Fluid Mechanics Turbomachinery - GATE 2020 PDF

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Fluid Mechanics & Turbomachinery
Text Book : Theory with worked out Examples
and Practice Questions
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Fluid Mechanics & Turbomachinery
Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions
Common data Q. 04 & 05

Chapter
1 Properties of Fluids 04. Ans: (c)

Sol: D1 = 100 mm , D2 = 106 mm
01. Ans: (c) D 2  D1
Radial clearance, h 
Sol: For Newtonian fluid whose velocity profile 2
is linear, the shear stress is constant. This 106  100
  3mm
behavior is shown in option (c). 2
L = 2m
02. Ans: 100  = 0.2 pa.s
V 0.2  1.5 N = 240 rpm
Sol:    3
= 100 N/m2
h 3  10
2N 2  240
03. Ans: 1  =
60 60
Sol:
 = 8
WSin30 r 0.2  8  50  10 3

 
h 3  10 3
30o = 83.77N/m2
W
05. Ans: (b)
F   A 22 Lr 3
Sol: Power, P 
AV h
W sin 30 
h
2  82  0.2  2  0.053
100 1  0.1  V 
 3  10 3
2 2  10 3
= 66 Watt
V = 1m/s
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2 GATE – Text Book Solutions
06. Ans: (c)  Bingham plastic  Fluid behaves like a

Sol: solid until a minimum yield stress beyond

30 which it exhibits a linear relationship
between shear stress and the rate of strain.
18
Slope = constant
6 09. Ans: (b)
Sol: V = 0.01 m3
1
 = 0.75  10–9 m2/N
0 1 3 5 du/dy
dP = 2107 N/m2
 Newtonian fluid 1 1 4
K  9
  109
 0.75  10 3
07. Ans: (a)  dP
K
du dV / V
Sol: 
dy
 2  10 7  10 2  3
dV  = –1.510–4
u = 3 sin(5y) 4  10 9
du
 3 cos5y   5 = 15cos(5y)
dy 10. Ans: 320 Pa
du 8 8  0.04 32  102
 y0.05   Sol: P   
dy y 0.05 D 1  10 3 10 3
P = 320 N/m2
= 0.5  15 cos5  0.05
 1
= 0.5  15  cos   0.5  15 
4 2
= 7.53.140.707  16.6N/m2
08. Ans: (d)

Sol:
 Ideal fluid  Shear stress is zero.
 Newtonian fluid  Shear stress varies
linearly with the rate of strain.
 Non-Newtonian fluid  Shear stress does
not vary linearly with the rate of strain.
3 Fluid Mechanics & Turbomachinery
 The manometer shown in Fig. 2 is for

measuring pressure in liquids only.
Chapter
Pressure Measurement  The manometer shown in Fig. 3 is for
2 & Fluid Statics
measuring pressure in liquids or gases.
 The manometer shown in Fig. 4 is an open
ended manometer for positive pressure
01. Ans: (a) measurement.
-3 5 2
Sol: 1 millibar = 10 10 = 100 N/m
One mm of Hg = 13.61039.81110-3 05. Ans: 2.2
2
= 133.416 N/m Sol: hp in terms of oil
2 6 2
1 N/mm = 110 N/m so ho = smhm
2 4 2
1 kgf/cm = 9.8110 N/m 0.85h0 = 13.60.1
h0 = 1.6m
02. Ans: (b)
hp = 0.6+1.6
Sol:
 hp = 2.2m of oil
Local atm.pressure (or) Pp – oil  0.6 – Hg  0.1 = Patm
710 mm
(350 mm of vaccum)
Pp  Patm   Hg 
360 mm
   0.1  0.6 
 oil   oil 
Absolute pressure
13.6
  0.1  0.6 = 2.2 m of oil
0.85
03. Ans: (c) Gauge pressure of P in terms of m of oil
Sol: Pressure does not depend upon the volume = 2.2 m of oil
of liquid in the tank. Since both tanks have
the same height, the pressure PA and PB are 06. Ans: (b)
same. sw s w h w2
Sol: h M  h w1  h N   h0
s0 s0
04. Ans: (b) 9 18
Sol: hM  hN   3
0.83 0.83
 The manometer shown in Fig.1 is an open h M  h N  13.843 cm of oil
ended manometer for negative pressure
measurement.
07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

Sol:
   22
I FV = gV  1000  10 
hP  h  1m 4
Ah
FV = 10 kN
D 4  4
 2  x = 10
64  D 2  2  
22  4
 2  2.125m 11. Ans: (d)
64  2
Sol: Fnet = FH1 – FH2
08. Ans: 10 D D 2
FH1     D 1 
2 2
Sol: F  ghA
D D D 2


 9810  1.625  1.2 2  0.8 2
4
 FH 2     1 
4 2 8
F = 10kN 1  3D 2
2 1
= D    =
 2 8 8
09. Ans: 1
Sol: 12. Ans: 2
Sol: Let P be the absolute pressure of fluid f3 at
mid-height level of the tank. Starting from
the open limb of the manometer (where
2x
2x pressure = Patm) we write :
x  h
Patm +   1.2 – 2   0.2 – 0.5    0.6   = P
Fbottom = g  2x  2x  x  2
FV = gx  2x  2x or P – Patm = Pgauge

FB h
1 = (1.2 - 20.2 – 0.5 0.6 – 0.5  )
FV 2
For Pgauge to be zero, we have,
(1.2 – 0.4 – 0.3 – 0.25 h) = 0
10. Ans: 10
Sol: 0.5
or h 2
0.25
2m
03. Ans: 4.76

Chapter
Buoyancy and Sol: FB = FB,Hg + FB,W
3 Metacentric Height WB = FB
01. Ans: (d) x water

