6.25 Transient Analysis Start Up (Pipeline) PDF

KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0003
Revision: 03
Project Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Page 1 of 71

Document Title: Transient Analysis – Start Up (Pipeline)
Transient Analysis – Start Up (Pipeline)
Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

The information contained in this document (the Information) is provided in good faith.
E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers, and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no
representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the Information and neither E.ON UK plc nor any of its subcontractors,
subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising from the use of the
Information by any party.
Revision: 03

Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary ........................................................................................................... 7
1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7
1.2. Initial Start-up (Base Case) ....................................................................................... 7
1.3. Shutdown and Cooldown ........................................................................................... 8
1.4. Pressurised Start-up .................................................................................................. 8
1.4.1. Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase .................................................................... 8
1.4.2. Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase ................................................................... 9
1.5. Summary of Start-up Heater Requirements .............................................................. 9
1.5.1. Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase .................................................................... 9
1.5.2. Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase ................................................................. 10
1.6. Depressurised Start-up ............................................................................................ 10
1.6.1. Vapour Phase Operation ................................................................................. 10
1.6.2. Dense Phase Operation .................................................................................. 11
2. Scope of Work .................................................................................................................. 12
2.1. Description of System .............................................................................................. 12
2.2. Operating Scenarios ................................................................................................ 14
2.3. Scope of Study ........................................................................................................ 15
3. Basis of Design and Assumptions .................................................................................... 16
3.1. Kingsnorth Power Plant CO 2 to Pipeline Water Concentration ............................... 16
3.2. Hewett Wellbore Downhole Non-Return Valve (NRV) ............................................ 16
3.3. Ramp up rate ........................................................................................................... 16
3.4. Start-up Heater ........................................................................................................ 16
3.5. Start-up Overview .................................................................................................... 17
3.6. Reporting of Results ................................................................................................ 18
4. Initial Start-up ................................................................................................................... 20
4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 20
4.2. Pipeline Pressurisation ............................................................................................ 21
4.3. Pipeline Start-up ...................................................................................................... 21
5. Shut Down and Cooldown ................................................................................................ 24
5.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 24
5.2. Pressure and Temperature Profiles ......................................................................... 25
5.3. Vapour Phase Cases - Comparison of Choke Open and Closed ........................... 28
5.4. Liquid formation ....................................................................................................... 30
5.4.1. Gas Phase Cases ............................................................................................ 30

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5.4.2. Dense Phase ................................................................................................... 32

6. Pressurised Start-up ......................................................................................................... 33
6.1. Pressurised Start-up, gas phase transport of CO2 (base case) .............................. 33
6.2. Pressurised Start-up, dense phase transport of CO2, full flow scenario ................. 35
6.3. Start-up of Individual Well ........................................................................................ 37
6.3.1. Base Case (Vapour Phase) Scenario.............................................................. 37
6.3.2. Full Flow (Dense Phase) Scenario .................................................................. 40
7. Depressurised Start-up .................................................................................................... 44
7.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 44
7.2. Vapour Phase Operation ......................................................................................... 44
7.3. Dense Phase Operation .......................................................................................... 45
8. References ....................................................................................................................... 47
9. Appendix A Base Case Scenario Cooldown Simulation Results ..................................... 48
10. Appendix B Full Flow Scenario Cooldown Results ..................................................... 52
11. Appendix C Base Case Scenario Pressurised Start-up Results ................................. 54
12. Appendix D Base Case Pressurised Start-up Results ................................................ 59
13. Appendix E Well Start-up Results: Base Case Scenario ............................................ 61
14. Appendix E Well Start-up Results: Full Flow Scenario ................................................ 65
15. Appendix F Depressurised Start-up Trends ................................................................ 67
15.1. Vapour Phase Operation ......................................................................................... 67
15.2. Dense Phase Operation .......................................................................................... 69
Table of Tables
Table 1-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios .................................................................................... 7
Table 1-2 Single Well Start-up Heater Duty vs. Temperature and Reservoir Pressure ............ 9
Table 2-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios .................................................................................. 14
Table 2-2 Transient Analysis Cases ........................................................................................ 15
Table 4-1 Initial Start-up OLGA Simulation Cases, Scenario 5 ............................................... 21
Table 5-1 Shutdown / Cooldown OLGA Simulation Cases, Scenario 5 .................................. 24
Table 5-2 Estimated Temperature Downstream of Hewett Valve with no Heating ................. 27
Table 6-1 Pressurised start-up OLGA simulation cases, base case scenario ........................ 33
Table 6-2 Pressurised start-up OLGA simulation cases, full flow scenario ............................. 35
Table 6-3 Single Well Start-up Heater Duty vs. Temperature and Reservoir Pressure .......... 39
Table 7-1 Time Required for Depressurised Start-up (Vapour Phase Operation) .................. 44

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Table of Figures
Figure 2-1 System schematic ................................................................................................. 12
Figure 2-2 System routing of the End to End model .............................................................. 13
Figure 3-1 Schematic of Olga Model ....................................................................................... 19
Figure 4-1 Schematic of Initial Start-up, Scenario 5 ................................................................ 20
Figure 4-2 Pressure Trend at Key Positions across the System During Pipeline Initial Start-up
................................................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 4-3 Temperature Trend at Key Positions across the System During Pipeline Initial
Start-up .................................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4-4 Liquid content during initial start-up ....................................................................... 23
Figure 5-1 Pressure Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pipeline Shutdown,
Scenario 5 at a Reservoir Pressure of 3 bara (Hewett Valve Closed) .................................... 25
Figure 5-2 Temperature Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pipeline
Shutdown, Scenario 5 at a Reservoir Pressure of 3 bara (Hewett Valve Closed) .................. 26
Figure 5-3 Pipeline Settle-out Pressures and Wellbore CITHP Following Pipeline Shutdown 26
Figure 5-4 P-H Pathway of J-T over Hewett Choke ................................................................ 28
Figure 5-5 Comparison of CO2 injection rate for 2.1 barg RP case, choke open and closed 29
Figure 5-6 P-T Pathways for 29.5 barg cooldown case and 29.5 barg steady state case ...... 30
Figure 5-7 Mass flow trend for 29.5 barg RP cooldown case ................................................. 31
Figure 5-8 Schematic of stable and unstable wellbore fluids (extracted from Ref 5) .............. 32
Figure 6-1 Schematic of pressurised start-up, reservoir pressure 2.1 barg, Hewett choke left
open during shutdown ............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 6-2 Schematic of pressurised start-up, reservoir pressure 2.1 barg, Hewett choke
closed during shutdown ........................................................................................................... 34
Figure 6-3 Schematic of pressurised start-up (dense phase transport of CO2, Hewett choke
closed), full flow scenario ........................................................................................................ 36
Figure 6-4 Start-up heater duty, 2.1 barg reservoir pressure (single well) .............................. 38
Figure 6-5 Start-up heater duty, 29.5 barg reservoir pressure (single well) ............................ 38
Figure 6-6 P-T Trend Downstream of Choke during 2.1 barg RP Start-up ............................. 39
Figure 6-7 Start-up heater duty, 45.4 barg reservoir pressure ................................................ 41
Figure 6-8 Comparison of Heater Duty and Throughput, 45.4 barg reservoir pressure ......... 42
Figure 6-9 P-T Trend Downstream of Choke during 45.4 barg RP Start-up ........................... 43
Figure 7-1 Pressure Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP)........................... 45
Figure 7-2 Pressure Trends during Depressurised Start-up (157.5 barg RP) ........................ 46
Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Open) ................................................................. 48
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Open) ............................................... 48

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Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Closed)............................................................... 49
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Closed) ............................................ 49
Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Valve Open) ............................................................... 50
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Valve Open) ............................................. 50
Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Valve Closed) ............................................................. 51
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Valve Closed) .......................................... 51
Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg .................................................................................................. 52
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg ............................................................................... 52
Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg ................................................................................................ 53
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg ............................................................................. 53
Figure 11-1 Pressure Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pressurised Start-up,
Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Open) ................................................................ 54
Figure 11-2 Temperature Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pressurised
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Open) ................................................. 54
Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Closed) ............................................................. 55
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Closed) .............................................. 55
Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Open) .............................................................. 56
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Open) ............................................... 56
Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Closed) ........................................................... 57
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Closed) ............................................ 57
Figure 11-9 Pertinent Trends During Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg
(Hewett Choke Closed) ........................................................................................................... 58
(Hewett Choke Closed) ........................................................................................................... 58
Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg .................................................................................................. 59

