ADVANCED ENGINEERING

SURVEY

Lecture
By Engr. Waqas Haroon
TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING
 Tacheometry
Tachometry: Greek word means quick measure
Definition-It is the branch of angular surveying the Horizontal
distances from station to the staff and the vertical distance of a
point are determined from instrumental observation
Horizontal distance
 Situation where Tacheometry can be used

• When obstacles like river, broken

ground,streches of water, Tacheometry gives
speed & accuracy to work.
• In rough country where measurement of
horizontal & vertical distances are difficult,
inaccurate & slow.
• In locating contours & filling details in a
topographic survey, this method is fast & best.
 Advantages of Tacheometry

• Tacheometer is used where chaining is difficult such as river,

valley, broken boundaries, stiff slope, undulations.
• It is used in the preparation of contour maps, in which
horizontal & vertical distances are required to be measured.
• It is used for the survey road, railway.
• It is also used for the hydrographic survey.
• It is used for checking distances measured by tape, chain &
dumpy level.
• It is used where accuracy is not required.
• It saves time & money.
Vertical distance
 Difference between theodolite and tacheometer

Theodolite Tacheometer
• It is used for measurement • It is used for measurement
of horizontal & vertical of horizontal & vertical
angle. distances.
• In theodolite survey , • In tacheomtric survey ,direct
distances are measured by measurement of distances
chain or tape. are possible.
• Suitable for plane & hilly • Suitable in case obstacles
area with less obstacles. like river broken ground.
• More stations are required • Less stations are required in
in theodolite survey. tacheometric survey.
 Constants of Tacheometer

• Multiplying constant i.e. (f/i) or m.

• Additive constant i.e. (f+c) or C.
Where f= focal length of image glass
c= length of image
 Object of Tachometry

• Preparation of contour maps or plans.

• Used in hydrographic survey.
• Location survey for roads, railways, reservoir
etc.
• For checking of more precise measurements.
 Instrument used in Tacheometer
I) Tacheometer
II) Leveling or stadia rod

I)Tacheometer –It is a transit theodolite provided

with a stadia diaphragm.
• The diaphragm is provided with two horizontal
stadia hairs in addition to regular cross hair.
• Additional hair should be equidistant from central
one.
• Types of diaphragm commonly used as follows.
Types of diaphragm
 Types of Telescope in Tachometry

• External focusing
• Internal focusing
• External focusing fitted with anallatic lens.
 Anallatic lens -It is an additional lens generally
provided in the external focusing tacheometer
between object glass & eyepiece

Advantages of anallatic lens.

1) For calculation of horizontal & vertical
distances constant (f+c)=0, if tacheometer is
provided with anallatic lens.
2) Calculation becomes simple.
 ANALLATIC LENS:

 This is an additional convex lens introduced in external focusing

telescope in between the object glass and diaphragm to reduce the
additional constant to zero with modification the calculations become
simpler as only multiplying constant is present in the equation.
 Due to this additional lens the brilliance is image in reduced. The
equation (A) & (B) can be written as:
D = KScos2 θ --------------- (A1)
V = KS (sin2 θ)/2 --------------- (B2)
 The difference of R.L from the instrument to the staff point can be
calculated as follows:
 R.L of A = R.L of O + H.I + V – h (For positive sight)
 *Note: In the case, given below, the angle of inclination is “Depression
angle”.
 Now; R.L of A = R.L of O + H.I – V – h (For negative sight)
 Essential characteristics of Tacheometer

• The value of constant (f/i)=100.

• The telescope should be provided with
anallatic lens.
• The telescope should be powerful,
magnification should be 20 to 30 times the
diameter.
• The vision through the telescope should be
clear & bright image at longer distance.
 II) Leveling staff or stadia rod.