Sol:
(10–x) Hg

2m
d
bgb= HggHg+wgw
1.25m
4m bb = HgHg+ww
Sb = SHgHg+Sww
FB = weight of body
7.6103 = 13.6102(10–x)+102x
bgVb = fgVf d
–6000 = –1260x
640421.25 = 1025(41.25d)
x = 4.76 cm
d = 1.248m
Vfd = 1.24841.25
04. Ans: 11
Vfd = 6.24m3
Sol: 
FB
02. Ans: (c)
1.6m
Sol: Surface area of cube = 6a2
Surface area of sphere = 4r2
T
4r2 = 6a2
2
2  a 
  FB = W + T
3 r
W = FB – T
Fb,s  Vs
= fgVfd – T
4 3
r
3
 3 
4 r 3
4
= 10 3  9.81  0.8  10  10 3
3
3
 
a 3  2  3
r  = 21 – 10
 3 
 W = 11 kN
4 r 3
6
 
3  2 2 3  
  r 
 3 3 

05. Ans: 1.375 07. Ans: (b)

Sol: Wwater = 5N Sol: W = FB
Woil = 7N bgVb = fgVfd
S = 0.85 bVb = fVfd
W – Weight in air  
0.6  d 2  2d  1  d 2  x
FB1 = W – 5 4 4
FB2 = W – 7 x = 1.2d
W – 5 = 1gVfd…..(1) GM = BM – BG
W – 7 = 2gVfd…..(2) I d 4 d
BM    = 0.052d
Vfd = Vb V  2 19.2
64  d  1.2d
W  5  1gVb 4
W  7   2 gVb BG = d – 0.6d = 0.4d
2  1   2 gVb Thus, GM = 0.052d – 0.4d = –0.348 d
GM < 0
2
Vb   Hence, the cylinder is in unstable condition.
1000  8509.81
Vb = 1.359110-3m3
08. Ans: 122.475
W = 5+(98101.359110-3)
Sol: V=0.1m/s
W = 18.33N
W = b g Vb F
18.33
 b
9.81  1.3591  10 3
Fs Fs
b = 1375.05 kg/m3
Sb = 1.375
06. Ans: (d)

W
Sol: For a floating body to be stable, metacentre
should be above its center of gravity.
The thickness of the oil layer is same on
Mathematically GM > 0.
either side of plate
y = thickness of oil layer
23.5  1.5
  11mm
2
Shear stress on one side of the plate

dU
 Chapter
dy
4 Fluid Kinematics
Fs = total shear force (considering both sides
of the plate)
2AV 01. Ans: (b)
 2A    Sol:
y
2  1.5  1.5  2.5  0.1  Constant flow rate signifies that the flow is
 steady.
11 10 3
= 102.2727 N  For conically tapered pipe, the fluid velocity
Weight of plate, W = 50 N at different sections will be different. This
Upward force on submerged plate, corresponds to non-uniform flow.
Fv = gV = 900  9.81  1.5 1.5  10–3

Common Data for Questions 02 & 03
= 29.7978 N
02. Ans: 0.94
V
Total force required to lift the plate Sol: aLocal =
t
= Fs + W – Fv
  
2
x 
= 102.2727 + 50 – 29.7978 =  2 t 1   
t   2L  

= 122.4749 N
2
 x 
= 1   2
 2L 
2
 0.5 
(aLocal)at x = 0.5, L = 0.8 = 2 1  
 2  0.8 
= 2(1  0.3125)2 = 0.945 m/sec2
03. Ans: –13.68
Sol: a convective  v. v  2t 1  x    2t1  x  

2 2
x   2L   x   2L  
  x    
2
x  1 
 2t 1    2t 21    
  2L     2L  2L 
At t = 3 sec; x = 0.5 m; L = 0.8 m
2
 0.5   0.5  1 
a convective 2 31   2 321  
 2 0.8   2  0.8  2 0.8 V 2 3 9
2
ar =   = 1 m/s2
aconvective = – 14.62 m/sec2 R 9 9
atotal = alocal + aconvective = 0.94 – 14.62 V 1
at = V  3  = 1 m/s2
= –13.68 m/sec 2 x 3
a = a r 2  a t 2  12  12 = 2 m/sec2
04. Ans: (d)
Sol: u = 6xy – 2x2 06. Ans: 13.75
Continuity equation for 2D flow dV
Sol: a t (conv)  Vavg 
u v dx
 0
x y  2.5  3  3  2.5 
a t ( conv) =   = 2.75  5
u  2  0.1 
 6y  4x
x at (conv) = 13.75 m/s2
6 y  4x   v  0
y 07. Ans: 0.3
v Sol: Q = Au
 4x  6 y   0
y u  Q
aLocal = =  
v = (4x–6y) dy t t  A 
v =  4xdy   6 ydy 1 Q
a local 
A t
= 4xy –3y2 + c
 1  Q
= 4xy  3y2 + f(x) aLocal =  
 0.4  0.1x  t
1 Q
05. Ans: 2 = 1.414 (aLocal)at x = 0 =  0.12 ( = 0.12)
0.4 t
V 1
Sol:  m / sec/ m  = 0.3 m/sec2
x 3 V= 3 m/sec
at 08. Ans: (b)
Sol:  = x2 y2
R=9 m
aTotal = (ax) î +(ay) ĵ
2
V   2
ar=
R u= 
y

y

x  y 2 = 2y 
  2
v= 
x x

x  y 2 = 2x  10. Ans: 4
Sol: Given, 2D – flow field
u u Velocity, V = 3xi + 4xyj
ax = u v
x y u = 3x, v = 4xy
= (2y)(0) + (2x)(2) 1  dv du 
z    
ax = 4x 2  dx dy 
v v 1
ay = u
x
v
y
z  4 y  0
2
= (2y)( 2) + (2x)(0)
Z at 2,2   1  42 = 4 rad/sec
ay = 4y 2
a = (4x) î + (4y) ĵ
11. Ans: (b)
Sol: Given, u = 3x,
09. Ans: (b)
v = Cy,
Sol: Given, The stream function for a potential
w=2
flow field is  = x2 – y2
The shear stress, xy is given by
=?
 u v  
u
 

  xy        3x  

Cy 
x y  y x   y x 
u



 x 2  y2  =  (0 + 0) = 0
y y
u = 2y

u=   2y
x
    2 yx
 = –2 xy + c1
Given,  is zero at (0,0)
 c1 = 0
  = –2xy
Total head at (2) – (2)

