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Earth and Life Reviewer
Earth and Life Reviewer
Earth and Life Reviewer
3 Domains of Life
Nucleolus
-producing ribosomes
Nuclear envelope
-encloses the nucleus and it contents
Nuclear pore
-pore in nucleus
-can allow substances (RNA) to leave
Cell Structures
Cell Organelles
Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane Nucleoid
-regulates substances in and out of the cell - irregularly shaped region within the cell of a
-bilipid membraneous layer composed of proteins and prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic
carbohydrates material, called genophore.
-fluid like -not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
-protects the cell and provides stability -also contain RNA, proteins, and enzymes that can be
-separates the cell from its external environment used for cellular processes.
-selectively permeable (controls what gets in and out)
-proteins are found embedded within the plasma Cytoskeleton
membrane with some extending all the way trough in -made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and
order to transport materials intermediate filaments.
-carbohydrates are attached to proteins and lipids on -present in all cells of all domains of life
the outer lipid layer -gives a cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates
movement through three main components:
Cytoplasm microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
-fluid portion of the cell microtubules.
-jelly like -complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules
-composed mainly of water that extend throughout the cytoplasm, from the
-found between the cell membrane and nucleus nucleus to the plasma membrane.
-makes up most of the „body‟ of a cell and is
constantly streaming Ribosomes
-organelles are found here and substances like salts -make proteins
may be dissolved in the cytoplasm -they bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to
synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Vacuole -small particles
-it stores food or any variety of nutrients a cell might -factories of the cell
need to survive. -found individually in the cytoplasm
-membrane-bound sacs within the cytoplasm of a cell -help in the synthesis of proteins
-very large and are extremely important in providing -made up of two parts called subunits
structural support, as well as serving functions such -when two units are locked together with a special
as storage, waste disposal, protection, and growth. info unit called messenger RNA, they make proteins
-store waste products so the rest of the cell is -while attached to the endoplasmic reticulum,
protected from contamination. ribosomes make proteins that the cell needs and also
ones to be exported from cell for work elsewhere in
Vesicle the body
-it moves organic molecules within the cells
-consisting of liquid enclosed by a lipid bilayer Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
-form naturally during the processes of secretion, -synthesizes steroids
uptake and transport of materials within the plasma -defoxites poisons (alcohol)
membrane. -transports substances
-regulates calcium levels for muscle contraction
-make cellular products like hormones and lipids
- slender protuberances that project from the much
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum larger cell body
-transports proteins -move fluids for aquatic species such as clams, to
-it plays a central role in the synthesis and export of allow for food and oxygen transport.
proteins and glycoproteins
Flagella
Golgi Apparatus -cellular movement (allows a cell to move)
-named after an Italian physician, Camillo Golgi
-modifies molecules and packages them into small THEIR FUNCTIONS:
membrane bound sacs callled vesicles. -to move locomotion for one-celled organisms
-temporarily stores protein which can them leave the -move substances over cell surfaces in multi-clled
cell via vesicles pinching off from the Golgi organisms.
-responsible for sorting and correctly shipping the
proteins produced in the ER Cell wall
-gathers simple molecules and packages them in -a tough, flexible and sometimes rigid structural layer
vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends surrounding the cell
them out of the cell -give the cell strength and structure, and to filter
-If Golgi makes a mistake, certain functions in the cell molecules that pass in and out of the cell.
may stop
Lysosome
-also known as suicide sac
-digest waste materials and food withn the cell
-used to digest foodor break down the cell when it
dies
-breaks down molecules into their base components
w/ strong digestive enzymes
-surrounded by a single membrane and containing
strong digestive enzymes which when released can
break down work out organelles or food
Mitochondria
-powerhouse of the cell
-it converts oxygen and nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate
-energy production for cells (ATP) BIOENERGETICS
-sites of aerobic respiration -refers to the intake processing and expenditure of
-packages the energy from the food you eat into ATP energy
molecules
Sun
PLANT CELL -main source of energy in an ecosystem
Cilia -though, only plants can utilize this energy
-shorter than flagella
-cover the entire surface of the cell
Plants LIGHT REACTION
-autotrophs (produce their own food)
-produce glucose (sugar) NADPH
-Nicotinamide adenine dinudeotide phosphate
Humans and plants are heterotrophs (depend on ATP
plants and the organisms that consume the plants in -adenosine triphospate
order to obtain energy
Light
Photosynthesis
The chlorophyll in the
photosystems capture
water sugar oxygen light energy to
Carbon dioxide
energize the electrons
FINAL PRODUCTS:
NADPH and ATP
(to be used for Dark
Reaction)
Site of Light
Reaction
Questions and Answers The cycle repeats again and the two G3P
1. What is the role of the chlorophyll in the molecules that are set aside will combine to form
process? the glucose.
The chlorophyll traps the sunlight
RuBP-ribulose bisphosphate
3PGA- 3-phosphoglyceric acid
2. How is NADPH formed?
G3P- Glyceraldephyde 3-phosphate
NADP+ combines with electron and
hydrogen ion
DARK REACTION
Six ATP molecules donate a phosphate group
Questions and Answers to each 3-PGA molecule then six NADPH
1. What happens during the Carbon Fixation stage? reduces the compound formed to produce
three CO2 molecules combine with three 5- highly energized G3P molecules.
carbon molecules (RuBP to form six 3-carbon
molecultes (3-PGA) Five G3P molecules will be rearranged to
regenerate the RuBP molecules while
2. How are the ATP and NADPH utilized in this one G3P molecule will be set aside for
process in the Reduction stage? the formation of glucose
Six ATP molecules donate a phosphate group to
each 3-PGA then six NADPH molecules reduces
Two G3P molecules
the compounds to produce highly energized G3P will combine to form
molecules GLUCOSE
The Human Heart Cells use food and oxygen to make energy to keep us
The Aorta: this is the largest artery in the human alive
body. Arteries are tubular branching elastic-walled
muscle vessels that carry blood away from the heart Blood
through the body. The main function of the aorta is to -food, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and waste is caried
take oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the throughout our bodies within a fluid
rest of the body.
