INDRI NGESTI RAHAYU, dr.

MKes
Bagian Ilmu Faal FK - UHT
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VISION

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 Visual receptors (photoreceptors) in the eyes
to detect light, color, and movement.
 Accessory structures of the eye.
• provide a superficial covering over its anterior
exposed surface (conjunctiva)
• prevent foreign objects from coming into
contact with the eye (eyebrows, eyelashes, and
eyelids)
• keep the exposed surface moist, clean, and
lubricated (lacrimal glands)
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1. Refraction of the light rays entering the eye
2. Focusing of images on the retina by accommodation
of the lens and convergence of the images
3. Conversion of light waves by photochemical activity
into neural impulses
4. Processing of neural activity in the retina and
transmission of coded impulses through the optic
nerve
5. Processing in the brain, culminating in perception –
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 1st Medium

2nd MEDIUM

There is a different density between 1st medium and 2nd medium 

the light is bended
The bending is called refraction
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 Cornea and lens focus
image on retina (nervous
tunic)
• Cilliary muscle changes
lens shape
 Image upside down and
back to front
• Reinterpreted in visual
cortex

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Refraction

In normal eye (emmetropia), light rays come to focal exactly on the

retina
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In myopia (nearsighted eye), the focal point falls in front of the retina. It
is corrected by concave lens blok mata tht 2017 4/13/2017
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In hypermetropia (farsighted eye), the focal point falls behind the
retina. It is corrected by convexblok
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 ➢ The role of the adjustable lens
➢ A reflex process
➢ Bring images into perfect focus on the
retina

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 Mechanism that focuses
the lens system of the
eye.
 Result from contraction
or relaxation of the eye
ciliary muscle.
 Contraction causes
increased refractive
power of the lens.
 Relaxation causes
decreased refractive
power of the lens.
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 Nearby Object

Distant Object

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 TO FOCUS ON NEARBY OBJECT

1. Ciliary muscle 2. Ciliary body pull forward

contract and inward

3. Tension on
MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO 4. Lens becomes suspensory
FOCUS A NEARBY OBJECT thicker (rounder) ligaments of
due to its elasticity lens reduced

TO FOCUS ON A DISTANT OBJECT

1. Ciliary muscle 2. Ciliary body returns to
relax resting state

3. Tension on
MAKING IT POSSIBLE TO suspensory
4. Lens becomes thinner ligaments of
FOCUS ON A DISTANT
(flatter) the lens
OBJECT
increased
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 •Binocular vision
➢Perceive on image
➢Distance
➢Depth
➢Three –
dimensionality
Near Object
•Stereoscopic vision
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The internal index of air is 1; the cornea, 1.38; the aqueous humor, 1.33; the
crystalline lens (on average), 1.40; and the vitreous humor, 1.34.
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 The eye has lens system, variable aperture system (the
pupil), and a retina that correspond as a film.
 The lens system of the eye is composed of four refractive
interfaces :
1. The interface between air and the anterior surface
of the cornea
2. The interface between the posterior surface of the
cornea and the aqueous humor
3. The interface between the aqueous humor and the
anterior surface of the lens of the eye
4. The interface between the posterior surface of the
lens of the eye and the vitreous humor
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3. CONVERSION OF LIGHT WAVES BY
PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY INTO
NEURAL IMPULSES

1. Photochemical activity in rods

2. Photochemical activity in cones

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 PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN RODS

Photon Rhodopsin molecule

(11-cis retinal +
scotopsin

11-cis retinal 11-cis retinal converted into

in rhodopsin all-trans retinal, which Transducin is produced,
absorb a activates scotopsin to act as and activate
photon an enzyme phosphodiesterase

11-cis retinal and Plasma membrane channel

scotopsin combine to close, Na+ are prevented from Phosphodiestarease
synthesis rhodopsin entering rod, and hydrolysis cGMP
hyperpolarization occurs

Neural signals are processed by Action potentials of ganglion Light is

bipolar, amacrine, horizontal, cells are conveyed to brain via perceived as
and ganglion cells optic nerve visual images
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 PHOTOCHEMICAL ACTIVITY IN CONE
The Events of Visual Excitation is Similar as in Rod

➢Rods contain : Scotopsin

➢Cones contain : Photopsin
➢3 types of cones: Red, Green, and Blue Cones
➢Color perception depend on which cones are stimulated and
their combinations
➢The same retinal absorbs a different frequency of light
•Red cones: the long wave
•Green cones: the middle wave
•Blue cones: the short wave