Chapter
Energy Equation and V22 P2
=   Z2
5 its Applications 2g  g
= 0.203 + 5.407 + 0 = 5.61 m
01. Ans: (c) Loss of head = 5.77 – 5.61 = 0.16 m
Sol: Applying Bernoulli’s equation for ideal  Energy at (1) – (1) > Energy at (2) – (2)
fluid  Flow takes from higher energy to lower
2 2
P1 V P V energy
 Z1   2  Z2 
1 2
g 2g g 2g i.e. from (S1) to (S2)

2 2
P1 (2) P (1) Flow takes place from top to bottom.
 = 2 
g 2g g 2g
03. Ans: 1.5
P2 P1 4 1
    2 
d1  0.1  7.85  10 3 mm2
2
g g 2g 2g Sol: A1 =
4 4
P2  P1 3 1.5  2 
  A2  d 2  0.05  1.96  10 3 mm2
2
g 2g g 4 4
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L
02. Ans: (c) g 2g g 2g
Sol: Z1 = Z2, it is in horizontal position
① ①
S1 Since, at outlet, pressure is atmospheric
2m P2 = 0
S2② Q = 100 lit/sec = 0.1 m3/sec
②
Q 0.1
2 V1    12.73 m / sec
V P1 A1 7.85  10 3
1
 1.27 m ,  2.5m
2g g
Q 0.1
2 V2    51.02 m / sec
V P2 A 2 1.96  10 3
2
 0.203m ,  5.407m
2g g
P1gauge

12.732 0
51.022
Z1 = 2 m , Z2 = 0 m air  g 2  10 2  10
Total head at (1) – (1)
P1
V2 P  121.53
= 1  1  Z1 air .g
2g  g
P1  121.53  air  g
= 1.27 + 2.5 + 2 = 5.77 m
= 1.51 kPa
04. Ans: 395  2 

d 2  0.12  0.011m 2
2
3
A2 
Sol: Q = 100 litre/sec = 0.1 m /sec 4 4
V1 = 100 m/sec; P1 = 3  105 N/m2 P = 4 kPa,
V2 = 50 m/sec; P2 = 1  105 N/m2 P P
h 
Power (P) = ? w  f .g
Energy equation : P 4  103
 
P1 V12 P V2 s f  w g 0.85  1000  9.81
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h L
g 2g g 2g
0.07  0.011 2  9.81 4  10 3
5 2 5 2 Q Th 
3  10

100
0
1  10

50
 0  hL 0.07 2  0.0112 0.85  1000  9.81
1000  10 2  10 1000  10 2  10
= 0.035 m3/sec = 35.15 ltr/sec
 hL = 395 m
P = gQ.hL 06. Ans: 65
P = 1000  10  0.10  395 Sol: hstag = 0.30 m
P = 395 kW hstat = 0.24 m
V = c 2gh dyna
05. Ans: 35
Sol: V  1 2g h stag  h stat 
fluid, S = 0.85
 29.810.30  0.24 = 1.085 m/s
d1
d2 B = 1.085  60 = 65.1 m/min
A
Pressure difference 07. Ans: 81.5

Between A & B = 4 kPa
Sol: x = 30 mm, g = 10 m/s2
air = 1.23 kg/m3; Hg = 13600 kg/m3
d1 = 300 mm, d2 = 120 mm C=1
A1 A 2
Q Th  2gh V  2gh D
A12  A 22
S 
h D  x  m  1
A1A 2  P   S 
 2g  
A A2 2
 w 
1 2  13600 
h D  30  10 3   1
 2   1.23 
d1  0.30  0.07 m 2
2
A1 =
4 4 hD = 331.67 m
V  1 2  10  331.67 = 81.5 m/sec
08. Ans: 140

A1 A 2
Sol: Q a  C d 2gh
A12  A 22
Chapter
Momentum equation and
6 its Applications
1
Cd 
h
01. Ans: 1600
C d venturi 0.95 h orifice
  Sol: S = 0.80
C d orifice 0.65 h venturi
A = 0.02 m2
hventuri = 140 mm
V = 10 m/sec
F = .A.V2
F = 0.80  1000  0.02  102
F = 1600 N
02. Ans: 6000

Sol: A = 0.015 m2
V = 15 m/sec (Jet velocity)
U = 5 m/sec (Plate velocity)
F = A (V + U)2
F = 1000  0.015 (15 + 5)2
F = 6000 N
03. Ans: 19.6

Sol: V = 100 m/sec (Jet velocity)
U = 50 m/sec (Plate velocity)
d = 0.1 m
F = A (V – U)2

F  1000   0.12  100  50
2
4
F = 19.6 kN
04. Ans: (a) Ae = 710–4 m2

Sol:  = 103 kg/m3,
V
g = 10 m/s2
From the continuity equation :
V Ai Vi = 14
14
or Vi   1.24 m / s
Fx = aV( V1x – V2x) 10  113  10 4
3
= aV( V – (–V)) 14
Similarly, Ve   20 m / s
= 2 a V2 10  7  10 4
3
= 2 1000  10–4  52 = 5 N Let Fx be the force exerted by elbow on

water in the +ve x-direction. Applying the
05. Ans: (d) linear momentum equation to the C.V.
Sol: Given, V = 20 m/s, enclosing the elbow, we write :
u = 5 m/s Pi g Ai  Fx  m Ve cos 30o  Vi 
F1 = A(V  u)2  Ve cos 30o  Vi   Pi g A i
Fx  m
Power (P1) = F1 u = A(V  u)2 u
= 14 (20cos30 – 1.24) – 20010311310–4
F2 = .A.V  Vr
= 225.13 – 2260
= .A(V).(Vu)
= – 2034.87 N  – 2035 N
Power (P2) = F2 u = AV(Vu)u
The x-component of water force on elbow is
P1 AV  u   u 2
–Fx (as per Newton’s third law),

P2 AV(V  u )  u i.e.,  2035 N
Vu u
 1 (e)
V V
5
1  = 0.75 y
20 (Pe)g = 0
x
30
06. Ans: 2035
Sol: Given,  = 30, m
 = 14 kg/s F(x)on water
(i)
(Pi)g = 200 kPa,
(Pe)g = 0
Ai = 11310–4 m2 ,
04. Ans: 1.92