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Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg ................................................................................... 59
Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg ................................................................................................ 60
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg ................................................................................. 60
Figure 13-1 Required Heater Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg ......... 61
Figure 13-2 Required Heater Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg ....... 61
Figure 13-3 Mass Flow Rate During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg .................. 62
Figure 13-4 Mass Flow Rate During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg ................ 62
Figure 13-5 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg ........... 63
Figure 13-6 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg ......... 63
Figure 13-7 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg .................. 64
Figure 13-8 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg .................. 64
Figure 14-1 Heating Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg ..................... 65
Figure 14-2 Mass Flow Rate During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg ................ 65
Figure 14-3 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4barg .......... 66
Figure 14-4 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4barg ................. 66
Figure 15-1 Pressure Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP)......................... 67
Figure 15-2 Temperature Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP) .................. 68
Figure 15-3 Mass Flow Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP) ...................... 68
Figure 15-4 Pressure Trends during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP)......................... 69
Figure 15-5 Temperature Trends during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP) .................. 70
Figure 15-6 Mass Flow Trends during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP) ...................... 70
Figure 15-7 Liquid Content in Pipeline during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP) .......... 71

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1. Executive Summary
1.1. Introduction
E.ON UK are considering investment in a new state of the art, coal fired power plant
at Kingsnorth, which is on the Isle of Grain. The CO2 that this new plant produces is
intended to be captured in the depleted Hewett reservoir, which is approximately 40
km East of Bacton, and approximately 270 km from Kingsnorth. Pre-FEED studies
are currently underway to evaluate the potential of investing in a replacement power
station with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
The broad concept has been selected: CO2 will be captured from the flue gas at the
proposed E.ON coal fired power plant located at Kingsnorth. The captured CO2 will
be purified, compressed and dried at a new onshore plant at Kingsnorth before being
transported in a new pipeline to a new offshore platform, which is located at the
Hewett reservoir.
The primary objective of the transient analysis described in this work is to provide the
data necessary to update the relevant operating philosophies using OLGA simulation
cases and analysis of the results. Similarly, high level HAZID studies for the
Kingsnorth to Hewett CO2 system are planned and these will also be used to modify
the operating philosophy.
The transient analysis takes into account three operating scenarios agreed
previously:
Table 1-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios

Property Base Case Full Flow Max Capacity
Vapour Density LP Vapour HP Dense HP Dense
Power Plant Capacity 400 MW g 1600 MW g N/A
CO2 Flowrate 6600 te/d 26,400 te/d Max
The base case and full flow scenarios are considered in this start-up analysis. The
maximum capacity cases are not considered in the transient studies.
Following a shutdown of the pipeline between Kingsnorth and Hewett, a start-up

operation will be required to restore normal operations. This start-up study considers
start-up from a pressurised state; a separate depressurisation study will consider
start-up of a depressurised pipeline. The aim of the start-up procedures is to minimise
the total start-up time, maintain fluid flow-rates within the Kingsnorth and Hewett
design limits and avoid excessively low temperatures in the system.
1.2. Initial Start-up (Base Case)
The 36" (OD) flowline can be pressurised at the maximum base case power plant
capacity of 6600 te/d of CO2 (400 MWg) without resulting in liquid drop out in the
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system. This assumes that a differential pressure of 2.5 bar is required across the
Hewett choke valve (i.e. between flowline pressure and closed in tubing head
pressure (CITHP)) prior to initiating flow into the wells. To pressurise the pipeline from
a starting pressure of 1 atm to the required start-up pressure (circa 4 barg) takes 8
hrs using the maximum power plant capacity.
After opening the Hewett choke, it takes approximately 1 week for the system to
reach full steady state conditions (mainly associated with gaining thermal equilibrium
in the wellbore). No low temperatures were experienced and thus no start-up heating
is required at Hewett.
1.3. Shutdown and Cooldown
When pressures settle out across the system (i.e. closing valves at Kingsnorth,
topside at Hewett and subsea chokes), care must be exercised with a subsequent
restart to ensure that any pressure drop is taken at a suitable location, so that the
material properties of pipework or equipment are not compromised. Start-up heaters
are located upstream of the Hewett choke valves.
For vapour phase operation there is a significant advantage if the pipeline is not
isolated from the wells (i.e. only isolated at Kingsnorth end) during a short-term
shutdown. This would simplify the restart procedure considerably. It would also allow
injection to continue for at least one day following a power plant shutdown. However
it is important that either the CO2 flow must be resumed or the Hewett valve closed to
prevent the risk of backflow from the well to the pipeline system. Assuming a
minimum pressure upstream of the choke of 2 bar above the CITHP, the maximum
time the Hewett choke could remain open for is estimated to be 63 hours and 27
hours for the 2.1 barg and 29.5 barg reservoir pressure cases respectively.
For dense phase operation the pipeline settles out at a pressure of c. 60 barg which
is below the critical pressure hence the pipeline becomes liquid-filled. The CO2 in the
pipeline must move from liquid to dense phase before injection can be resumed.
Some liquid formation will occur in the topsides piping at worst case ambient
temperatures (-6°C). This occurs in mid field life (i.e. end of gas phase and beginning
of dense phase operation). Note however that the quantity of liquid is relatively small
and is quickly vaporised as the system heats up with warmer fluid from the pipeline.
It is recommended that trace heating with lagging should be considered to prevent
condensation of CO2 in the topsides pipework.
1.4. Pressurised Start-up
1.4.1.Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase
This case corresponds to the start-up of an already pressurised pipeline following a

system shut-in, it is envisaged that this will be a relatively frequent operation.
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Two different options are considered for early field life gas phase operation, as
follows:
The Hewett choke is left open during shutdown.
The Hewett choke is closed during shutdown.
If the subsea injection chokes for the wells and SDVs / PCVs (shutdown valves /
pressure control valves) at Hewett are left open on shutdown then there will be no
pressure discontinuity in the wellbore on start-up and steady state is achieved in a
significantly shorter time.
When the system has been shut down with the Hewett valve closed, a start-up heater
is required upstream of the Hewett choke to avoid low temperatures.
1.4.2.Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase
When operating in the dense phase region the liquid-filled pipeline must be
pressurised in order to move from liquid phase CO 2 to gas phase CO2 before the
Hewett topsides chokes can be opened. This takes 1-2 hours at a ramp-up rate of 32
MW e/minute.
1.5. Summary of Start-up Heater Requirements
1.5.1.Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase
For base case vapour phase scenarios, to maintain a single phase in the wellbore no
heating will be required at all during normal operation. A heater will be required for
pressurised start-up, however this requirement may be eliminated for short term
shutdowns if the system is allowed to be shutdown with the route to the wells left
open. This would eliminate the Joule-Thomson effect over the Hewett chokes and
avoid the possibility of low temperatures in the system.
The heating duty was estimated for a range of heater outlet temperatures: 30°C,
40°C and 50°C for the 2.1 barg and 29.5 barg reservoir pressure cases. The peak
duties required are summarised in Table 1-2:
Table 1-2 Single Well Start-up Heater Duty vs. Temperature and Reservoir Pressure
Heater outlet temperature Required duty MW
°C 2.1 barg reservoir pressure 29.5 barg reservoir pressure
50 1.06 1.05
40 0.91 0.91
30 0.71 0.70

