Electric Power Industry Standard of the People’s Republic of China P DL/T 5092 — 1999 Technical Code for Designing 110-500 kV Overhead Transmission Line CHINA ELECTRIC POWER PRESS BENING, 2009BERRA (CIP) Be DL/T 5092—1999 110~SOOkV SR453E ARB LIRLA: BE Sh / PHARAA MERAY RIBAS. IER: he HAI NAL, 2010 ISBN 978-7-5083-9771-9 1. @D- I. Op TL ORE: HRB WP HBX WV. OTM726.3-65 "FINRA E43 48s CIP BHR (2009) 38 215775 FP EE HALA. BAT AeR= HLF 6 100044 http://www.cepp.com.cn) AEC RE 65 A FZ] ED SOMERS 2010421 AMBRE 2010 41 AAR ED 850 AKX1168 RK 32IFA 2.375 MK 57 FH Me E ABA WE, A POR AWARE AL, PART OA RBR RRA ByDL/ T 5092 — 1999 Contents Normative References « Meteorological Conditions - Conductors and Earth Wires Insulators and Fittings Insulation Coordination, Lightning Protection and CMI Aun 10 Conductor Arrangements 11 Types of Tower and Pole 12 Tower Load and Material----- 12.1 Load 12.2. Material 13. Basic Requirements for Tower Structure Design- 13.1 General Requirements: 13.2 Calculation Expressions for Load-Bearing Capacity and ‘Normal Service Limit State: 14 Tower Structure -- 15 Foundations --- 16 Distances to Ground and CrossingDL/T 5092 — 1999 17 Auxiliary Facilities ---- Appendix A (Informative) Appendix B (Informative) Appendix C (Informative) | Appendix D (Informative) i 1 | Appendix E (Informative) Appendix F (Informative) Appendix G (Normative) Typical Meteorological Region -----+--- Pollution Classification Standards for Overhead Transmission Lines-+------ 61 Relationship between Span and Clearance of Horizontal Lines for Towers with Suspension Insulator Strings -~ 63 Calculated Calculation Bulk Density and Frustum Angle for Uplifting Soil of Foundation:--- Classification of Weak Current Line: Classification of Roads: Explanation of Wording in this CodeDL/T 5092 — 1999 Foreword This code is a revised version of SDJ 3—1979 Technical Code for Designing Overhead Transmission Line issued by former Ministry of Water Conservancy and Electric Power in January, 1979. Compared with the original version, the following major modifications are made: (1) The original version of the code is applicable to the design of 35 kV-330 kV overhead transmission lines. According to the requi- rements as stated in the documents Notice on Issuance of Plan for Standardization, Scientific Research and Information of Electric Power Survey Design in 1990 [DIANGUIJIZI (90) No.16] dated March 30th, 1990 and Review Comments on Revision Outline for Technical Code for Designing 220-500 kV Overhead Transmission Line [DIANGUISONG (1991) No.22] dated July 22nd, 1991, the scope of the code is adjusted to 110-500 kV overhead transmission lines. (2) The construction of 500 kV lines was begun in 1970s and up to now more than 10 000 km has been built. During this revision of the code, the rational parts of the provisional regulations and the supplements and revisions thereto put forward on previous professional conferences proved through practice are incorporated. (3) Contents regarding structure are revised according to the limit design theory extensively used both at home and abroad. It is made compatible with other civil work codes at home while being adapted to the original version. (4) Sections and articles in the original code not applicable to the pittDL/T 5092 — 1999 current production requirements are either deleted or modified. Since the implementation of this code, SDJ 3—1979 is abolished simultaneously. Appendices A, B, C, D, E and F of this code are regarded as informative appendices. Appendix G of this code is regarded as normative appendix. This code was proposed and managed by the Power Planning and Design General Institute of State Power Corporation. This code was prepared by the East China Electric Power Design Institute of State Power Corporation with the participation of the Power Planning and Design General Institute of State Power Corporation. The leading authors of this code are Ye Hongsheng, Gong Dawei, Wei Shunyan, Yang Chongru, Li Xilai, Liu shourong, Yang Yuanchun, Zhuang Dexin, Zhao Junhu, Lu Haodong. East China Electric Power Design Institute is responsible for the interpretation of this code.DL/T 5092 — 1999 1. Scope The design principles for 110 kV-500 kV AC overhead transmission lines (hereinafter referred to as “transmission line” ) are stipulated in this code and necessary data is provided as well. This code is applicable to the design of newly built AC transmission lines of 110, 220, 330 kV and 500 kV.DL/T 5092 — 1999 2 Normative References The following normative documents contain provisions which through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this standard. For dated references,subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However parties to agreements based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. GBJ 9—1987 Building constructions-specifications for loads architectural structures GBJ 17—1988 Specifications for the design of steel structures GB 700—1988 Carbon structural steels GB/T 1591—1994 High strength low alloy structural steels GB 3098.1—1982 Mechanical properties of fasteners — Bolts, Screws and Studs GB 3098.2—1982 Mechanical properties of fasteners — NutsDL/T 5092 — 1999 3 General 3.0.1 The design of transmission lines must be in compliance with the national capital construction strategy and technical and economic policies and be safe, reliable, economic and applicable to national conditions of China. 3.0.2 The design of transmission lines must be based on the Practical conditions with joint consideration of regional characteristics. Advanced technologies, such as proven new materials and structures, shall be actively and carefully popularized. 3.0.3 In addition to the requirements stipulated in this code, relevant provisions specified in current national standards and electric power industry standards shall also be complied with in design of transmission lines.DL/T 5092 — 1999 4 Terms and Symbols 4.1 Terms 4.1.1 Large Crossing Tension sections of lines crossing wide navigable rivers, lakes or straits with large spans (above 1000 m) or high towers (higher than 100 m) for which special consideration shall be taken in conductor selection or tower design and faults of which may severely influence navigation or are extremely difficult to repair. 4.1.2 Heavy Ice Area Areas with design ice thickness of 20 mm or above. 4.1.3 Rare Wind Speed, Rare Ice Thickness Meteorological conditions worked out for checking calculation based on serious high wind and ice-coating conditions that did occurred previously and dramatically exceeded the frequency curve of historic records. 4.1.4 Everyday Tension The tension at the lowest point of sag of conductor or earth wire which is calculated under the annual average temperature. 