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8 - Irrigation PDF
8 - Irrigation PDF
Irrigation is the application of water to soil to supplement deficient rainfall to provide moisture
for plant growth.
Arable Land is land that, when properly prepared for agriculture, will have a sufficient yield to
justify its development.
1. Soil must have a reasonably high water-holding capacity and must be readily penetrable by
water.
2. Infiltration rate should be low enough to avoid excessive loss of water by percolation below
the root zone.
3. The soil must be deep enough to allow root development and permit drainage.
4. Soil must be free of black alkali, a sodium-saturated condition, and free of salts not
susceptible to removal by leaching.
5. It must have an adequate supply of plant nutrients and free of toxic elements.
6. Slopes should be such that excessive erosion will not occur.
Water applied during irrigation enters the soil, and plants in turn extract water from the soil
for their growth. The soil serves as a reservoir in which water is stored for use by plants
between irrigations.
Field capacity is the moisture content of the soil after free drainage has removed most of the
gravity water.
Permanent wilting point is the moisture content at which plants can no longer extract
sufficient water for growth from the soil.
Available water is the difference between field capacity and wilting point that is useful to
plants.
An efficient irrigation procedure is to apply water when the moisture content of the soil
approaches the wilting point in an amount sufficient to raise the soil moisture to field capacity
within the root zone.
• The crop irrigation requirement is the portion of the consumptive use that must be
supplied by irrigation. It is the consumptive use minus the effective precipitation or qc =
Uc - Peff.
• It is necessary to determine monthly amounts of the crop-irrigation requirement in order
to design a distribution system capable of delivering the water required in the period of
highest demand.
2.2 Farm-Delivery Requirement
• Water losses in delivery to the farm or so called conveyance losses consist of evaporation
from the canal, transpiration by vegetation along the canal bank, seepage from the canal,
and operational wastes.
• Operational wastes include water discharged through waterways, leakage past gates, and
losses from overflow or breakage of canal banks. The largest factor in conveyance loss is
seepage while evaporation and transpiration losses are small.
• The diversion requirement may be taken as the sum of the farm delivery and the
estimated conveyance loss.
• The diversion requirement is expressed as qd = qf/(1 – Lf) where Lc is the conveyance
loss in decimals.
3.1 Flooding.
a) Wild flooding. Consists in turning the water onto natural slopes without much control
or prior preparation.
• Wasteful of water.
• Irrigation is quite uneven.
• Used mainly for pastures and fields of native hay on steep slopes where abundant
water is available and crop values do not warrant more expensive preparations.
• Adaptable to lands with topography too irregular for other flooding methods.
• Relatively inexpensive since it requires a minimum preparation.
• Ditch spacing and flow rate should be such that the water will just infiltrate in the
time it is flowing across the field.
• Preparation of land for border-strip irrigation is more expensive than ordinary
flooding but may be offset by a decrease in water waste due to improved control.
• Check flooding is accomplished by turning water into relatively level plots, or
checks, surrounded by levees. It is useful in very permeable soils where excessive
percolation might occur near a supply ditch and where infiltration would be
inadequate in the time required for the flow to cross the field.
• Basin flooding is check flooding adapted to orchards. Portable pipes or large hoses
are often used in place of ditches for conveying water to the basins.
• Widely used for row crops, and small furrows (narrow ditch between row of plants)
called corrugations used for forage crops such as alfalfa.
• An important advantage of the furrow method is that only 0.2 to 0.5 as much surface area
is wetted during irrigation as compared with flooding.
• Adapted to lands of irregular topography and customarily the furrows are run normal to
the contours.
• Furrows spacing is determined by proper spacing of plants and vary from 10 to 30 cm
deep and may be as much as 500 m long. Excessively long furrows may result in too
much percolation near the upper end and too little water at the downslope end.
• Water may be diverted by an opening in the bank of the supply ditch or using siphons
made of plastic or aluminum tubing about 5 cm in diameter.
3.4 Sub-irrigation.
• Required conditions are a permeable soil in the root zone, underlain by an impermeable
horizon or a high water table.
• Water is delivered to the field ditches spaced 15 to 30 cm apart and allowed to seep into
the ground to maintain the water table at a height such that water from the capillary fringe
is available to the crops.
• Low flow rates are necessary in the supply ditches and free drainage of water is permitted
either naturally or with drainage works to avoid waterlogging of the fields.
• Results in a minimum evaporation loss and surface waste and requires little field
preparation and labor.