 The term "First World" refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries,

roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II, with more
or less common political and economic interests: North America, Western Europe, Japan
and Australia.
 "Second World" refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, (formerly the
Eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists
Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland) and some of the Turk States (e.g.,
Kazakhstan) as well as China.
 "Third World" are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the
developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America.
The term Third World includes as well capitalist and communist (e.g., North Korea)
countries, as very rich (e.g., Saudi Arabia) and very poor (e.g., Mali) countries.

 High infant mortality

 Low economic development
 High levels of poverty
 Heavy dependence on industrialized nations
 Very large foreign debt

Dimensions of poverty
What do we mean by global poverty?
Dimensions of poverty:
 The reason is that poverty is not a one dimensional phenomenon. It is multi dimensional.
The major measures of poverty we consider here are those that encompass:
 Income
 Health
 Education
 Empowerment
 Working Conditions

Dimensions of poverty income:

 The most common measure of poverty is known as income poverty, and it derives from a
conception of human well-being defined in terms of the consumption of goods and
services.
 In this approach, poverty is viewed as a lack(falta) of goods consumption due to a lack of
necessary income.
 At present, the most widely accepted measure of income poverty is in terms of one or two
U.S. dollars per day, measured in constant (price adjusted), “purchasing power parity”
dollars.
 Individuals who exist on less than one dollar a day are known as the “dollar poor” or the
“extremely poor”; individuals who exist on less than two dollars a day are known as the
“poor.”
Dimensions of poverty health
 Health deprivation characterizing poverty can be assessed in terms of life expectances,
infant and child mortality, and a number of other health-related measures(medidas).
 Poor health is now recognized as perhaps the most central aspect of poverty.
  The fact that 6 million persons die annually from AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria illustrates
this point, as do the annual deaths of a roughly equal number of infants from largely
preventable causes such as diarrheal disease.
Dimensions of poverty education
 Lack of education that results in limited literacy and numeracy is another important
deprivation.
 Indeed, lack of education is often an important cause of deprivations in income and
health.
 This dimension of poverty can be assessed in terms of literacy rates, average years of
schooling, or enrollment rates. Gender disparities deprivation and represent a key obstacle
to development.
Dimensions of poverty empowerment
 Lack of what is sometimes called "empowerment" is a fourth important dimension of
poverty.
 This includes limits on individuals’ abilities to enter into and participate in social realms
such as work and political processes because of discrimination of various kinds.
 In many countries women are socially restricted from entering the workforce or from
political participation. In some instances, they do not have the same legal rights as men.
Dimensions of poverty working conditions

Assessment of dimensions of poverty(Valoración de las dimensiones de la pobreza)

 Each of these dimensions of poverty can be assessed in absolute or in relative terms.
 Both absolute and relative poverty are important for social outcomes. In this class,
however, we will place a greater emphasis on absolute poverty.
 With regard to income poverty, we will emphasize the “dollar a day” or “extreme” poor
measure. With regard to other dimensions of poverty, we will emphasize illiteracy
(including gender disparities) and infant mortality.
The developing world(mundo en desarrollo)
 Global poverty is concentrated in what is commonly referred to as the developing world..
The impact of an expanding population(El impacto de una población en expansión)
The absolute size of the developing world's population increased..
 While populations of rich countries become older, those of the developing world became
younger.
 A great challenge is to meet the development and employment needs of these young
people.
GDP figures of the developing world(Cifras del PIB del mundo en desarrollo)
 Large parts of the developing world are emerging in terms of gross domestic product GDP.
 Some parts of the developing world are emerging as relatively economically significant.
Low-income and middle-income countries(Países de bajos y medianos ingresos)
 Today the developing world is divided into two sets of countries for analytical and
statistical convenience.
 Low-income countries are those with a per capita income of less than $735 USD.
 Middle-income countries are those with a per capita income more than $735 USD but less
than $9076 USD.
Poverty
 We can associate poverty with deprivations of income, health, education, empowerment
and working conditions.
  1 billion persons for the entire 20th century
Poverty indicators: health
The most important indicator of health poverty is infant mortality, a sad testament to the global
failure to meet the most basic needs.

Health deprivation:infant mortality

 The relationship between income poverty and health poverty is not as direct as one might
first assume.
Health deprivation: malnutrition
 Children who suffer from severe malnutrition show lags in motor activity, hearing, speech,
social and personal behavior, problem-solving ability, eye-hand coordination and
categorization behavior, even after rehabilitation.
Implications of female education
Female education is positively associated with infants' and children's abilities to escape mortality
and malnourishment.

A global imperative
 Reducing extreme income poverty and extreme health poverty in the form of infant
mortality is a global imperative.
 It is also an economic imperative, because, according to the research of the World Health
Organization, lower rates of infant mortality are associated with higher rates of economic
growth.
Types of glabization
1.Economic globalization: . Thus, globalization is predominantly an economic
process involving the transfer of economic resources form one country to another.
2.Cultural globalization: In the last few years the media owners of the West have
shown interest in entering developing countries.
3. Political Globalization :
Since long, efforts have been on to bring the whole world under one government.
The League of Nations and the UN have been the efforts in that direction. It is
believed that the world under one government will be safer and freer from conflicts:
The UN has denied expectations, but a number of regional organizations like
European Union,, ASEAN( Association of South East Asian Nations), APEC
(Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation) and SAARC (South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation), and multicultural economic organizations such as WTO
have come up.
4. Financial Globalization

• World’s financial systems have become intimately interconnected

• Stock market trading in New York stock exchange can affect Tokyo and Hong
Kong
• Wave continues in European markets then back to American markets
• Important to note: reflects interconnectivity of network of world cities, not nations
 5.Tehnological globalization
• Technological revolution has meant the “Global Village” has expanded to every
corner of the globe
with growth in travel communication and computer technology, and mobile (smart)
phones communications
• I can be around the world live, in 1 second by internet or smart phone or 12 hours
by plane
• The remotest village can now use hand crank computers to communicate via
internet
• Some regions have no phone networks, they have jumped ahead to cellphone
networks only
6.sociological globalization
• Idea that a single “world” society has evolved, replacing distinct national societies
that previously existed.
• One set of moral beliefs (religious); reaction of the “west” to Islamic fundamentalist
countries and vice versa
7. ecological globalization
• The planet must be treated as a single ecological system (ecosystem) rather than a
collection of separate
ecological systems.
• Ozone depletion, global warming impacts the world not just nation that did original
damage
The failed Kyoto Protocol and Montreal Protocol
Part of reason Kyoto failed was bec
8. geographical globalization
• Geographers don’t see world in terms of relationships between countries anymore
Example: trade, geopolitics, war
• Now see a borderless world, dominated by worldwide concerns about: ecological
concerns, politics, culture, economics and other relationships existing; all influenced
by networks of world cities.