens, the other cannot happen and x1 x 2 x 3 y1 y 2 y 3
vice versa. In other words, the events have no = ,
3 3
simultaneous occurence.
y2 – y1
y – y1 (x – x1 )
x2 – x1