• Leveling staff
It may be folding or telescopic with is 5 cm to 15
cm. & height 3 m to 5 m.
It may measure meter , decimeter & centimeter.
 Fixed Hair Method

• In this method, the distance between two stadia

hair is fixed.
• The reading corresponding to three cross hair is
taken and difference between top and bottom hair
is found out known as staff intercept.
Principle of stadia method
From similarity of triangle POQ & poq .
PR/pr =OQ/oq
S/i = f1/f2
By lens formula
1/f= (1/f1)+(1/f2)
Multiplying f1 to both side
f1×(1/f) = f1×(1/f1)+f1×(1/f2)
F1/f = 1+(f1/f2)
Put values of (f1/f2) = S/i
f1/f = 1+ (S/i )
(f1/f)-1 = S/i
(f1-f)/f = S/i
f1= S/i ×f+f eq 1
Now, D= f1+d or f1=D-d eq 2
Put values of equation 2 in 1
D-d = S/i×f+f
D=(f/i)×S+(f+d) eq 3
(f/i) =multiplying constant= m
(f+d)= additive constant =c
D= ms+ c
P, Q, R=Three line of sight on staff corresponding to three line.
P, q, r=the stadia hairs
O= optical center of object glass.
pr= i = stadia interval.
PR= s = staff intercept.
f = focal length of object glass.
f1 = horizontal distance between center of object glass to the staff
station.
f1 = horizontal distance of diaphragm from „o‟
D= horizontal distance of staff station from vertical axis of
tachometer.
d= horizontal distance between vertical axis of tacheometer &
center bof object glass.
 Fixed Hair Method

There are three different cases used.

Case I): Line of sight is horizontal and the staff held is
vertical.
Case II): Line of sight is inclined and the staff held is
vertical.
Case III): Line of sight is inclined and the staff held is
normal to the line of sight.
 Principle of Tachometry:

 Principle of Tacheometry can be explained from the figure in which staff

has been placed at different points. „O‟ is the center of object glass and
„i‟ is the stadia intercept of the diaphragm in front of the eye-piece. The
staff intercepts goes on varying as staff is moved away or towards the
instrument. All the triangles are isosceles triangles with there common
vertex „O‟. So the ratio of the base of angles will be proportional to the
distance of vertex from the base.
 S1/D1 = S2/D2 = S3/D3 = i/f
Where;
i = Stadia intercept.
f = Focal length of the objective glass.
S1, S2 & S3 are staff intercepts at distances D1, D2 & D3
respectively.
Principle of Tacheometer
Based on Isoscales Triangle

𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒙

Ratio of = 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

S
S S
3A
1 2
O
B‟ ‟
i β

A‟
D1 B
D2
D3

O P Q R
𝑫𝟏 𝑫𝟐 𝑫𝟑 𝒇
= = = = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 (𝒌)
𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝒊

k = ½ cot β/2

f – focal length
i- stadia intercept
23
 Tacheometric equation for Horizontal sights:

Refer to figure (3).

Let „O‟ be the center of objective glass.
Let staff be placed at F & the instrument at E.
S = Staff intercept.
i = Stadia interval.
Now, we have from optics:
 1/f = 1/μ + 1/ν
 Tacheometric Equation for Horizontal Sights:

 Where;
f = Focal length of the lens.
μ = Distance of object from the lens = f1
ν = Distance of the image from the lens = f2
 Substituting the values we get:
1/f = 1/f1 + 1/f2
f1 = 1 + f1/f2
f1/f2 = f1/f - 1 ------------------- (1)
 Comparing the smaller triangle AOB and triangle A'OB'; we get
f1/S = f2/i
f1/f2 = S/i ------------------- (2)
 Tacheometric Equation For Horizontal Sights:

 Putting values of f1/f2 from (2) in equation (1), we get

S/i = f1/f – 1
f1/f = S/i +1
f1 = [(S/i × f) +f]
 But
D = f1 +d
 Where„d‟ is distance from the centre of object glass to vertical axis of
instrument.
D = (S/i × f) + f + d
D = f/i × S + (f + d)
 Therefore; D = KS + K'
 Where; K = f/i & K' = (f + d)
 K is called multiplying constant and K' is called the additive constant.
 Value of multiplying constant is normally 100 or 50, depending upon the value
of „i‟ i.e., the distance between the stadia wires. K' is the additive constant and is
very small of order of 15 – 30 cm.
Case I) Line of sight is horizontal and the staff held is
vertical.
1. Line of Sight Horizontal and Staff Vertical

O’ S
Height of Instrument (Hi)

h
BS

O P
BM
D

𝒇 𝒇
General Tacheometric equation : 𝐃 = 𝑺+ 𝒇+𝒅 𝒊 =100 & 𝑓 + 𝑑 = 0
𝒊
RL of Staff station, P = Hi – h
Where as Hi = RL of BM + BS

BS = Back Sight
h = central hair reading
 Case II): Line of sight is inclined and the staff held is
vertical.

