Investigatory

Project On
Malaria

Name: M.Bhavya

Class: XI‘C’

Year: 2018 - 2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that miss M.BHAVYA of

class XI‘C’ has successfully completed the
biology project entitled on MALARIA under
my guidance and supervision in the
academic year 2018 – 2019.

Y.Bharathi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Primarily I would like to thank my biology

teacher Mrs.Y.Bharathi madam whose
valuable guidance has helped me in
completing my project.

Then I would like thank my parents who have

helped me with their valuable suggestions in
completing various phases of my project.

M.BHAVYA
 Index
 Introduction
 Symptoms Of Malaria
 Causes Of malaria
 Life Cycle
 Diagnosis and tests
 Types of Tests
 Complications Of malaria
 Malaria Situation In Hyderabad
 Treatment for malaria
 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a

parasite that infects a type of mosquito which feeds on
humans. Once an infected mosquito bites a human, the
parasites multiply in the host’s liver before infecting and
destroying their red blood cells. People who get malaria are
usually very sick with symptoms such as high fevers, shaking
chills, and flu-like illness
It is transmitted to humans through the bite of
the Anopheles mosquito

Malaria is more common during the rainy season and is

widespread in tropical regions which provide plasmodium
with a suitable environment for survival.
The parasite enters the human body through a mosquito bite
and travel to the very crucial organ, the liver, where they
multiply and then come back to the bloodstream and destroy
red blood cells. The process further leads to a cascade of
reactions and symptoms start showing.
Severe and complicated malaria is caused by Plasmodium
falciparum
The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito
bites through the use of mosquito nets and insect repellents, or
with mosquito control measures such as
spraying insecticides and draining standing water.
SYMPTOMS OF MALARIA

The signs and symptoms of

malaria typically begin 8–25 days
following infection, but may
occur later in those who have
taken antimalarial medications as
prevention. Initial manifestations
of the disease common to all
malaria species are similar to flu-
like symptoms, and can resemble
other conditions such
as sepsis, gastroenteritis,
and viral diseases.[5] The presentation may
include headache, fever, shivering, joint
pain, vomiting, hemolytic anemia, jaundice, hemoglobin in
the urine, retinal damage, and convulsions
Symptoms of falciparum malaria arise 9–30 days after
infection. Individuals with cerebral malaria frequently
exhibit neurological symptoms, including abnormal
posturing, nystagmus, conjugate gaze palsy (failure of the
eyes to turn together in the same
direction), opisthotonus, seizures, or coma.
A malaria infection is generally characterized by the
following signs and symptoms:

 Fever
 Chills
 Headache
 Nausea and vomiting
 Muscle pain and fatigue
Other signs and symptoms may include:

 Sweating
 Chest or abdominal pain
 Cough
Some people who have malaria experience cycles of malaria
"attacks." An attack usually starts with shivering and chills,
followed by a high fever, followed by sweating and a return to
normal temperature. Malaria signs and symptoms typically
begin within a few weeks after being bitten by an infected
mosquito. However, some types of malaria parasites can lie
dormant in your body for up to a year.

Cause Of Malaria
P. falciparum traditionally accounts for the majority of deaths,
recent evidence suggests that P. vivax malaria is associated
with potentially life-threatening conditions about as often as
with a diagnosis of P. falciparum infection.
P. vivax proportionally is more common outside Africa. There
have been documented human infections with several species
of Plasmodium from higher apes; however, except
for P. knowlesi—a zootomic species that causes malaria
in macaques these are mostly of limited public health
importance.

Life Cycle
In the life cycle of Plasmodium,
a female Anopheles mosquito
(the definitive host) transmits a
motile infective form (called
the sporozoite) to a vertebrate
host such as a human (the
secondary host), thus acting as
a transmission vector. A
sporozoite travels through the
blood vessels to liver cells
(hepatocytes), where it
reproduces asexually (tissue schizogony), producing
thousands of merozoites. These infect new red blood cells and
initiate a series of asexual multiplication cycles (blood
schizogony) that produce 8 to 24 new infective merozoites, at
which point the cells burst and the infective cycle begins anew
When a fertilized mosquito bites an infected person,
gametocytes are taken up with the blood and mature in the
mosquito gut. The male and female gametocytes fuse and
form an ookinete—a fertilized, motile zygote. Ookinetes
develop into new sporozoites that migrate to the
insect's salivary glands, ready to infect a new vertebrate host.
The sporozoites are injected into the skin, in the saliva, when
the mosquito takes a subsequent blood meal.