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No liquid is predicted in the wellbore during start-up. When the heater is vapour filled
there is significantly less pressure build up due to heating a closed in volume of CO2.
However, the discussion below for the dense flow case regarding thermal and
pressure relief should be considered.
1.5.2.Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase
For full flow dense phase scenarios a heater must be available on the Hewett
platform to increase the injection temperatures in order to maintain a single phase in
the wellbore during normal operation. Additional heating will also be required during
well start-up. The peak heating duty required for a heater outlet temperature of 60°C
was estimated to be c. 6.6 MW (per well).
The OLGA simulations have highlighted a significant issue regarding the large
change in density associated with a relatively small change in temperature associated
with the start-up heater. Significant flow instability was encountered while the heater
set point was ramping up, caused by a reduction in flow rate upstream of the heater
due to the increase in density as the super-critical CO2 is heated. As the CO2 is
heated from c. 4°C to 60°C there is a change in density from c. 950 kg/m³ to 200
kg/m³. In the current OLGA model this caused the CO 2 to expand, and resulted in a
slightly negative (i.e. reverse) flow, followed by fluctuations in flow rate, before the
flow stabilises. However, in the actual design there will probably be a check valve
upstream the heater, so the increase in temperature could cause a rise in pressure. It
is recommended that careful consideration be given to the thermal and pressure relief
of the Hewett Heater, since if valves either fail closed or are left closed when the
heater is switched on this could lead to a over pressurisation scenario. In addition
careful consideration should be given to the thermal and pressure relief of any other
topsides pipework or vessels that could receive heating or solar gain with the system
closed while filled with liquid CO2.
It is recommended that the well start-up procedure be optimised to minimise the

instability by, for example, specifying a slower ramp up of the heater or a larger vent
volume while the heater set point is ramped up.
Some liquid was formed downstream of the choke during start-up however the
quantity was small and thus had negligible impact on the stability of the system.
1.6. Depressurised Start-up
1.6.1.Vapour Phase Operation
The vapour phase depressurised start-up follows a similar methodology to the initial
start-up, except that as the CITHP of the wells is higher, the system takes longer to
pressurise. The time taken to reach the required 2.5 barg margin above the CITHP
was 36 hours for the 29.5 barg reservoir pressure case, compared with 8 hours for
the initial start-up for the 2.1 barg reservoir pressure case.
The system will take a total of 7-8 days (depending on reservoir pressure) from the
time flow is introduced at Kingsnorth to reach steady state.

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No low temperatures were observed upon opening of the choke; the minimum
temperature in the system was that of the ambient air, which was assumed to be -6
°C. No liquid was condensed during start-up and no instabilities were introduced into
the system.
1.6.2.Dense Phase Operation
For dense phase operation, the pipeline must be pressurised above the critical
pressure (73 barg) to prevent two phase flow. The normal arrival pressure of 79 barg
was assumed. The 45.4 barg reservoir case was considered; it was found that the
pipeline will require to be packed for 126 hours (c. 5 days) in order to pressurise the
line upstream of the Hewett chokes from 0 barg to 79 barg. At this time the wells may
be re-started according to the relevant well operating procedures.
The quoted time of 126 hours will be near-identical for all reservoir pressures during
dense phase operation, as the pipeline is increasing from 0 to c. 79 barg regardless
of reservoir pressure.
There is the potential to introduce significant instabilities into the system during the
depressurised start-up, as discussed in the dense phase pressurised start-up
analysis. The start-up procedures should be optimised to minimise the potential for
surge or reserse flow.

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2. Scope of Work
2.1. Description of System
The system is detailed in Figure 2-1:
Figure 2-1 System schematic
The carbon dioxide (CO2) which originates from the proposed new coal-fired power
station at Kingsnorth on the Isle of Grain is planned to be delivered via a pipeline to
the depleted Hewett gas field for carbon dioxide disposal in the Lower Bunter and
Upper Bunter reservoirs (30 km off the Norfolk coast).
The project is proceeding on the basis that the pipeline will be routed directly from
Kingsnorth to the Hewett field. The geometry of the End to End system is presented
in Figure 2-2 (Ref 1).

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Geometry of Olga Model Kingsnorth - Hewett

200
-200
-400
Elevation (m)
Offshore section
40
Elevation (m)
-600 20
0
-800 -20
-40
-1000 -60
0 100 200 300
-1200
Horizontal distance (km)
-1400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Horizontal distance (km)
Onshore offshore tubing
Figure 2-2 System routing of the End to End model
There are two flow rates to be considered:

Base Case: 300 MW e equivalent to 400 MW g, or 6,600 tonne/d of CO2.
1
Full Flow: 1200 MW e equivalent to 1600 MW g , or 26,400 tonne/d of CO2.
Base Case
From Ref 1, the initial flowrate will be equivalent to 400MW g,equivalent to 50% of one
unit of Kingsnorth. The pipeline and injection system will be designed so that initially
gaseous carbon dioxide can be supplied to the injection wells in order to safely
pressurise the reservoir.
The pipeline is sized to transport the initial rate of gas with a maximum practical inlet
pressure at Kingsnorth of approximately 39 barg (operating above this pressure will
result in two-phase flow). The subsurface work predicts that this condition can
operate for a number of years up to a reservoir pressure of around 30 barg
dependent upon the number of operating wells and the use of a suitably sized
flowline (currently presumed to be 36” (OD)).
1
1200 MWe (electrical) is the equivalent to a gross production of 1600 MWg.
Likewise, 300 MWe (electrical) is the equivalent to a gross production of 400 MWg
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Full Flow
As the reservoir pressure increases, a progressively higher supply pressure will be
needed to maintain the flow. However, to avoid problems with two-phase flow in the
pipeline, it is proposed that the pipeline operation be changed to dense phase flow as
soon as the required Kingsnorth pipeline injection pressure approaches 39 barg. For
dense phase operation, the arrival pressure at Hewett will need to be increased to 79
barg. As the reservoir pressure increases with time, the supply pressure at
Kingsnorth will need to be increased towards the pipeline design pressure of 150
barg.
It is assumed that, when the pipeline transfers to dense phase operation, there will be
a simultaneous increase in the flowrate equivalent to 1600 MW g (26,400 te/d).
2.2. Operating Scenarios
The transient analysis will take into account three operating scenarios agreed
previously at an options workshop (Ref 1). The following pipeline scenarios will be
investigated as part of this study:
Table 2-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios

Property Base Case Full Flow
Vapour Density LP Vapour HP Dense
Power Plant Capacity 400 MWg 1600 MWg
CO2 Flowrate 6600 te/d 26,400 te/d
Note that previous steady state analysis assumed a CO2 flowrate of 6700 te/d for a
400 MWg power plant (thus 26,800 te/d for a 1600 MWg plant); this has since been
revised to 6600 te/d (Ref 3). This study, and all future flow assurance studies, will
assume a CO2 flowrate of 6600 te/d for a 400 MW g power plant.
These cases have been described in previous steady state simulations; details of
base data are provided in Refs 1 and 2. The four cases considered further in the
transient analysis are summarised in Table 2-2.

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Table 2-2 Transient Analysis Cases

Reservoir pressure Reservoir pressure Pipeline operating
Scenario
psia barg phase
45 2.1 Base case Vapour
443 29.5 Base case Vapour
673 45.4 Full flow Dense
2299 157.5 Full flow Dense
2.3. Scope of Study
This study will examine the following start-up scenarios for the cases described in
Table 2-2above:
Initial start-up
Shutdown and cooldown
Pressurised start-up
Depressurised start-up