4.1.5 Weighting Foundation The foundation whose uplift stability mainly depends on its weight which shall be larger than the uplift force. 4.1.6 Reinforced Concrete Pole The general name for common reinforced concrete pole, partial prestressed concrete pole and prestressed reinforced concrete pole. 4.1.7 Residential Area 4DL/T 5092 — 1999 Populated areas like industrial area, port, wharf, rail station and towns. 4.1.8 Nonresidential Area Areas excluding the above mentioned places including areas with frequent presence of people, vehicles or agricultural mechanics but no or few houses. 4.1.9 Difficult Transport Area Areas not accessible for vehicles and agricultural mechanics. 4.2 Symbols The following symbols are used in this code: Wo — characteristic value of reference wind pressure, KN/m’; Hz — height variation coefficient of wind pressure; Co — effect coefficient of permanent load; G, — characteristic value of permanent load; y — combination coefficient for variable load; Cy — effect coefficient for variable load; R — resistance design value for structural members; Qx — characteristic value of variable load item i; fa — yield stress of steel, N/mm’; Js — design value of the bearing capacity of the subgrade, kPa; — regulation coefficient of the bearing capacity of subgrade.DL/T 5092 — 1999 5 Routing 5.0.1 When selecting the transmission line route, such factors as construction, operation, traffic condition and the length of line all shall be considered and schemes shall be compared to ensure safety, reliability and cost effectiveness. 5.0.2 Areas with heavy ice, adverse geological condition or primitive forest and that can seriously impact the safe operation shall be avoided as far as possible during routing of transmission lines and interaction with adjacent facilities such as radio stations, airports and weak current lines shall also be taken into consideration. 5.0.3 The incoming and outgoing lines for large-scale power plant and key substations shall be uniformly planned according to the general layouts of the plants and substations. Double-circuit or multiple-circuit lines should be erected on common towers at sections with narrow line corridor. 5.0.4 The length of tension section should not be longer than 5 km for single-conductor line and 10 km for 2-bundle-conductor line and 20 km for 3 (and above)-bundle-conductor lines. It may be extended properly if the operation and construction conditions are favorable. Correspondingly, it shall be reduced appropriately at areas with poor operation conditions, such as heavy ice areas or mountain areas with significant altitude or span differences. 5.0.5 The routing scheme for the transmission lines with large crossings shall be determined through comprehensive tech- economic analysis in combination with the specific condition of large crossings. 6DL/T 5092 — 1999 The towers for large crossings are normally located beyond the flooded areas with a five-year recurrence period and the bank erosion in 30-50 years shall be considered as well.DL/T 5092 — 1999 6 Meteorological Conditions according to the following recurrence. periods based on the meteorological information for the routing areas and the operating : experiences from the existing lines nearby: | 500 kV large crossing 50 years 500 kV transmission line 30 years i 110 kV-330 kV large crossing 30 years : 110 kV-330 kV transmission line 15 years If the meteorological conditions along the route are similar to the typical conditions as mentioned in Appendix A (attached to the code), the data for typical meteorological conditions should be used. 6.0.2 The 10-minutes annual maximum wind speed from the local meteorological observatory shall be used as the sample to determine the maximum design wind speed. In addition, the extreme value I-type distribution should be used as the probability model. The elevations for wind speed statistics are as follows: | 6.0.1 The meteorological conditions for design shall be determined | large crossing for individual voltage classes 10 m above the minimum average water level in gale season 110 kV—330 kV transmission lines 15 m above ground 500 kV transmission line 20 m above ground i 6.0.3 The maximum design wind speed for transmission lines shall be selected according to the statistic value of the maximum wind speed. For transmission line in mountain area, it shall be 10% higher 8DL/T 5092 — 1999 than the statistic value for nearby plain areas if reliable material is unavailable. ‘The maximum design wind speed for 110 kV—330 kV transmission lines shall not be lower than 25 m/s and that for calculating tension and load of conductor and earth wire as well as tower load of 500 kV transmission line shall not be lower than 30 m/s. 6.0.4 For large crossings, if no reliable information regarding the maximum design wind speed is available, the wind speed statistics for transmission lines in nearby plain areas should be used after-being converted to the elevation 10 m above the annual average minimum water level in gale season based on the recurrence period for on-land transmission lines with same voltage classes and increased by 10% before another 10% is added to account for the influence of water surface. The maximum design wind speed for large crossings shail not be lower than that for on-land transmission line connected therewith. It should be checked with the rare wind speed if necessary. 6.0.5 The maximum design ice thickness for large crossings (excluding those in areas without ice) should be 5 mm larger than that for common transmission line nearby. ‘When necessary, verification should be done for large crossings and transmission lines going through heavy ice areas on basis of rare ice thickness conditions. 6.0.6 In case of areas susceptible to strong wind, such as river banks, lake banks, mountain peaks and valleys, the maximum design wind speed for transmission lines shall be appropriately higher than that for normal areas nearby. 6.0.7 _ The annual average temperature for design shall be determined with the methods below:DL/T 5092 — 1999 Where the annual average temperature is between 3°C and 17C, the multiple of 5 adjacent to the average temperature shall be taken. Where the annual average temperature is lower than 3°C or higher than 17°C, the multiple of 5 adjacent to the value obtained by subtracting 3°C or 5°C from the average temperature shall be taken Tespectively. 