Chapter Sol:  = 1000 kg/m3
7 Laminar Flow
Q = 800 mm3/sec = 800  (10–3)3 m3/sec
L=2m
01. Ans: (d) D = 0.5 mm
Sol: In a pipe, the flow changes from laminar P = 2 MPa = 2  106Pa
flow to transition flow at Re = 2000. Let V =?
be the average velocity of flow. Then 128.QL
P =
V  8  102 D 4
2000   V  1m / s
0.4  10 4
2  10  6 128    800  10 3  2 3
In laminar flow through a pipe, 

 0.5  10 3 4
Vmax = 2  V = 2 m/s  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec
02. Ans: (d) 05. Ans: 0.75

 P  r    r 2 
Sol: The equation       is valid for Sol: Ur = Umax 1    
 x  2   R 
 
laminar as well as turbulent flow through a
 U r 
2
circular tube.    1    
 U max  R  
03. Ans: (d)   50 2 

= 1 1   
Sol: Q = A.Vavg   200  
 
Vmax
Q = A. ( Vmax = 2 Vavg)  1 3
2 = 1 1   = = 0.75 m/s
 4 4
2
  40  1.5
Q=   
4  1000  2
06. Ans: 0.08

 0.04   0.75 Sol: Given,
2
=
4
 = 0.8  1000 = 800 kg/m3
 4 4 3 3
=    = m3/sec  = 1 Poise = 10–1 N-s/m2
4 100 100 4 10000
d = 50 mm = 0.05 m
Velocity = 2 m/s
VD 08. Ans: 5.2

Reynold’s Number, Re 
 Sol: Oil viscosity,  = 10 poise = 100.1
800  2  0.05 = 1 N-s/m2
  800
10 1 y = 50  10–3m
(Re < 2000) L = 120 cm = 1.20 m
 Flow is laminar, P = 3  103Pa
For laminar, Darcy friction factor Width of plate = 0.2 m
64 64 Q=?
f   0.08
Re 800 Q = A.Vavg = (width of platey)V
12VL
07. Ans: 16 P 
B2
Sol: For fully developed laminar flow, 12  1 V  1.20
3  103 
hf 
32VL
(  Q = AV) 50 10  3 2
gD 2
V = 0.52 m/sec
Q Q = AVavg = (0.2  50  10–3) (0.52)
32 L
hf   A   32QL = 5.2 lit/sec
gD 2 AD2  g
32QL
hf  09. Ans: (a)
 2
D  D 2  g Sol: Wall shear stress for flow in a pipe is given
4
by,
1
hf  4 P R P D
D o     
x 2 L 4
h f 1 D14  h f 2 D 42
P D
D 
Given, D2  1 4L
2
4
D  10. Ans: 72
h f1  D  h f 2   1 
4
1
 2  Sol: Given,  = 800 kg/m3 ,
h f 2  16 h f1  = 0.1 Pa.s
 Head loss, increases by 16 times if diameter Flow is through an inclined pipe.
is halved. d = 1  10–2 m,
Vav = 0.1 m/s,
 = 30
Vavd 800  0.1  1  102

Re   8
 0 .1 Chapter
8 Flow through Pipes

 flow is laminar.
Applying energy equation for the two
sections of the inclined pipe separated by 10
m along the pipe, 01. Ans: (d)
Sol:
P1 V12 P V2
  Z1  2  2  Z 2  h f  The Darcy-Weisbash equation for head loss
 2g  2g
But V1 = V2 , in written as:
(Z2 – Z1) = 10 sin30 = 5 m f L V2

hf 
2g d
32Vav L
and hf 
gd 2 where V is the average velocity, f is friction
P1  P2   Z 32Vav L factor, L is the length of pipe and d is the
2  Z1  
 gd 2 diameter of the pipe.
 This equation is used for laminar as well as
P1  P2   gZ2  Z1   32V2 av L turbulent flow through the pipe.
d
32  0.1  0.1  10  The friction factor depends on the type of
 800  10  5 
1 10  2 2
flow (laminar or turbulent) as well as the
= 40  103 + 32103 = 72 kPa nature of pipe surface (smooth or rough)
 For laminar flow, friction factor is a
function of Reynolds number.
02. Ans: 481

Sol: Given data,
 =  kg/s,
m d = 510–2 m,
 = 0.001 Pa.s ,  = 1000 kg/m3
m 4m
 4  4
Vav     2
A d 2
d 2
d
Vavd 4 d 4
Re    2  
 d  d
4
 2
 8  104
0.001  5  10
 Flow is turbulent 05. Ans: (c)

0.316 0.316 Sol:
f   0.0188
Re 0.25

8  10 4
0.25
 V1 V2
2
f L Vav2  4  1
P  g  f  L   2   d1
2gd  d  2d
d2
P 16 1 8 f 8  0.0188
f 5   5  3 Given d2 = 2d1
L d 2  d 10  5  10  2  5
Losses due to sudden expansion,

= 481.28 Pa/m
V1  V2 2
hL =
2g
03. Ans: (a) 2
Sol: In pipes Net work, series arrangement V12  V2 
= 1  
2g  V1 
f    V 2 f    Q2
 hf = 
2gd 12.1  d 5 By continuity equation,
hfA Q = A1V1 = A2V2

f    Q2 12.1  d 5B
 A A 5 a 2 2
hfB 12.1  d A f B   B  Q 2B V2 A 1  d 1  1
      
Given lA = lB, fA = fB, QA = QB V1 A 2  d 2  2
5 5 2
h fA d   dB  V12  1
  B     hL = 1  
h fB  dA   1 .2 d B  2g  4
5 9 V12
 1  hL = 
=   = 0.4018  0.402 16 2g
 1.2 
hL 9

V12 16
04. Ans: (a)
2g
Sol: Given, d1 = 10 cm; d2 = 20 cm
f1 = f2 ;
06. Ans: (b)
l1 = l2 = l
Sol: Pipes are in parallel
le = l1 + l2 = 2l
Qe = QA + QB ------- (i)
l e l1 l 2l l l
5
 5 + 25  5  5  5 hLe = h L A  h L B
d e d1 d2 d e 10 20
 de = 11.4 cm Le = 175 m
fe = 0.015
f e L e Q e2 f A .L A Q 2A f B L B Q 2B Z1 – Z2 = 20 m , kexit = 1
 