In Tacheometric survey horizontal sights are

rarely available because the main objective of
Tacheometric survey is to find out distances in
height on an uneven ground. So in most of the
cases, inclined sights are taken.
Case II): Line of sight is inclined and the staff held
is vertical.

Vertical Distance V=(f/i)S Sin2θ+ (f+c) Sinθ

2
Horizontal Distance D =(f/i)S Cos2θ+ (f+c) Cosθ
Where, θ is angle between horizontal line of sight
& central reading0
 Case II): Line of sight is inclined and the staff held is
Vertical:
 *Note: In this case angle of inclination is “Angle of
Elevation”.
 Let „O‟ be the instrument point and „A‟ the staff
point. Let the angle of instrument be „θ‟ and the
corresponding staff intercept be „S‟. As the staff is
held vertical, the stadia intercept will be different
from what it would have been if it had been held
normal to the line of sight. Staff intercept which is
normal to the line of sight is „Scos θ‟ (Approx.).
 So the inclined distance „L‟ from the center of the
instrument to the staff is given by:
 L = K Scos θ + K'
 Case II): Line of Sight is Inclined and the Staff Held is
Vertical:
L = K Scos θ + K'
 Now the horizontal distance between the instrument point and the staff
point is given by:
D = Lcos θ
D = (KScos θ + K') × cos θ
Therefore; D = KScos2 θ + K'cos θ ----------------- (A)
Similarly;
 The vertical distance between instrument station „O‟ & the staff point „A‟
is given by „V‟.
V = Lsin θ
V = (KScos θ + K') × sin θ
V = KS(sin θ × cos θ) + K'sin θ
V = [KS (2sin θ×cos θ)/2] + K'sin θ
Therefore; V = KS (sin 2θ)/2 + K'sin θ------------------ (B)
Case II Line of Sight Inclined Upwards and Staff Vertical

A` A

B S

C h
C`

α V
α P
O’ Line of axis
Ө
P’

O
D
Ois the optical centre of the objective of an external focusing telescope
A, B and C = the positions of staff corresponding to the cut points of the stadia and
central hairs
S= AC = staff intercept
h=central hair reading
V=vertical distance between instrument axis central hair
D=horizontal distance between instrument and staff
L=inclined distance between instrument axis and B
θ = angle of elevation
α = angle made by outer and inner rays with central ray

A’C’ is drawn perpendicular to central ray, O’B

𝒇
L = 𝒊 𝑨′ 𝑪′ + 𝒇 + 𝒅
𝑫 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒇 ′ ′
𝑫 = 𝐀 𝐂 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 + 𝒇 + 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒊
Consider triangle ABA’ and CBC’
ABA’ = CBC’ = 𝜽
AA’B = 90o + α
BC’C = 90o –α
hence α is very small, it is taken as zero
AA’B and BC’C = 900
So, AC’ = AC cos 𝜽 = S cos 𝜽
𝒇
𝑫= 𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒇 + 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝒊
𝒇
𝑫= 𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝜽 + 𝒇 + 𝒅
𝒊
Then
𝒇
𝑽= (𝑺 cos 𝜽) + (𝒇 + 𝒅) 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒊
𝒇
𝑽= 𝑺 cos 𝜽 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + (𝒇 + 𝒅)𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒊

𝒇 𝑺 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟐𝜽
𝑽 = 𝒊x 𝟐
+ 𝒇 + 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝑽 = 𝑫 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝜽

𝑹𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒇𝒇 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝑷 = 𝑹𝑳 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 + 𝑽 − 𝒉