10DL/T 5092 — 1999 7 Conductors and Earth Wires 7.0.1 The conductor section of transmission lines shall be selected based on the economic current density and checked according to such factors as electric corona and radio interference. The conductor section for large crossings should be selected based on the allowable ampacity and shall be determined through technical-economic comparison. For areas not exceeding 1000 m in altitude, the electrical corona verification may be ignored if the prevailing national standard for steel reinforced aluminum conductor (ACSR) is adopted and the outer diameters of conductors are not lower than the values listed in Table 7.0.1 below. Table 7.0.1 Minimum Outer Diameters for Conductors not Subject to Corona Verification (altitude not exceeding 1000 m) Nominal Voltage kV 33.6 | 2X21.6 | 2X36.24 | 3X26.82 | 4X21.6 7.0.2 The allowable temperatures for verifying allowable ampaci- ties of conductors are as follows: +70 ‘C for ACSR and steel reinforced aluminum alloy conductor (AACSR) (+90 °C for large crossings); +80 ‘C for aluminum clad steel reinforced aluminum conductor (ACSR/AC) (including aluminum clad steel conductor) llDL/T 5092 — 1999 (+100 °C for large crossing) or determined by testing; +125 °C. for stranded galvanized steel wire. The ambient temperature shall be the maximum average temperature in the hottest month; the wind speed shall be 0.5 m/s (0.6 m/s for large crossings); the sun radiation power density shall be 0.1 W/cm’. 7.0.3 The design safety coefficients of conductor and earth wire shall not be less than 2.5. The design safety coefficient of earth wire should be larger than that of conductor. The maximum tension at the lowest point of sag of conductor or earth wire shall be calculated according to Equation 7.0.3: q Toe < 7 (7.0.3) Where: Tax — Maximum tension at the lowest point of sag of con- ductor or earth wire, N; T, — tensile capacity of conductor or earth wire, N; Ke — design safety coefficient of conductor or carth wire. The design safety coefficient at suspension point shall not be less than 2.25. For the conductor and earth wire on pulley, the additional tension due to local bending at suspension points shall be calculated as well. Under the meteorological condition with rare wind speed or rare ice thickness, the maximum tension at lowest point of sag shall not exceed 60% of the tension strength. The maximum tension of suspension point shall not exceed 66% of the tension strength. 7.0.4 The earth wire shall meet both mechanical and electrical requirements and stranded galvanized steel wire or composite 12DL/T 5092 — 1999 stranded conductor may be used. The allowable temperatures of earth wire for verifying short-circuit thermal stability are as follows: +200 ‘C for ACSR and AACSR; +300 ‘C for ACSR/AC (including aluminum clad steel conductor); +400 ‘C for stranded galvanized steel wire. The calculation time and corresponding short-circuit current value shall be determined according to the specific conditions of system. The section of earth wires should not be less than the values as specified in Table 7.0.4 if the stranded galvanized steel wire ‘is used in order to coordinate with conductors. Table 7.0.4 Coordination between Stranded Galvanized Steel Earth Wire and Conductor " LGJ-185/30 LGJ-185/45— LGJ-400/65 corer andbelow | LG3-400/50 | and above Minimum Nominal Section of Stranded Galvanized Steel Wire 35 50 70 mm’ The nominal section for earth wire of 500 kV transmission lines shall not be less than 70 mm? if stranded galvanized steel wire is used. 7.0.5 Anti-vibration measures for conductor and earth wire: 1 For stranded galvanized steel wire or ACSR with a section ratio between aluminum and steel not less than.4.29, the upper limits of average operation tension and the corresponding anti-vibration measures shall conform to the requirements of Table 7.0.5. However, the restriction may be ignored if supported by years of operating experiences. 13DL/T 5092 — 1999 Table 7.0.5 Upper Limits of Average Operation Tensions of Conductor and Earth Wire and Anti-Vibration Measures Upper Limits of Average Operation ‘Tension (percentage of tensile Description Anti-vibration Measures a % Galvanized steel strand ACSR ‘Span not exceeding 500 m in open area a ie a Span not exceeding 500 m in restricted NA 18 18 area Spans not exceeding oon NA 18 18 Any span Armor rods 2 = Vibration damper (damping Any span wire) or additional armor | 25 28 rods [eee eee In case spacer damper is used for 4-bundle conductor, other anti-vibration measures may be ignored for span not exceeding 500 m. » 2 For conductors and earth wires not included in Table 7.0.1, the upper limits of allowable average operation tensions and corresponding anti-vibration measures shall be determined according to local operating experience or technical information provided by manufacturer. Test shall be carried out if necessary. 7.0.6 The plastic elongation of conductor and earth wire after erection shall be determined based on the data provided by manufacturer or by tests. In case no information is available, 1x 10* may be taken for stranded galvanized steel wire, and the values listed in Table 7.0.6-1 may be used for ACSR. 14DL/T 5092 — 1999 Table 7.0.6-1 Plastic Elongation of ACSR Section Ratio of Aluminum and Steel Plastic Elongation’ 7-791 4x 1045x104 5.05-6.16 3X 104-410 4.29-4.38 3x104 Temperature decrement method should be used to offset the impact of plastic elongation on sag. A decrement of 10 ‘C may be used for stranded galvanized steel wire and the data contained in Table 7.0.6-2 may be used for ACSR if the above plastic elongation values are used. Table 7.0.6-2 Temperature Decrement for ACSR. ‘Section Ratio of Aluminum and Steel 7-791 5.05-6.16 429-438 15DL/T 5092 — 1999 8 Insulators and Fittings 8.0.1 The safety coefficients of mechanical strength for cap and pin insulators shall not be less than the values shown in Table 8.0.1. For duplicated or multiplicate insulator strings, the mechanical ‘strength shall be checked under the condition with one insulator string broken and the load and safety coefficient shall be calculated on this basis. Table 8.0.1 Safety Coefficients of Mechanical Strength for Cap and Pin Insulators Description Maximum load | Line breakage | String breakage Safety Coefficient 7 18 ~ The safety coefficient of porcelain cap and pin insulator shall not be lower than 4.5 under normal operating condition with continuous load. The safety coefficient Kj of the mechanical strength of insulator shall be calculated according to Equation (8.0.1): Th Kak Hee (8.0.1) Where: T, — rated mechanical failing load of cap and pin insulator, kN; T — maximum working load, line breakage load, string brea- kage load or continuous load of insulator, KN. The continuous load refers to the load imposed on the insulator under annual average temperature. The meteorological condition for line and string breakage load refers to the condition with no wind and 16DL/T 5092 — 1999 no ice at the minimum average temperature in the coldest month. The tensions for conductors and earth wires in design of suspension insulator strings may be selected in accordance with Article 12.1.3. 8.0.2 The surface of fittings shall be galvanized or other equivalent anti-corrosion measures shall be taken. 