12.1D 5e 12.1D 5A 12.1D 5B V2 V2 V2 f L V2
Z1  Z2  0.5  5 .5  1 
0.020  150  Q 2A = 0.015  200  Q B
2
2g 2g 2g 2gd
12.1 0.1 12.1  0.08
5 
V2 f L V2 V2  f L
7   7  
QA = 1.747 QB -------(ii) 2g 2gd 2g  d 
From (i) Qe = 1.747 QB + QB V2 0.03  930  V2

or 20   7   100
Qe = 2.747 QB -------(iii) 2g 0.3  2g
0.015  1752.747Q B 
2
0.015  200  Q 2B 20  2g 20  2  10
 or V 2  
12.1 D 5e 12.1 0.08
5
100 100
De = 116.6 mm ≃ 117 mm  V = 2 m/s

Thus, discharge, Q   0.32  2
07. Ans: 0.141 4
Sol: = 0.1414 m3/s
(1)
08. Ans: (c)
20 m Sol: Given data :
(2)
Fanning friction factor, f = m Re–0.2
L = 930 m For turbulent flow through a smooth pipe.
Valve  f Darcy L V 2  4f  L V 2

P  
2d 2d
Given data, 2 m Re 0.2 L V 2

L = 930 m , kvalve = 5.5 d
kentry = 0.5, d = 0.3 m or P  V 0.2 V 2  V1.8 (as all other parameters
f = 0.03, g = 10 m/s2 remain constant)
Applying energy equation for points (1) and
(2), we write : We may thus write :
2 2
P1 V P V P2  V2 
1.8 1.8
  Z1  2 
1
 Z 2  h L ,entry2 2
 w 2g  w 2g      3.4822
P1  V1  1
 h L , valve  h L ,exit  h f ,pipe
or P2 = 3.4822  10 = 34.82 kPa
But P1 = P2 = Patm = 0
V1 = 0 = V2
09. Ans: (b) The pressure drop in the duct is,

Sol: Given data :  f L V2
P 
Rectangular duct, L = 10 m, 2D h
X-section of duct = 15 cm  20 cm 1.145  0.02  10  7 2
 = 32.73 Pa
Material of duct - Commercial steel, 2  0.1714
 = 0.045 mm The required pumping power will be
Fluid is air ( = 1.145 kg/m3, Ppumping = Q P = A Vav  P
–5 2
 = 1.65510 m /s) = (0.15  0.2)  7  (32.73)
Vav = 7 m/s = 6.87 W ~ 7 W
Vav  D h
Re 
 10. Ans: 26.5
where, Dh = Hydraulic diameter Sol:
4  Cross sec tional area

Perimeter
4  0.15  0.2
  0.1714 m
20.15  0.2
7  0.1714
Re   72495.5
1.655  10 5
Case I: Without additional pipe,
 Flow is turbulent.
Let Q be the discharge through the pipe.
Then
Using Haaland equation to find friction
factor, PP VP2 P V2 f L Q2
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5
1  6.9   / D h  1.11

~  1.8 log     But VP = VS
f  Re  3.7  
and ZP = ZS
1  6 .9  0.045  10  3 
1.11
 PP and PS are the pressures at sections P and
 1.8 log     
f  72495.5  0.1714  3.7   S, respectively.
= –1.8 log[9.51810–5 + 2.4810–5]

Thus,
= –1.8 log(11.998 10–5)
PP PS f L Q 2
1   -------(1)
 7.058   12.1d 5
f
f = 0.02
Case II: When a pipe (L/2) is connected in Hence, percentage increase in discharge is
parallel. Q  Q
  100
In this case, let Q be the total discharge. Q
Q = (1.265 – 1)  100
QQ  R  and QR-S = Q
2 = 26.5 %
Then,
PP VP 2 P V2 f L / 4 Q2 11. Ans: 20%
  ZP  S  S  ZS 
 2g  2g 12.1 d 5 Sol: Since, discharge decrease is associated with
f L / 2Q / 2  f L / 4Q
2 2
increase in friction.
 
12.1 d 5 12.1 d 5 df dQ  dQ 
 2   2 
PP and PS are the pressures at sections P f Q  Q
and S in the second case.  2 10  20%
But VP = VS ; ZP = ZS

PP PS f L Q2  1 1 1 
So,    
  12.1d 5  4 8 4 
5 f L Q2
  -------(2)
8 12.1d 5
Given that end conditions remain same.
PP PS PP PS
i.e.,   
   
Hence, equation (2) becomes,

f L Q 2 5 f L Q2
 from eq.(1)
12.1d 5 8 12.1d 5
2
 Q  8
or   
Q 5
Q
or  1.265
Q
04. Ans: (c)

Chapter
Sol: Given data:
9 Elementary Turbulent Flow D = 30 cm = 0.3 m

Re = 106
f = 0.025
01. Ans: (b) Thickness of laminar sub layer,  = ?
Sol: The velocity distribution in laminar 11.6
 =
sublayer of the turbulent boundary layer for V*
flow through a pipe is linear and is given by f
where V* = shear velocity = V
u yV * 8

V*   = Kinematic viscosity
where V* is the shear velocity. V.D
Re =

02. Ans: (d) V.D
 =
Sol: P   g h f Re
 f L V 2 g f L Q 2 VD
  11.6 
2D 12.1D5  = Re
f
For Q = constant V
8
1
P  11.6  D
D5  =
f
5 Re
P2 D15  D1  1 8
or  5    
P1 D 2  2D1  32 11.6  0.3
=
0.025
10 6 
03. Ans: 2.4 8
Sol: Given: V = 2 m/s = 6.22 105 m = 0.0622 mm
f = 0.02
Vmax = ? 05. Ans: 25
Sol: Given:
Vmax = V(1 + 1.43 f )
L = 100 m

= 2 1  1.43 0.02  D = 0.1 m
= 2  1.2 = 2.4 m/s hL= 10 m
=?
For any type of flow, the shear stress at yV *