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 RODS  CONES
• more numerous • operate in bright
• dim light and light
peripheral vision • provide high acuity
receptors color vision
• more sensitive to light
• do not provide sharp
images or color vision
• in dim light colors are
indistinct
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Figure 10-38: Photoreceptors: rods and cones
 Photons "bleach" opsin, retinal released, cascade,
Na+ channel closes, K+ opens , hyperpolarization
 Reduces NT release

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Figure 10-40: Phototransduction in rods
 VISUAL ADAPTATION

➢Light adaptation occurs when eyes adjust to bright light

➢Dark adaptation occurs as eyes adapt slowly to darkness

Bright light The light-sensitive Rods are no more

“bleaches” rhodopsin rods become sensitive
overloaded

(5 minutes)
Enter darkened room
Light adaptation

Resynthesize Rods become

rhodopsin more senstive Dark adaptation
(20 – 30 minutes)

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 In the dark :
stimulation of the sympathethic
nerves  excite the radial fibers
of the iris pupillary dilatation,
called midriasis
 In the light :
stimulation of the
parasympathethic nerves 
excite the pupillary sphinter
musle / the circular fibers of the
iris  decreasing pupillary
apperture, called myosis

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 LIGHT REFLEX
(PUPIL REFLEX)

LIGHT RETINA IMPULS N. OPTICUS CHIASMA

OPTICUS

CORPUS TRACTUS
COLLICULUS GENICULATUM
N. III SUPERIOR OPTICUS
LATERALE

GANGLION M. CIRCULARIS PUPIL

N. CILIARIS CONSTRICT
CILIARIS IRIDIS

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NEURAL PATHWAYS FOR VISION

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 Each optic nerve conducts visual stimulus
information.
 At the optic chiasm, some axons from the
optic nerve decussate.
 The optic tract on each side then contains
axons from both eyes.
 Visual stimulus information is processed by
the thalamus and then interpreted by visual
association areas in the cerebrum.

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5 Tastes
 Taste buds
 Taste cells
• Mechanism
• Transduction
 Integration
• Thalamus
• Gustatory cortex
 "Specific
hunger"
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Figure 10-16: Summary of taste transduction 40
 The Special Senses -- Taste
u Structure and function
¶ location of taste buds
· taste bud cells
¸ taste sensations
F dissolved substances
F sweet, salty, sour, bitter
F most of taste is olfaction

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 Gustatory receptors are housed in specialized
taste buds on the surface of the tongue.
 Dorsal surface of the tongue
 4 types of papillae:
• filiform
• fungiform
• vallate
• foliate

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Filiform
• distributed on the anterior two-thirds of the
tongue surface
• do not house taste buds and have no sensory
role in gustation
Fungiform papillae
• primarily located on the tip and sides of the
tongue
• contain only a few taste buds each

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 Vallate (circumvallate) papillae
• are the least numerous yet the largest
• arranged in an inverted V shape on the
posterior dorsal surface of the tongue
• each is surrounded by a deep, narrow
depression
• most of our taste buds are housed within the
walls of these
 Foliate
• not well developed on the human tongue
• extend as ridges on the posterior lateral sides
• house only a few taste buds during infancy and
early childhood
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 There are five basic taste sensations
• Sweet – sugars, saccharin, alcohol, and
some amino acids
• Salt – metal ions
• Sour – hydrogen ions
• Bitter – alkaloids such as quinine and
nicotine
• Umami – elicited by the amino acid
glutamate

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 In order to be tasted, a chemical:
• Must be dissolved in saliva
• Must contact gustatory hairs
 Binding of the food chemical:
• Depolarizes the taste cell membrane,
releasing neurotransmitter
• Initiates a generator potential that
elicits an action potential

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 The Special Senses -- Taste
Age-related changes
general decrease in taste with age, thought to
be due to decreased central sensation, not loss of
cells
decreased salivary volume
formation of fissures and furrows on the tongue

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1. Guyton AC and Hall JE, 2013. Textbook of Medical
Physiology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: WB. Saunders Co
2. Ganong WF, 2012. Review of Medical Physiology. 24th ed.
New York: Lange Medical Books / McGraw-Hill Medical
Publishing Division
3. Widmaier EP, Raff H and Strang KT, 2004. Vander, Sherman and
Luciano’s Human Physiology : The Mechanism of Body
Function. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill Publishing
4. Silbernagl S and Lang F. 2000. Color Atlas of Patophysiology.
2nd ed. GeorgThiemeVerlag, Stuttgart,Germany.pp.328-329
5. Matter F. 2003. Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of
Form and Function, 3rded. The McGraw−Hill Companies

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