8.0.3 The safety coefficient of the strength of fittings shall not be lower than the values below: maximum working load 2.5; line or string breakage 1.5, 8.0.4 Voltage sharing and anti-corona measures shall be considered for insulator strings and fittings for 330 kV and above transmission lines. 8.0.5 The single-string single-piece cap and pin insulator should not be used for insulation of earth wire. 7DL/T 5092 — 1999 9 Insulation Coordination, Lightning Protection and Grounding 9.0.1 The insulation coordination for 110 kV—500 kV transmission lines shall ensure that transmission lines may operate safely and reliably under various conditions, including power frequency voltage, switching over-voltage and lightning over-voltage. 9.0.2 In areas with altitude below 1000 m, the numbers of insulators in suspension insulator strings required for switching over-voltage and lightning over-voltage shall not be less than the figures listed in Table 9.0.2. The number of insulators in tension insulator strings shall be increased by one for 110 kV—330 kV transmission lines and two for 500 kV transmission lines on this basis. Table 9.0.2 Minimum Number of Insulators in Suspension Insulator Strings Required for Switching Over-Voltage and Lightning Over-Voltage Nominal Voltage kV Height of Single Insulator mm ‘Number of Insulators piece In order to maintain the lightning withstand capacity of high towers, one insulator of the same type shall be added for every increased 10 m for towers higher than 40 m on basis of the numbers listed in Table 9.0.2. And the quantity of insulators for towers exceeding 100 m shall be determined as per actual operation 18DL/T 5092 — 1999 experience and in combination with calculation. The minimum clearance for lightning over-voltage shall be increased accordingly when insulators are increased as the tower height. 9.0.3 As for the anti-pollution design of insulation of transmission lines, proper types and quantity of insulators shall be selected in accordance with the pollution levels as stated in the reviewed pollution zoning chart. Refer to Appendix B for pollution levels. 9.0.4 For the transmission lines passing through pollution areas, the number of insulators for tension insulator strings is not required to be increased in relation to that for suspension insulator strings if it is determined as per Article 9.0.3 and is up to the stipulations of Article 9.0.2. As tension insulator strings has a superior self-cleaning performance, the specific leakage distance thereof may be appropriately reduced in relation to that of suspension insulator strings based on operation experience from the same pollution area. 9.0.5 The number of insulators in a string at areas with altitude ranging from 1000 m to 3500 m, may be determined according to Equation (9.0.5) if no operation experience is available: n, =n1+0.(H-D] (9.0.5) ‘Where: n, — insulator number at areas with high altitude, piece; n— insulator number at areas with the altitude below 1000 m, piece; H — altitude, km. 9.0.6 In areas with altitude not exceeding 1000 m, the clearances between live parts and tower members (including guy and step bolt) shall be no less than the values listed in Table 9.0.6 under corresponding wind deflection conditions. 19DL/T 5092 — 1999 Table 9.0.6 Minimum Clearances between Live Parts and Tower Assemblies m ee 0 220 330 500 Lightning Over-Voltage 1.00 1.90 23 3.30 3.30 Switching Over-Voltage 0.70 1.45 195 | 250 | 270 Power Frequéncy Voltage 0.25 0.55 0.90 1.20 130 Note 1: Refer to Appendix A (attached to the code) for the corresponding meteoro- logical conditions for checking the clearances based on lightning over-voltage and switching over-voltage. Note 2: Maximum wind speed and corresponding ambient temperature shall be adopted for checking the clearance based on service voltage. Note 3: For air clearance for 500 KV, the data on left side are applicable to the areas with altitude not exceeding 500 m; the data on right side are applicable to the areas with altitude exceeding 500 m but no higher than 1000 m. 9.0.7 The clearances for switching over-voltage and service voltage shall be raised by 1% based on the values in Table 7.0.6 for every increased 100 m in altitude at areas with altitude exceeding 1000 m. In case the quantity of insulators needs to be increased due to high altitude, the minimum clearance for lightning over-voltage given in Table 7.0.6 shall be enlarged accordingly. 9.0.8 In areas with altitude below 1000 m, the checking clearances between live parts and grounding parts of the tower shall not be lower than the values listed in Table 9.0.8, so as to facilitate live working. Table 9.0.8 Checking Clearances between Live Parts and Tower Grounding Parts for Convenience of Live Working Nominal Voltage kV 20DL/T 5092 — 1999 ‘An additional 30-50 cm space allowing movement of body shall be available for operators at locations requiring manual operation. The following calculation conditions shall be used for checking the clearance for live working: ambient temperature +15 ‘C, wind speed 10 m/s, 9.0.9 The lightning protection for transmission lines shall be designed according to the voltage, nature of load and operation mode of the system in combination with the operation experience of existing local transmission lines, the intensity and density of lightning activity, topographic and geomorphologic characteristics as well as the soil resistivity of the local area. Proper lightning protection method shall be employed through technical-economic analysis after calculating the lightning withstanding level. Protection methods as follows shall be used for transmission lines of various voltage classes: 1) The 110 kV transmission lines should be provided with earth wire along the whole course and no earth wire is required at areas with annual average thunderstorm days not more than 15 or with minor lightning activities as proved by operation experience. The transmission lines without earth wire shall be equipped with earth wire of 1 km to 2 km long at the incoming section of substations or power plants. 2) The 220-330 kV transmission lines at areas with annual average thunderstorm days beyond 15 shall be provided with earth wire along the whole course and double- earth-wire shall be erected for transmission lines at mountain areas. 3) The 500 kV transmission lines shall be provided with earth wire along the whole course. 