Professional Documents
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Acid Mine Drainage
Acid Mine Drainage
Tabel of
Process
contents Factors
Effects
Management
What's that AMD?
SO42 content of lake water and coal stockpile is lower than that
in the treatment pool of pit 1 West Banko.
The low pH, between 2 and 3 at the water treatment output indicates
that this facility must be improved by the process, such as increasing
the quantity and continuity of the process of adding lime
as a material needed to improve the performance of the existing water
treatment process
Process of Formation AMD
SULFIDES + WATER
(H2O)
PROCESS
FeS2 + 7/2 O2 + H2O → Fe2 + 2SO42- + 2H +Pyrite + Oxygen + Water → Ferrous Iron + Sulfate + Acid
The first reaction is the weathering reaction of pyrite (pyrite)
accompanied by an oxidation process. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfate and
iron-ferrous is released.
Fe2 + + ¼ O2 + H + → Fe3 + + ½ H2O Ferrous Iron + Oxygen + Acidity → Ferric Iron + Water
The second reaction is the conversion from ferrous to ferrous ferrous
materials which consume one mole of acidity. Slow reaction rate at pH <5 and abiotic conditions.
Thiobacillus bacteria will accelerate the oxidation process. Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans is a gram-
negative, acidophilic, autotropic bacterium capable of using iron or
various reduced sulfur compounds as an energy source
Fe3 + + 3H2O → Fe (OH) 3 + 3H + Ferric Iron + Water → Ferric Hydroxide (yellowboy) + Acid
The third reaction is hydrolysis of iron. Hydrolysis is a reaction that
separates water molecules. Three moles of acidity are produced from this
reaction. The formation of ferric hydroxide precipitation depends on pH,
more at pH above 3.5
AMD FORMATIONS
FACTORS
• pH;
• Temperature
phase
sulfide
• Bacterial activity
EFFECTS
-H2S, Al3 +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Mn2 +, and H + can directly poison plants
- Al 3+ at 0.04-0.08 m mole / l is toxic
- Lack of basic elements Ca, Mg, and K
- Pathogens (microbes) disease increases
- Decreasing the amount of soil microbes that is useful for nitrogen
fixation.
EFFECTS ON WATER
- TSS (Total Suspended Solid) concentration increase due to high runoff water which
carries eroded soils which can interfere with sunlight penetration in rivers
which has a further impact in the form of disturbance of photosynthesis process
of aquatic biota. In addition, due to particles that settles will disrupt the
process of basic biota respiration.
- Dissolved metal carried by ground water (run off) into public waters causes surface
water
pollution. If it seeps into the ground, groundwater pollution occurs. These
metals, if entered in the food chain will accumulate in plants and or animals,
resulting in bioaccumulation in the human body that eats it and has a negative
impact on health.
Management of AMD
Prevention of the formation of AMD is better than process it (prevention is better than
treatment) because:
-More reliable in the long run
- Minimize risk
• The first step of prevention - identification of rocks that are potentially
acidic and potential forming acid - "characterization"
• By knowing the distribution of rock types based on its characteristics in the
formation of AMD - can be arranged good prevention planning
• This needs to be done since the exploration, planning & design,
construction, mining and post-mining
Management of AMD
• As stated at the beginning, that once AAT has been raised will be very difficult
to stop it
→
• Main principles of AAT management wherever possible prevent the formation of
AAT = preventive efforts
• But in reality in mining activities open it cannot prevent it totally
→
occurrence ATA AAT that forms in the pit (both at wall or pit wall or at the
bottom or pit floor) no will probably be prevented - need to be addressed
(mitigation)
• Efforts that can be made are preventing the formation AAT in rock cover area –
plan overburden management (overburden management plan)
SCHEME OF MANAGEMENT AMD
AMD processing can be classified into:
ON-SITE
TREATMENT)
PASSIVE
TREATMENT
ACTIVE
TREATMENT
PASSIVE TREATMENT