Oxygenated blood: the word “oxygenated” simply Blood travels through tubes called Blood Vessels
means that it carries oxygen. So, oxygenated blood is
the blood that carries oxygen. There are 3 types of blood vessels:
Deoxygenated blood: the word “deoxygenated” -Arteries
simply means that it carries very little or no oxygen. -Veins
So, deoxygenated blood is the blood that carries -Capillaries
either very little or no oxygen.
The Right Atrium: this part of the human body is When we breathe in, our lungs take oxygen.
tasked with receiving deoxygenated blood from the The oxygen passes into our blood through our blood
rest of the body. vessels
The Left Ventricle: A ventricle is any of the cavities of
a bodily part or organ. This ventricle is the chamber of BLOOD, with fresh oxygen is pushed through our
the heart that gets blood from a corresponding atrium. blood vessels by a muscular pumpthe size of our fist
The essential function that the left ventricle carries out known as the HEART
is pumping oxygenated blood into the aorta.
The Right Ventricle: the right ventricle is tasked with HEART
pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary - A hollow muscular organ that pumps the blood
artery. through the circulatory system by rhythmic contraction
The Arteries: the arteries are tasked with carrying and dilation.
blood away from the heart. These blood vessels are - Responsible for: contraction, rxpulsion of blood to
muscular tubes. The aorta is the largest artery. the tissues, reception of blood tissues
The Veins: the veins are tasked with carrying blood
toward the heart.
The Vena Cava: this is the largest vein in the human
body (vena is Latin for vein). Its essential function is
to carry blood from all around the body all the way to
the heart.
Right Atrium
- receives deoxygenated blood from the body through
the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle
which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Right Ventricle
- receives deoxygenated blood from the body through
the vena cava and pumps it into the right ventricle
which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated.
Left Atrium
- Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs enters the left
atrium through the pulmonary vein. The blood is then
pumped into the left ventricle chamber of the heart
through the mitral valve. From there, the blood is
ready to be pumped into the body to deliver
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
Left Ventricle nose / nasal c warms, moistens, & filters air as it is
avity inhaled
- the thickest of the heart's chambers and is pharynx (throa passageway for air, leads to trache
responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to tissues t) a
all over the body. By contrast, the right ventricle solely Larynx the voice box, where vocal chords
pumps blood to the lungs are located
Trachea (wind keeps the windpipe "open" and is lin
pipe) ed with fine hairs called cilia which fi
Red Blood Cells lter air before it reaches the lungs
- Also known as erythrocytes are responsible Bronchi two branches at the end of the trach
for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest ea, each lead to a lung
Bronchioles a network of smaller branches leadi
of the body
ng from the bronchi into the lung tiss
ue & ultimately to air sacs
White Blood Cells Alveoli the functional respiratory units in the
- Also known as leukocytes help fight lung where gases are exchanged
infections and aid in the immune process
The human respiratory system allows one to obtain
Platelets oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.
- Help in blood clotting. They are smaller than Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and
RBC and WBC expiration.
4 Processes of Respiration
o Pulmonary Ventilation
o External Respiration
o Transport of Respiratory Gases
o Internal Respiration
External Respiration
Dendrites
-at the level of the lungs (alveoli)
- Transmits information to the cell body.
-between enviornment and lungs
Cell body (soma)
- Supports and maintains the functioning of
Internal Respiration
the neuron.
-at the level of the rest of the body
- Contains numerous organelles which are
-between the blood and cells
mostly made of up endoplasmic reticulum.
- Contains a cell nucleus that produces RNA
Respiratory System
that supports important cell functions.
-pulmonary ventilation
Axon
-external respiration
- Transmit information away from the cell
body.
Circulatory System
Myelin Sheath
-Transport
- It facilitates the conduction of electrical
-Internal Respiration
impulses through the nerve cells.
- made out of a modified plasma
membrane that is wrapped around
the nerve axon in a spiral pattern
Nervous System
Axon Terminal
- a complex network of nerves and cells that carry
- It transmits a neurotransmitter from one
messages to and from the brain and spinal cord to
neuron to another.
various parts of the body.
Cytoplasm
- includes both the Central nervous system and
- The watery and salty fluid with a potassium-
Peripheral nervous system
rich solution inside the cell containing
enzymes responsible for the metabolism of
the cell. Types and Structures of Neurotransmitters
Nucleus
- Contains the genetic material in the form of
chromosomes.
TYPES OF NEURON
Sensory
- AFFERENT NEURONS
- receive initial stimuli from the sense organs
Responding to a Stimulus
Signals
- They carry information that tells us to listen, relax,
stop or be alert.
Nerve Impulse
- A wave chemical and electrical charge that is
conducted along the membrane of a neuron
Synapse
- a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to
pass an electrical or chemical signal to another
neuron
Neurotransmitters
- a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to
pass an electrical or chemical signal to another
neuron