21DL/T 5092 — 1999 9.0.10 The shade angle of earth wire for side phase conductor should be 10°-15° for 500 kV transmission lines and be about 20° for 330 kV transmission lines and 220 kV transmission lines with double-earth-wire, and be about 25° for 110 kV single-earth-wire transmission lines at mountain areas, The distance between the two earth wires on the tower shall not exceed 5 times the vertical distance between the earth wire and the conductor. The distance between the conductor and the earth wire in the middle of common span shall be verified based on the equation as follows (calculation condition: ambient temperature+15 °C, without wind): S20.012L+1 (9.0.10) Where: SS — distance between conductor and earth wire, m; I — span, m. 9.0.11 The tower with carth wire shall be grounded. During the dry period of thunderstorm seasons, the power frequency earth resistances for each tower with earth wire unconnected should not exceed the values listed in Table 9.0.11. Table 9.0.11 Power Frequency Earth Resistance of Transmission Line Towers with Earth Wire oe 100 500 Soil Resistivity (excluded) to | (excluded) to Q+m 500 1000 (included) (included) Power Frequency Earth Resistance 15 20 25 30” Qa 1) In case the soil resistivity goes beyond 2000 O-m and it is impossible for the earth resistance to drop to 30 Q, 6 to 8 pieces of earth electrodes in radial arrangement with total length not exceeding 500 m or continuously extended earth electrode may be used, whose earth resistance is not restricted.DL/T 5092 — 1999 Artificial earth electrode is not required for areas with low soil resistivity if the natural earth resistance of tower is not larger than the values in Table 9.0.11. The reinforced concrete poles and steel towers located in residential areas with no earth wires shall be grounded in systems the neutral point of which is not directly grounded. The earth resistance shouldn’t exceed 30 Q.. 9.0.12 Reliable electrical connections shall be provided between the grounding down leads and accessories of reinforced concrete poles such as steel cross-arms, earth wire peak, and ladders. In case the reinforcement bar of reinforced concrete pole is also used as the grounding down lead, reliable electrical connections shall be provided between the said bar and the grounding nut, steel cross-arm or earth wire peak. The external grounding down lead may be made of stranded galvanized steel wire, the section area of which shall be selected as per thermal stability requirements and shall not be less than 25 mm”. The section area of the lead wire for earth electrode shall be no lower than 50 mm? and thermal stability verification shall be conducted thereon. The surface of the lead wire shall be provided with effective anti-corrosion treatment such as galvanization. 9.0.13 The earth electrodes of transmission lines passing through farming land shall be buried below the farming depth and those at residential areas or paddy fields shall be laid in circularity. 9.0.14 Where insulated earth wire is used, the induced voltage and current on the earth wire shall be limited and reliable earth wire spacing shall be selected to ensure safe operation thereof. The thermal stability and personnel protection measures shall be verified for the grounding lead and device of insulated earth wire continuously carrying current. 23DL/T 5092 — 1999 10 Conductor Arrangements 10.0.1 The distances between phase conductors shall be determined in accordance with the following requirements in combination with practical experiences: 1 The horizontal distance shall be calculated according to Equation (10.0.1-1) below for conductors with span length below 1000 m: D=04L, + D065 VK (10.0.1-1) Where: D — horizontal distance between phase conductors, m; Ix, — length of suspension insulator strings, m; U_ — nominal voltage of transmission lines, kV; J; — maximum sag of conductor, m. Generally, the relationship between horizontal distance and span for tower with suspension insulator strings may be as stated in Appendix C (attached to the code). 2 The vertical distances between vertical phase conductors should be 75% of the values calculated by Equation 10.0.1-1. The distances between vertical phase conductors should not be lower than the values given in Table 10.0.1 for towers with suspension insulator strings. Table 10.0.1 Minimum Distances between Vertical Phase Conductors for Towers with Suspension Insulator Strings ‘Nominal Voltage WV 10 20 330 500 Distance between Vertical Conductors 7 | 7 | 15 ion 24DL/T 5092 — 1999 3 The equivalent horizontal distance for phase conductors in triangle arrangement shall be calculated according to Equation (10.0.1-2). Dy =D? +(4/3D,Y (10.0.1-2) Where: D,,— equivalent horizontal distance for phase conductors in triangle arrangement, m; D, — horizontal projection distance between conductors, m; D,, — vertical projection distance between conductors, m. 10.0.2 In ice areas, the horizontal deflections between adjacent upper and lower phase conductors or between earth wire and adjacent phase conductors should not be less than the values listed in Table 10.0.2 if no operation experience is available. Table 10.0.2 Horizontal Deflection between Adjacent Upper and Lower Phase Conductors or between Earth Wire and Adjacent Phase Conductors _ m ee 110 220 330 500 Design Ice Thickness 10 mm 05 10 15 175 Design Ice Thickness 15 mm 07 15 2.0 25 In areas with design ice thickness being 5 mm, the horizontal deflection between adjacent upper and lower phase conductors or between earth wires and adjacent phase conductors may be appropriately reduced based on practical operation experiences. In heavy ice areas, the conductors shall be arranged horizontally. The horizontal deflection between earth wire and adjacent phase conductors should at least be 0.5 m higher than the values given in 25DL/T 5092 — 1999 column “Design ice thickness 15 mm” of Table 10.0.2. 10.0.3 For towers serving double or multiple circuits, the horizontal or vertical distances between different phase conductors of different circuits shall be 0.5 m larger than the values as required in Article 8.0.1. 10.0.4 Transposition shall be performed for transmission lines longer than 100 km in power grids with neutral point directly grounded. The transposition interval should not exceed 200 km. In case that each circuit at a certain voltage-class for a substation are less than 100 km but the total length exceeds 200 km, transposition or change of phase sequence of individual circuits may be used to balance the asymmetrical current. In power grids with neutral points not grounded directly, for purpose of reducing the potential of neutral point during long-term operation, methods such as transposition or change of phase sequence may be employed to balance the asymmetrical capacitive current.DL/T 5092 — 1999 11 Types of Tower and Pole 11.0.1 In type selection for towers and poles, importance shall be attached to safety, reliability and convenient maintenance, and tech-economic analysis shall be conducted in conjunction with such conditions as construction, manufacturing, topography, geology and foundation types. 11.0.2 At plains and hill areas where transportation and construc- tion are convenient, guyed supports and reinforced concrete poles should be used according to the local conditions. 11.0.3 At areas with high corridor cleaning-up costs or narrow corridor, towers with conductors in triangle arrangement should be used. In addition, at areas where ice is not heavy, towers serving double or multiple circuits should be used in order to cater for long-term plans. At areas with heavy ice, towers serving single-circuit with conductors horizontally arranged shall be employed. Steel pipe towers may be used in cities or suburbs. 11.0.4 In case deviation angle is required for common suspension tower, it should not be larger than 5° if the tower head size is not increased. The deviation angle for suspension angle tower should not be beyond 20° and 10° for 500 kV and 330 kV transmission lines respectively. 11.0.5 Towers with rotating cross-arm or deformable cross-arm shall not be used in the following cases: residential areas, mountain areas inconvenient for repair, heavy ice areas, crossing points, and tower locations susceptible to unexpected movement caused by significant differences in spans or elevations on two sides. 27DL/T 5092 — 1999 12 Tower Load and Material 12.1 Load 12.1.1 Load combinations for various types of towers under normal operation, line breakage (including the longitudinal unbalance tension of bundle conductors) and erection conditions shall be calculated. And if necessary, the rare conditions like earthquake shall be checked. 12.1.2 The load combinations under the following conditions shall be calculated for various towers under normal operation: 1 Maximum wind speed, free of ice and line breakage; 2 Maximum ice coating, corresponding wind speed and ambient temperature, without line breakage; 3 Minimum ambient temperature, no ice, no wind, no line breakage (applicable to terminal and angle tower excluding suspension tower for large crossing). 12.1.3 The following load combination shall be calculated under the line breakage condition (including the longitudinal unbalanced tension of bundle conductors) of suspension tower (including suspension angle tower, excluding suspension tower for large crossing): 1 Conductor breakage (including the longitudinal unbalanced tension of bundle conductor) 1) Single-circuit and double-circuit towers. Single conductor with breakage of any one conductor; bundle conductors with unbalanced tension in any phase 28DL/T 5092 — 1999 without breakage of earth wire, free of wind and ice. The breakage tension of single conductor shall be determined according to Table 12.1.3-1. Table 12.1.3-1 Percentage of Breakage Tension of Single Conductor in Relation to the Maximum Working Tension % Reinforced Concrete Pole and Self-Supporting a ‘Guyed Tower Steel Tower LGJ-95/20 and below 30 40 LG¥-120/20-LGI-185/45 35 40 LGJ-240/20 and above 40 50 Coe The longitudinal unbalanced tensions of 2-bundle conductor at plain and mountain areas shall be 40% and 50% of the maximum working tensions of a sub-conductor respectively. The longitudinal unbalanced tensions of conductor with more than two bundles shall be not less than 15%, 20% and 25% of the maximum tension of a single phase conductor respectively at plain, hill and mountain areas, and shall never be lower than 20 KN. 2) Multiple-circuit towers. Single conductor with breakage of any two conductors; bundle conductors with longitudinal unbalanced tension on any two phases. Breakage tension or longitudinal unbalanced tension shall still be determined in compliance with the stipulations for single-circuit and double-circuit towers, with no earth wire breakage, no ice, no wind. 2 Unbalanced tension of earth wire. Unbalanced tension on 29DL/T 5092 — 1999 any earth wire irrespective the number of circuits on the tower under the condition with no conductor breakage, no wind, no ice. The unbalanced tension for earth wire shall be determined according to Table 12.1.3-2. Table 12.1.3-2 Percentage of Unbalanced Tension of Earth Wire in Relation to the Maximum Working Tension. % Tower Type Sete Suppoting Steel 330 KV and below i t 500 kV 50 3 The actuating force for rotating cross-arm or deformable cross-arm shall meet the safety requirements of operation and construction. 12.1.4 The following load combinations shall be calculated for tension towers under line breakage condition: 1 Breakage of any two phases in one span (for terminal tower, the unfavorable condition of breakage tension of one phase or two phases shall be considered), with no earth wire breakage, no ice, no wind; 2 Breakage of any one earth wire, with no conductor breakage, no ice, no wind; 3 For line breakage condition, the tensions of all conductors and earth wires shall be 70% and 80% of the maximum working tensions respectively. 12.1.5 The tensions of conductors and earth wires under line breakage condition shall be calculated for various towers in heavy ice areas according to the condition with an ice load not less than 50% of 30DL/T 5092 — 1999 normal ice load, no wind and an ambient temperature of -5°C. The quantity of broken lines of various towers shall be in conformance with the stipulations for non-heavy-ice area; in addition, various load combinations under the condition with both the conductor and the earth wire undergone uneven ice shedding shall be verified. : 12.1.6 The breakage tension or longitudinal unbalanced tension of various towers under line breakage condition shall be calculated on basis of static load. 12.1.7 The following load combinations shall be considered for various towers under erection condition, with a wind speed of 10 m/s, no ice and corresponding ambient temperature: 1 Erection load of suspension tower (including suspension angle tower): 1) Loads during lifting of conductors, earth wires and accessories; 2) The anchoring tension for conductor and earth wire during anchoring thereof. 2. Erection load of tension tower: 1) Load of conductor and earth wire. Anchoring tower: the conductor and earth wire in adjacent spans have been erected when anchoring earth wire; the earth wire in the same span have been erected when anchoring conductors. Stringing tower: the earth wire in adjacent spans has or has not been erected and the conductors in the same span have been erected when stringing the earth wire; the earth wire has been erected and the conductors in adjacent spans have or have not been erected when 31DL/T 5092 — 1999 stringing the conductors. 2) Load caused by temporary guy. 3. The factors below shall be considered during calculation of erection load: 1) Additional load from erection workers and the tools taken on person; 2) Impact from initial elongation compensation of conductors and earth wires, construction error and over-tensioning; 3) Impact from tensioning or lifting of conductors and earth wires on towers. 