Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) Exam

Fluid Mechanics Review

Steven Burian
Civil & Environmental Engineering
September 25, 2013
 Fluids and FE
Morning (Fluid Mechanics)
A. Flow measurement 7% of FE Morning
B. Fluid properties Session
C. Fluid statics
D. Energy, impulse, and momentum equations
E. Pipe and other internal flow
Afternoon (Depends on Discipline)
A. Bernoulli equation and mechanical energy balance
B. Hydrostatic pressure
C. Dimensionless numbers (e.g., Reynolds Number)
D. Laminar and turbulent flow
E. Velocity head
F. Friction losses (e.g., pipes, valves, fittings)
G. Pipe networks
H. Compressible and incompressible flow
I. Flow measurement (e.g., orifices, Venturi meters)
J. Pumps, turbines, and compressors
K. Non-Newtonian flow Up to 15% of FE
L. Flow through packed beds Afternoon Session
 FE Fluids
Review Fluids
Fluid
Properties §  Fluids - substances in liquid or gas
phase
Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics §  Fluids cannot support shear; they
Energy,
deform continuously to minimize applied
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
shear forces
Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review

Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Viscosity
Fluid §  Shear stress (τ): force required to slide one
Properties
unit area layer of a substance over another
Fluid Statics §  Viscosity (µ): measure of a fluid’s resistance
Fluid
to flow when acted upon by an external force
Dynamics (i.e., ease with which a fluid pours)
Energy, §  As a fluid moves a shear stress is developed
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow in it; magnitude is dependent on viscosity of
fluid
Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids F/A is the fluid shear stress (τ) and the constant
Review
of proportionality is the absolute viscosity (µ):
Fluid
Properties
du
Fluid Statics τ =µ
dy
Fluid
Dynamics
Newtonian fluids: strains are proportional to the
Energy, applied shear stress
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
Non-Newtonian fluids: fluid shear stress can be
Momentum computed using the power law
and Drag

The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of

µ
ν=
the absolute viscosity to mass density: ρ
 FE Fluids
Review

Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Surface Tension
Fluid
Properties
§  “skin” that seems to form on free surface of a
fluid; caused by intermolecular cohesive forces
Fluid Statics and is known as surface tension, σ
§  Surface tension - tensile force between two points
Fluid
Dynamics a unit distance apart on the surface
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Capillarity
Fluid §  Capillary action: caused by surface tension
Properties
between liquid and a vertical solid surface
Fluid Statics §  Adhesive forces between liquid molecules and
surface > cohesive forces between liquid
Fluid
Dynamics molecules; in water, adhesive forces cause fluid to
attach itself to and climb solid vertical surface
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Pressure
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
§ Hydrostatic pressure: pressure of fluid
Momentum
and Drag on immersed object or container walls
§ Pressure = force per unit area of surface:

F
P=
A
 FE Fluids
Review Pressure
Fluid
Properties
§  Gage pressure: measured relative to a reference
pressure - typically local atmospheric pressure
Fluid Statics
§  Absolute pressure: measured relative to a
Fluid perfect vacuum
Dynamics
§  Absolute, gage, and atmospheric pressure are
Energy, related as follows:
Friction Loss,

Pabs = Pgage + Patm

and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Pressure
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

P1 gage
Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
P2 gage
Momentum
P1 abs
and Drag
P2 abs

Munson et al. (2002)

 FE Fluids
Review Hydrostatic Pressure
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag

ΔP = change in pressure
ΔP = γΔh
γ  = specific weight of fluid
Δh = change in depth in fluid

***Incompressible fluid at rest

 FE Fluids
Review Manometry
Fluid §  Measure pressure or pressure
Properties
differences
Fluid Statics §  Differential manometers: both ends
Fluid
connected to pressure sources
Dynamics
§  Open manometers: one end open
Energy, to the atmosphere
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Barometers
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Buoyancy
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum Buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced and is

and Drag
directed vertically upward (Archimedes’ Principle):

Fb = γVd

where Fb = buoyant force

γ = specific weight of fluid
Vd = displaced volume of fluid
 FE Fluids
Review Displaced Volume
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag

Displaced volume
 FE Fluids
Review Solving Buoyancy Problems
Fluid
Properties §  If object at rest in fluid, then use
Fluid Statics
equation of static equilibrium in vertical
direction, ΣFy = 0
Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
§  Buoyant force passes vertically through
and Pipe Flow
centroid of displaced volume; called the
Momentum center of buoyancy.
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Fluid Forces on Surfaces
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss, §  Pressure on horizontal plane is uniform over
and Pipe Flow
surface
Momentum §  Resultant force of pressure distribution acts
and Drag
through center of pressure of surface and is:

R = PA
R = resultant vertical force
P = pressure on horizontal surface
A = area of submerged horizontal surface
 FE Fluids
Review Fluid Forces on Surfaces
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Fluid Forces on Surfaces
Free Surface
Fluid
Properties O
θ
Fluid Statics
y
h
Fluid hC
Dynamics
x
yc

yR
Energy, dF
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
R
Momentum
and Drag
A
dA
¤
Centroid, c
y ¤
Center of Pressure, CP

I xc I xyc
R = Pavg A = γhc A y R = + y c xR = + xc
Ay c Ayc
 FE Fluids
Review Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Fluid
Properties Laminar Flow:
Fluid Statics §  Relatively low velocities
§  No mixing or a very small degree
Fluid
Dynamics of mixing
Energy,
§  Fluid appears to flow in
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow
continuous layers with no
interaction between the layers
Momentum
and Drag

Turbulent Flow:
§  Relatively high velocities
§  High degree of mixing
§  Fluid motion appears chaotic
 FE Fluids
Review Flow Distribution
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Reynolds Number
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Reynolds Number
Fluid
Properties Circular Pipe Flow
Fluid Statics Re < 2000 laminar flow
2000 < Re < 4000 transition region
Fluid
Dynamics Re > 4000 turbulent flow
Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag

Open Channel
Re < 500 laminar flow
500 < Re < 2000 transition region
Re > 2000 turbulent flow
 FE Fluids
Review One-Dimensional Flows
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Bernoulli Equation
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Mechanical Energy Equation
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Friction Loss
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag

Valid for laminar and turbulent flow

 FE Fluids
Review Moody Chart
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Minor Loss
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review HGL and EGL
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review HGL and EGL
Fluid
Properties
Total Head
or Energy
Fluid Statics Velocity Head Grade Line
(v2/2g) (EGL)
Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Hydraulic
Friction Loss, Grade Line
and Pipe Flow
HGL
Pressure Head (P/
Momentum γ)
and Drag

Elevation
Head (z)
Z=0
 FE Fluids
Review Pump-Turbines
Fluid
Properties
Net head added to system
Fluid Statics by mechanical device
Fluid
Dynamics

2 2
P1 1v P2 v
2
+ z1 + + hs − hL = + z2 +
Energy,
Friction Loss,

2g 2g
and Pipe Flow
γ γ
Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Open Channel & Pipe Flow
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Impulse-Momentum
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 FE Fluids
Review Impulse-Momentum
ΣFx = Q2 ρ2v2 x − Q1 ρ1v1x
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
ΣFy = Q2 ρ2v 2 y − Q1 ρ1v1y
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
ΣFz = Q2 ρ2v 2 z − Q1 ρ1v1z
Net rate of
Sum of the momentum entering
external forces control volume
 FE Fluids
Review Pipe Networks
Fluid
Properties

Fluid Statics

Fluid
Dynamics

Energy,
Friction Loss,
and Pipe Flow

Momentum
and Drag
 Good Luck!!!

Steve Burian
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
burian@eng.utah.edu