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3. Basis of Design and Assumptions
Unless indicated otherwise, the basis of design and assumptions for this study are
the same as those presented in Reference 1.
3.1. Kingsnorth Power Plant CO2 to Pipeline Water Concentration
The CO2 entering the Kingsnorth to Hewett pipeline must be sufficiently dry to avoid
hydrate formation or drop-out of free water in the system at ambient conditions. The
CO2 must also be dry enough to avoid hydrate conditions or water drop out at any
cold points in the system (i.e. across the topsides choke for dense phase full-flow
scenario).
A maximum allowable water concentration of less than 100 ppmV is assumed as per
the BoD (Ref 1), while the normal water content specification from the CO2 plant will
be 24 ppmV. Note that, at present, Olga can only model pure CO2 thus pure CO2
was used for the hydraulic calculations described here. However, a water content of
less than 100 ppmV will have negligible impact on the physical properties of CO 2 for
engineering purposes.
3.2. Hewett Wellbore Downhole Non-Return Valve (NRV)
It has been advised that the wellbores will incorporate an NRV or flapper valve
downhole to prevent backflow from the reservoir. The flapper valve would only
prevent high rate reverse flow and will not prevent the system from settling out.
Therefore this valve has not been simulated in the OLGA modelling work as it is more
conservative to assume the well can settle-out.
3.3. Ramp up rate
A ramp up / ramp down rate of 32 MW e per minute has been assumed for the
cooldown and start-up simulations, as per Ref 4. As the base case power output is
300 MW e (400 MW g), the time required to reach zero / max flow is therefore 9.4
minutes for the base case scenario. Similarly the full flow power output is 1200 MW e
(1600 MW g) thus the time to reach zero / max flow is 37.5 minutes for the full flow
scenario. A linear ramp down / ramp up was assumed.
3.4. Start-up Heater
If the flowline is being operated in the gas phase mode (base case scenario) it is not
necessary to provide heating to maintain a single phase fluid in the wellbore for
injection at Hewett during normal production. In dense phase mode however there is
a requirement for heating. There is minimal JT effect across the topsides choke and
thus heating is not required to avoid low temperatures in the wellbore. However due
to the higher reservoir pressures well bore fluids need to be raised above ambient
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temperatures (heated to circa 10 to 32°C, depending on reservoir pressure) to ensure

that single phase fluids are maintained in the wellbore.
Heating will be required during a pressurised start-up. For the gas phase cases it will
be required to avoid low temperatures downstream of the Hewett choke, while for the
dense phase cases it will be required to avoid low temperatures and liquid formation
in the wellbore.
As per the preliminary well start-up procedure for dense phase operation (Ref 8), it
was assumed that the fluids were heated to a temperature of 60°C as the Hewett
choke is opened. Following this, the heater setpoint was assumed to be reduced to
that of normal operation, as determined in the previous steady state analysis (Ref 2).
The heater outlet temperature for vapour phase operation has yet to be confirmed;
temperatures of 50, 40 and 30°C were considered. Following start-up heating, the
heater was assumed to be turned off for vapour phase operation.
3.5. Start-up Overview
Following a shutdown of the pipeline between Kingsnorth and Hewett, a start-up

operation will be required to restore normal operations. The type of start-up operation
will depend on the duration of the shutdown and whether the pipeline is in a
pressurised state or not. The potential start-up operations can be divided into three
types:
Initial Start-up – depressurised pipeline

Pressurised Start-up – pressurised pipeline
Depressurised start-up – depressurised pipeline
The potential for water hammer / pressure surge effects will be considered in a
separate depressurisation report. Shutdown and cooldown will be considered as part
of this report.
The aim of the start-up procedures is to minimise the total start-up time, maintain fluid
flow-rates within the Kingsnorth and Hewett design limits and avoid excessively low
temperatures in the system. Hydrate formation should not be an issue during normal
operation, because the CO 2 will be conditioned to a sufficiently low water content to
prevent this. However, for initial start-up the procedures must mitigate against the
possibility of un-inhibited water left in the pipeline during pipeline installation or
commissioning procedures. The potential for hydrate formation at the bottom of the
wellbore due to the presence of formation water must also be considered. An
additional issue for CO2 is the formation of solid CO2 at low temperatures and
pressures, as discussed in the following sections in further detail.

Revision: 03

For initial, pressurised and depressurised start-ups it is assumed that the system is in
a normal shutdown state i.e. with the Kingsnorth SDVs closed and the subsea wells
at Hewett isolated by the wing and master valves and with the injection chokes
closed. However, it will be shown that under some circumstances there is
considerable advantage if the valves between the pipeline and the wellbore can be
left open during a short-term shutdown.
3.6. Reporting of Results
There are a number of locations referred to in this report; these are illustrated in
Figure 3-1 overleaf.

Revision: 03

Figure 3-1 Schematic of Olga Model

E.ON UK plc, its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers, and the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) make no representation or warranty as to the accuracy, reliability or completeness of the Information and neither E.ON UK
plc nor any of its subcontractors, subsidiaries, affiliates, employees, advisers or DECC shall have any liability whatsoever for any direct or indirect loss howsoever arising from the use of the Information by any party.
Revision: 03

4. Initial Start-up
4.1. Introduction
The initial start-up, as its name suggests, will be the first time the system is brought
online. Prior to this occurring, it is presumed that relevant commissioning procedures
have been carried out, leaving the pipeline sufficiently dry to avoid serious hydrate
formation problems on start-up and filled to low pressure with dry air.
Note that initial start-up is only relevant for the base case vapour phase scenario, as
initial operation in the dense phase has been eliminated as an option.
Figure 4-1 shows a schematic of the initial start-up process, which can be split into
two main stages:
Pressurisation of the Kingsnorth to Hewett pipeline, with the choke valves at Hewett
closed.
Start-up of flow through the pipeline by cracking open the Hewett chokes and
gradually opening to the fully open position.
Figure 4-1 Schematic of Initial Start-up, Scenario 5

Revision: 03

The simulations summarised in Table 4-1 were run to analyse both stages of the
initial start-up procedure.
Table 4-1 Initial Start-up OLGA Simulation Cases, Scenario 5

Total
Res P Vapour Heating Choking Location
Case Name Flowrate
Density at Hewett at Hewett
barg Tonne/d
IS_02_BC_RP45_PRESS 2.1 GAS None Topsides (Closed) 6600
IS_02_BC_RP45 2.1 GAS None None 6600
4.2. Pipeline Pressurisation
As a basis for the pipeline pressurisation simulations the pipeline was assumed to
start dry and charged with dry air to approximately 1 atm at ambient temperature. The
well bore was assumed to be at settle out conditions and at the geothermal gradient
down to reservoir conditions.
The pressurisation of the pipeline was assumed to take place against the Hewett
2
topsides choke valves, to approximately 2.5 bar above the wellbore settle out
pressure (i.e. to a pressure of approximately 4 barg upstream of the Hewett choke
valves). Previous transient analyses (Ref 7) have identified that the ramp-up rate is
not important as the rate required to produce liquid drop out in the system far
exceeds the full flow power plant capacity.
4.3. Pipeline Start-up
As a basis for the pipeline start-up simulations the pipeline was assumed to be
pressurised with CO2 to approximately 2.5 bar (at the Hewett choke valves) above
the wellbore CITHP. The well bore was assumed to be at settle out conditions and at
the geothermal gradient down to reservoir conditions.
The pipeline start-up simulation was therefore based on from the previous pipeline
pressurisation simulation described in 4.2 above. It was assumed that the flowline
had been pressurised at the full power plant capacity rate and that this incoming
power plant rate would remain unchanged through the start-up procedure.
2
A 2.5 bar differential pressure was arbitrarily targeted as the pressurisation pressure, as per previous
transient studies. This will provide a sufficient driving force across the Hewett choke to initiate flow to the
wellbore from the pipeline upon opening of the Hewett valve.
Revision: 03

To initiate flow the Hewett topsides choke was ramped from closed to the fully open
position over a period of two minutes (in practice this time may differ). Figure 4-2 and
Figure 4-3 show that it takes approximately 1 week for the system to reach steady
state conditions after initial start-up, following the pressurisation sequence.
As there is essentially no topsides choking involved in gas phase operation of the

flowline (i.e. pipeline pressure floating on the reservoir pressure) low temperatures
are not generated across the valve. Therefore, there should be no requirement for
heating during the initial start-up of the pipeline and wells.
In addition no liquid drop out was shown to occur during the initial start-up process.
RESERV = bottom of wellbore

UP-VAL = arrival at Hewett
DWN-VAL = downstream of choke
HEATER-OUTLET = Downstream of heater
TUB-SUBSEA =tubing at sea surface
PIPE-INLET = pipeline inlet Kingsnorth
Figure 4-2 Pressure Trend at Key Positions across the System During Pipeline Initial
Start-up

Revision: 03


Figure 4-3 Temperature Trend at Key Positions across the System During Pipeline
Initial Start-up
Figure 4-4 shows the liquid accumulation through the pressurisation and start-up
sequences; no liquid dropout occurs in the flowline or wellbore.
Figure 4-4 Liquid content during initial start-up

