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Robot Dynamics PDF
Robot Dynamics PDF
l1
1
1
x
Rotation about a Fixed Axis
v= x rp = xr
The direction of v is determined by the
right-hand rule.
Rotation about a Fixed Axis
(continued)
The acceleration of P can also be defined by
differentiating the velocity.
a = a x r – w2r = at + an
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is a = (at)2 + (an)2
Rotation of a Vector
• Consider rotation of a vector about a
axis.
P
r
Point P is rotating about axis u.
r is the position vector of point P.
u
: the speed of rotation
aB a A α r ω (ω r )
Introduction to Dynamics
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law: A particle originally at rest, or moving in a
straight line at constant velocity, will remain in this state if
the resultant force acting on the particle is zero.
F
Second Law: If the resultant force
on the particle is not zero, the a
particle experiences an acceleration
in the same direction as the resultant F ma
force. This acceleration has a m : the mass
magnitude proportional to the F : the net force
a : the acceleration
resultant force.
Solution:
(1) Draw the free-body diagram of the particles
(2) Apply Newton’s 2nd Law
N
For the ball
R
m1 xb N sin (1)
m1 yb N cos m1 g (2)
xb xw ab / W cos (4)
yb ab / w sin (5)
From eqs. (1)-(5), we can solve the five unknowns, i.e. the acceleration
Linear Momentum
• Linear momentum: product of mass and velocity:
L mV mV
– It is a vector, in the same direction as velocity
- SI Unit : Kg m/s V
Ho r mV
H o is a vector perpendicular to both V and r.
Its direction is determinedby the right - hand rule
Its unit is Kg m2 / s
Principle of Angular Momentum
Consider a force F acting on the particle
V
Ho r mV r mV r F
O
Ho r F Mo
l1
Rx
1
2 1
O
Ry Nx 1 x0
Rx Ry
m2g Ny m1g
Example (continued)
Rx
(2) Dynamics of link 1. As
link 1 is rotating about O, Nx 1
1
Ry
IO 1 Mo Ny m1g
Moment of
Resultant moment about O
inertia about O
l1
IO 1 1 m1 g cos 1 R y l1 cos 1 R x l1 sin 1 (1)
2
Example
(3) Dynamics of link 2. 2
As link 2 is in a general plane motion C2
m2 a C 2 F Ry
C C Rx
I 2ω 2 ω 2 I 2ω 2 M C2 B
Acceleration of C2: a C2 aB a C / Bt a C / Bn m2g
2
aB a Bn a Bt l1 1 c1 l1 1s1 ...
a Bt
2
l1 1 s1 l1 1c1
l2 2 c12 l2 s12
a C / Bn ( 1 2 ) a C / Bt ( 2) 1
2 s12 2
1 c12
2 l2 l2 2 a Bn
l1 ( 1s1 1 c1 ) ( 1 2 ) s12 ( 1 2 c12
)
a C2 2 2
l2 l2
l1 ( 1c1 2
1 1s )
2
( 1 2 )c12
2
( 1 2)
2
s12 a C / Bt
1 2
Newton’s m2 a c2 x Rx (2)
equation: m2 a c2 y Ry m2 g (3) a C / Bn
Example (continued)
Consider Euler’s equation.
As the mass in uniformly distributed and the link is
symmetric, the inertia tensor matrix is diagonal.