CASE II (b) Line of Sight Inclined Downwards with staff vertical
D P‟
O‟
θ Line of
Axis V
A
B
O
C‟ h
C
P
f
D  xS cos 2   ( f  d ) cos 
i
f Sin 2
V  xS  ( f  d ) sin 
i 2

RL of Staff P = (RL of axis of instrument) – V- h

Case III: Line of sight inclined upwards and staff normal

A` A
S
B

h cos θ
C h
C`

α V
α P
O’ Line of axis
Ө
P’

h sin θ

L cos θ
O
D
Vertical height of central hair = h cos θ
Horizontal distance between O and B = L cos θ
Horizontal distance, PP’ = h sinθ

Since staff is normal to line of collimation,

𝒇
𝑳= 𝑺+ 𝒇+𝒅
𝒊
Horizontal distance, 𝑫 = 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 +h sin 𝜽
𝒇
𝒊. 𝒆 𝑫 = 𝑺 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒇 + 𝒅 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽+ 𝒉 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒊

Vertical Distance, 𝑽 = 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

𝒇
𝒊. 𝒆 𝑽 = 𝑺 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 + 𝒇 + 𝒅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒊

RL of staff station, P = (RL of instrument axis) +V – h cos 𝜽

Case III (b) Line of Sight Inclined Downwards with staff normal
L
O‟
θ Line of
Axis V
A
B
O C
h cosθ

D P P1
L cos θ
f h sinθ
L S  i( f  d )
i
f
D S cos   ( f  d ) cos   h sin 
i
V  L sin 
f
V  S sin   ( f  d ) sin 
i

RL of Staff P = (RL of axis of instrument) – V- h cos θ

 Example

A Tacheometer is setup at an intermediate

point in a traverse line AB and following
observations are taken as a vertically held
staff. The instrument is fixed with Anallatic
Lens and multiplying constant (i.e., K) is 100.
Compute length AB and R.L of B. Given that
the Station
Staff R.L of AStaff
is 226.8Axial
ft. hair Bearings Vertical
Intercept reading angles

A 7.42 6.71 218o 37' - 05o 30'

B 6.80 6.70 38o 37' -06o 20'

 SOLUTION:

Given Data:
 θa = 05o 30'
 Sa = 7.42
 ha = 6.71
 θb = 06o 20'
 Sb = 6.80
 hb = 6.70
 Bearing of OA = 218o 37'
 Bearing of OB = 38o 37'
 R.L of A = 226.8 ft
 Calculations:

Since D = KScos2θ
Da = 100 × (7.42) × [cos (05o 30')]2 = 735.18 ft
Db = 100 × (6.80) × [cos (06o 20')]2 = 671.72 ft
Since bearing difference between OA & OB is
180o, so point A, O & B are on the same straight
line so distance AB will be:
Distance AB = Da + Db = 1406.9 ft
 Calculations:

R.L of B = R.L of A + ha + Va – Vb – hb-------- (1)

We have;
Va = 100 × Sa × (sin2θa)/2 = 70.790 ft
Vb = 100 × Sb × (sin2θb)/2 = 74.554 ft
Now equation (1) will become:
R.L of B = 226.8 + 6.71 +70.790 – 74.554 – 6.70
R.L of B = 223.046 ft
 Problem
Under mentioned observations were taken with a theodolite from
one station a Tacheometric survey to a staff, held vertically on two
points.

Staff Point Bearings Vertical Angles Staff

A 274o 15' + 07o 4.84 4.16

3.48
B 320o 30' - 08o 6.18 5.07
3.95

Find the horizontal distance and gradient of line AB?

 Solution:

Given Data:
Sa = 4.84 – 3.48 = 1.36 ha = 4.16
Sb = 6.18 – 3.95 = 2.23 hb = 5.07
Bearing of OA = 274o 15'
 Calculations:

FOR HORIZONTAL DISTANCE:

Since;
 D = 100 × S cos2θ
 Doa = 100 × 1.36 × [cos (07o)] 2 = 133.98 ft
 Dob = 100 × 2.23 × [cos (08o)] 2 = 218.68 ft
 Since the difference of bearings of OA & OB is
not equal to 180o.
 Bearing of OB – Bearing of OA = 46o 15' ≠ 180o
 Cont….