Revision: 03

5. Shut Down and Cooldown
5.1. Introduction
When pressures settle out across the system (i.e. closing valves at Kingsnorth,
Hewett topside chokes), care must be exercised with a subsequent restart to ensure
that any pressure drop is taken at a suitable location, so that the material properties
of the pipework and / or equipment are not compromised. One important decision is
whether to shut the topsides chokes on each well. If they are shut then the CO2 will
require to be heated before it enters the wellbore.
For the base case scenario (gas phase transport) there is a significant advantage if
the pipeline is not isolated from the wells (i.e. only isolated at Kingsnorth end). This
would simplify the restart procedure considerably for relatively short term shutdowns.
The simulations summarised in Table 5-1 were run to analyse the shutdown /
cooldown of the system.
Table 5-1 Shutdown / Cooldown OLGA Simulation Cases, Scenario 5
Pipeline Total
Res P Hewett Choke
Case Name Operating Flowrate
Position
barg Phase Tonne/d
CD_01_BC_RP45 2.1 Gas open 6600  0
CD_02_BC_RP45 2.1 Gas fully open  closed 6600  0
CD_03_BC_RP443 29.5 Gas open 6600  0
CD_04_BC_RP443 29.5 Gas fully open  closed 6600  0
CD_05_FF_RP673 45.4 Dense PCV closed 26,400  0
CD_06_FF_RP2299 157.5 Dense PCV  closed 26,400  0
The basis for the shutdown cases is that, upon initiation of a shutdown, flow to the
pipeline would be isolated by closing shutdown valves at the Kingsnorth end of the
pipeline and also the topsides chokes at Hewett.
Two additional cases were considered whereby, upon initiation of a shutdown, flow to
the pipeline would be isolated by closing shutdown valves at Kingsnorth only, while
the choke valves at Hewett remained open.
Results for the 45 psia / 2.1 barg reservoir pressure case are discussed below.
Similar results for shutdowns at alternative reservoir pressures are presented in
Appendix A Base Case Scenario Cooldown Simulation Results and

Revision: 03

Appendix B Full Flow Scenario Cooldown Results.

5.2. Pressure and Temperature Profiles
Figure 5-1 and Figure 5-2 show typical pressure and temperature trends at various
points in the system following shutdown for the 2.1 barg reservoir pressure case. It
can be seen from these figures that most of the system reaches thermal equilibrium
with ambient conditions relatively quickly because the majority of the system operates
at ambient temperatures normally. The two exceptions being the short land-based
section immediately downstream of the Kingsnorth power plant and the bottom of the
wellbore. Warm fluids in the land-based section are buried (i.e. relatively highly
insulated) and thus take a considerable time to reach ambient temperatures (in
excess of 10 days is predicted). Conversely the fluid in the bottom of the wellbore is
initially cooler than the surrounding reservoir and takes a significant length of time to
achieve the geothermal gradient of the wellbore (again in excess of 10 days is
predicted).

Figure 5-1 Pressure Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pipeline
Shutdown, Scenario 5 at a Reservoir Pressure of 3 bara (Hewett Valve Closed)

Revision: 03


Shutdown, Scenario 5 at a Reservoir Pressure of 3 bara (Hewett Valve Closed)
Figure 5-3 Pipeline Settle-out Pressures and Wellbore CITHP Following Pipeline
Shutdown

Revision: 03

Figure 5-3 above shows settle out conditions in the pipeline and top of the wellbore
calculated for a range of reservoir operating pressures (i.e. the differential pressure
across the topsides chokes prior to restart).
There is a relatively large pressure differential created across the topsides chokes
upon shutdown (circa 10 to 30 bar) through field life. The expected temperatures
downstream of the choke were estimated using Multiflash assuming isenthalpic
expansion as the valves were opened against the full differential pressure with an
upstream temperature of -6 °C (worst case ambient temperature) and are tabulated
below.
Table 5-2 Estimated Temperature Downstream of Hewett Valve with no Heating

Reservoir Downstream
Pressure barg
Case Pressure Temperature
(psia) barg Upstream Downstream Δ °C
CD_02_BC_RP45 45 2.1 24.0 1.4 22.6 -47.5
CD_04_BC_RP443 443 18.5 33.0 22.0 11.0 -14.8
CD_05_FF_RP673 673 45.4 60.0 31.9 28.1 -6.6
CD_06_FF_RP2299 2299 157.5 60.8 50.0 10.8 -6.2
In early field life (i.e. 2.1 barg reservoir pressure case), there is a significant pressure
drop over the chokes which results in very low downstream temperatures if no
heaters are utilised. Heating will therefore be essential to avoid low temperatures in
the wellbore.
At higher reservoir pressures (i.e. dense phase mode) the low differential pressure
will create minimal temperature drops on restart. This is explained by plotting the P-H
pathway on a Mollier Diagram.

Revision: 03

Carbon Dioxide Pressure - Enthalpy Diagram

1,000
180
280
240 oC
200
120
220
260
160
80
t = 0 oC
100
140
40
60
-40
r = 150
100 r = 100
r = 75
Pressure, Bar
r = 50
r = 35
r = 25
Melting Line
r =15
10 r = 10
r=8
r=6
Triple Point (5.18 bar, -56.558 oC)
220
160
180
200
120
140
100
-40 oC
40
20
60
80
0
2.1 barg RP
Sublimation Line
29.5 barg RP
45.4 barg RP Copyright © 1999
Drawn with CO 2Tab M ChemicaLogic Corporation
A Spreadsheet Add-in for the Thermodynamic and
157.5 barg RP www.chemicalogic.com
Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Enthalpy, kJ/kg
1
-500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200
Figure 5-4 P-H Pathway of J-T over Hewett Choke
5.3. Vapour Phase Cases - Comparison of Choke Open and Closed
Additional cases were run whereby the choke at Hewett was left open during the
cooldown. It was found that injection into the reservoir continued for some time after
inflow to the pipe- c. 120 hours for the 45 psia / 2.1 barg reservoir pressure case and
c. 55 hours for the 443 psia / 29.5 barg reservoir pressure case. This implies that, for
a short term shutdown, the Hewett choke could be left open and the wells would still
inject throughout the shutdown.
It should be noted that diurnal swings in CO2 output from the power plant may occur
fairly frequently. Therefore it may be favourable for ease of operation to continue
injection during such short term shutdowns. To do so would also remove the
differential pressure across the topsides Hewett valve upon restart, removing the
need for heating to avoid low temperatures across the Hewett topsides valve. The
acceptability of not closing the Hewett valve on shutdown would need to be agreed
from a safety standpoint. Shutting down this way will result in settleout being
achieved in circa 55 to 120 hrs depending on whether the reservoir pressure is high
or low respectively.

Revision: 03

The mass flows to the reservoir are compared for the cases with choke open (CD_01)
and choke choked (CD_02) in Figure 5-5 below.
Figure 5-5 Comparison of CO2 injection rate for 2.1 barg RP case, choke open and
closed
It should however be noted that when net inflow to the well ceases there is a risk of
reverse flow. Therefore it would be necessary to either start-up or close the Hewett
chokes before this occurred. Assuming a minimum pressure upstream of the choke
of 2 bar above the CITHP (from Table 5-2), the maximum time the choke can remain
open for is estimated to be 63 hours and 27 hours for the 2.1 barg and 29.5 barg
reservoir pressure cases respectively.