2
or  
 dP R u
wall/surface  = 
dx 2 where, V* is the shear velocity.
gh L R 0.5  103  0.05
2
=  Thus,  
L 2 1.25
gh L D = 110–6 m2/s
= 
L 4
= 110–2 cm2/s
1000  9.81  10 0.1
= 
100 4
2 08. Ans: 47.74 N/m2
= 24.525 N/m = 25 Pa
Sol: Given data :
d = 100 mm = 0.1 m
06. Ans: 0.905
ur=0 = umax = 2 m/s
Sol: k = 0.15 mm
Velocity at r = 30 mm = 1.5 m/s
 = 4.9 N/m2
Flow is turbulent.
 = 1 centi-stoke
The velocity profile in turbulent flow is
 4 .9
V*  o = = 0.07 m/sec u max  u R
 1000  5.75 log 
V* y
 = 1 centi-stoke
where u is the velocity at y and V* is the
1 10 4 shear velocity.
 stoke   10 6 m 2 / sec
100 100 For pipe, y = R – r
3
k 0.15  10 = (50 – 30) mm = 20 mm

'  11.6    Thus,
 * 
 V 
2  1.5  50 
3  5.75 log   2.288
0.15  10 V*  20 
  0.905
11.6  10 6 0.5
0.07 or V*   0.2185 m / s
2.288
Using the relation,
07. Ans: (a)
w
Sol: The velocity profile in the laminar sublayer V*  or w =  (V*)2

is given as
w = 103  (0.2185)2 = 47.74 N/m2
u yV *

V* 
2 x1
x= 
Chapter 3 x1  1
10 Boundary Layer Theory
4 x
 1
9 x1  1
01. Ans: (c) 5x1 = 4  x1 = 80 cm
U  x critical
Sol: Re Critical  04. Ans: 2

Assume water properties 1
Sol:  
6  x critical 
5  10 5  1
1 10 6   x
xcritical = 0.08333 m = 83.33 mm x
1 x2

02. Ans: 1.6 2 x1
1 1
Sol:   (At given distance ‘x’)  42
Re 2
1 Re 2

2 Re1 05. Ans: 3
1 256 16 U y
  = 1.6 Sol: 
2 100 10 U 
*
 Shape factor = ?
03. Ans: 80 
Sol:
 u 
*   1   dy
A = 2 cm B = 3 cm 0
 U 
A B   y
=  1  8  dy
0
x1 1m

(x1 + 1) y2
= y
2 0
 x  
=  
A x1 2 2

B x 1  1
u  u  Velocity profile at a distance x from leading

 1   dy
0U  U   edge,
 
u y
 y y 
 1   dy U 
0 8 
  = 1.5 mm
y 2 y3
  Mass flow rate of air entering section ab,
2 3 0
m in ab  U    1  U  kg / s
  
   Mass flow rate of air leaving section cd,
2 3 6
 
Shape factor =
*

/2
3 m out cd   u dy  1    U   y  dy
 /6 0 0 

 U  y2   U 
   
06. Ans: 22.6   2 0 2
Sol: Drag force,
From the law of conservation of mass :
1
FD = CD..AProj. U 2 m in ab  m out cd  m out bc
2
Hence, m out bc  m in ab  m out cd
B = 1.5 m,  = 1.2 kg/m3
L = 3.0 m,  = 0.15 stokes  U
  U 
2
U = 2 m/sec
 U 
U L 23 
Re     4  105 2
 0.15  10 4 3
1.328 1.328 1.2  30  1.5  10

CD    2.09  10 3 
Re 2
4  10 5
= 2710–3 kg/s
Drag force,
= 2710–360 kg/min
1
FD =  2.09  10 3  1.2  1.5  3  2 2 = 1.62 kg/min
2
= 22.57 milli-Newton
08. Ans: (b)
Sol: For 2-D, steady, fully developed laminar
07. Ans: 1.62
boundary layer over a flat plate, there is
Sol: Given data,
u
U = 30 m/s, velocity gradient in y-direction, only.
y
 = 1.2 kg/m3
The correct option is (b).
09. Ans: 28.5 Differentiating  w.r.t x, we get :

Sol: Given data, d 3.46 x 1 / 2 1
  0.2883
Flow is over a flat plate. dx 6  2  U  1/ 2
U x
 
L = 1 m,    
U = 6 m/s d 1 0.2883
–4 2  0.2883  
 = 0.15 stoke = 0.1510 m /s dx x  0.5 m 6  0 .5 447.2
4
 = 1.226 kg/m3 0.15  10
3.46 x -----(2)
x  
Re x From equation (1)
Velocity profile is linear. d
 w x  0.5 m    U 2
Using von-Karman momentum integral dx x  0.5 m
equation for flat plate. 0.2883
  1.226  62
d  447.2
 w2 --------(1)
dx U  = 0.02845 N/m2
we can find out w . ~ 28.5 mN/m2
u y
From linear velocity profile,  , we
U 
evaluate first , momentum thickness as


u 
 u
 1 
dy
0
U  U

 
y y  y y2 
  1  dy     2  dy
0
  0
  

 y 2 y3    
   2    
 2 3 0 2 3 6
 1 3.46 x
   
6 6 Re x
3.46 x1 / 2

6  U  1 / 2
 
  
03. Ans: 4
Sol: Given data:
Chapter
Force on Submerged Bodies l = 0.5 km = 500 m
11
d = 1.25 cm
VWind = 100 km/hr
01. Ans: 8 Air = 1.369.81 = 13.4 N/m3
Sol: Drag power = Drag Force  Velocity  = 1.4105 m2/s
P = FD  V CD = 1.2 for Re > 10000
AV 2 CD = 1.3 for Re < 10000
P = CD  V
2
L
P  V3 Cable
3 d
P1  V1 
 