Thus;
 For triangle AOB, using “cos law”
 AB = √ (Doa)2 + (Dob)2 – 2(Doa)(Dob)cosθ ---------
------ (1)
 Substituting the values in equation (1) we get;
 AB = 158.904 ft
 Now vertical distance between A & B = Vab
 Vab = hb + Vb + Va – ha ------------ (2)
 Cont….

Where;
Va = KSa × [sin2θa]/2 = 16.450 ft
Vb = KSb × [sin2θb]/2 = 30.733 ft
Therefore equation (2) becomes:
Vab = 5.07 + 30.733 +16.450 – 4.16 = 48.093 ft
 Cont….

FOR GRADIENT:
We have:
 Vab : Dab or 1 : Dab/Vab
 48.093 : 158.904 or 1 : 158.904/48.093
Therefore:
 1 : 3.30 as required
 Problem

Staff point Bearings Vertical Angles Staff Readings

A 274o 15' + 07o 4.84 4.16 3.48

B 320o 30' - 08o 6.18 5.07 3.95

Calculate the R.L of A & B, if the R.L of

instrument point is 500 ft and the height of
instrument (H.I) is 5 ft.
 Solution:

Given data:
R.L of Instrument point = 500 ft
Height of instrument = H.I = 5 ft
Since;
Va = KSa × [sin2θa]/2 = 16.450 ft
Vb = KSb × [sin2θb]/2 = 30.733 ft
 Cont….

Calculations:
Now;
R.L of instrumental axis = R.L of O + H.I
= 500 + 5 = 505 ft
So
R.L of A = R.L of instrumental axis + Va –ha
= 505 + 16.450 – 4.16 = 520.29 ft
R.L of B = R.L of instrumental axis – Vb – hb
= 505 – 30.733 – 5.07 = 469.197 ft
 Problem

 Calculate the distance and bearing from A to D from

the following notes of the traverse run by a
Tachometer. Tacheometer is provided with an analytic
lens and the multiplying constant is 100, the staff was
held vertically.
Line Bearing ‘θb’ Vertical Angle ‘θ’ Staff

AB 00o 00' + 05o 15' 3.00 6.25 9.50

BC 290o 30' + 02o 30' 3.15 6.00 8.05

CD 200o 00' -02o 45' 2.95 6.50 10.00

 Solution:

(a) Calculation of lengths of lines:

AB = Da = 100 × 6.5 × [cos (05o 05')]2 =
644.558 ft
BC = Db = 100 × 4.9 × [cos (02o 30) ']2 =
489.068 ft
CD = Dc = 100 × 7.05 × [cos (02o 45')]2 =
703.377 ft
 Cont…

 Now using these values of lengths we can find

latitudes & departures, so that we would be able to
calculate the bearing.
Lengths Bearing ‘θb’ Latitude (lcosθ) Departure
(lsinθ)
644.558 ft. 00o 00' 644.558 0
489.068 ft. 290o 30' 171.275 - 458.096
703.377 ft. 200o 00' - 660.958 - 240.569
DA θda Lat. DA Dep. DA
Σ lat. = Lat. DA + Σ dep. = Dep. DA
154.875 – 698.665
 Cont….

Since;
Lat AB + Lat BC + Lat CD + Lat DA = 0
ORLat DA = -154.875 ft
ORLat AD = 154.875 ft
Dep AB + Dep BC +Dep CD + Dep DA = 0
ORDep DA = 698.665 ft
ORDep AD = - 698.665
 Cont….

BEARING OF AD:

θ = tan-1 [Σdep. / Σlat.]