Revision: 03

5.4. Liquid formation
5.4.1.Gas Phase Cases
It was observed for the 29.5 barg reservoir pressure case (with the Hewett choke
closed) that there is some liquid formation in the system due to the CO2 cooling to
relatively low ambient temperature of -6°C. The P-T pathway is shown below with the
steady state results for comparison. The positions of the inlet at Kingsnorth (KN) and
bottomhole (BH) are annotated for information.
Steady state KN
BH BH
KN
Cooldown
Figure 5-6 P-T Pathways for 29.5 barg cooldown case and 29.5 barg steady state case
These low temperatures could be "designed out" by optimising the start-up

procedures such that the heater is switched on at a low flowrate (using a small bore
bleed valve or similar arrangement). This would heat the fluids downstream of the
valve and avoid temperatures below the dew point in the wellbore. Alternatively trace
heating and lagging could be used to increase the temperature of the fluids in the
topsides piping, as this effect is caused by low ambient temperatures.
Liquid formation also leads to oscillations in the pressure, temperature and mass flow
profiles in the wellbore; the mass flow in the wellbore is shown to fluctuate in Figure
5-7 below:

Revision: 03

RESERV =
bottom of wellbore
UP-VAL = arrival
at Hewett
Figure 5-7 Mass flow trend for 29.5 barg RP cooldown case
s acase.
Similar fluctuations occur in the 45.4 barg reservoir pressure s r Note
e that this
phenomenen does not occur in either the early (2.1 barg RP)PIPE
or late (157.5
IN ET barg RP)ip
field life cases, only the mid field life cases.
The phenomonen of unstable two-phase flow in wellbores has been recorded in

literature (Ref 5). Wellbores can have unstable two-phase conditions at the surface
with counterflow of liquid and gas componments. Alternatively, a relatively stable
column with gas above liquid can be obtained when the fluid is no longer at the
geothermal gradient due to prior boiling and condensation. This is illustrated below:

Revision: 03

Figure 5-8 Schematic of stable and unstable wellbore fluids (extracted from Ref 5)
5.4.2.Dense Phase
Unlike in previous transient analysis (Ref 7), which considered a 32” (OD) pipeline,
for these new simulations the 36” (OD) pipeline settles out at a pressure below the
critical pressure at c. 60 barg for both dense phase cases (i.e. 45.4 barg and 157.5
barg reservoir pressures). The reason for the lower settle-out pressure is that the
pressure drop in a 36” (OD) pipeline is considerably less than that of a 32” (OD)
pipeline (for the same flow rate) and so the normal operating pressure of the pipeline
is significantly lower for the 36” (OD) pipeline (87 barg inlet at Kingsnorth for 36” (OD)
pipeline vs. 107 barg for 32” p(OD) pipeline).
Therefore when the system is shut down the CO2 in the pipeline will move from dense
phase to liquid phase. When the system is re-started the flowline will first need to be
pressurised above the critical point to allow the flowline to operate in dense rather
than liquid phase.
If having the flowline below the normal minimum dense phase pressure during a
3
shutdown is undesirable , it may be advantageous to pressurise the flowline pressure
above 79 barg during planned shutdowns. If a shutdown is planned (as opposed to
ESD) the Hewett choke valves could be closed first while the flow from Kingsnorth
continues to fill the flowline for a sufficient length of time that the settle-out pressure is
above 79 barg. This would also allow a faster re-start of the injection at Hewett as
the fluid would already be in the dense phase at a suitable pressure for injection.
3
As this would result in two-phase flow during well start-up
Revision: 03

6. Pressurised Start-up
6.1. Pressurised Start-up, gas phase transport of CO2 (base case)
This case corresponds to the start-up of an already pressurised pipeline following a

system shut-in. Two different options are considered as follows:
The Hewett chokes are left open during a short term shutdown.
The Hewett chokes are closed during shutdown.
If the SDVs/ PCVs at Hewett are left open on shutdown then there will be no pressure
discontinuity in the wellbore on start-up. If the SDVs at Kingsnorth have been closed
then these will need to be reopened before restart (if necessary bypass loops around
the SDVs should be used to equalise pressures across the SDVs before they are
opened).
The pipeline pressure will settle-out on shutdown, such that it will be lower/ higher
than during normal production at Kingsnorth and Hewett respectively.
The simulation cases considered for the analysis are summarised in Table 6-1:
Table 6-1 Pressurised start-up OLGA simulation cases, base case scenario
Flow te/d Pipeline
Res P
Case Hewett choke Operating
barg Total Per well Phase
PS_01_BC_RP45 2.1 0  6600 0  2200 open Gas
PS_02_BC_RP45 2.1 0  6600 0  2200 closed → fully open Gas
PS_03_BC_RP443 29.5 0  6600 0  2200 open Gas
PS_04_BC_RP443 29.5 0  6600 0  2200 closed → fully open Gas
Schematics of the pressurised start-up during early field life (i.e. 2.1 barg RP) when
the Hewett choke is left open or closed are shown in the following figures:

Revision: 03

Figure 6-1 Schematic of pressurised start-up, reservoir pressure 2.1 barg, Hewett
choke left open during shutdown
Figure 6-2 Schematic of pressurised start-up, reservoir pressure 2.1 barg, Hewett
choke closed during shutdown

Revision: 03

The main advantage of leaving the Hewett choke open during shutdown is that there
is no temperature drop at Hewett during restart. According to the previous transient
analysis (Ref 7), the Kingsnorth production ramp-up rate is not critical to the operation
of the pipeline therefore a rapid restart could be envisaged in this case.
If the subsea injection chokes for the wells or the SDVs at Hewett are closed on
shutdown, then additional care must be taken with any subsequent restart, because
the settle-out pressure in the pipeline will be higher than the wellbore. Operators
must ensure that any pressure drop is taken at a suitable location so that the material
4
properties of pipework or equipment are not compromised . It has been assumed in
this study that the pressure drop between the pipeline and the wellbore is taken
across the Hewett chokes so that start-up heaters upstream of the choke valves can
be used to avoid low temperatures downstream of the chokes. Any components that
may be exposed to a significant pressure drop, and subsequent low temperatures,
should be adequately specified.
The duty required of the start-up heaters is calculated in section 6.3
6.2. Pressurised Start-up, dense phase transport of CO2, full flow scenario
When the system is operating with dense phase transport of CO2 then the chokes at
Hewett acts as PCVs to maintain the pipeline pressure at or above 79 barg, hence
there is always a pressure difference across the valves even during normal
production. On restart the heaters on Hewett must be used to ensure that the CO 2 is
maintained in the gas or dense phase during the restart operation.
The simulation cases considered for the analysis are presented in Table 6-2:
Table 6-2 Pressurised start-up OLGA simulation cases, full flow scenario
Res Flow te/d Pipeline
Case P Per well Hewett choke Operating
barg Total Phase
0  0
PS_05_FF_RP673 45.4 closed → PCV Dense
26400 2200
0  0
PS_06_FF_RP2299 157.5 closed → PCV Dense
26400 2200
A schematic of the pressurised start-up while operating in the dense phase region is
shown in the following figure:
4
The flowline will be at higher pressure than the wellbore. Therefore, care must be taken not to allow cold
gas to enter the wellbore as a result of JT across the wellhead choke.
Revision: 03

Figure 6-3 Schematic of pressurised start-up (dense phase transport of CO2, Hewett
choke closed), full flow scenario
Flow from Kingsnorth should be initiated first. The opening of the Hewett chokes is
delayed by a few hours to allow the pipeline to pressurise to the Hewett PCV set point
of 79 barg, at which point the chokes open under pressure control.

Revision: 03

6.3. Start-up of Individual Well
The previous sections considered the effects of starting up the pipeline, with all wells
coming on-line simultaneously. It is assumed, however, that wells would be brought
on-line sequentially. Additional simulations were therefore performed to model the
well start-up procedure for gas phase and dense phase scenarios and thus determine
the required heating duty during individual well start-up. The requirement for heating
at Hewett is based upon the need to maintain a single phase fluid in the wellbore, for
all modes of operation and all scenarios.
6.3.1.Base Case (Vapour Phase) Scenario
During the demonstration period, no heating will be required at all during normal
operation to maintain a single phase in the wellbore. A heater will be required for
pressurised start-up; however this requirement may be eliminated for short term
shutdowns if the system is allowed to be shutdown with the Hewett valve left open.
This would eliminate the Joule-Thomson effect over the Hewett choke and avoid the
possibility of low temperatures in the system.
The heating duty was estimated for a range of heater outlet temperatures: 30°C,
40°C and 50°C. It was assumed that heat tracing will be used to heat the topsides
fluids to 4°C prior to a re-start such that liquid does not form in the topsides pipework.
In addition it was assumed that all topsides pipework should free drain any liquid back
down the riser. The simplified start-up procedure modelled was as follows:
Gas was removed from the pipeline to simulate a vent to achieve flow through the
heater and also remove cold gas from the system. A flow of 10 kg/s was assumed.
The heater set point was ramped up to 50 / 40 / 30°C respectively.
The choke valve was opened slightly to allow a very low flow rate initially then further
to give a flow approximately equal to the normal flow to a single well. Equivalent
orifice sizes of 1/4" and 3" equivalent were assumed. The valve was opened to 1/4"
immediately after the heater was switched on and opened further to 3" after 5
minutes. The valve was then opened to 100% when the heater was turned off.
After a total of 20 minutes the heater was turned off by ramping the set point down
over a 5 minute period to account for the thermal inertia of the heating elements (i.e.
although turned off the heater will continue to heat gas for a few minutes while the
elements cool).
The heating duty is shown below as a function of heater outlet temperature for the 2.1
barg and 29.5 barg reservoir pressure cases.