P2  V2  VWind
3
P1  V 
 
P2  2V 
P2 = 8P1
Towers
Comparing the above relation with XP,
We get, X = 8
 100  5 
02. Ans: 4.56 m  500
V.L  18 
Re  
AV 2  1.4  10 5
Sol: FD = CD.
2 Note: The characteristic dimension for electric
 power transmission tower wire is “L”
( D) 2  V 2
W = 0.8 1.2  4 Re = 992 106 > 10,000
2
 CD = 1.2
(Note: A = Normal (or)
AV 2
 FD = CD
projected Area = D 2 ) 2
4
 13.4 
 L  d V
2
10 2 
784.8 = 0.81.2 (D) 2  9.81 
4 2 = 1.2 
2
 D = 4.56 m
2
 13.4   5  12.2 
500  0.0125100   115
2
1.2   CD  
 9.81   18   9.81  1
=  25 
2 2 2
= 3952.4 N  CD = 0.126
= 4 kN Resolving forces vertically
FL = WKite + Tsin45o
04. Ans: 0.144 & 0.126 C L AV 2
= 2.5 + 25sin45o
Sol: Given data: 2
WKite = 2.5 N  12.2 
115
2
2 CL 
A=1m  9.81  25
= 2.5 +
 = 45o 2 2
T = 25 N CL = 0.144
VWind = 54 km/hr
5 05. Ans: (a)
= 54  = 15 m/s
18 Sol: Given data:
WKite C D 2 = 0.75 C D1 (25% reduced)
A=1m2 Drag power = Drag force  Velocity

Effective
C D AV 2
ACE P = FD V = V
VWind INDIA F 2
AV 3
P = CD
2
= 45 F Keeping , A and power constant
CDV3 = constant = C
T=25 N
3
45
T=25N C D1 V 
WKite=2.5(N)   2 
C D2  V1 
1
 C D1  3
V2
Resolving forces horizontally   
 0.75C D  V1
FD = Tcos45o  1 
AV 2 V2 = 1.10064V1

CD = 25  cos45o
2 % Increase in speed = 10.064%
06. Ans: (c) 08. Ans: (b)

Sol: When a solid sphere falls under gravity at Sol: Since the two models M1 and M2 have equal
its terminal velocity in a fluid, the following volumes and are made of the same material,
their weights will be equal and the
relation is valid :
buoyancy forces acting on them will also be
Weight of sphere = Buoyant force + Drag force
equal. However, the drag forces acting on
them will be different.
07. Ans: 0.62
From their shapes, we can say that M2
Sol: Given data,
reaches the bottom earlier than M1.
Diameter of dust particle, d = 0.1 mm
Density of dust particle, 09. Ans: (a)
3 3
 = 2.1 g/cm = 2100 kg/m Sol:
air = 1.84910–5 Pa.s,  Drag of object A1 will be less than that on
At suspended position of the dust particle, A2. There are chances of flow separation on
A2 due to which drag will increase as
Wparticle = FD + FB
compared to that on A1.
where FD is the drag force on the particle
 Drag of object B1 will be more than that of
and FB is the buoyancy force.
object B2. Because of rough surface of B2,
From Stokes law: the boundary layer becomes turbulent, the
FD = 3 V d separation of boundary layer will be delayed
Thus, that results in reduction in drag.
4 4  Both the objects are streamlined but C2 is
 r 3    g  3Vd  r 3air g
3 3 rough as well. There will be no pressure
4 3 drag on both the objects. However, the skin
or, r g  air   3air V2r 
3 friction drag on C2 will be more than that on
C1 because of flow becoming turbulent due
2    air 
or V  r 2g 
9   air  to roughness. Hence, drag of object C2 will
be more than that of object C1.
  0.05  10 3   9.81 
2 2 2100  1.2
 Thus, the correct answer is option (a).
9 1.849  10 5
= 0.619 m/s  0.62 m/s
04. Ans: (c)

Chapter Sol:
12 Dimensional Analysis
 Mach Number  Launching of rockets
 Thomas Number  Cavitation flow in soil
01. Ans: (c)  Reynolds Number  Motion of a
Sol: Total number of variables, submarine
n = 8 and m = 3 (M, L & T)  Weber Number  Capillary flow in soil
Therefore, number of ’s are = 8 – 3 = 5
05. Ans: (b)
02. Ans: (b) Sol: According to Froude’s law
Sol:
Tr  L r
T MLT 2
1.  1. tm
D 2 V 2 ML 3  L2  L2  T  2  Lr
tp
 It is a non-dimensional parameter.
tm 10
VD LT 1  L tp  
2.   1. Lr 1 / 25
 ML1T 1
tp = 50 min
 It is a dimensional parameter.
D
3.  1. 06. Ans: (a)
V
Sol: L = 100 m
VP  10 m / s ,
VD
4.  Re . 1
 Lr 
25
As viscous parameters are not discussed,
follow Froude’s law.
03. Ans: (b)
According to Froude,
Sol: T = f (l, g)
Vr  L r
Total number of variable,
n = 3, m = 2 (L & T only) Vm 1

Hence, no. of  terms = 3 – 2 = 1 Vp 25
1
Vm   10 = 2 m/s
5
07. Ans: (d) Substituting the values given, we get

Sol: Froude number = Reynolds number. 1.2 4 103 8
Vw    5
1  m / s
r = 0.0894 10 0.1 1.8  10
3
3
If both gravity & viscous forces are To calculate the drag force on prototype, we
important then equate the drag coefficient of model to that
 r  L r  of prototype.
3/ 2
 F   F 
3
 r 2  Lr i.e,  D 2    D 2 
 AV  P  AV  m
Lr = 1:5 2
 A V 
Hence, FD p  FD m  a  a   a 
 w A w  Vw 
08. Ans: (c)
2 2
Sol: For distorted model according to Froude’s 1.2  4   1 
 4 3    
law 10  0.1   8 / 3 
Q r  L H L3V/ 2 = 1.08 N
LH = 1:1000 ,
10. Ans: 47.9
LV = 1:100
Sol: Given data,
Qm = 0.1 m3/s
Sea water Fresh water
3/ 2
1  1  0.1 (Prototype testing) (model testing)
Qr    
1000  100  Qp V 0.5 ?
5 3 3
QP = 10 m /s  1025 kg/m 103 kg/m3
 1.07  10–3 Pa.s 110–3 Pa.s
09. Ans: (c)
For dynamic similarity, Re should be same
Sol: For dynamic similarity, Reynolds number
in both testing.
should be same for model testing in water
and the prototype testing in air. Thus, m Vm d m p Vp d p
i.e., 
m p
w  Vw  d w a  Va  d a

w a p d p  m
Vm  VP   
a d a  w m d m  p
or Vw     Va
w d w a 1025 103
 0.5   100 
(where suffixes w and a stand for water and 103 1.07  10 3
air respectively) = 47.9 m/s
H = Head available of Pelton wheel turbine