Diagnosis And Tests

When a mosquito with malaria bites you, a parasite gets into
your blood and destroys oxygen-carrying red blood cells. You’ll
usually feel sick within days or weeks. But some parasites can
live in your body for a year without problems.
The first symptoms of malaria often look like the flu or a virus.
Because of this, you may not get help right away. But a delay in
treatment can lead to death. Early tests give you the best shot at
recovery.

Types Of Tests
Thick and thin blood smears. These are the most common and
accurate malaria tests. A lab technician, doctor, or nurse will
take some of your blood and send it to a lab to be stained to
make any parasites show clearly. The technician spreads it on a
glass slide and looks at it with a microscope. A thin blood
smear, also called a blood film, is one drop of blood spread
across most of the slide. A thick smear drops the blood on a
small area. A normal test does two of each.
The number of malaria parasites in your blood can change each
day. So your test might say you don’t have malaria even if you
do. For that reason, you may need your blood drawn several
times over 2-3 days for the best results.
Rapid diagnostic test. Also called RDT or antigen testing, this
is a quick option when blood draws and smears aren't available.
Blood taken from a prick on your finger is put on a test strip
that changes color to show whether you have malaria or not.
This test usually can't tell which of the four common species of
malaria parasites caused your infection. Nor can it tell whether
the infection is minor or major. Your doctor should follow up
all results with blood smears.
Molecular test. Also known as polymerase chain reaction test,
it can identify the type of parasite, which helps your doctor
decide which drugs to prescribe. This test is a good choice if
your blood has low number of parasites or if the results of your
blood smear are vague.
Antibody test. Doctors use this to find out if you've had malaria
in the past. It looks for antibodies that show up in the blood
after an infection.
Drug resistance test. Some malaria parasites are resistant
to drugs. But doctors can test your blood to see if certain drugs
will work.
Blood test. In addition to other tests, you may also have your
blood drawn for a blood count and chemistry panel. This can
tell your doctor how serious your infection is and if it's causing
other problems, like anemia or kidney failure.

Complications Of Malaria

The Plasmodium falciparum parasite causes the most severe

malaria symptoms and most deaths.

As complications of severe malaria can occur within hours or

days of the first symptoms, it's important to seek urgent
medical help as soon as possible.

Anemia
 The destruction of red blood cells by the malaria parasite can
cause severe anaemia.

Anaemia is a condition where the red blood cells are unable to

carry enough oxygen to the body's muscles and organs,
leaving you feeling drowsy, weak and faint.

Cerebral malaria

In rare cases, malaria can affect the brain. This is known as

cerebral malaria, which can cause your brain to swell,
sometimes leading to permanent brain damage. It can also
cause fits (seizures) or coma.

Other complications

Other complications that can arise as a result of severe malaria

include:
 liver failure and jaundice – yellowing of the skin and whites
of the eyes
 shock – a sudden drop in blood pressure
 pulmonary oedema – a build-up of fluid in the lungs
 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
 abnormally low blood sugar – hypoglycaemia
 kidney failure
 swelling and rupturing of the spleen
 dehydration
 MALARIA
SITUATION
IN
HYDERABAD
 Malaria Situation In Hyderabad

Denizens in the twin cities have been asked to protect

themselves against mosquito-
borne diseases after official
figures showed Hyderabad as
the worst affected when it
comes to malaria, and second
worst affected district in
terms of the dengue cases.

Apart from the dreaded

swine flu virus affecting many in the city, dengue and malaria
cases continue to tumble in large numbers, making it a deadly
concoction of viruses. In the last two weeks, Hyderabad
recorded 40 cases of malaria, while 70 dengue cases were
recorded in the same period.
 Goals Against Malaria
The Global Technical Strategy for Malaria
The WHO Global Technical Strategy for Malaria 2016–
2030 (GTS) – adopted by the World Health Assembly in
May 2015 – provides a technical framework for all malaria-
endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support
regional and country programmes as they work towards
malaria control and elimination.
The Strategy sets ambitious but achievable goals for 2030,
including:
 Reducing malaria case incidence by at least 90%
 Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90%
 Eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries
 Preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are
malaria-free
Near-term milestones for 2020 include reductions in malaria
case incidence and death rates of at least 40% and the
elimination of malaria in at least 10 countries.
This Strategy was the result of an extensive consultative
process that spanned 2 years and involved the participation
of more than 400 technical experts from 70 Member States.
 Treatment For Malaria
Aims Causation Therapy Drugs
To alleviate Symptoms are caused by Blood Chloroquine, quinine,
symptoms blood forms of the schizonticidal drugs artemisinin combinations
parasite