Revision: 03

Figure 6-4 Start-up heater duty, 2.1 barg reservoir pressure (single well)
Vent starts
to close
Heater
turned off
Choke
opens to 3”
Vent
opens
Figure 6-5 Start-up heater duty, 29.5 barg reservoir pressure (single well)

Revision: 03

The peak duties are summarised in Table 6-3:
Table 6-3 Single Well Start-up Heater Duty vs. Temperature and Reservoir Pressure
Heater outlet temperature Required duty MW
°C 2.1 barg reservoir pressure 29.5 barg reservoir pressure
50 1.06 1.05
40 0.91 0.91
30 0.71 0.70
The duties required for the 2.1 barg and 29.5 barg reservoir pressure cases are
virtually identical.
The pressure, temperature and mass flow rate through the heater are summarised in
Appendix E Well Start-up Results: Base Case Scenario. The P-T trend is shown in
Figure 6-6 for the position dwn-val, immediately downstream of the choke, for the 2.1
barg reservoir pressure case to demonstrate that no liquid is formed during the start-
up of the well.
Heater outlet temp 50°C

Figure 6-6 P-T Trend Downstream of Choke during 2.1 barg RP Start-up

Revision: 03

6.3.2.Full Flow (Dense Phase) Scenario
For full flow dense phase scenarios a heater must be available on the Hewett
platform to increase the injection temperatures in order to maintain a single phase in
the wellbore during normal operation. Additional heating will also be required during
well start-up. The 45.4 barg reservoir pressure case was simulated for the full flow
scenario. The methodology used was similar to that the vapour phase cases, with
key differences described as follows:
Unlike the gas phase well start, where it was assumed that heat tracing would be
used to heat the fluids to 4°C to avoid liquid formation in the topsides pipework, it was
assumed that heat tracing would not be utilised, as the pipeline would be initially
liquid-filled then pressurised to dense phase prior to opening the topsides chokes.
As the pipeline settles out at c. 60 bar (i.e. below critical pressure and PCV setpoint)
it was necessary to first pressurise the pipeline to the PCV setpoint of 79 barg with
flow from Kingsnorth before allowing the topsides chokes to open.
Prior to the heater being switched on or the chokes opened, flow to vent was
established as per the base case scenario. It was found that, even with a significant
vent rate, there was still a significant instability due to reverse flow when the heater
was switched on. Full flow to the vent of 25 kg/s was therefore assumed, as the
reverse flow due to expansion of dense phase fluid over the heater is minimised by
increasing the rate at which gas downstream of the heater is removed from the
system. The heater was switched on over a period of ten minutes to avoid
introducing a step change in density to the system. A single heat set point of 60°C
was considered, as per Ref 8.
The peak heater duty was estimated to be c. 6.6 MW, as illustrated in Figure 6-7
below. This reduces to 6.0 MW when the set-point is reduced to that required for
steady state operation (52°C heater setpoint to achieve 11°C at wellhead, as per
steady state simulations).

Revision: 03

Setpoint reduced
Setpoint of to 52°C
60°C reached
Heater
turned on
Figure 6-7 Start-up heater duty, 45.4 barg reservoir pressure
As noted above, a significant instability was encountered while the heater set point
was ramping up, this can be seen to occur in Figure 6-7 above from c. 8 minutes after
start-up. There is a reduction in flow rate at the heater inlet due to the decrease in
density as the super-critical CO2 is heated. As the CO2 is heated from c. 4°C to 60°C
there is a change in density from c. 950 kg/m³ to 200 kg/m³. This causes the CO2 to
expand, which results in a slightly negative (i.e. reverse) flow, followed by fluctuations
in flow rate, before the flow stabilises. The heater duty and throughput are
superimposed in Figure 6-8 to illustrate the correlation.

Revision: 03

Figure 6-8 Comparison of Heater Duty and Throughput, 45.4 barg reservoir pressure
It should be noted that, if the heater were turned on while blocked in, the increase in
temperature could cause a rise in pressure. Preliminary calculations indicate that if a
fixed volume of CO2 was heated from 4°C at 78 barg to 60°C the resulting pressure
would exceed 500 barg. It is therefore recommended that careful consideration be
given to the thermal and pressure relief of the Hewett Heater, since if valves either fail
closed or are left closed when the heater is switched on this could lead to a over
pressurisation scenario. In addition careful consideration should be given to the
thermal and pressure relief of any other topsides pipework or vessels that could
receive heating or solar gain with the system closed while filled with liquid CO 2.
It is recommended that the well start-up procedure be optimised to minimise the

instability by, for example, specifying a slower ramp up of the heater or a larger vent
volume while the heater set point is ramped up.
It should be noted that, unlike the vapour phase cases, there is some liquid formation
downstream of the choke during start-up of the well for the full flow scenario. When
the choke valve is opened and the hot gas enters the wellbore, the vapour pressure
line is crossed as the pressure in the wellbore is below critical pressure and is at a
temperature of -6°C in the bare tubing for the worst case ambient temperature
scenario. The P-T trend at the location immediately downstream of the choke is
shown in Figure 6-9. As the volume of liquid is relatively small this does not cause
any significant fluctuation in flow, pressure or temperature when this occurs. The
choke is opened slightly over a two-minute period beginning 16 minutes from start-up;
it can be seen from Figure 6-8 above that there is negligible impact on heater duty or
throughput. Pressure and temperature trends are included in Appendix E Well Start-
up Results: Full Flow Scenario for reference.

Revision: 03

Figure 6-9 P-T Trend Downstream of Choke during 45.4 barg RP Start-up

Revision: 03

7. Depressurised Start-up
7.1. Introduction
Following a blowdown of the pipeline it will be necessary to return the pipeline to

normal service. This will involve raising the pressure of the pipeline sufficiently such
that the wellhead chokes can safely be opened to resume injection into the wells. For
vapour phase operation a pressure difference of 2.5 bar across the wellhead chokes
was assumed; this is deemed to be large enough to prevent backflow from the wells
but low enough to avoid the need to utilise the start-up heater. For dense phase
operation the normal arrival pressure at Hewett of 79 barg was assumed to be a
suitable margin above the critical pressure of 73 barg.
The methodology was assumed to be similar to the initial start-up in that flow was
introduced into the pipeline from Kingsnorth with the manual chokes at Hewett
closed. Once the pressure upstream of the valve had reached the start-up pressure
described above, the chokes were then opened.
7.2. Vapour Phase Operation
The 442 psia / 29.5 barg reservoir pressure case was considered, as this is the
highest reservoir pressure case and will thus take the longest to pressurise. From the
cooldown simulations described in section 5, the CITHP of the wells is 22 barg, thus
the required pressure upstream of the Hewett Choke valve is 24.5 barg. Once the
pressure upstream of the chokes had reached c. 24.5 barg the chokes were opened.
The system takes c. 8 days to reach steady state, from the time at which flow is
introduced into the pipeline.
Identical simulations were performed for the 2.1 barg case in the initial start-up
scenario. The results are compared for 2.1 barg and 29.5 reservoir pressure cases in
Table 7-1 (2.1 barg reservoir pressure results extracted from section 4)
Table 7-1 Time Required for Depressurised Start-up (Vapour Phase Operation)
Reservoir Pressure Time to open chokes Approx Time to reach
(barg) (hr) steady state (hr)
2.1 8 170
29.5 36 200
Therefore for vapour phase operation, the system will take 7-8 days (depending on
reservoir pressure) for the system to reach steady state (from the time at which flow
is introduced to the pipeline).
Trend Plots of pressure, temperature and mass flow at pertinent locations in the
system are included in Appendix F Depressurised Start-up Trends; a summary of
pressure trends at the pipeline inlet, arrival at Hewett, downstream of the Hewett
choke and bottomhole are provided in Figure 7-1.