12.1.8 The erection of tower with double and multiple circuits may be performed in phases in accordance with actual requirements. 12.1.9 The terminal towers shall account for the conditions with the conductor and earth wire at the substation (booster station) side erected or not erected. 12.1.10 The conerete reinforced towers at areas with seismic intensity of level 7 and above as well as all types of towers at areas with seismic intensity of level 9 or above shall be subjected to anti-seismic check. 12.14.11 The effect of wind induced transverse vibration shall be considered for cone parts and cylinder steel tube parts with external wall slope less than 2%, and proper protection measures should be taken when necessary. 12.1.12 The characteristic values of wind loads for conductor and earth wire shall be calculated according to Equations (12.1.12-1) and (12.1.12-2). Wye = OW abe Boal, sin? 8 (12.1.12+1) 32Where: W.— a— Bo — sc DL/T 5092 — 1999 W, =V? /1600 (12.1.12-2) characteristic value of horizontal wind load perpen- dicular to the conductor and earth wire, KN; uneven coefficient of wind pressure, which shall be determined according to design reference wind speed and requirements in Table 12.1.12; adjustment coefficient of wind load of the conductor and earth wire for 500 kV transmission lines, only used for calculating the wind load of conductor and earth wire imposed on towers (excluding the tension sag and wind deflection angle calculation of conductor and earth wire); , shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of Table 12.1.12; the A, of lines with other voltage classes shall be 1.0; height variation coefficient of wind pressure, which shall be determined as per the current GBJ 9—1987 Building constructions-specifications for loads architectural structures of the state, and corresponding conversion shall be made when the reference height is not 10 m; shape factor of conductor or earth wire, which shall be 1.2 when the wire is less than 17 mm in diameter or is coated with ice (regardless of diameter), and shall be 1.1 when wire diameter is no lower than 17 mm; outer diameter of the conductor or earth wire or the calculating outer diameter thereof when coated with ice; it shall be the sum of the diameters of all sub-conductors for bundle conductors, m; 33DL/T 5092 — 1999 Z, — horizontal span of towers, m; @ — angle between the wind direction and conductors or earth wires, (°); W, — characteristic value of reference wind pressure, it shall be calculated with Equation (12.1.12-2) based on the wind speed V in m/s at the reference height, kN/m?. Table 12.1,12 Wind Pressure Uneven Coefficient a'and Wind Load Adjustment Coefficient 4 for Conductor and Earth Wire eer - 204sc >30C No 16.0.9 The fire break distance between transmission lines and the following items shall be not less than 1.5 times the tower height: manufacturing factory with Class A fire risk, warehouses with Class A material, stockyards for combustible and explosive materials, tanks for flammable and explosive liquid or gas. 16.0.10 In case the transmission line runs nearby or across railways, toads, rivers, pipes, cableways and various overhead lines, it shall conform to Table 16.0.10. 55DL/T 5092 — 1999 ssc | sin EAS | aun . eet [pmoesips| passion |, [aoe 9° [oma] | mS — ltt ee sat ea [P= ee | pe, = ie ‘pad | | ss | ees reove, | RN | page, a a wk -fol - a = eee - i a oo [Se RR ayo oa oad a a | vem | agxs a) comp Tp eet cece ene = Sap |pog | 7A |S doym, eos | OP ==00, |e mon | tomy pars aR apa smbxaebe ros pamia| poatony | purse | pantuoy | pumbumy | pantay | ATRUTISD portazeniomy | pambarysep ‘ath pambar pen ppans ‘aySEpAD Peo ni " eA go ace naps, : — Pesome | pavoge |" pau nog EN ST a ‘APEITISED maou pea name ‘aso amnion aml loragpa| TN bail Pape PITT] Gorges | pameamatonsteteapang | TRAM ‘AXON ET semen PRUs Kenepey REPO POE SOUYT P¥IYIZAG snopeA puL shemo[quy ‘sadig ‘sioAry ‘sproy ‘skeapiey sore 10 Aqavou SuyTUMY seuy] Uo[ss|wsuBAL 10F syuoWrNbey Iseq 0|.°0°9} TABLDL/T 5092 — 1999 gas fous Ps Somes pa upp a as ce (ny) od ex yO RP FI "wg ND (mula pends) adoro qeandin sopmpuno ceed pS Cpenuydoo) O}°0'9t t48LDL/T 5092 — 1999 esp sous tn pony nya Se EEDA TSN som Sug ag 54 0900 YRS EH pr MET op AT eS SS RAINY ORT PS a ND A SHA FN ASK SUE ONY ‘pours Sponge pa 07730 Ss HOSTER 9 0 pa pr SB af ny 2 (sm IT 1 33 pg Pr ad eds grep) ss aR wos PEN} SIN ‘aso ays RD Poop pon a aH Tay PND ak SSO HAST BN ‘ao’ 51: copa a ONETERD: ZEN ‘gourd ys) sce GNP LN saumareyes faramcanee tA NZ sappmaivas| nay eapINE RINT CPentyW0s) 0} °0°9} 148. 58DL/T 5092 — 1999 17 Auxiliary Facilities 17.0.1 The maintenance radius may be 40 km-50 km if the main- tenance station for newly established transmission line is-set at difficult transport area. Maintenance station is not required if the transportation along the transmission line is convenient or operation mechanism has been established in this area. Necessary spare parts, maintenance materials, tools and transportation facilities shall be equipped for the maintenance station. 17.0.2 The fixed marks on towers shall conform to the require- ments as follows: 1 All towers shall be marked with tower number; 2 Obvious phase marks shall be provided for all tension towers, branch towers, transposition towers as well as towers immediately adjacent to transposition towers. 3 Name or code of each circuit shall be marked on towers with multiple circuits or towers for parallel circuits within one corridor; 4 High towers shall be marked with navigation obstacle mark according to the requirements of Aviation Department. 17.0.3 Proper communication equipment should be equipped for newly established transmission lines according to the existing operation conditions. 59DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix A (Informative) Typical Meteorological Region Meteorological Region | I ul/m)w{/vij_ wl wi] x +40 |_Highest Lowest _| -5 | -10 | -10 | -20 | -10 | -20 | -a0 | -20 | -20 Tee coating | = Maxiomum wind speed Erection | 0 | 0 | -5 | -10| -s | -10 | -15 | -10 | -10 Lightning lover-voltage! atid Switching lover-voltage, annual +20 | +15 | +15 | +10 | +15 | +10] -5 | +10 | +10 average temperature +10 | +10 | -5 | -5 | 0] -5 | -5 | -5 | 5 Maximum wind speed | 35 | 30 | 25 | 25 | 30 | 25 | 30 | 30 | 30 Ice coating 10* 15 Erection 10 Lightning Jover-vottage| bd 7 ‘Switching lover-voltage| Ice Thickness : tna ol|s]|s s | 10 wo [as | 20 ; Ice Density 3 09 om’ *” Generally, the mvs may be used if the wi informat 0.5X maximum wind speed (no lower than 15 m/s) speed of 10 mis shall be used for ice coating condition, and 15 speed is required to be increased according to reliable 60DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix B (informative) Pollution Classification Standards for Overhead Transmission Lines Specific Creepage Distance om/kV Pollution Characteristics 