= N 77o 30' W
So; θ = 360o – 77o 30' = 282o 29'
 Problem No (Home Assignment)

 To determine the elevation of the first station A of the

Tacheometric survey, the following observations were made,
the staff being held vertically. The instrument was fitted with
an anallatic lens. The value of multiplying constant being 100.
Height of
Instrume Staff Vertical
Instrume Staff Remarks
nt Station Station Angle
nt
4.44 6.32 R.L of B.M =
B 4.8 B.M - 05o 40'
8.20 527.35 ft
2.60 4.21
4.8 C.P + 08o 20' ----
5.82

3.86 5.29
A 4.6 C.P - 06o 24' ----
6.92
Calculate the R.L of A?
 Solution:

 By considering the data given above, we can draw a

figure as:
Calculations:
Since;
R.L of A = R.L of B.M + hB.M + VB.M + VCP1 –
hCP1 + hA + VA – 4.6 -------- (1)
We have:
VB.M = KSB.M (sin2θ1)/2 = 36.945 ft
VCP1 = KSCP1 (sin2θ2)/2 = 46.175 ft
VA = KSA (sin2θ3)/2 = 33.897 ft
 Cont….

And;
hB.M = 6.32 hCP1 = 4.21 hA = 5.39
Now equation (1) will become:
R.L of A = 527.35 + 6.32 + 36.945 + 46.175 –
4.21 + 5.39 – 4.6
 = 647.267 ft (As required)
 Problem

 To determine the elevation of the first station A of the

Tacheometric survey, the following observations were made, the
staff being held vertically. The instrument was fitted with an
anallatic lens. The value of multiplying constant being 100.
Instrument Height of Staff Vertical
Staff Remarks
Station Instrument Station Angle
4.44 6.32
B 4.8 C - 05o 40' R.L of B = 500 ft
8.20
2.60 4.21
4.8 B + 08o 20' ----
5.82

3.86 5.29
A 4.6 A - 06o 24' ----
6.92
Calculate the R.L of C & A? Also find the R.L of Change point
(C.P)?
 Solution:

 By considering the data given above, we can draw a figure as:

Calculations:
Given Data:
VC = KSC (sin2θ1)/2 = 36.945 ft hC =
6.32
VCP1 = KSCP1 (sin2θ2)/2 = 46.175 ft hCP1 =
4.21
VA = KSA (sin2θ3)/2 = 33.897 ft hA =
5.39
 Cont….

We know that:
 R.L of C = R.L of B + 4.8 – hC – VC

= 463.055 ft
 R.L of B = R.L of B + 4.8 + VCP1 – hCP1 +hA +VA –
4.6
= 581.452 ft
 R.L of C.P1 = R.L of B + 4.8 +VCP1 – hCP1
= 546.765 ft
 Problem

 A traverse is run and distance between two stations say A & B

is to be obtained by observation from traverse „A‟ being visible
from one of the traverse station X and „B‟ from other station Y.
Tacheometric observations from these stations are taken upon
a vertically held staff at A & B are as follows:
Traversin Staff Vertical
Northing Easting Bearing Hair
g Point Angle
5 7. 12
X 839.3 2842.2 A 336o 42' 18o 23'
9. 24
6 7. 95
Y 1075.6 3609.5 B 12o 27' 15o 16'
9. 91

Where K = 100. Calculate AB?

 Solution:

XA = 100 x (9.24 – 5.00) x (cos18o 23') 2 =

381.82 ft
YB = 100 x (9.91 – 6.00) x (cos15o 16') 2 =
363.89 ft
Lat. XA = 381.82 x (cos336o 42') = 350.68 ft
Dep. XA = 381.82 x (sin336o 42') = -151.01 ft
Lat. YB = 363.89 x (cos12o 27') = 355.33 ft
Dep. YB = 363.89 x (sin12o 27') = 78.45 ft
 Cont….

Now:
Northing of A = 839.3 + 350.68 = 1189.98 ft
Easting of A = 2842.2 – 151.01 = 2691.19 ft
Northing of B = 3609.5 + 78.45 = 3687.95 ft
Easting of B = 1075.6 + 355.33 = 1430.93 ft
 Cont….

Distance AB = √ (3687.95 – 2691.19)2 +

(1430.93 – 1189.98)2
Distance of AB = 1025.251 ft (As
required)
Angle between AB = tan-1 [∑Dep. / ∑Lat.] =
(1430.93 – 1189.98) / (3687.95 – 2691.19)
= 13o 35'
Therefore: θ AB = 13o 35'