Revision: 03

No low temperatures were observed upon opening of the choke; the minimum
temperature in the system was that of the ambient air, which was assumed to be -6
°C. No liquid was condensed during start-up and no instabilities were introduced into
the system.
Figure 7-1 Pressure Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP)
7.3. Dense Phase Operation
For dense phase operation, the pipeline must be pressurised above the critical
pressure to prevent two phase flow. Once the pressure has increased sufficiently
such that the chokes can be opened (the normal Hewett arrival pressure of 79 barg
was assumed), the pressurised start-up procedures can be followed to turn on the
heaters, vent cold CO2 and open the wells. This is only required during dense phase
operation due to the high pressure drop over the Hewett chokes. Dense phase well
start-up procedures have been discussed in the pressurised start-up analysis (section
6.3.2) and therefore the simulations have not been repeated here.

Revision: 03

The 45.4 barg reservoir pressure case was considered as the start-up of the
depressurised pipeline from atmospheric pressure to marginally above the critical
pressure will be identical for both the 45.4 and 157.5 barg cases as the same arrival
pressure at Hewett is assumed for all dense phase phase cases. Therefore only one
case was simulated.
It was found that the pipeline will require to be packed for 126 hours (c. 5 days) in
order to pressurise the line upstream of the Hewett chokes from 0 barg to 79 barg. At
this time the wells may be re-started according to the relevant well operating
procedures. This time will be near-identical for all reservoir pressures during dense
phase operation.
The pressures at the pipe inlet, arrival at Hewett, downstream of the Hewett choke
and bottomhole are shown in Figure 7-2; further results are provided in Appendix F
Depressurised Start-up Trends.
There is the potential to introduce significant instabilities into the system during the
depressurised start-up; this is discussed in more detail in the dense phase
pressurised start-up analysis (section 6.3.2). The start-up procedures should be
optimised to minimise the potential for surge or reserse flow.

Revision: 03

8. References
1. Kingsnorth Basis of Design for Studies – Phase 1A, KCP-GNS-PCD-STU-0001, Rev 01,
April 2010
2. Steady State Analysis (Pipeline), KCP-GNS-FAS-DRP-0002 Rev A1, May 2010
3. Email 09/05/10 from P. Atack (E-on UK) to S. Buchan (Genesis), Genesis reference
J71548A_CRRPDC_IN_042
4. Kingsnorth CCS Project, Full System Operational Philosophy (Draft), Rev 01, April 2010
5. Numerical Modelling of Pressure and Temperature Profiles Including Phase
6. Transitions in Carbon Dioxide Wells, Paterson et al, SPE115946, 2008
7. Hewett CO2, Transient Analysis (Pipeline Option), CCS-GNS-DES-STU-0006_01 Rev
01, March 2009
8. Email 10/05/10 from S Murphy to G Smith J71584A_CRRPDC_IN_043 and attachment
"Well Start-Up & Shutdown.doc"

Revision: 03

9. Appendix A Base Case Scenario Cooldown Simulation Results
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Open)

Revision: 03

Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Valve Closed)

Revision: 03


Revision: 03


Revision: 03

10. Appendix B Full Flow Scenario Cooldown Results
Shutdown, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg

Revision: 03


Revision: 03

11. Appendix C Base Case Scenario Pressurised Start-up Results
Figure 11-1 Pressure Trend at Key Positions Across the System During Pressurised
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Open)
Figure 11-2 Temperature Trend at Key Positions Across the System During
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Open)

Revision: 03

Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Closed)
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg (Hewett Choke Closed)

Revision: 03

Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Open)
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Open)

Revision: 03

Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Closed)
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg (Hewett Choke Closed)

Revision: 03

(Hewett Choke Closed)
Figure 11-10 Pertinent Trends During Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5
barg (Hewett Choke Closed)

Revision: 03

12. Appendix D Base Case Pressurised Start-up Results
Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg

Revision: 03

Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg
Pressurised Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 157.5 barg

Revision: 03

13. Appendix E Well Start-up Results: Base Case Scenario
Figure 13-1 Required Heater Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg
Figure 13-2 Required Heater Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg

Revision: 03

Choke fully
opened
Choke opens to
Vent starts 3” orifice size
to close
Vent
opens
Figure 13-3 Mass Flow Rate During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg
Choke fully
Choke opens to opened
Vent starts 3” orifice size
to close
Vent
opens

Revision: 03

Figure 13-5 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg
Figure 13-6 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 29.5 barg

Revision: 03

Figure 13-7 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg
Figure 13-8 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 2.1 barg

Revision: 03

14. Appendix E Well Start-up Results: Full Flow Scenario
Figure 14-1 Heating Duty During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4 barg

Revision: 03

Figure 14-3 Temperature Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4barg
Figure 14-4 Pressure Trends During Well Start-up, Reservoir Pressure 45.4barg

Revision: 03

15. Appendix F Depressurised Start-up Trends
15.1. Vapour Phase Operation
Olga trend plots of pressure, temperature and mass flow are shown in Figure 15-1
through Figure 15-3. Flow was introduced into the pipeline at a simulation time of 5
hours while the choke was opened at a simulation time of 41 hours.
The positions referred to are defined as follows:

KM160 Distance of 160 km from Kingsnorth
RESERV Bottomhole
UP-VAL Upstream of Hewett choke
DWN-VAL Downstream of Hewett choke
TUB-SUBSEA Inlet of subsea tubing
PIPE-INLET Pipeline inlet at Kingsnorth

Revision: 03

Figure 15-2 Temperature Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP)
Figure 15-3 Mass Flow Trends during Depressurised Start-up (29.5 barg RP)

Revision: 03

15.2. Dense Phase Operation
Olga trend plots of pressure, temperature, mass flow and total liquid content are
shown in Figure 15-4 through Figure 15-7. As per the vapour phase simulations,
flow was introduced into the pipeline at a simulation time of 5 hours. The simulation
stops when the assumed arrival pressure of 79 barg is reached at a simulation time of
131 hours / 5.5 days.

Revision: 03

Figure 15-5 Temperature Trends during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP)
Figure 15-6 Mass Flow Trends during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP)

Revision: 03

Figure 15-7 Liquid Content in Pipeline during Depressurised Start-up (45.4 barg RP)


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Project Title: Kingsnorth Carbon Capture & Storage Project Page 1 of 71

Transient Analysis – Start Up (Pipeline)

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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5.4.2. Dense Phase ................................................................................................... 32

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Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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Table 1-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios

Following a shutdown of the pipeline between Kingsnorth and Hewett, a start-up

1.2. Initial Start-up (Base Case)

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1.3. Shutdown and Cooldown

1.4. Pressurised Start-up

1.4.1.Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase

This case corresponds to the start-up of an already pressurised pipeline following a

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1.4.2.Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase

1.5. Summary of Start-up Heater Requirements

1.5.1.Base Case Scenario – Gas Phase

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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1.5.2.Full Flow Scenario – Dense Phase

It is recommended that the well start-up procedure be optimised to minimise the

1.6.1.Vapour Phase Operation

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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1.6.2.Dense Phase Operation

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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2.1. Description of System

The system is detailed in Figure 2-1:

Figure 2-1 System schematic

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Geometry of Olga Model Kingsnorth - Hewett

Horizontal distance (km)

Onshore offshore tubing

Figure 2-2 System routing of the End to End model

There are two flow rates to be considered:

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2.2. Operating Scenarios

Table 2-1 Pipeline Operating Scenarios

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Table 2-2 Transient Analysis Cases

2.3. Scope of Study

Kingsnorth CCS Demonstration Project

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3. Basis of Design and Assumptions

3.1. Kingsnorth Power Plant CO2 to Pipeline Water Concentration

3.2. Hewett Wellbore Downhole Non-Return Valve (NRV)

3.3. Ramp up rate

3.4. Start-up Heater

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