= 300 m
Chapter
13 Turbomachinery
  D  600
  0.41 2  9.81 300
60
01. Ans: 1000 D = 1.0 m
Sol: T = Moment of momentum of water in a
turbine = Torque developed = 15915 N-m 04. Ans: (b)
Speed (N) = 600 rpm Sol: Specific speed of turbine is expressed as :
2NT N P T  1 F L T 1
Power developed = Ns  5 / 4 
60 H L5 / 4
2    600  15915 1 1 5 1
=  1
60  F 2 L2 4
T 2
= 1000  103 W = 1000 kW  F1 / 2 L3 / 4 T 3 / 2
02. Ans: 4000 05. Ans: (b)

3
Sol: Q = 50 m /sec Sol: P = 8.1 MW = 8100 kW
H = 7.5 m H = 81 m
Turbine = 0.8 N = 540 rpm
Pshaft Pshaft N P
Turbine =  Specific speed NS =
Pwater gQ(H  h f ) 5
(H) 4
Pshaft
0.8 = 540  8100
1000  9.81  50(7.5  0) =
81 4
5
3
Pshaft = 294310 W = 2943 kW
540  90
2943 = = 200
= HP = 4000 HP 243
0.736
60 < NS < 300 (Francis Turbine)
03. Ans: 1
Sol: We know that 06. Ans: (a)
DN Sol: The specific speed is lowest for Pelton
U  k u . 2gH
60 wheel and highest for Kaplan turbine. Ns for
where D = diameter of wheel Francis turbine lies between those of Pelton
N = speed of turbine = 600 rpm wheel and Kaplan turbine.
07. Ans: (b) 10. Ans: (d)

Sol: Sol: Cavitation in a reaction turbine may occur
 Only the tangential component of absolute at inlet to draft tube. It is expected that the
velocity is considered into the estimation of pressure at inlet to draft tube may fall below
theoretical head of a turbo machine. Hence, the vapour pressure.
statement (a) is correct.
 A high head turbine has a low value of 11. Ans: 1000
specific speed. Hence, statement (b) is Sol: Given Np = 500 rpm
wrong. Dm 1

 For the same power, a turbo machine Dp 2
running at high specific speed will be small We know that
in size. Hence, statement (c) is correct.  ND   ND 
   
 Pelton wheel is the tangential flow turbine  H m  H P
whereas the Propeller and Kaplan turbines Given H is constant
are axial flow units. Hence, statement (d) is N m Dp
 
correct. Np Dm
Nm
08. Ans: (a)  2
500
DN
Sol: u ,  Nm = 1000 rpm
60
But u  H
12. Ans: 73
Hence, for a given scale ratio. Sol: Given P1 = 100 kW
N  H1/2 H1 = 100 m and H2 = 81 m
We know that
09. Ans: (d)
 P   P 
Sol: Caviation in any flow passage will occur, if    
3/ 2 

3/ 2 
 H  1  H  2
the local pressure at any point in the flow
100 P2
passage falls below the vapour pressure  
1003/ 2
813 / 2
corresponding to the operating temperature.
P2 = 72.9 kW ≃ 73 kW
 New power developed by same turbine
= 73 kW
13. Ans: (b)

Sol: Given data :
Druner = Dtip = 3 m ,
1
Dhub =  D runner = 1 m,
3
Velocity of flow, Vf = 5 m/s,
u = 40 m/s
Discharge through the runner is,
 2
Q
4
Dtip  D2hub  Vf
 2 2

4
3  1  5
= 31.4 m3/s

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GATE | PSUs

HYDERABAD | AHMEDABAD | DELHI | BHOPAL | PUNE | BHUBANESWAR | BANGALORE | LUCKNOW

Common data Q. 04 & 05

1 Properties of Fluids 04. Ans: (c)

WSin30 r 0.2  8  50  10 3

06. Ans: (c)  Bingham plastic  Fluid behaves like a

08. Ans: (d)

 The manometer shown in Fig. 2 is for

07. Ans: 2.125 FV = x

FV = gx  2x  2x or P – Patm = Pgauge

03. Ans: 4.76

01. Ans: (d) x water

05. Ans: 1.375 07. Ans: (b)

06. Ans: (d)

Shear stress on one side of the plate

Fv = gV = 900  9.81  1.5 1.5  10–3

03. Ans: –13.68

Sol: a convective  v. v  2t 1  x    2t1  x  

Total head at (2) – (2)

g 2g g 2g i.e. from (S1) to (S2)

04. Ans: 395  2 

Pressure difference 07. Ans: 81.5

08. Ans: 140

02. Ans: 6000

03. Ans: 19.6

04. Ans: (a) Ae = 710–4 m2

= 2 1000  10–4  52 = 5 N Let Fx be the force exerted by elbow on

04. Ans: 1.92

In laminar flow through a pipe, 

Vmax = 2  V = 2 m/s  = 1.917 milli Pa – sec

02. Ans: (d) 05. Ans: 0.75

03. Ans: (d)   50 2 

VD 08. Ans: 5.2

 Head loss, increases by 16 times if diameter Flow is through an inclined pipe.

Vavd 800  0.1  1  102

8 Flow through Pipes

(Z2 – Z1) = 10 sin30 = 5 m f L V2

02. Ans: 481

 Flow is turbulent 05. Ans: (c)

Losses due to sudden expansion,

hfA Q = A1V1 = A2V2

Valve  f Darcy L V 2  4f  L V 2

09. Ans: (b) The pressure drop in the duct is,

= –1.8 log[9.51810–5 + 2.4810–5]

But VP = VS ; ZP = ZS

Hence, equation (2) becomes,

04. Ans: (c)

9 Elementary Turbulent Flow D = 30 cm = 0.3 m

For any type of flow, the shear stress at yV *

01. Ans: (c) 5x1 = 4  x1 = 80 cm

u  u  Velocity profile at a distance x from leading

1.328 1.328 1.2  30  1.5  10

09. Ans: 28.5 Differentiating  w.r.t x, we get :

evaluate first , momentum thickness as

WKite C D 2 = 0.75 C D1 (25% reduced)

A=1m2 Drag power = Drag force  Velocity

AV 2 V2 = 1.10064V1