220 kV and below a Areas with clean air and areas located more than 50 km away from coastal salt field without obvious pollution Areas with low air pollution, evel, areas with low factory’ and population densities and areas 10 km-SO km away| 139-1.74 } 1.45-1.82 from coastal salt fields, with| 70 dry air and little fog (including| (1.60-2.00) | (1.60-2.00) drizzle) or plentiful rainfall) during pollution _flashover seasons Areas with medium air pollution level, arcas with slight salinization and farnace smoke pollution and 174-217 | 1.82-2.27 areas 3 km-10 km away from coastal salt field, with humid (2.00-2.50) | (2.00-2.50) air and nmich fog (including drizzle) but less rainfall during pollution flashover seasonsDL/T 5092 — 1999 Table (continued) Specific Creepage Distance onv/kV 1 Pollution Characteristics Salinity | 220kV and | 330 kV and mg/om* below above + i ‘Areas with severe air] j pollution; areas with heavy | fog and heavy salinization; areas 1 km-3 km away from vith] So ig | 2.17-2.78 | 227-291 i a Population} “9.25 | (2.50-3.20) | (2.50-3.20) i areas 300 m-1500 m away from chemical pollution sources and fumace smoke pollution ‘Areas with extremely severe air pollution; areas within 1 ; ee ae opie iar >0.25- | 2.78-3.30 | 2.91-3.45 from chemical pollution] 5 | @.20-3.80) | (@.20-3.80) sources and furnace smoke pollution Note: The maximum working voltage shall be used in calculation of specific creepage distance. The figures in brackets above are the values calculated based on nominal voltage. 62DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix C (Informative) Relationship between Span and Clearance of Horizontal Lines for Towers with Suspension Insulator Strings ‘Clearance between. Horizontal Lines 110 Nominal 220 Voltage Ww 330 1600} 700! 500 -|-}- — | — | — |525]650) Note: The values in the table are not applicable to areas with ice thickness of 15| mm or above. : 63DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix D (informative) Calculated Calculation Bulk Density and Frustum Angle for Uplifting Soil of Foundation Soil Clay and Silty Clay ‘Sand Soil Name [-—T Stiff : ._ | Gravelly | Coarse | Medium | Fine | Silty aramete {plastic Paste SOR-P=SHC| sand | sand | sand | sand | sand Calculated bulk density | 17 17 16 1S 19 17 17 16 15 kNim* Calculated frustum | 25°} 25° 20° 10° 30° 28° 28° 26° | 22° angle ‘Note: Floating effect shall be considered for the bulk density’ of the soil below the| \ underground water level; however, the frustum angle shall still be calculated in} conformance with this table.DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix E (informative) Classification of Weak Current Lines E1 Class ]—— main communication lines from the Capital to seats of governments of individual provinces (municipalities) and autonomous regions and that between seats of governments of individual provinces (municipalities) and autonomous regions; communication lines from the Capital to important industrial and mining cities and sea ports as well as the international lines from the Capital to foreign countries; other international lines and national defense lines designated by the Posts and Telecommunication Department; communication lines between the Ministry of Railway and Railway Bureaus and that between individual Railway Bureaus; special lines for automatic locking devices for railway signals. E2 Class II ——communication lines between seats of governments of individual provinces (municipalities), autonomous regions and individual districts (cities) and counties thereunder; mutual communication lines between regions (cities) and counties of neighboring provinces (municipalities); common local telephone lines; lines between the Railway Bureau and individual stations and that between individual stations; lines for locking devices of railway signals. E3 Class []——lines within counties and that from counties to towns thereunder as well as lines for suburban areas with less than two pairs of trunks; region lines of railway system and wired broadcasting lines. 65DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix F (Informative) Classification of Roads F1 Highway——the road that is generally applicable for an annual average traffic volume above 25 000 passenger cars per day and night converted from various vehicles (including motorcycles), and is especially designed for high speed run of vehicles in separate lanes with all entries and exits controlled, having special political and economic significances. F2 Class I road——the road that is generally applicable for an annual average traffic volume 10 000 to 25 000 passenger cars per day and night converted from various vehicles (including motorcycles), for connection of important political and economic centers as well as key industrial and mining regions, sea ports and air ports, and is especially designed for run of vehicles in different lanes, with part of entries and exits controlled. F3 Class II road——the road that is generally applicable for an annual average traffic volume above 2 000 to 5 000 medium size trucks per day and night converted from various vehicles, and is designed for connection of economic and political centers or large-scale industrial and mining regions, sea ports and airports. F4 Class III road—— the road that is generally applicable for an annual average traffic volume below 2 000 medium size trucks per day and night converted from various vehicles, and is designed for connection of cities superior to county. F5 Class IV road——the road that is generally applicable for an 66DL/T 5092 — 1999 annual average traffic volume below 200 medium size trucks per day and night converted from various vehicles, and is designed for connection of counties, town and countries. 67DL/T 5092 — 1999 Appendix G (Normative) Explanation of Wording in this Code Gi When implementing the clauses in this code, the words of the degree of strictness to be treated differently, are explained as follows: G1.1 Words denoting very strict requirement, which must be _ observed without exception: “must” is used for affirmation; “do not have to” or “have not to” is used for negation. G1.2 Words denoting strict requirement under normal condition: “shall” is used for affirmation; “shall not” is used for negation. G1.3 Words denoting a permission of slight choice, when condi- tions allow may first be chosen: “should” is used for affirmation; “should not” is used for negation. G1.4 Words denoting of choice, when conditions allow may be chosen: “may” or “can” is used for affirmation; “may not” or “can not” is used for negation. G2 Where compliance with specified standards, codes or other relevant regulations is mandatory, it shall be written as “in accordance with” or “in compliance with”. It shall be written as “with reference to” in the non-mandatory case.