I 2 xx 0 0 0 0 I 2 xx 0 0 0 0
0 I 2 yy 0 0 0 0 I 2 yy 0 0 0
0 0 I 2 zz 0 0 I 2 zz l2 l2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 R x s12 R y c12
2 2
l2 l2
I 2 zz ( 1 2) 2 R x s12 R y c12 (4)
2 2
Oi xi
Joint i-1
si-1 ri Ci: center
yi-1 of mass
ai-1 i
xi-1
i 1
Oi-1
Relative angular
Angular velocity relation ωi ωi 1 ωi /i 1 velocity if link I
to link i-1
between link i-1 and i:
ωi ωi 1 zi i (1)
Differentiating
(1)
ωi ωi 1 zi i ωi 1 zi i (2)
Recursive Newton-Euler Equation (Cont’)
a Ci a i a Ci / Oi
Acceleration at the
center of mass: a i ω i ri ω i (ω i ri ) (5)
Forward Equations
ωi ωi 1 zi i (1)
ωi ωi 1 zi i ωi 1 zi i (2)
ai ai 1 ωi 1 si 1 ωi 1 (ω i 1 si 1 ) (3) i=0
a Ci ai ω i ri 1 ω i (ω i ri 1 ) (4)
i=K
i=i-1
NO YES
i=0 END
Lagrange Formulation of Robot Dynamics
K U constant
Lagrange Equation
• Generalized coordinates q: A set of parameters
for representing the configuration (position &
orientation) of a system.
– q must specify the configuration uniquely
– Once the values of q are fixed, the system cannot
move.
– The choice of q is not unique.
• Degree of freedom (DOF): The dimension of the
generalized coordinates vector q is called
degrees of freedom of the system
Examples
2 l2
2
l1 q 1
DOF =2
1 2
1
x0
x
q y
DOF=4
(x,y)
Generalized Force
Consider the work done by non-conservative
forces under a differential displacement of the
system
ri : differential displacement at the
action point of f i due to a differential
change q of the generalized coordinates q
W T x0
1 1 2 2 f x
x : the differential motion of the end point
T
x J (q) q W 1 1 2 2 f J (q) q
当前无法显示此图像。
1 2 q ( J (q)f )T q
Generalized Force:
Lagrange Equation
q: the generalized coordinates of a system
K: Kinetic energy of the system
U: the potential energy of the system
F: the generalized forces of the system
Define L=K-U: Called Lagrangian
The dynamics of the system is given by
d L L
F
dt q q
Derivation of Robot Dynamics using
Lagrange Equation
1) Choose the generalized coordinates q (usually
use the kinematics parameters defined by the
D-H method)
2) Identify the non-conservative forces that are
exerted at the system and do work
3) Calculate the kinetic energy K and the
potential energy U, and then L=K-U
4) Calculate the partial derivatives
5) Calculate the generalized force F.
6) Apply the Lagrange equation.
Example 1
Center
of mass
Example: Denote the mass of link i by mi. The mass is
uniformly distributed over the link. Derive the
dynamics of the 2 DOF arm. 2 l2
y
Solution (1) Generalized coordiantes : q 1 c2
2 2
W 1 1 2 2 F 1
2
c2 s2 0 0
1 0 0 l2
c1 s1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0
0 s1 c1 0 0 1
T2 0 0 1 0 T3
T1 s2 c2 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Example 2 (continued)
Forward kinematics:
c1c2 c1s 2 s1 0 c1c2 c1s 2 s1 l 2 c1c2
0 0 s1c2 s1s 2 c1 0 0 0
T2 2T3 s1c2 s1s 2 c1 l 2 s1c2
T2 T1 1T2 T3
s2 c2 0 l2 s2
s2 c2 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
d l 2 c1c2
V l 2 s1c2 V2 l 22 c22 1
2
l 22 2
2
dt l 2 s 2
L
m2 l 22 2
2
L
0
1
L 1
m2 l 22 sin 2 2 1
2
m2 gl 2 c2
2 2
Example 2 (continued)
(5) Generalized forces:
W 1 1 2 2 fT x F 1 J T (q)f
2
x: the position of the endpoint
C ( q ,q ) G (q )
m2 l1l 2 s 2 ( 1 0.5 2 ) 2
C(q, q)
0.5m2 l1l 2 s 2 12
1
H (q)q ( H (q) S(q, q))q G (q) τ
2
Inertial force Centrifugal and
Coriolis forces Gravity Joint inputs