To prevent Relapses are due to Tissue Primaquine

relapses hypnozoites of P. vivax/ schizonticidal drugs
P. ovale

To prevent Spread is through the Gametocytocidal Primaquine for P.

spread gametocytes drugs falciparum, Chloroquine
for all other

Principles of Treatment
Treatment of malaria depends on the following factors:
o Type of infection.
o Severity of infection.

o Status of the host.

o Associated conditions/ diseases.

Type of infection: Treatment obviously depends on the type

of infection. Patients with P. falciparum malaria should be
evaluated thoroughly in view of potential seriousness of the
disease and possibility of resistance to anti malarial drugs.
P. vivax: Only Chloroquine 25 mg/kg + Primaquine for 14
days.
P. falciparum: Treat depending on severity & sensitivity; in
most countries, artimisinin based combination therapy is
recommended by the authorities. Primaquine as
gametocytocidal is also recommended to prevent spread.
Mixed infections: Blood schizonticides as for P.
falciparum and Primaquine as for P. vivax.
Severity of infection: All patients with malaria should be
carefully and thoroughly assessed for complications of
malaria. Acute, life-threatening complications occur only in P.
falciparum malaria. Malaria is probably the only disease of its
kind that can be easily treated in just 3 days, yet if the
diagnosis and proper treatment are delayed, it can kill the
patient very quickly and easily.
o All cases of severe malaria should be presumed to have P.

falciparum malaria or treated as such.

o If there is any uncertainty about the drug sensitivity of the

parasite, it is safer to treat these cases as chloroquine

resistant malaria with drugs like quinine or artemisinin.
o All cases of severe malaria should be admitted to the

hospital for proper evaluation, treatment and monitoring.

o All cases of severe malaria should be treated with injectable

antimalarials (quinine, artemisinin derivatives) so as to

ensure adequate absorption and plasma drug levels. Once
the patientg is able to take oral medications, artimisinin
combination therapy must be used as per recommendations.
o All associated conditions should be carefully assessed and

treated.
Status of the host: Treatment of malaria is also dependent on
host factors.
o Patient’s age and weight should be recorded so as to

administer adequate doses of anti malarial drugs.

o Functional capacity- independent, dependent, bed ridden

etc. All patients with severe prostration and who are

looking ill should be admitted to a hospital and monitored.
o Patients with nausea and vomiting should be given anti

emetic drugs to ensure adequate treatment. While high-

grade fever frequently stimulates vomiting, this may be
further aggravated by anti malarial drugs. Therefore it is
better to avoid administration of oral antimalarials at the
 height of fever. One can wait for the fever to subside before
taking the drugs. If the patient vomits within one hour of
taking the anti malarial drugs, the same should be re-
administered. In case of persistent vomiting, patient should
be admitted and vomiting should be controlled with
parenteral anti emetics. Parenteral anti malarials are needed
only in cases of severe malaria or uncontrolled vomiting.
o Adequate hydration should be ensured.

Treatment of Malaria – Summary

Type of infection Suppressive Treatment Radical

Treatment

P. vivax and P. ovale Chloroquine 25 mg of salt/kg over 36-48 Primaquine for

hours 14 days.

P. malariae and P. Chloroquine 25 mg of salt/kg over 36-48 None

knowlesi hours

P. falciparum Treatment depends on severity and Primaquine

sensitivityArtesunate+Pyrimethamine- 0.75mg/kg in
sulphadoxine or other ACTs, OR Quinine single dose as
plus tetracycline gametocytocidal

Mixed (P. vivax + P. ACT as for P. falciparum Primaquine as

falciparum) for P. vivax
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 https://www.malariasite.com/treatment-
of-malaria/
 https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city
/hyderabad/ailing
 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malaria/
complications/
 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/malaria/symptoms-
causes/syc-20351184
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria