7TH JUSTI

CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

TEAM CODE: 38

BEFORETHEHON’
BLESUPREMECOURTOFARESSI
A,ATAHALICI
TY

I
NTHEMATTERSOF:

TWOARESSI
ANSTATES&OTHERS .
..APPELLANT

V.

THEUNI
ONOFARESSI
A .
..RESPONDENT

APPEALNOS._
__/
2014,
___
/2014,

CLUBBEDWI
TH

WRI
TPETI
TIONNOS._
__/
2010,
___
/2012

ONSUBMI ONTOTHEHON’
SSI BLESUPREMECOURTOFARESSI
A

UNDERARTI
CLE32OFTHECONSTI ONOFARESSI
TUTI A

WRI
TTENSUBMI ONSONBEHALFOFTHEAPPELLANTS
SSI

COUNSELAPPEARI
NGONBEHALFOFTHEAPPELLANTS
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

TABLEOFCONTENTS

I
NDEXOFAUTHORI
TIES……………………………………………………………….
..
..
V

STATEMENTOFJURI
SDI
CTI
ON XI

STATEMENTOFFACTS XI
I

STATEMENTOFI
SSUES XI
V

SUMMARYOFARGUMENTS XV

ARGUMENTSADVANCED 1
1.THAT THEWRI
T PETI
TION FI
LED WI
TH THEHI
GH COURT OFNERUDA I
S
MAINTAI
NABLE 1
1.
1.Thatt
heFor
um f
orEnv
ironment
alRi
ghthasl
ocusst
andit
ofi
l
ethepr
esent
pet
it
ion 1
1.
2.Thattheri
ghtt
oaheal
thyenv
ironmentandl
i
vel
i
hoodunderAr
ti
cle21may
st
andviol
ated 2
1.
2.1Thatt
heambi
tofA.21i
snotl
i
mit
edt
oci
ti
zensofAr
essi
a. 2
1.
2.2ThatAr
ti
cl
e21ext
endsbey
ondt
het
err
it
ori
all
i
mitofAr
essi
a. 3
1.2.
3Thattheri
ghttoaheal
thyenv
ironmentandl
i
vel
i
hoodar
epr
esentwi
thi
n
theauspi
cesofArt
icl
e21. 4
1.
3.Thati
ncludi
ngtheri
ver‘
Bhar
gav
i’i
ntheLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectmayv
iol
ate
Cust
omaryInter
nat
ional
Law. 4
2.THAT § 3 OF THE LI
NKI
NG OF RI S ULTRA VI
VERS ACT 2010 I RES THE
CONSTI
TUTIONOFARESSIA 5
2.1That§3oftheli
nki
ngofri
ver
sactin‘pit
handsubst
ance’f
all
swi
thi
nthe
excl
usi
vel
egi
sl
ati
vecompet
enceofthest
ates 6
2.1.
1.Theobj
ectandpurposeoftheimpugnedsecti
onr
elat
est
osubj
ect
s
excl
usi
vel
yenumerat
edi
nListIIoft
heSev
enthSchedul
e 6
2.1.
2.Thescopeoft heimpugnedsecti
onrel
atest
osubj
ect
sexcl
usi
vel
y
enumerat
edi
nListI
IoftheSev
enthSchedul
e 7
2.1.
3.TheEff
ectoftheimpugnedsecti
onrel
atest
osubj
ect
sexcl
usi
vel
y
enumerat
edi
nListI
Ioft
heSevent
hSchedul
e 8
2.
2.Thatnoresol
uti
onsunderAr
ti
cle252wer
epassedbyt
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ures
asconst
it
uti
onall
ymandated 8
3.THATTHEEXCLUSI
ON ANDNON-IMPLEMENTATI
ON OFLI
NKI
NGOFRIVER
PROJECTFORTHESTATEOFVINDHI
YAISVIOLATI
VEOFTHEFUNDAMENTAL
RI
GHTSOFCITI
ZENSOFVINDHI
YAANDNORMANDA. 9
3.
1.ThatAr
ti
cl
e14HasBeenVi
olat
ed. 9

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 7TH JUSTI
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ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

3.1.
1ThatExecut
iveOr
dersareconsi
der
edLaw andaWr
itPet
it
ionpassed
againstt
hesamei
smaintai
nabl
e. 9
3.
1.1.
1.ThatExecut
iveOr
der
sar
econsi
der
edl
aw. 9
3.
1.1.
2.Thata writpet
it
ion againstt
he execut
ive or
derpassed by
Gover
nmentofAr
essi
aismaint
ainable 10
3.1.
2.Thattheexecut
iveor
derofexcl
usi
onv
iol
atest
her
ightt
oequal
i
tyas
envi
sagedunderArt
icl
e14. 10
3.
1.2.
1.ThatA.14 guar
ant
ees t
he ci
ti
zens ofStat
es ofVi
ndhiy
a and
Normandather
ightt
obet r
eat
edequal
lywit
ht hosef
armer
sintherestof
I
ndia. 11
3.
1.2.
2Thatt heri
ght
soft hef
armer
softheVi
ndhi
yaandNor
mandaar e
bei
ngv i
olatedunderArt
icl
e14bynoti
ncl
udi
ngVi
ndhi
yai
ntheI
nter
-l
inking
ofRiv
erPr oj
ect. 11
3.
2.ThatAr
ti
cl
e21HasBeenVi
olat
ed 12
3.
2.1.ThattheSt
atehasaposi
ti
veobl
i
gat
ion t
o guar
ant
eeA.
21 ofthe
Consti
tut
ion. 12
3.
2.2.ThatA.21ext
endst
other
ightt
owat
erandt
hesamehasbeenv
iol
ated.
12
3.
2.2.
1.ThatAr
ti
cle21ext
endst
other
ightt
owat
er. 13
3.
2.2.
1.Thatt
heRi
ghtt
oWat
erhasbeenv
iol
ated. 13
3.
2.3.ThatA.21ext
endst
ori
ghtt
obasi
cnecessi
ti
esandt
hesamehasbeen
vi
olat
ed 14
3.
2.3.
1.ThatA.21ext
endst
otheRi
ghtt
oBasi
cNecessi
ti
es 14
3.
2.3.
2.Thataviolat
ionofRighttoBasi
cNecessi
ti
esisav
iol
ati
onofa
Ri
ghttoLi
feandLiber
tyunderA.21oft
heConst
it
uti
on. 14
3.2.
4.ThatA.21extendstoRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
kandthe
samehavebeenvi
olated. 14
3.
2.4.
1.ThatA.
21ext
endst
oRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
k 15
3.
2.4.
1.ThataVi
olat
ionofRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
kVi
olat
eThe
Ri
ghtToLife. 15
3.
2.5.ThatAr
ti
cle 21 Ext
endsto Ri
ghtto Soci
o-Economi
cJust
ice And
Economi
cEmpowermentAndt hesamehasbeenvi
olat
ed 15
3.
2.5.
1.ThatA.
21 Ext
ends t
o Ri
ghtTo Soci
o-Economi
c Just
ice And
Economi
cEmpower
ment 15
3.
2.5.ThataVi
olat
ionofRighttoSoci
o-EconomicJust
iceandEconomi
c
Empowermenti
sav iol
ati
onoftheRi
ghtt
oLifeandLi
bert
y. 16
4.THATTHELI
NKI
NGOFRI
VERSACT,2010VI
OLATESTHEENVI
RONMENTAL

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 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

RIGHTS OF CITI
ZENS OF ARESSI
A AND THE PROVI
SIONS OF THE FOREST
(CONSERVATION)ACT,
1980. 16
4.
1.ThatPur
posi
veInt
erpr
etat
ionOfAnActCanBeDoneByLooki
ngAtIt
s
Pr
eambleAndTheSameHelpsAscer
tai
nEnv
ironment
alRi
ght
s. 16
4.
1.1Thatpur
posi
vei
nter
pret
ati
onofanactcanbedonebyl
ooki
ngatit
s
Pr
eamble: 16
4.
2.ThatTheEnv i
ronmentalRi
ghtsOfTheCi ti
zensOfAressi
aHav
eBeen
Vi
olat
edUnderTheEnvi
ronmentProt
ect
ionAct1986(EPA)
. 17
4.
3.That ‘ Reasonabl
e Person’
s Test Det
ermi
nes Which Ri
ght I
s Given
PrecedenceAndTheEnv ir
onment alRi
ghtsTakePr
ecedenceInThePresent
Case. 18
4.
3.1.ThattheReasonabl
ePer
son’
sTesti
susedt
odet
ermi
net
her
ightbe
gi
venprecedence. 18
4.
3.2.ThatEnv
ironment
alr
ight
sar
etobegi
venpr
ecedence. 18
4.
4.ThatEnvi
ronmentalRi
ght
sAr eGover
nedByTheDoct
ri
nesOfPr
ecauti
onar
y
Pr
inci
pleAndSustai
nableDev
elopmentAndTheSameHaveBeenBr
eached.19
4.
4.1. That t
he doct
ri
nes of Pr
ecauti
onar
y Pr
inci
ple and Sust
ainabl
e
Devel
opmentgover
nenvir
onment
alr
ight
s. 19
4.
4.2.Thatt
hedoct
ri
neshav
enotbeenadher
edt
o. 20
4.
5.ThatTheDoctri
neOfPublicTr
ustI
sToBeExerci
sedByTheGovernment
AndTheNon-ExercisingOfTheSameHasVi
olat
edEnvir
onment
alRight
sOf
TheCi
ti
zensOfAressia. 20
4.
5.1.Thatt
heDoct
ri
neofPubl
i
cTr
usti
stobeexer
cisedbyt
heGov
ernment
ofI
ndia. 20
4.
5.2.
Thatt
heDoct
ri
nehasnotbeenf
oll
owed. 21
4.6.Thatt
hefor
est(conser
vati
on)act
’sobj
ecti
stopr
eventdef
orest
ati
onand
thesamehasnotbeenadheredto. 21
4.
6.1.
Thatt
heobj
ect
iveoft
heFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act1980i
stoPr
event
Def
orest
ati
on. 21
4.
6.2.TheObj
ect
iveoft
heFCActhasnotbeenadher
edt
o. 22
PRAYER 22

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CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

I
ndexofAut
hor
it
ies

STATUTES

Ci
tyofSanFr
anci
so,Pr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
pleOr
dinance 29
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it
uti
onofI
ndi
a passi
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M.P.JAI N, INDI ANCONSTI ONALL

TUTI AW, Vol.1, 5thed.,2003 24
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viSamudai k Sahakar iKhedutCooper ati
ve Societ
yv .
Har ibhai Mev abhai ,AI R1996SC2578 26
PathummaandOr s.v.St at eofKer alaandOr s.,AIR1978SC771 26
Peopl e’sUni onf orDemocr at i
cRi ghtsv .Uni onofI ndi a, AIR1982SC2330 15
Praf ul
laKumarMukher jeeandot hersv .BankofCommer ceLt d.,Khulna,AIR1947
PC60 20
Premi um Gr ani tesv .Stat eofTami lNadu, AIR1994SC2233 23
PurtabpurCo.v .CaneCommi ssoner ,
AI R1971SC1896 16
R.v .Inspect orofPol l
ut ionexpar teGreanpeaceLt d.,(1994)Al lER329 15
R.M. D.Chamar baugwal lav .Uni onofI ndi a,AI R1957SC628 20
Ramakr i
shnav .Tendol kar , AIR1958SC538 23
S.P.Gupt av .Pr esidentofI ndi a&Or s., AIR1982SC149 15
SakhawatAl iv .St ateofOr issa, AIR1955SC166 26
SatwantSi nghSawhney v .D.Ramar at hnam,Assi st antPasspor tOf fi
cer&Or
s,AIR
1967SC1836 17
Sauj atAl iv.Uni onofI ndi a, AIR1974SC1631 25
Shashi kantLaxmanKal eandAnr .v.Uni onofI ndia(UOI )andAnr .,AI
R1990SC2114
20
Si
ddhar am Sat li
ngappaMhet rev .StateofMahar asht raandOr s.,
AIR2011SC312 17
SmokeAf fect edResi dent sFor um v .Muni cipalCor por ationofGr eaterMumbaiand
Or s,2002( 4)BomCR479 34
StateofKar nat akaVs.St at eofAndhr aPr adesh&Or s. ,AIR2001SC1560 27
StateofKer alaandOr s.v .MarAppr aemKur iCompanyLt d.andAnr .,AIR2012SC
2375 19
StateofMahar asht rav .Bhar atShant iLal ShahandOr s.,
(2008)13SCC5 20
StateofOr i
ssaandOr s.v .Mahanadi Coal fi
eldsLt d.andOr s. 20
StateofRaj ast hanv .G. Chawl a, AIR1959SC544 20
Sundar arajanv .Uni onofI ndi a&Or s.,(2013)6SCC620 32
SussexPeer agecase, Tindal C. J.,11CI .&F.85, 110, 111 31
T.N.Godav ar manThi rumul kpadv .UnionofI ndiaandot hers, AIR1997SC1228 36
TataI ron&St eel Co.Lt d.v .TheSt ateofBi har&or s.,1989( 2) PLJR88 22
TheSt ateofWestBengal v .AnwarAl iSar kar,AI R1952SC75 24

v
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 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

Ti
rupurDyei ngFactoryOwner sAssoci
ati
onv.Noy y
alRiverAyacut
dar
sProt
ect
ion
Associ
ationandOr s.,
AIR2010SC3645, 34
Vell
oreCi
tizensWel f
areFor um v
.Uni
onofIndi
aandOr s,
AIR1996SC2715 19
Vell
oreCi
tizensWel f
areFor um v
.Uni
onofIndi
a,AI
R1996SC2715 33
Vell
oreCi
tizensWel f
areFor um v
.Uni
onofIndi
a,CWPILNo.15of2010 33
Vi
shakav.St ateofRajasthan,AI
R1997SC3011 18
Vi
shwanathChat urvediv.UnionofI
ndi
a,(
2007)4SCC380 15
Vi
shwanathChat urvediv.UnionofI
ndi
a,(
2007)4SCC380 16
WestBengal v
.UnionofIndia,AI
R1963SC1241 20

v
ii
i
 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

STATEMENTOFJURI
SDI
CTI
ON

I
. TheAppel
l
antNo.1hasappr
oachedt
hisHon’
bleCour
tunderAr
ti
cle132of
t
heConst
it
uti
on.Leav
ehasbeenaccor
dingl
ygr
ant
ed.
I
I. TheAppel
l
antNo.2hasappr
oachedt
hisHon’
bleCour
tunderAr
ti
cle32oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Leav
ehasbeenaccor
dingl
ygr
ant
ed.
I
II
. TheAppel
l
antNo.3hasappr
oachedt
hisHon’
bleCour
tunderAr
ti
cle32oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.Leav
ehasbeenaccor
dingl
ygr
ant
ed.
I
V. TheAppel
l
antNo.4hasappr
oachedt
hisHon’
bleCour
tunderAr
ti
cle136of
t
heConst
it
uti
on.Leav
ehasbeenaccor
dingl
ygr
ant
ed.

i
x
 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

STATEMENTOFFACTS

1. Themat
eri
alcasear
isesoutoff
oursepar
atecl
aims:f
ir
st,acl
aim byt
he
For
um f
orEnv
ironment
alRi
ght(
her
einaf
ter
,“FER”
)bef
oret
heHi
ghCour
tofNer
uda
agai
nstt
heGov
ernmentofAr
essi
a;second,aj
ointcl
aim madebyt
heSt
ateofAdhal
i
andt
heSt
ateofPar
mal
achal
l
engi
ngt
heconst
it
uti
onalv
ali
dit
yoft
heLi
nki
ngof
Ri
ver
sAct
, t
2010;hi
rd,
acl
aim byt
he‘
Sav
etheFar
mer
’sFor
um’
thatt
hef
undament
al
r
ight
soft
hepeopl
eoft
heSt
ateofNor
mandaandt
heSt
ateofVi
ndhy
ahav
ebeen
v
iol
ated;f
our
th,acl
aim byt
heCent
ref
orEnv
ironment
al Ri
ght
sandAdv
ocacy
(
Her
einaf
ter
,“CERA”
)thatt
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
spr
ojectv
iol
atest
heenv
ironment
al
r
ight
soft
heci
ti
zensofAr
essi
a.
I
.BACKGROUND

2. Ar
essi
aisaSout
hAsi
ancount
rywi
thawr
it
tenConst
it
uti
onandaf
eder
al
f
orm ofGov
ernment
.Thel
awsofAr
essi
aar
einpar
imat
eri
alt
othel
awsofI
ndi
a.A
numberofr
iver
sfl
ow t
hrough t
he l
and ofAr
essi
a whi
ch ar
e essent
ialt
othe
economywhi
chpr
imar
il
ybasedonagr
icul
tur
eandf
ishi
ng.I
nthel
astt
wodecades,
f
ail
ureofagr
icul
tur
alcr
opshasbecomeamaj
orpr
obl
em duet
oshor
tageofwat
er.
Thi
shascausedmanyf
armer
stober
ender
edbankr
uptandmanyhav
ecommi
tt
ed
sui
ci
de.I
nli
ghtoft
his,i
n2009t
heAr
essi
anCi
vi
lLi
ber
ti
esUni
on(
ACLU)
,anon-
gov
ernment
alor
gani
sat
ion,f
il
edawr
itpet
it
ionbef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
tofAr
essi
a
st
ressi
ngont
hepr
edi
camentoft
hepeopl
eofAr
essi
aduet
oscar
cit
yofwat
er.The
Supr
emeCour
tdi
rect
edt
heGov
ernmentofAr
essi
atoconst
it
utea‘
HighLev
elExper
t
Commi
tt
ee’
toconsi
dert
hev
iabi
l
ityofLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sacr
ossAr
essi
aaswel
last
he
f
ormat
ionofanEnv
ironment
alI
mpactAssessmentbodyt
o st
udyt
hepot
ent
ial
env
ironment
alaf
fect
.
I
I.THELI NGOFRI
NKI VERSACT,
2010

3. I
nDecember2009,t
het
wocommi
tt
eeswer
eappoi
nted.Onecommi
tt
eewas
const
it
utedf
orst
udy
ingt
hepr
act
icalexi
genci
esofl
i
nki
ngr
iver
sand;t
heot
her
commi
tt
eet
oassesst
hepot
ent
ial
env
ironment
ali
mpactofsuchapr
oject
.Thel
att
er
commi
tt
eeconsi
stedofi
ndi
vi
dual
sfr
om v
ari
ousi
nter
estgr
oupssuchast
heCent
ral
Gov
ernment
,St
ateGov
ernment
,Env
ironment
ali
sts,et
c.Pur
suantt
oaf
avour
abl
e
r
epor
tfr
om t
het
woCommi
tt
ees,
theLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
,2010wasenact
edbyt
he

x
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

Cent
ralGov
ernment
.TheActpr
ovi
desf
ort
hef
ormat
ionoft
he‘
Aut
hor
it
yforLi
nki
ng
ofRi
ver
s’(
ALR) whi
ch shal
lbe v
est
ed wi
th such power
s as necessar
yto
i
mpl
ementt
hel
i
nki
ngofr
iver
sinAr
essi
a.

I
II
.THECRI
TICI
SM

4. TheSt
ateGov
ernment
sand v
ari
ousNGOscr
it
ici
sed t
hel
i
nki
ng ofr
iver
s
pr
ojecton t
hegr
oundst
hati
twoul
d adv
ersel
yaf
fectt
heenv
ironment
,change
cl
i
mat
iccondi
ti
onsandt
hatt
heent
ir
epr
ojectwaspol
i
tical
l
ymot
ivat
edandwoul
d
i
nvol
vecor
rupt
ion.Howev
er,t
heGov
ernmentdeci
dedt
ogoaheadwi
tht
hepr
oject
despi
tet
hecr
it
ici
sm keepi
ngt
hepr
ospect
ivebenef
it
sinmi
nd.Subsequent
ly,i
n
t
elecast
edi
nter
view,somemember
soft
heaf
orement
ionedEI
Adi
vul
gedt
hatt
her
e
waspol
i
ticalpr
essur
eont
hem t
ogi
veaf
avour
abl
erepor
ttot
hel
i
nki
ngofr
iver
s
pr
oject
.Thi
sspar
kedext
ensi
vepr
otest
sagai
nstt
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
hepr
oject
.

I
V.THEFI
RSTPHASE

5. Thef
ir
stphaseoft
hepr
ojecti
nvol
vedei
ghti
ntr
a-st
ater
iver
swhi
chwer
etobe
net
wor
kedandmadei
nter
-st
ate.Amongt
hem wast
her
iver‘
Bhar
gav
i’whi
chwasa
t
rans-
boundar
yri
vershar
edwi
thnei
ghbour
ingcount
ryBor
essi
a.Mor
eov
er,
theSt
ate
ofVi
ndhy
ahast
hel
argestwet
landsi
nAr
essi
aandi
twasf
ear
edt
hatt
hepr
oject
woul
dir
repar
abl
ydamaget
hesame.I
nli
ghtoft
his,t
heGov
ernmentdeci
dedt
o
excl
udeVi
ndhy
afr
om t
hepr
ojectwhi
chmeantt
hatt
hepeopl
eofVi
ndhy
aand
Nor
mandawoul
dst
il
lfacewat
erscar
cit
y.

V.THERESULTANTLI
TIGATI
ON

6. Pur
suantt
otheaf
orement
ionedf
act
ualmat
ri
x,t
woAr
essi
anSt
atesmov
ed
t
he Supr
eme Cour
tcl
aimi
ng t
hatt
he Li
nki
ng of Ri
ver
s Act
,2010 was an
unconst
it
uti
onalencr
oachmentont
hepoweroft
heSt
ates.Duet
othenon-
incl
usi
on
oft
heSt
ateofVi
ndhy
aint
hepr
oject
,‘Sav
etheFar
mer
sFor
um’
mov
edt
heSupr
eme
Cour
tont
hegr
oundst
hatt
hiswasav
iol
ati
onoft
hei
rfundament
alr
ight
s.An
i
nter
nat
ionalNGOpet
it
ionedt
heHi
ghCour
tofNer
udacont
endi
ngt
hatt
hei
ncl
usi
on
of‘
Bhar
gav
i’woul
dvi
olat
ethef
undament
alr
ight
soft
hepeopl
eofBor
essi
a,duet
o
subsequentdi
smi
ssal
oft
hepet
it
iont
heyar
einappeal
bef
oret
heSupr
emeCour
t
.

xi
 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

STATEMENTOFI
SSUES

1.Whet
hert
he wr
itpet
it
ion f
il
ed byt
he FER att
he Hi
gh Cour
tofNer
uda i
s
mai
ntai
nabl
e?

2.Whet
her§3oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct sul
,2010i tr
avi
rest
heConst
it
uti
onof
Ar
essi
a?

3.Whet
hert
heexcl
usi
onoft
heSt
ateofVi
ndhy
afr
om t
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
oject
v
iol
atedt
hef
undament
alr
ight
soft
hepeopl
eofVi
ndhy
aandNor
manda?

4.Whet
hert
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
,2010v
iol
atest
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
sof
ci
ti
zensofAr
essi
aandt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act
,1980?

xi
i
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

SUMMARYOFARGUMENTS

I
.THATTHEWRI
TPETI
TI LEDBEFORETHEHI
ONFI GHCOURTOFNERUDAI
SMAI
NTAI
NABLE

Theexer
ciseoft
hewr
itj
uri
sdi
cti
onoft
heHi
ghCour
tsunderAr
ti
cle226i
s
l
argel
ydi
scr
eti
onar
yinnat
ure,i
tisar
guedt
hatt
hepr
esentpet
it
ioni
smai
ntai
nabl
e
pr
imar
il
yont
hreegr
ounds:1.
1]Thatt
he‘
For
um f
orEnv
ironment
alRi
ght
’hasl
ocus
st
andit
ofi
l
ethepr
esentpet
it
ionsi
ncet
heyar
easpeci
al-
int
erestgr
oupwi
tha
pr
esencei
nAr
essi
aandt
hewr
itpet
it
ioncomeswi
thi
ntheambi
toft
hedoct
ri
neof
publ
i
cint
erestl
i
tigat
ion.1.
2]Thatt
her
ightt
oaheal
thyenv
ironmentandl
i
vel
i
hood
underAr
ti
cle21mayst
andv
iol
atedsi
ncet
heconst
it
uti
onal
guar
ant
eeofAr
ti
cle21i
s
nott
err
it
ori
all
yli
mit
ed;and1.
3]Thati
ncl
udi
ngt
her
iver‘
Bhar
gav
i’i
ntheLi
nki
ngof
Ri
ver
sPr
ojectmayv
iol
ateCust
omar
yInt
ernat
ionalLawwhi
chaut
omat
ical
l
yfor
msa
par
tofdomest
icl
awunl
esst
her
eexi
stsaconf
li
ctbet
weent
het
wo.

I
I.THAT §3OFTHE LI NG OF RI
NKI VERS ACT,2010I RES THE CONSTI
S ULTRA VI TUTI
ON OF

ARESSI
A

Undert
he f
eder
alst
ruct
ure ofAr
essi
a,t
he Uni
on and t
he St
ates ar
e
compet
entt
olegi
sl
atef
ordi
ff
erentspher
es.I
nor
dert
odemonst
rat
ethatt
heLi
nki
ng
ofRi
ver sul
sAct2010i tr
avi
rest
heConst
it
uti
oni
tmustbeshownt
hatt
heSt
ate
Legi
sl
atur
esr
eser
vedt
heexcl
usi
vecompet
encewi
thr
egar
dtot
hesubj
ect
-mat
terof
t
hel
egi
sl
ati
on.Tot
hisend,i
tisar
guedt
hat2.
1]t
he‘
pit
handsubst
ance’of§3l
i
es
wi
thi
ntheboundsofLi
stI
Ioft
heSev
ent
hSchedul
ebecauset
he‘
obj
ect
’,‘
scope’
and
‘
eff
ect
’oft
heActar
ewi
thi
nthedomai
noft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ures2.
2]t
hatno
r
esol
uti
ons under ar
ti
cle 252 wer
e passed by t
he st
ate l
egi
slat
ures as
const
it
uti
onal
l
ymandat
edi
ntheev
entt
hatt
heUni
onwant
stol
egi
slat
eupona
subj
ect
-mat
terenumer
atedi
ntheSt
ateLi
st.
I
II
.THATTHEEXCLUSI
ONOFVI
NDHYAFROM THELI NGOFRI
NKI VERSPROJECTI
SVI
OLATI
VEOF

THEFUNDAMENTALRI
GHTSOFCI
TIZENSOFVI YAANDNORMANDA.
NDHI

I
mpl
ement
ati
on of t
he pr
oject i
nthe st
ate of Vi
ndhi
ya has v
iol
ated
f
undament
alr
ight
sunderAr
ti
cle14andAr
ti
cle21oft
heci
ti
zensofVi
ndhi
yaand
Nor
manda as:3.
1]t
he r
ightt
o equal
i
ty has been v
iol
ated due t
o ar
bit
rar
y
i
mpl
ement
ati
onofpr
ojecti
nsomest
atesandnotot
her
s.Ar
bit
rar
inessi
sant
it
het
ical

xi
i
i
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

t
othepr
ocessofequal
i
ty;
and3.
2]r
ightt
oli
feandl
i
ber
tyhasbeenv
iol
atedduet
oa
v
iol
ati
oni
nther
ight
sthathav
ebeenr
eadunderA.
21suchasRi
ghtt
oWat
er,
Rightt
o
Basi
cNecessi
ti
es,Ri
ghtt
oSoci
alJust
iceandEconomi
cEmpower
ment
,Ri
ghtt
o
Li
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
k.
I
V.THAT THE LI NG OF RI
NKI VERS ACT,2010 VI
OLATES THE ENVI
RONMENTAL RI
GHTS OF

CI
TIZENSOFARESSI
AANDTHEPROVI
SIONSOFTHEAOREST(
CONSERVATI
ON)ACT,
1980.

The env
ironment
alr
ight
s oft
he Ar
essi
ans hav
e been v
iol
ated by t
he
Legi
sl
atur
eonpassi
ngt
hei
mpugnedActasi
sev
idencedbyt
est
ingt
hem agai
nstt
he
Doct
ri
nesofPubl
i
cTr
ustandPr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
ple.ThePr
eambl
eofast
atue
r
efl
ect
sthei
ntent
ionoft
hel
egi
slat
ureandt
hel
att
eri
srequi
redt
oascer
tai
nthe
obj
ectoft
heact
.Fol
l
owi
ngt
her
uleoni
nter
pret
ati
on,
wer
eal
i
sedt
hatt
hepr
ovi
sions
oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sActar
econt
rar
ytot
heobj
ectoft
heFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)
Actandt
heEnv
ironmentPr
otect
ionAct
,enshr
inedi
nthei
rrespect
ivepr
eambl
es,
whi
ch i
s one ofgr
ant
ing env
ironment
alr
ight
stot
he ci
ti
zens ofAr
essi
a.Not
conf
ormi
ngt
otheobj
ect
ivespeci
fi
edi
ntheseenv
ironment
alst
atuesi
sanexpl
i
cit
showofhowt
hei
mpugnedactdef
iest
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heAr
essi
ans.

xi
v
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

ARGUMENTSADVANCED

1.THATTHEWRI
TPETI
TIONFI
LEDWITHTHEHI
GHCOURTOFNERUDAI
S
MAINTAI
NABLE
1
1.Wr
itJur
isdi
cti
onoft
heHi
ghCour
ts’f
lowsf
rom Ar
ti
cle226, whi
chconf
erswi
de
power
senabl
i
ngt
heCour
ttoi
ssuewr
it
s,di
rect
ions,or
der
sfort
heenf
orcement
2
off
undament
alorl
egalr
ight
s. Theexer
ciseofwr
itj
uri
sdi
cti
onbyt
heHi
ghCour
t
3
i
sdi
scr
eti
onar
yinnat
ure.Iti
ssubmi
tt
edt
hatt
hewr
itpet
it
ioni
smai
ntai
nabl
eon
pr
imar
il
ythr
eegr
ounds:1.
1.Thatt
he‘
For
um f
orEnv
ironment
alRi ’hasl
ght ocus
st
andit
ofi
l
ethepr
esentpet
it
ion;
1.2.Thatt
her
ightt
oaheal
thyenv
ironmentand
l
i
vel
i
hoodunderAr
ti
cle21mayst
andv
iol
ated;and1.
3.Thati
ncl
udi
ngt
her
iver
‘
Bhar
gav
i’i
ntheLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectmayv
iol
ateCust
omar
yInt
ernat
ional
Law.

1.
1.THATTHEFORUM FOR ENVI
RONMENTALRI
GHTHASLOCUSSTANDITO FI
LETHEPRESENT
PETI
TION

2.I
npubl
i
claw,t
her
ulet
hatonl
ytheaggr
iev
edper
soni
sent
it
ledt
oseekj
udi
cial
r
edr
ess has been l
i
ber
ali
sed t
oincl
ude any “
publ
i
c-spi
ri
ted i
ndi
vi
dual
” or
4
“
associ
ati
on”
. I
ncaseacl
assofpeopl
ehav
eacol
l
ect
ivegr
iev
ance,ev
enan
5
unr
ecogni
sedassoci
ati
onmayi
nit
iat
ewr
itpr
oceedi
ngs. I and,Gr
nEngl eenpeace
wasgr
ant
edst
andi
ngont
hebasi
sthatt
heyar
eact
ingi
npubl
i
cint
erest
,rat
her
6
t
hanf
ort
hei
rownmember
s. I
ninst
ancesofpubl
i
cwr
ongori
njur
y,i
fanactor
omi
ssi
onbyt
heSt
ater
unscont
rar
ytot
heConst
it
uti
ont
henanymemberoft
he
7 8
chasl
publ
i ocusst
andi
. nVi
I shwanat
hChat
urvediv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a, i
thasbeen
obser
vedt
hati
ndet
ermi
ningt
hequest
ionofl
ocusst
andii
n‘publ
i
cint
erest

1
Ar ti
cle226, Const i
tuti
onofI ndia.
2
H.M.SEERVAI ,CONSTITUTIONALL AW OFI NDIA,4thed.,vol.2,2007atp.1586.
3
D. D.BASU, COMMENTARYONTHECONSTI TUTIONOFI NDIA,C. K.Thakker&S. S.Subramani&T.S.Doabi a&
B.P.Baner j
eeeds. ,Vol.6,8t hed.2012, p.6614.
4
S.P.Gupt av.PresidentofI ndia&Or s.,AIR1982SC149at¶ ¶14-25(perP.N.Bhagwat i,J.);
Banwasi
Sev aAshr am v.StateofU. P.,AIR1987SC374.
5
Akhi lBhar ti
yaSoshi tKaramchar iSangh( Rly.
)v.Uni onofI ndia,
AIR1981SC298at¶63( perKri
shna
Iy
er ).
6
R.v .InspectorofPol l
ut i
onexpar teGr eanpeaceLt d.,(1994)AllER329;R.STECH,ACARROTANDSTI CK
APPROACH?ANANALYSI SOFTHEUKGOVERNMENT' SPROPOSALSONENVI RONMENTALJUDI
CIALREVIEW,Journal
ofEnv i
ronmental Review, Vol.15( 2),2013, pp.139- 140.
7
Peopl e’sUni onforDemocr ati
cRi ghtsv .UnionofI ndia, AI
R1982SC2330at¶10.
8
Vi shwanat hChat urvediv.Uni onofI ndia, (
2007)4SCC380.

1
 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

l
i
tigat
ion’t
heCour
tmustl
ooki
nto:(
i)t
hecr
edent
ial
soft
heappl
i
cant
;()pr
i
i ima
f
aci
ecor
rect
nessofi
nfor
mat
ion;(
ii
i)i
nfor
mat
ionshoul
dshow f
ail
ureofpubl
i
c
9
dut
y(i
v)mustnotgoi
ntomer
it
soft
hecase.
3.I
nthepr
esentcase,FER i
san i
nter
nat
ionalNGO whi
ch hasa pr
esencei
n
10
Ar
essi
a. Thecl
aim madebyt
heFERr
elat
est
owi
despr
eadpubl
i
cgr
iev
ance
11
causedbyenv
ironment
alhar
m andl
ossofl
i
vel
i
hood. Thepr
imaf
aci
eaccur
acy
oft
hecl
aimsmaybedemonst
rat
edbyot
heri
ndependentf
act
ssuchas:(
i)t
he
Env
ironment
alI
mpactAssessment(
her
einaf
ter
,EI
A)r
epor
thasi
dent
if
iedv
ari
ous
env
ironment
alandsoci
alhar
m whi
chmaybecaused;(
ii
)member
soft
heEI
A
commi
tt
edhav
eadmi
tt
edt
odownpl
ayi
ngt
hehar
m whi
chmaybecausedi
nthe
af
orement
ionedr
epor
t;(
ii
i)t
heappr
ehensi
ont
hatt
hel
i
nki
ngofr
iver
spr
oject
12
shal
lcausel
arge-
scal
ehar
misshar
edbyot
herst
akehol
der
swi
thi
nAr
essi
a.
4.Fur
ther
mor
e,a wr
itpet
it
ion i
s mai
ntai
nabl
e ev
en bef
oret
he v
iol
ati
on ofa
13
const
it
uti
onalorot
her
wisel
egalr
ighthasbeencommi
tt
ed. Onceal
aworor
der
hasbeenpassedwhi
chpot
ent
ial
l
yinf
ri
ngesal
egalr
ight
,awr
itpet
it
ionmaybe
14
f
il
ed. Thepassi
ngoft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
,thedeci
siont
oimpl
ementt
he
same,
andt
hei
ncl
usi
onoft
her
iver‘
Bhar
gav
i’
,wer
eev
ent
swhi
choccur
redbef
ore
15
t
hewr
itpet
it
ionwasf
il
ed. I
tisf
urt
hercont
endedt
hatt
heFERi
saspeci
al-
i
nter
estgr
oupwhi
chi
sbestpl
acedt
obr
ingt
hei
ssuet
otheat
tent
ionoft
heCour
t.
Hence,i
tishumbl
ysubmi
tt
edt heFER hasl
hatt ocusst
andit
ofi
l
ethewr
it
pet
it
ion.

1.
2.THATTHERI
GHTTO AHEALTHYENVI
RONMENTAND LI HOOD UNDER ARTI
VELI CLE21MAY
STANDVI
OLATED

5.I
fther
ightguar
ant
eedunderA.21st
andst
obev
iol
ated,i
tisopenf
ort
he
16
aggr
iev
edper
sont
oseekj
udi
cialr
edr
essunderA.226. I
tisher
einsubmi
tt
ed
t
hatt
hef
undament
alr
ightunderA.21mayst
andi
nfr
inged.

9
Vishwanat hChaturvediv
.UnionofI ndi
a,(2007)4SCC380at¶¶27-
30.
10
Factsheet,¶14.
11
Ibi
d.
12
Factsheet,¶¶5,15,13.
13
Bengal I
mmuni tyCo.v.Stat
eofBi har,AI
R1955SC661at¶8.
14
PurtabpurCo.v.CaneCommi ssoner,AIR1971SC1896at¶24.
15
Factsheet,¶¶6,8,9,14.
16
D.K.Basuv .St
ateofWestBengal ,AIR1997SC610at¶ ¶46-
48.

2
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

1.
2.1Thatt
heambi
tofA.21i
snotl
i
mit
edt
oci
ti
zensofAr
essi
a.
6.Thef
undament
alr
ightunderA.21ext
endt
oal
lper
sonsr
athert
hanj
ustci
ti
zens
17
oft
hecount
ry. nNat
I ionalHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
onv.St
ateofAr
unachal
18
Pr
adesh, i
twasobser
vedt
hati
twast
heconst
it
uti
onaldut
yoft
hest
atet
o
saf
eguar
dthel
i
fe,
heal
thandwel
l
-bei
ngofaf
orei
gngr edChakmaswhi
oupcal
l ch
19
hadmi
grat
edi
ntoAr
unachalPr
adesh. Thesai
dri
ghtbei
ngmadeav
ail
abl
etoal
l
peopl
eregar
dlessofci
ti
zenshi
pfor
mst
hebasi
sofaci
vi
li
zedsoci
ety
,andwas
20
adopt
edf
rom t
heAmer
icanConst
it
uti
on. Iti
swor
thyofnot
ethatt
hisr
ightmay
21
notbedepr
ivedbutbypr
ocedur
eest
abl
i
shedbyl
aw; andsuchl
awmaynotbe
22
ar
bit
rar
y,capr
ici
ousorunr
easonabl
e. I
nthei
nst
antcase,t
her
ight
swhi
chhav
e
23
beenpur
por
tedt
obeaf
fect
edar
ethoseoft
heci
ti
zensofBor
essi
a. Iti
shumbl
y
submi
tt
edt
hatev
ent
hought
hepeopl
eofBor
essi
amaynotbeci
ti
zensofAr
essi
a,
t
heyar
est
il
lpr
otect
edwi
thi
ntheambi
tofAr
ti
cle21andmayquest
ional
aw
depr
ivi
ngt
hem oft
hesame.

1.
2.2ThatArt
icl
e21extendsbeyondtheter
ri
tor
ialli
mitofAressi
a.
24
7.InSatwantSinghSawhney, ithasbeenhel
dt hattheri
ghttotr
avelabr
oadi
san
25
i
ntegr
alpar
tofper
sonalr
ightandi
sexer
cisabl
eout
sidet
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.
Theor
deroft
hePasspor
tOf
fi
cerwhi
chr
efusedt
oissueapasspor
ttot
he
26
pet
it
ionerwasst
ruckdownasunconst
it
uti
onal
. Thesai
dvi
ewhasbeenuphel
d
27
nManekaGandhi
i , whi
chf
urt
herhol
dst
hatt
her
ightt
ofr
eedom ofspeechand
28
expr
essi
oni
sal
soex
erci
sabl
eout
sideI
ndi
a. Itwasobser
vedt
hatt
hei
nabi
l
ityt
o
t
akest
ateact
ionout
sidet
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
sandt
hatt
her
eisnounder
lyi
ngpr
inci
ple

17
Chaiman,Rai lwayBoar dv .ChandrimaDas,AI R2000SC998at¶32;Loui sDeRaedtandOr s.
v.
UnionofI ndia&Or s,AI
R1991SC1886at¶13.
18
Nat i
onal HumanRi ght
sCommi ssi
onv .StateofAr unachalPr
adesh,AIR1996SC1234.
19
Nat i
onal HumanRi ght
sCommi ssi
onv .StateofAr unachalPr
adesh,AIR1996SC1234at¶
¶20-21.
20
Siddhar am Satli
ngappaMhet rev.StateofMahar asht r
aandOr s.
,AI
R2011SC312at¶60.
21
Khar akSi nghv.StateofUttarPradesh, (1994)3SCC569, ¶5.
22
Ol gaTel l
i
sv .BombayMuni ci
palCorpor ati
on,AIR1986SC180at¶39.
23
Fact sheetat¶14.
24
Sat wantSi nghSawhney v.D.Ramar athnam, AssistantPassportOff
icer&Ors,AI
R1967SC1836.
25
SatwantSi nghSawhney v.D.Ramar athnam,Assi stantPassportOff
icer&Ors,AI
R1967SC1836,¶
58.
26
I
bid.
27
ManekaGandhi
v.Uni
onofI
ndi
a&Anr
.,AI
R1978SC597.
28
ManekaGandhi
v.Uni
onofI
ndi
a&Anr
.,AI
R1978SC597at¶
73-
74.

3
 TH
7 JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

29
i
ntheConst
it
uti
onwhi
chl
i
mit
stheoper
ati
onofPar
tII
Itot
het
err
it
oryofI
ndi
a.
Thi
sposi
ti
onofl
awi
sanal
ogoust
othatofAmer
icawher
eint
her
ear
enoi
nher
ent
30
geogr
aphi
call
i
mit
ati
onst
otheBi
l
lofRi
ght
s. Thus,despi
tet
hef
actt
hatt
he
31
peopl
eofBor
essi
aresi
deout
sidet
het
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
sofAr
essi
a, t
heSt
ateof
Ar
essi
amaynoti
nfr
ingeupont
hei
rri
ghtt
oli
febutbypr
ocedur
eest
abl
i
shedby
l
aw.

1.2.
3Thatt herighttoaheal
thyenvi
ronmentandl
i
vel
i
hoodar
epr
esentwi
thi
nthe
auspicesofArt
icle21.
8.TheSupr
emeCour
t,i
nanumberofi
nst
ances,hasr
ecogni
sedt
her
ightt
oa
32
heal
thyenv
ironmentaspar
toft
her
ightar
ti
cul
atedunderAr
ti
cle21. nSt
I erl
i
te
33
I
ndust
ri
esv.UOI
, itwasobser
vedt
hatbyv
irt
ueofA.21ani
ndust
rywhi
chdoes
notmeett
he st
andar
ds ofemi
ssi
on whi
ch ar
e necessar
yfora heal
thy
34
env
ironmentmaybecl
oseddown. I
nthei
nst
antcase,i
tispur
por
tedt
hatt
he
l
i
nki
ngoft
her
iver‘
Bhar
gav
i’woul
dleadt
odest
ruct
ionoff
orestandwi
l
dli
feand
35
submer
genceofwet
lands.
9.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
her
ightt
oli
vel
i
hoodhasal
sobeenr
eadi
ntot
heconst
it
uti
onal
36
guar
ant
eeunderA.21. Ithasbeenobser
vedt
hati
nint
erpr
eti
ng‘
l
ife’
int
hest
ri
ct
sensewi
thouti
ncl
udi
ng l
i
vel
i
hood woul
drendert
her
ightmeani
ngl
esssi
nce
37
nobodycoul
dli
vewi
thoutmeansofl
i
vel
i
hood. I
thasbeencl
aimedbyt
heFER
t
hatt
hel
i
vel
i
hoodoft
housandsoff
isher
meni
nBor
essi
awoul
dbeaf
fect
edby
38
t
hel
i
nki
ngof‘
Bhar
gav
i’
.
10.
Inl
i
ghtoft
heabov
e,i
tishumbl
ysubmi
tt
edt
hatt
heconst
it
uti
onalguar
ant
ee
underA.21ext
endst
othepeopl
eofBor
essi
aandawr
itpet
it
ionr
egar
dingt
hei
r

29
ManekaGandhi v.UnionofI ndia&Anr .
,AI
R1978SC597at¶76.
30
Lakhdar Boumedi eneetetal .
v.GeorgeW.Bushetal .,128S.Ct.2229( 2008),¶
¶120-124;CHRI
STOPHER
S.FORD,RI GHTSAND REMEDI ESUNDERTHECONSTI TUTION:EXTRATERRITORIALAPPLI ON OFTHEWRI
CATI TOF
HABEASCORPUS, DukeJour nalOfConst i
tut
ionalLaw&Publ icPolicySpeci alI
ssue,
Vol.7No.22012,
p.26.
31
Fact sheet,¶9.
32
JUSTICET.S .DOABI A,ENVIRONMENTAL&POLLUTI ON LAWSINI A,
NDI WadhwaNagpur ,Volume1,1sted.
2005, p.6.
33
M/ sSterl
i
teI ndustriesLtd.v.UnionofIndia&Or s.
,(2013)4SCC575.
34
M/ sSterl
i
teI ndustriesLtd.v.UnionofIndia&Or s.
,(2013)4SCC575, at¶35.
35
Fact sheet,¶14.
36
D.K.Yadavv .J.M.A.I ndust r
ies,AIR1986SC180, ¶¶13-14.
37
Ol gaTelli
sv .BombayMuni cipalCorpn.
,AIR1986SC180, ¶32.
38
Fact sheet,¶14.

4
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

pl
i
ghtmaynotbepr
eli
minar
il
yrej
ect
ed.

1.
3.THATINCLUDI
NGTHERIVER‘
BHARGAVI
’INTHELI NGOFRI
NKI VERSPROJECTMAYVI
OLATE
CUSTOMARYI ONALL
NTERNATI AW.

11.
TheI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
onur
gest
heSt
atet
ohonouri
tsi
nter
nat
ionall
awandt
reat
y
39
obl
i
gat
ions, whi
char
eunder
stoodascr
eat
ing‘
l
egi
ti
mat
eexpect
ati
ons’oft
hei
r
40
obser
vance. TheSupr
emeCour
thasr
egul
arl
yimpor
tedi
nter
nat
ionalnor
ms
41
wher
ether
eisagapi
ndomest
icl
aw. The‘
doct
ri
neofi
ncor
por
ati
on’hasbeen
i
mpl
ement
edi
ntheI
ndi
anl
egalsy
stem,
accor
dingt
owhi
chr
ulesofi
nter
nat
ional
42
l
awbecomepar
tofdomest
icl
aw.
12.
The cust
omar
yint
ernat
ionall
aw doct
ri
nesof‘
sust
ainabl
e dev
elopment
’and
43
‘
precaut
ionar
ypr
inci
ple’hav
ebeenr
ead i
ntot
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a, and
44 45
t
her
ebyAr
essi
a. nMCMeht
I av.Uni
onofI
ndi
a, t
heSupr
emeCour
tpl
aceda
posi
ti
ve Const
it
uti
onal bur
den on t
he St
ate t
o pr
event env
ironment
al
46
degr
adat
ion. Int
hepr
esentcase,
thewr
itpet
it
ionwasf
il
edbasedont
hef
indi
ng
t
hatt
hedeci
si
onoft
heALRt
oli
nkt
her
iver‘
Bhar
gav
i’woul
dcausewi
despr
ead
47
env
ironment
aldamage. Fur
ther
mor
e,member
s of t
he EI
A,whi
ch was
const
it
utedt
oinv
est
igat
etheenv
ironment
aldamagecausedbyt
hel
i
nki
ngof
48
r
iver
s,hav
eadmi
tt
edt
ogi
vi
ngf
alsef
avour
abl
erepor
tsunderpol
i
ticalpr
essur
e.
I
tishumbl
ysubmi
tt
edt
hatt
her
eisaconst
it
uti
onalobl
i
gat
iononAr
essi
ato
pr
otectt
heenv
ironmentf
rom damageandt
hatt
heext
rat
err
it
ori
alnat
ureoft
he
pot
ent
ialdamageshoul
dnotbeadet
err
entasdegr
adat
ionoft
heenv
ironmenti
s
agl
obal
concer
nandwoul
dhav
erami
fi
cat
ionswi
thi
nAr
essi
a.

39
Arti
cle51(c),Constit
utionofAr essia;HisHolinessKesav anandaBharatiSri
padagal
v ar
uv .St
ateof
Kerala,AIR1973SC1461at¶ 164.
40
Vishakav .StateofRaj asthan, AIR1997SC3011at¶ 14.
41
SHAMNAD BASHEER&PRASHANTREDDY,“ DUCKI
NG”TRI PSI NINDIA:ASAGA I NG NOVARTI
NVOLVI SANDTHE
LEGALITYOFS ON3
ECTI (D),20Nat ionalLawSchool ofI
ndi aReview131,142(2008).
42
VishakavSt at
eofRaj asthan,AIR1997SC3011,¶ 14;Gr amophoneCompanyofI ndiav.Bir
endra
BahadurPandey ,AIR1984SC667, ¶3-4;MaganbhaiI shwarbhaiPatelv
.UnionofIndia,AIR1969SC
783, ¶79.
43
VelloreCiti
zensWel far eFor um v .UnionofI ndiaandOr s,AIR1996SC2715at¶ ¶14-15;A.P.
Polluti
onCont rolBoardv .Prof.M. V.Nayadu(Ret d.
)&Or s.
,AIR1999SC812, ¶30.
44
Fact sheet,
Not e1.
45
MCMeht av.UnionofI ndia, (
1997)3SCC715.
46
MCMeht av.UnionofI ndia, (
1997)3SCC715at¶9.
47
Fact sheet,
¶14.
48
Fact sheetat¶15.

5
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

2.THAT§3OFTHELI
NKINGOFRIVERSACT2010I
SULTRAVI
RESTHE
CONSTI
TUTI
ONOFARESSIA

13.
As a componentoft
he Feder
alSt
ruct
ure oft
he Const
it
uti
on ofAr
essi
a,
l
egi
slat
ive power
s hav
e been di
vi
ded bet
ween t
he Par
li
ament and St
ate
49
Legi
slat
ures. Thecompet
ingl
egi
slat
uresmaynoti
nfr
ingeupont
heeachot
her
’s
50
l
egi
slat
ivedomai
n. Theconst
it
utonalv
i iresof§3oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
(
her
einaf
ter
,thei
mpugnedAct
)hasbeenchal
l
engedont
hegr
oundsofl
egi
slat
ive
51
compet
ence. I
tis submi
tt
ed t
hatt
he sai
d pr
ovi
si e ul
ons ar tr
a vi
res t
he
Const
it
uti
onas2.
1]t
he‘
pit
handsubst
ance’
of§3l
i
eswi
thi
ntheboundsofLi
stI
I
oft
heSev
ent
hSchedul
eand2.
2]t
hatnor
esol
uti
onsunderar
ti
cle252wer
e
passedbyt
hest
atel
egi
slat
uresasconst
it
uti
onal
l
ymandat
ed.

2.
1THAT §3OFTHELI
NKI
NG OFRI N‘
VERS ACT I TH AND SUBSTANCE’FALLS WI
PI THI
N THE
EXCLUSI
VELEGI
SLATI
VECOMPETENCEOFTHESTATES

14.
Thedoct
ri
neof‘
pit
handsubst
ance’i
soneoft
hekeypr
inci
plesofi
nter
pret
ati
on
usedt
oconst
rueent
ri
escl
assi
fi
edundert
het
hreel
i
stsoft
heSev
ent
hSchedul
e
52
oft
heConst
it
uti
on. I
nor
dert
odet
ermi
newhet
herapar
ti
cul
arst
atut
ecomes
wi
thi
nthepur
viewofonel
egi
slat
ureort
heot
her
,thepi
thandsubst
anceoft
he
53
enact
menti
stobel
ookedi
nto. I
fthe‘
tr
uenat
ureandchar
act
er’
ofal
egi
slat
ion
f
all
sout
sidet
heper
missi
blel
i
mit
sassi
gnedt
other
espect
ivel
egi
slat
uret
hen
54
suchl sul
awi tr
avi
rest
heconst
it
uti
on. Onl
ytheof
fendi
ngpar
toft
heActmay
55
bedecl
aredi
nval
i
dincasei
tissuf
fi
cient
lysepar
abl
efr
om t
her
estoft
heAct
.
The r
elev
antf
act
ors whi
ch mustbe consi
der
ed t
o ascer
tai
nthe pi
th and
subst
anceofast
atut
ear
e:(
i)t
heobj
ectandpur
pose;(
ii
)thescopeand;(
ii
i)t
he
56
ef
fectoft
hepr
ovi
si
ons.

49
D.D.BASU, COMMENTARYONTHECONSTI TUTI ONOFINDIA,C.K.Thakker&S.S.Subr amani&T.S.Doabi
a&
B.P.Baner j
eeeds. ,Vol
.8, 8t hed.2012, p.8626
50
Stat eofKeral
aandOr s.v.MarAppr aemKur iCompanyLt d.andAnr.,
AIR2012SC2375, ¶12.
51
Fact sheet,
¶10.
52
D.D.BASU,COMMENTARYONTHECONSTI TUTIONOFI NDIA,C.K.Thakker
&S. S.Subr amani
&T.S.Doabia&
B.P.Baner j
eeeds. ,Vol
.10, 8thed.2012, p.11731.
53
JamshedN.Guzdarv .St ateofMahar ashtraandOr s.
,AI R2005SC862at¶88;Pr af
ull
aKumar
Mukher jeeandot hersv.BankofCommer ceLt d.
,Khulna,AI R1947PC60at¶ ¶35-38.
54
Stat eofMahar ashtrav.Bhar atShanti Lal ShahandOr s.
,(2008)13SCC5at¶30.
55
Lt.Col.SawaiBhawaniSi nghandOr sv .StateofRaj asthanandOr s.,(1996)3SCC105at¶8. ,
R.M. D.Chamar baugwallav .UnionofI ndia, AI
R1957SC628at¶5.
56
OffshoreHoldingsPv t
.Lt d.v.Bangalor eDev elopmentAut hor
it
yandOr s.,
( 2011)3SCC139at¶64;
A.S.Kr i
shnav .StateofMadr as,AIR1957SC297at¶ 16.

6
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

2.1.
1.The obj
ectand pur pose oft he i
mpugned sect
ion rel
ates t
o subj
ects
excl
usi
vel
yenumeratedi
nListIIoft
heSeventhSchedul
e
57
15.nSt
I at
eofRajast
hanv.G.Chawl a, gi
vi
ngsigni
fi
canti
mportancetotheobj
ectof
58
l
egi
slat
ioni
ndet
ermi
ningi
tspi
thandsubst
ance, i
twashel
dthatal
egi
slat
ion
cont
rol
l
ingt
heuseofampl
i
fier
swaspubl
i
cheal
thl
egi
slat
ionunderLi
stI
Irat
her
59
t
hanabr
oadcast
ingl
egi
slat
ionunderLi
stI
. Inor
dert
odet
ermi
net
heobj
ectand
pur
poseofast
atut
e,wemayr
efert
otheci
rcumst
anceswhi
chpr
evai
l
edatt
he
60
t
imeandnecessi
tat
edt
hepassi
ngoft
heAct
. nSt
I ateofWestBengalv.Uni
on
61
ofI
ndi
a, t
he exi
sti
ng dear
th ofcoali
nthe count
ry shaped t
he Cour
t’
s
under
standi
ngoft
heobj
ectofCoal
Bear
ingAr
eas(
Acqui
sit
ionandDev
elopment
)
62
Act
,1957.
16.
Wemustr
efert
othev
ari
ousl
egi
slat
ivef
iel
dsundert
hesev
ent
hschedul
eto
ascer
tai
n whi
ch subj
ect
-mat
ter
sfal
lundert
heexcl
usi
vecompet
enceoft
he
63
St
ates. Ent
ry17oft
heSt
ateLi
stempower
stheSt
ateLegi
slat
uret
oenactl
aws
64
r
elat
ingt
owat
er,
itssuppl
y,i
rr
igat
ion,
drai i
nage,nt
eral
i
a.
17.
Present
ly,Ar
essi
an st
ates ar
efaci
ng dear
th ofwat
erwhi
ch has caused
65
unav
ail
abi
l
ityofdr
inki
ngwat
eraswel
last
hef
ail
ureofagr
icul
tur
alcr
ops. The
i
mpugnedActwaspassedpur
suantt
oa‘
HighLev
elExper
tCommi
tt
ee’r
epor
t
whi
ch adv
ised t
hatv
ari
ousr
iver
sshoul
d bel
i
nked t
oget
hert
o mi
ti
gat
ethe
66
pr
obl
em ofwat
erscar
cit
y. Itwasst
atedbyt
hePr
imeMi
nist
eri
nPar
li
amentt
hat
t
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectwast
obeusedt
oincr
easeav
ail
abi
l
ityofwat
erf
or
67
dr
inki
ngandsani
tat
ionaswel
lasf
oragr
icul
tur
alandi
ndust
ri
alpur
poses. I
n
l
i
ghtoft
heabov
e,i
tissubmi
tt
edt
hatt
hepr
imar
yobj
ect
iveofi
mpugnedsect
ion
i
stoi
ncr
easet
heav
ail
abi
l
ityof‘
wat
er’f
ori
mpr
ovi
ng‘
publ
i
cheal
th’
,‘
agr
icul
tur
e’
and‘
i
ndust
ry’
whi
chf
all
wit
hint
hel
egi
slat
ivedomai
noft
hest
ates.

57
St at
eofRaj asthanv .G.Chawl a,AIR1959SC544.
58
St at
eofRaj asthanv .G.Chawl a,
AIR1959SC544at¶14.
59
St at
eofRaj asthanv .G.Chawl a,
AIR1959SC544at¶15.
60
ShashikantLaxmanKal eandAnr .v.Uni onofI ndi
a( UOI
)andAnr.
,AI
R1990SC2114at¶16, Stat
e
ofOrissaandOr s.v.Mahanadi Coalf
ieldsLt d.andOrs.at¶¶5-
7.
61
WestBengal v .Uni
onofI ndia,AI
R1963SC1241.
62
WestBengal v .Uni
onofI ndia,AI
R1963SC1241at¶ ¶7-
9.
63
M. P.JAININDIANCONSTI TUTIONALLAW, JusticeRumaPal ,Samar
adi
tyaPal
,eds.
,6t
hed.2010,
p.533.
64
Ent r
y17Li stII,Sev
ent hSchedul e,Constituti
onofAr essi
a.
65
Factsheet ,
¶¶1- 2.
66
Factsheet ,
¶¶3- 6.
67
Factsheet ,
¶8.

7
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

2.
1.2.Thescopeoftheimpugnedsect
ionr
elat
est
osubj
ect
sexcl
usi
vel
yenumer
ated
i
nListIIoft
heSeventhSchedul
e
18.
Themeani
ngandi
mpor
toft
hepr
ovi
sionsofanActhav
etobeenqui
redi
ntoi
n
68
or
dert
odet
ermi
nei
tsscope. Thescopeofapar
li
ament
aryst
atut
emustnotf
all
69
wi
thi
ntheambi
tofl
egi
slat
ivef
iel
dsenumer
atedi
nLi
stI
I. Thesuppl
yofwat
eri
s
70
asubj
ect
-mat
terwi
thi
ntheambi
tofEnt
ry17ofLi
stI
I. Howev
er,t
hepowert
o
71
l
egi
slat
eunderEnt
ry17ofLi
stI
Iissubj
ectt
oEnt
ry56ofLi
stI
. Thus,wemust
ascer
tai
nthei
nter
-r
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heaf
orement
ionedent
ri
es.
19.
Int
he ev
entt
hatan ent
ryunderLi
stI
Iconf
ers a gener
alpowert
o St
ate
Legi
slat
ureswher
easspeci
fi
cpowerr
elat
ingt
othesamesubj
ect
-mat
terhas
72
beenconf
err
edt
othePar
li
amentunderLi
stI
, t
hent
hegener
alpowerwoul
dbe
73 74
l
i
mit
edt
otheext
entoft
hespeci
alpower
. InKer
alaSMTFv.Ker
alaTBO, itwas
hel
dthatt
heSt
ateswoul
dhav
etheexcl
usi
vepowert
olegi
slat
ewi
thr
espectt
o
75
f
isher
ieswi
thi
nthei
rter
ri
tor
ialbor
der
s. Si
mil
arl
y,I
nRe:Cauver
yWat
erDi
sput
es
76
Tr
ibunal
, wi
thr
espectt
owat
eri
twasobser
vedt
hatt
heSt
ateshadt
heexcl
usi
ve
powert
olegi
sl
atewi
thr
egar
dto wat
erwhi
chwaspr
esentsol
elywi
thi
nit
s
77
t
err
it
ori
all
i
mit
s. I
nthepr
esentcase,§3oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sActr
elat
est
o
78
t
hesuppl
yandaccessi
bil
i
tyofwat
er. Ther
iver
swhi
chcomewi
thi
nthescopeof
79
t
hepr
ovi
sionar
eint
ra-
stat
eri
ver
s. Ther
eby
,iti
ssubmi
tt
edt
hatt
hescopeof§3
l
i
eswi
thi
ntheexcl
usi
veambi
tofSt
ateLegi
slat
ures.

2.
1.3.TheEffectoft
heimpugnedsect
ionr
elat
est
osubj
ect
sexcl
usi
vel
yenumer
ated
i
nListIIoft
heSeventhSchedul
e
20.
Ref
lect
ing t
he obj
ectand pur
pose of§ 3,t
he ost
ensi
ble ef
fectwhi
ch t
he

68
Or i
ssaCementLt d.( M/ s)v .StateofOr i
ssa,AI
R1991SC1676at¶37.
69
NagaPeopl e’sMov ementofHumanRi ghtsv.UnionofIndia,AIR1998SC431at¶25.
70
SupraNo.19;Seeal so,Dr .Radhakr ishnaCo- operat
iveHousingSoci et
yLimit
ed,Hosur ,Hubl
iand
Ors.v.GovernmentofKar nat aka,Housi ngandUr banDev el
opmentDepar tment
, Bangal
oreandOr s.
,
1999( 2)KarLJ637at¶ ¶8- 9.
71
Supr aNo.18at551.
72
Forexampl e,Entr
y17, 18, 23, 33ofListI Il
imit
edbyEnt ry56,3,54,60ofListIr
espectiv
ely.
73
InduBhushanBosev .RamaSundar iDebi ,
AIR1970SC228at¶ 12.
74
Kerala Swathanthra Mal ay a ThozhilaliFederat
ion and Ors.v.Kerala Tr
awlnetBoatOper ators
Associati
onandOr s. ,
(1994)5SCC28.
75
Kerala Swathanthra Mal ay a ThozhilaliFederat
ion and Ors.v.Kerala Tr
awlnetBoatOper ators
Associati
onandOr s. ,
(1994)5SCC28at¶4.
76
InRe: CauveryWat erDi sput esTribunal, AI
R1992SC552.
77
InRe: CauveryWat erDi sput esTribunal, AI
R1992SC552at¶ ¶47-50.
78
Factsheet,¶6.
79
Factsheet,¶9.

8
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

pr
ovi
sionwoul
dhav
ewoul
dbeonmat
ter
swi
thi
ntheauspi
cesoft
heSt
ateLi
st
80
whi
char
ewat
er,
agr
icul
tur
e,publ
i
cheal
th. Fur
ther
mor
e,t
heenf
orcementoft
he
i
mpugnedsect
ionmayal
sol
eadt
othesal
i
nizat
ionoff
ert
il
eagr
icul
tur
all
andas
81
wel
lascauseadecr
easei
nfi
sher
ies.
21.
Iti
sther
efor
esubmi
tt
edt
hatt
he‘
pit
handsubst
ance’oft
hei
mpugnedsect
ion
l
i
eswi
thi
nthel
egi
slat
ivedomai
noft
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ures.

2.
2.THATNORESOLUTI
ONSUNDERARTI
CLE252WEREPASSEDBYTHESTATELEGI
SLATURESAS
CONSTI
TUTI
ONALLYMANDATED

22.
Thepowert
olegi
sl
atewi
thr
espectt
osubj
ect
-mat
ter
senumer
atedwi
thi
nthe
St
ate Li
stmaybe v
est
ed i
n Par
li
amenti
fdesi
red byt
he St
atest
hrough a
82
r
esol
uti
onpassedbyt
heSt
ateLegi
slat
ures. nTat
I aIr
on&St
eelCo.Lt
d.v.The
83
St
ateofBi
har&Or
s., itwashel
dthatPar
li
amentwasl
egi
slat
ivel
ycompet
entt
o
enactt
heWat
er(
Prev
ent
ionandCont
rolofPol
l
uti
on)CessAct
,1977duet
o
r
esol
uti
onst
othatef
fectbei
ngpassedbySt
ateLegi
slat
uresasmandat
edby
84
Ar
ti
cle252.
23.
Int
he i
nst
antcase,t
he St
ate Gov
ernment
s hav
e notpassed t
he r
equi
sit
e
85
r
esol
uti
onsunderA.252. Ast
heaut
hor
it
ytol
egi
slat
ewi
thr
egar
dtoi
nteral
i
a
i
ntr
a-st
ater
iver
shasnotbeenv
est
edwi
thPar
li
ament
,iti
ssubmi
tt
edt
hat§3of
t
hei
mpugnedActi
sunconst
it
uti
onal
.

3.THATTHEEXCLUSI
ONANDNON-IMPLEMENTATIONOFLI
NKINGOFRIVER
PROJECTFORTHESTATEOFVINDHI
YAISVIOLATI
VEOFTHEFUNDAMENTAL
RI
GHTSOFCITI
ZENSOFVINDHI
YAANDNORMANDA.

24.
Iti
shumbl
ysubmi
tt
ed,t
hati
nli
ghtoft
hebel
ow ment
ionedl
aws,cases,and
ar
gument
s,t
heexcl
usi
onandnon-i
mpl
ement
ati
onofLi
nki
ngofRi
verPr
ojecti
n
t
heSt
ateofVi
ndhi
yai
svi
olat
iveofA.
14andA.
21oft
hef
undament
alr
ight
soft
he
ci
ti
zensoft
heSt
atesofVi
ndhi
yaandNor
manda.Theser
ight
s,embody
ingt
he
Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesoft
hegov
ernment
,hav
ebeenguar
ant
eedbyt
heConst
it
uti
on

80
Factsheet,
¶¶1,2,
6,
8.
81
Factsheet,
¶7.
82
Ar
ti
cle252,Consti
tut
ionofAressia.MaharaoSahibShriBhim Si
nghj
i&Ors.v
.Uni
onofI
ndi
a(UOI
)
andOrs.,AI
R1984SC234at¶24- 25.
83
TataIron&SteelCo.Ltd.v
.TheStateofBihar&ors.
,1989(2)PLJR88.
84
TataIron&SteelCo.Ltd.v
.TheStateofBihar&ors.,1989(2)PLJR88,¶
¶8-9.
85
Factsheet.

9
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

86
ofI
ndi
aunderA.13.

3.
1.THATARTI
CLE14HASBEENVI
OLATED.

3.1.
1ThatExecut
iveOrder
sar
econsi
der
edLawandaWr
itPet
it
ionpassedagai
nst
thesameismaint
ainabl
e.
3.
1.1.
1.ThatExecut
iveOr
der
sareconsi
deredlaw.
87
25.
InIndraSawhneyv.Uni on ofI
ndi
a, t heHon’
bleSupr
emeCour
thel
dthat
,
88
“
Execut
iveor
deri
snol
essal
awunderAr
ti
cle13(
3).
”
26.
Thus,ev
en i
fthe st
atut
e whi
ch conf
err
ed powert
othe execut
ivei
s not
di
scr
imi
nat
ory
,theexecut
iveor
derwhi
chder
ivedi
tspowerf
rom t
hest
atut
ecan
89 90
bechal
l
engedunderA.
14ont
hegr
oundsofbei
ngdi
scr
imi
nat
ory
, orar
bit
rar
y,
91
asA.
14doesnotal
l
owt
heSt
atet
odi
scr
imi
nat
ebet
weenper
sons.
27.
Fur
ther
mor
e,‘
Stat
e’def
inedunderA.12i
ncl
udest
heLegi
slat
ureandExecut
iveof
bot
hthe Cent
re and t
he St
ates and ot
herexecut
ive aut
hor
it
ies wi
thi
nthe
t
err
it
ori
esofI
ndi
a.
28.
“Ar
ti
cle14,t
her
efor
e,i
sani
njunct
iont
o bot
hthel
egi
slat
iveaswel
last
he
execut
iveor
gansoft
heSt
ateandt
heot
hersubor
dinat
eaut
hor
it
ies.I
tpr
otect
sus
92
f
rom bot
hlegi
slat
iveandexecut
ivet
yrannybywayofdi
scr
imi
nat
ion.
”
29.
Thet
ri
logyf
ormedbyAr
ti
cles12,13and14ensur
enon-di
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nSt
ate
93
act
ioni
nthespher
esofbot
hlegi
slat
ionandexecut
ioni
nIndi
a.
30.
Thuswhenanyexecut
iveor
derv
iol
atesf
undament
alr
ight
s,i
twi
l
lbequashedby
94
t
hej
udi
ciar
yast
okeept
heexcessesoft
heexecut
iveatbay
. TheHon’
ble
95
Supr
emeCour
tist
her
eposi
tor
yoff
undament
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens.

3.
1.1.
2.Thatawritpet
it
ionagai
nstt
heexecut
iveor
derpassedbyGov
ernmentof
Ar
essiai
smaint
ainabl
e

86
K.JANAKIKUTTYAMMA,F UNDAMENTAL RIGHTS I
N RELATION TO THE I
NDIAN CONSTI ON,Th
TUTI eI
ndi
an
Jour
nalofPol i
ti
calScience,Vol.9,No.2/3(Apri
l—Sept ember,
1948),pp.19-23.
87
Indr
aSawhneyv .UnionofIndia,AIR1993SC477.
88
Indr
aSawhneyv .UnionofIndia,AIR1993SC477, ¶527.
89
Ramakrishnav .Tendolkar,
AIR1958SC538, ¶550.
90
Premium Granitesv.StateofTami lNadu,AIR1994SC2233.
91
BashesharNat hv.TheCommi ssionerofI
ncomeTax, Delhi&Rajast
han,AIR1959SC149, ¶
25.
92
I
bid.
93
TheStateofWestBengal v.AnwarAliSarkar,AIR1952SC75, ¶
8.
94
GuptaEnterpr
isesv.DelhiPoll
uti
onCont r
ol Commi t
teeandAnr.,(
2008)ILR1Delhi
940.
95
N.JAYAPALAN,
INDIANSOCIETYANDS ALI
OCI NSTI ONS,
TUTI At
lant
icPubli
sher
s&Distr
ibut
ors,
2001,
p.531.

10
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

31.
Int
hepr
esentcase,
theGov
ernmentofAr
essi
ahasdi
rect heALR96f
edt ormul
ated
97
by§3(
3)oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
, toexcl
udeVi
ndhi
yaf
rom t
hel
i
stofSt
ates,
t
her
iver
sofwhi
chwer
etobel
i
nkedi
ntheLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectt
hatwas
98
goi
ngt
obei
mpl
ement
edi
ntheFi
rstPhaseoft
hePr
oject
. Thi
sexecut
iveor
der
,
aswi
l
lbepr
oveni
nthef
oll
owi
ngsect
ions,i
sunconst
it
uti
onal
,asi
tvi
olat
est
he
f
undament
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zensofAr
essi
a.
32.
Asaf
orement
ioned,t
heexecut
iveor
derpassedbyt
heGov
ernmentofAr
essi
a
has t
he same ef
fectas woul
d a st
atue as speci
fi
ed i
n A.13(
3)(
a)oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.TheAppel
l
antcant
husappr
oacht
heSupr
emeCour
tforar
emedy
f
ort
hev
iol
ati
onofA.
14ast
heycoul
dhav
edonei
fast
atut
ehadv
iol
atedt
hei
r
f
undament
alr
ight
s.
Thi
swr
itpet
it
ion agai
nstt
he Gov
ernmentofAr
essi
a’
sexecut
ive or
deri
sthus
mai
ntai
nabl
eon gr
oundsofv
iol
ati
ng t
hef
undament
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zensof
Vi
ndhi
yaandNor
manda.

3.1.
2.Thatthe execut
ive or
derofexcl
usi
on vi
olat
es t
he r
ightt
o equal
i
ty as
envi
sagedunderAr
ti
cle14.
3.
1.2.
1.ThatA.14guarant
eesthecit
izensofStat
esofVi ndhiyaandNormandathe
ri
ghtt
obet r
eatedequal
lywit
hthosefarmer
sintherestofIndia.
33.A.
14isreadasapositi
veobli
gaton99ont
i hest
atetoconf erequalmeasur
est
hat
benef
ital
lci
ti
zens,i
ncl
udi
ngt
her
ightofal
lci
ti
zensi
napol
i
ticaldemocr
acyt
o
100
enj
oysoci
alandeconomi
cjust
ice. Af
ter1974,
theHon’
bleSupr
emeCour
thel
d
i
nanumberofcasest
hatt
her
ewasanov
er-emphasi
sont
hedoct
ri
neof
101
cl
assi
fi
cat
ion.
102
34.
Since Maneka Gandhi
’
s case, t
he Cour
ts hav
e adopt
ed t
he Wednesbuy
pr
inci
ple103t
hati
fthecl
assi
fi
cat
ionwasanar
bit
rar
yactoft
hest
ateunderA.
12of

96
Factsheet,¶11.
97
Factsheet,¶8.
98
Factsheet,¶9.
99
DURGADASBASU, COMMENTARYONCONSTI ONOFI
TUTI A,
NDI Vol.2,
2007,
p.1388.
100
DalmatiaCement( Bharat)Ltd.v.Uni
onofIndi
a,(
1996)10SCC104, ¶15.
101
SaujatAliv.Uni
onofIndi a,AIR1974SC1631,¶26.
102
Manekav .Uni
onofIndia, AI
R1978SC597.
103
AssociatedProvi
ncialPicturev.Wednesbur
yCorpn.
,(1948)1KB223.

11
 7TH JUSTI
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ALNATI
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TION2014

104
t
he Const
it
uti
on,A.
14 woul
d st
ri
ke i
tdown. The t
estf
orar
bit
rar
iness i
s
whet
hert
heexecut
iveact
edi
l
legal
l
yoromi
tt
edr
easonabl
efact
orsori
tsopi
nion
105
wasonewhi
chnor
easonabl
emanwoul
dhav
etaken. Ar
bit
rar
inessi
spr
imar
il
y
an act
ion per
for
med by t
he execut
ive capr
ici
ousl
y wi
thout adequat
ely
106
det
ermi
ningpr
inci
pleandcl
assi
fyi
ngbasedonunf
oundednat
ureoft
hings.

3.
1.2.
2Thatt her i
ghtsofthefarmersoft heVindhiyaandNor mandaarebei ng
vi
olat
edunderArti
cle14bynoti
ncludi
ngVindhiy
aintheInter
-l
inki
ngofRi
verPr
oject.
35.I
nthepresentcase,t
heci
ti
zensoftheStateofVindhi
yashouldbegiv
entheright
t
oav
ailwat
erj
ustast
hisr
ighthasbeengi
vent
otheci
ti
zensofev
eryot
herst
ate
t
hroughwhi
chr
iver
spass.Theci
ti
zensofal
lst
atesdeser
veanypol
i
cybei
ng
uni
for
mlyi
mpl
ement
ed t
hroughoutt
hecount
ry.Theci
ti
zensoft
heSt
ateof
Nor
mandaar
esuf
fer
ingi
nthepr
ocessascol
l
ater
alv
ict
imsoft
heexecut
iveor
der
andhencet
hei
rri
ght
shav
ebeenv
iol
atedt
oo.
36.
Theexecut
ive’
sexcusef
ort
aki
ngt
hisdeci
sionwast
hatbyexcl
udi
ngVi
ndhi
ya
f
rom t
hel
i
stofst
atesi
ntheLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
spr
oject
,Ar
essi
awasabi
dingby
107
I
nter
nat
ional
law.
37.
A.27oft
heVi
ennaConv
ent
ionoft
heLawofTr
eat
ieswhi
chbi
ndscount
ri
est
o
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw has a r
ider
,A.46 ofVCLT,whi
ch st
ates t
hati
ssues of
f
undament
ali
mpor
tancear
etobegi
vengr
eat
eri
mpor
tancet
hanpr
ovi
sionsof
i
nter
nat
ionall
aw.I
nthi
scase,t
hef
undament
alr
ight
soft
hef
armer
sar
eof
f
undament
ali
mpor
tanceandhenceshoul
dideal
l
ybegi
venmor
ecr
edencet
han
i
nter
nat
ional
law.
38.
A.14i
sespeci
all
yappl
i
cabl
etoNor
mandasi
nceequalpr
otect
ional
soent
ail
s
af
fi
rmat
iveact
ionbyt
hest
atet
owar
dsunequal
sbypr
ovi
dingt
hem wi
thf
aci
l
iti
es
108
andoppor
tuni
ti
es. I
nst
eadofconf
ini
ngt
heappl
i
cat
ionoft
heactt
othear
ea
109
wher
etheneedsar
edeemedt
obet
hecl
ear
est
, t
heexecut
ivei
sdepr
ivi
ng

104
Kast uri
LalLakshmi Reddy.St ateofJ&K, AI
R1980SC1992¶ 14.
105
Om Kumarv .Uni onofIndia,AIRAIR2000SC3689.
106
MITTAL,RI
GHT TO E TY AND THEI
QUALI AN S
NDI UPREMECOURT,TheAmer icanJournalofComparati
ve
Law, Vol
.14, 1965,p.426-428.
107
Factsheet,¶12.
108
PanchayatVar gaShar maji
viSamudai kSahakariKhedutCooperat
iveSoci
etyv.Hari
bhaiMevabhai,
AIR1996SC2578, ¶10.
109
SakhawatAl i v
.StateofOr i
ssa,AIR1955SC166.

12
 7TH JUSTI
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DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
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TION2014

Nor
mandaf
rom t
hesur
pluswat
ert
hati
twoul
dhav
eot
her
wiser
ecei
vedf
rom t
he
r
iver
sofVi
ndhi
yawhi
chf
loodof
ten.
39.
Theexecut
ive’
sreasonf
orexcl
udi
ngVi
ndhi
yaf
rom t
hepr
ojectpassest
het
estof
ar
bit
rar
inessasnor
easonabl
emanwoul
dhav
egi
venpr
ecedencet
oint
ernat
ional
obl
i
gat
ionov
ert
hewel
far
eofi
tsci
ti
zensduet
oanat
uralr
esour
cet
hatt
heSt
ate
i
nher
ent
lypossessed.
40.
Duet
otheaf
orement
ionedl
aw,pr
ecedent
sandar
gument
s,t
heCounselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatt
hef
undament
alRi
ghtt
oEqual
i
tyoft
hef
armer
sofVi
ndhi
yaand
Nor
mandahav
ebeenv
iol
atedunderA.14oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

3.
2.THATARTI
CLE21HASBEENVI
OLATED

3.
2.1.Thatt
heSt
atehasaposi
ti
veobl
i
gat
iont
oguar
ant
eeA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
41.
TheRi
ght
sreadi
ntoA.21ar
ethoseDi
rect
ivePr
inci
pleswhi
cht
heSupr
emeCour
t
bel
i
evedi
mpor
tantenought
omakej
ust
ici
abl
ebyi
ncl
udi
ngt
hem undert
heambi
t
110
ofFundament
alr
ight
s.ThoughA.
21i
scouchedi
nnegat
ivephr
aseol
ogy
, i
t
enf
orcesposi
ti
veobl
i
gat
ions111 ont
hest
atet
otakest
epst
oensur
ethatt
he
112
i
ndi
vi
dual
enj
oysadi
gni
fi
edl
i
fe.
42.
Int
hepr
esentcase,t
heGov
ernmentofAr
essi
ahast
oensur
ethatt
heLi
nki
ngof
Ri
ver
spr
ojectenf
orcest
her
ight
sment
ionedher
einaf
terandi
namannert
hat
eachst
ateget
sanequalr
ighti
naccor
dancewi
thA.21r
eadwi
thA.14oft
he
Const
it
uti
on.
113
PostManekaGandhiv
43. .Uni
onofI
ndi
a, theSupr
emeCour
texpandedt
hephr
ase
114
“
per
sonall
i
ber
ty”i
nit
sint
erpr
etat
ionofA.21t
othewi
destampl
i
tude. Thi
s
f
undament
alr
ightguar
ant
eesv
ari
ousr
ight
s,t
hef
oll
owi
ngofwhi
chhav
ebeen
v
iol
atedi
nthi
ssi
tuat
ion:

3.
2.2.ThatA.21ext
endst
other
ightt
owat
erandt
hesamehasbeenvi
olat
ed.
3.
2.2.
1.ThatArt
icl
e21ext
endstot
herighttowater
.
44.
TheHon’bleSupremeCour
thasint
erpret
edtheRightt
oWat
erwi
thi
ntheRi
ghtt
o

110
Nandini SundarandOr s.v.Stat
eofChat t
isgarh,AIR2011SC2839,¶63.
111
Marut i
Shr ipat
i Dubalv.StateofMaharashtra,1987(1)Bom CR499.
112
ALANGEWI RTH,AREALLRI GHTSPOSI VE?
TI ,Philosophy&Publi
cAffai
rs,
Vol.30,
No.3,
2001,
p.321.
113
Hereinafterreferr
edtoast he‘ManekaGandhi case’
.
114
PathummaandOr s.v
.St at
eofKer al
aandOr s.,AI
R1978SC771.

13
 7TH JUSTI
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TION2014

115
Li
feandLi
ber
ty, andhasgi
venadi
ff
erent
iali
mpor
tancet
oiti
naccor
dance
wi
thi
tst
wopr
imar
yfunct
ions;[
a]Fort
hepur
poseofconsumpt
ion:wat
eri
s
116
i
mper
ati
vet
othesur
viv
alofmanandi
sthusr
egar
dedasahumanr
ight
. Thi
s
r
ighthasbeenr
eadi
ntoA.
21asanabsol
uter
ightandt
hei
nkeepi
ngwi
tht
he
117
Di
rect
ivePr
inci
pleofSt
atePol
i
cyunderA.
47, r
emi
ndedt
heSt
ateofi
tsdut
yto
118
pr
ovi
def
ort
hesamet
oit
sci
ti
zens.
45.
(2)Forpur
posesofi
rr
igat
ionandi
ndust
ri
aluse:i
tisobser
vedt
hatt
her
ightt
o
119
f
lowi
ngwat
er'
i
sar
ightpubl
i
cij
uri
s’ andt
houghnotanabsol
uteorhumanr
ight
,
wat
erf
ort
hispur
posei
srecogni
sedunderA.
21asaRi
ghtt
oUseWat
er.I
n
120
Nar
madaBachaoAndol
anv.Uni
onofI
ndi
aandOt
her
s, t
heHon’
bleSupr
eme
Cour
tuphel
dtheRi
ghtt
oWat
erasaf
undament
alr
ight
.

3.
2.2.
1.Thatt
heRi
ghtt
oWaterhasbeenviol
ated.
121
46.
Incl
usi
onofwateri
ntoA.
21showst heindispensabl
eimpor
tanceofwat
er. I
n
t
hegi
vencase,al
ltheAr
essi
anshav
eanequalr
ightt
owat
erandr
ightt
ouse
wat
erasguar
ant
eedbyA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.Si
ncebot
htheser
ight
sar
e
i
mper
ati
vet
oadi
gni
fi
edl
i
feandar
esoi
ntr
insi
cal
l
yrel
atedwi
tht
hesur
viv
aloft
he
122
f
armer
s, t
heSt
atehast
o ensur
etheser
ight
sint
hei
rabsol
utef
orm and
i
mpl
ementt
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
spr
ojecti
ncl
usi
vel
y.
123
Si
ncet
heVi
ndhi
yahasawet
landand12r
iver
s, i
thasanexcesssuppl
yofwat
er
whi
chcanf
undt
heNor
manda’
swat
ersuppl
ywhi
chi
sinapr
ecar
ioussi
tuat
ionwi
th
124
duet
othescar
cesour
cesofwat
eri
nther
egi
on. DependentonVi
dhi
yaf
orwat
er,
125
t
hef
armer
sofNor
mandaar
eent
it
ledt
owat
erbot
hfori
tsconsumpt
ion, aswel
las
f
ori
tsuseasaneconomi
cli
fel
i
ne,guar
ant
eedbyt
hef
undament
alRi
ghtt
oLi
feand

115
Stat eofKar natakaVs.StateofAndhr aPr adesh&Or s.,
AIR2001SC1560.
116
At maLi ngaReddyandOr s.
v.UnionofIndi a(UOI)andOr s,
AIR2009SC436.
117
A.P.Pol lut
ionCont rolBoardIIvProf.
M. V.NaiduandOt hers(Civi
lAppeal Nos.368-373of1999).
118
NARAI N,VRI NDA,WATER AS A F UNADAMENTAL RI GHT:PERSPECTIVE FROM I A,2
NDI 009,VermontLaw
Rev iew, p.917.
119
Clarkv .Allaman,71Kan.206:70LRA971,uphel dinCauv er
yWat erDisputesTribunal
,AI
R1992
SC522.
120
Nar madaBachaoAndol anv .Uni
onofI ndiaandOt hers,AIR2000SC3751.
121
C.RAMACHANDRAI AH,DRI
NKING WATERASAF UNDAMENTALRI GHT,Economi candPol it
icalWeekl
y,Vol
.
36, No.8( Feb.24-Mar .2,2001),p.619-621.
122
Fact sheet ,¶1.
123
Fact sheet ,¶12.
124
Fact sheet ,¶12.
125
Fact sheet ,¶2.

14
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

Li
ber
tyunderA.21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
47.
Inl
i
ghtoft
heaf
orement
ionedl
aw,casesandar
gument
s,t
heCounselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatt
heRi
ghtt
oWat
erhasbeenv
iol
atedandconsequent
ly,
theRi
ghtt
o
Li
feandLi
ber
tyhasal
sobeenv
iol
atedasguar
ant
eedbyA.21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
3.
2.3.ThatA.21ext
endst
ori
ghtt
obasi
cnecessi
ti
esandt
hesamehasbeen
vi
olat
ed
3.
2.3.
1.ThatA.21extendst
otheRightt
oBasi
cNecessi
ti
es
48.
TheHon’ bl
eSupremeCourthasreadRi
ghttoBasi
cNecessi
tes126i
i ntot
heRi
ght
127
t
oLi
feandLi
ber
tyunderA.
21. Thi
sri
ghti
nher
ent
lyensur
esadi
gni
fi
edl
i
fet
o
128
ci
ti
zensofI
ndi
a, whi
chnotonl
yent
ail
sanassur
anceoff
ulf
il
li
ngt
hei
rpr
imar
y
129
needs, butal
soguar
ant
eesal
lthosecondi
ti
onst
otheci
ti
zenswhi
chmakel
i
fe
130
wor
thl
i
ving. A.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
onhasbeengi
venaqual
i
tat
iveconceptt
o
131 132
Li
fe, andi
tsaf
eguar
dst
hebasi
chumanr
ight
srequi
redofev
eryci
vi
li
zat
ion.

3.2.
3.2.Thatavi
olat
ionofRi
ghttoBasi
cNecessit
iesisav i
olat
ionofaRightt
oLife
andLibert
yunderA.21oftheConst
it
uti
on.
49.I
nt hi
scase,t
heexecuti
veorderhaslef
ttheci
tizensofNormandaindir
ect
lyout
oft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectandhasi
nthepr
ocessdepr
ivedt
hem ofa
mi
nimalst
andar
dofl
i
ving,
whi
chwat
erasabasi
cnecessi
tyguar
ant
ees.Notonl
y
i
swat
eranabsol
utenecessi
tyf
ort
hepur
poseofconsumpt
ion,buti
tal
so
133
gov
ernsandshapest
hel
i
feofmen. I
tinf
luencest
heAr
essi
ansl
i
vest
oan
134
ext
entwher
eit
sabsencei
scausi
ngf
armer
stocommi
tsui
cide.
50.
Asaf
orement
ioned,t
heRi
ghtt
oLi
feandLi
ber
tyunderA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on
ext
endst
otheRi
ghtt
oBasi
cNecessi
ti
es.Theexecut
iveor
derbydepr
ivi
ngt
hem
oft
hei
rlat
terhasi
nef
fectdepr
ivedt
hem oft
hef
ormerr
ightt
oo.

3.
2.4.ThatA.21ext
endst
oRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
kandt
hesamehave
beenviol
ated.

126
By r
rajuRamal i
ngaRaj uv.TheSt ateCBI ,
CriminalPeti
ti
onNo.5454of2009.
127
DURGADASBASU, COMMENTARYONTHECONSTI TUTIONOFINDIA,Vol
.3,8thed.,2008,p.371.
128
FrancisCor alieMul li
nv .TheAdmi ni
strat
or,UnionTerrit
oryofDelhi&Or s.,AI
R1981SC746.
129
Supr an.44, p.1272.
130
M. P.JAIN,INDIANCONSTI TUTIONALLAW, Vol.1,5thed.
,2003,p.1309.
131
Chamel i Si
nghv .StateofUt tarPradesh,AIR1996SC1051.
132
JUSTICEF AZILKARIM, JUDI ALREVI
CI EW OFPUBLI CACTION,Vol.
1pp.588-589.
133
ROSE MARY,RI GHT TO WATER:THEORETI CAL CONCERNS AND PRACTI
CAL ISSUES,TheIndianJour
nalof
Poli
ti
cal Science, Vol.67,No.4( OCT.-DEC. ,2006),p.759-766.
134
Factsheet,¶ 1.

15
 7TH JUSTI
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DAYATULLAHMEMORI
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TION2014

3.
2.4.
1.ThatA.
21extendstoRightt
oLivel
i
hoodandRightt
oWor k
135
51.
ThelandmarkcaseOl gaTell
isv.BombayMunici
palCorpor
ati
on, est
abl
i
shed
t
hatRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hood,
isaf
undament
alr
ightundert
hepur
viewofA.
21.
“Depri
veapersonofhi
sri
ghtt
oli
vel
i
hoodandyoushal
lhavedepr
ived
136
him ofhi
sli
fe.
”
137
52.
InDel
hiDevel
opmentHor
ti
cul
tur
eEmpl
oyee’
sUni
onv.Del
hiAdmi
nist
rat
ion,
t
heSupr
emeCour
tfur
therexpandedt
hisRi
ghtt
oincl
udet
heRi
ghtt
oWor
k.
A.
37t
houghr
ender
sDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesunenf
orceabl
e;A.
39(
a)andA.
41hav
ebeen
138
r
eadhar
moni
ousl
y wi
thf
undament
alr
ight
s.TheSt
atehasanobl
i
gat
iont
oensur
e
139
t
hatRi
ghtt
oli
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
kshoul
dber
eadi
ntoRi
ghtt
oLi
fe.

3.
2.4.1.ThataViol
ati
onofRightt
oLivel
i
hoodandRightt
oWor kViolateTheRi ghtTo
Li
fe.
140
53.Theprimaryoccupat
ionoftheci
ti
zensofAressi
aisagr
icul
tur
e, anoccupati
on
soi
ntr
insi
cal
l
yconnect
edwi
tht
her
equi
rementofwat
er,t
hati
tsabsencei
s
141
cr
eat
ingsuchadr
ast
ici
mpactont
hel
i
vel
i
hoodoff
armer
s. Thesef
armer
s
hav
ebeenguar
ant
eedaRi
ghtt
oaDi
gni
fi
edl
i
fewhi
chguar
ant
eest
hem oft
hei
r
l
i
vel
i
hoodandWor
k,underA.21whi
chasspeci
fi
edi
n§2.
1.,ent
ail
saposi
ti
ve
obl
i
gat
ionont
hest
atet
opr
ovi
det
hem wi
thwat
er,t
hev
erymeansoft
hei
r
l
i
vel
i
hood.
54.
Inl
i
ghtoft
heaf
orement
ionedl
aw,casesandar
gument
s,t
heCounselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatt
hebybei
ngdepr
ivedofwat
er,t
hef
armer hewomen142 of
sandt
Nor
mandaar
ebei
ngdepr
ivedoft
hei
rRi
ghtt
oLi
vel
i
hoodandRi
ghtt
oWor
kunder
A.21oft
heConst
it
uti
on.

3.
2.5.ThatAr
ti
cle21Extendst
oRighttoSoci
o-Economi
cJust
iceAndEconomi
c
EmpowermentAndthesamehasbeenvi
olat
ed
3.
2.5.
1.ThatA.21Ext
endst
oRi
ghtToSoci
o-Economi
cJust
iceAndEconomi
c
Empowerment

135
OlgaTelli
sv .BombayMuni cipal
Cor poraton,
i AI
R1986SC180.
136
OlgaTelli
sv .BombayMuni cipal
Cor porati
on,AI
R1986SC180, ¶ 32.
137
DelhiDevelopmentHor t
icult
ureEmpl oyee’
sUnionv .Del
hiAdminist
rat
ion,AIR1992SC789.
138
MinervaMi l
lsLtd.andOr s.
v.Uni
onofI ndia(UOI)andOrs.,
AIR1980SC1789.
139
ARVINDP.DATAR, DATARONCONSTI ONOFI
TUTI A,
NDI Wadhwa&Company ,ed.
2001,p.340.
140
Factsheet,
¶ 1.
141
Factsheet,
¶ 2.
142
Ibi
d.

16
 7TH JUSTI
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DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

ce143 andeconomi 144

55.
Byr
eadi
ngsoci
alj
ust
i cempower
mentofweakersect
ions,
asenshr
inedi
nthePr
eambl
eandt
heDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy,i
nto
145
A.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on, t
heHon’
bleSupr
emeCour
thasl
egal
l
yassur
edal
l
146
ci
ti
zensofal
i
feofhumandi
gni
ty.

3.
2.5.Thata Viol
ati
on ofRightto Soci
o-Economi c Just
ice and Economic
Empowermenti
saviol
ati
onoft
heRightt
oLif
eandLi ber
ty.
56.
The far
mers employ
ed i
nt hi
s pri
mary occupati
on st
em f r
om the lowest
economi
candsoci
alcl
assi
nthehi
erar
chyoft
henat
ion.Thepr
oject
’spr
imar
y
obj
ect
iveshoul
dbet
oempowert
hiscl
ass,bot
heconomi
cal
l
yandsoci
all
yand
henceshoul
dbei
mpl
ement
edi
ntheSt
ateofVi
ndhi
yat
opr
evental
op-
sided
geogr
aphi
calempower
ment
.Wat
eri
sthel
i
fel
i
neoft
hef
armer
sandt
oensur
e
t
hei
reconomi
cempower
mentandsubsequentsoci
alempower
ment
,whi
chwi
l
l
147
hel
pAr
essi
areal
i
sesoci
ali
ntegr
ati
on, i
tisv
eryi
mpor
tantt
hatt
hispr
ojecti
s
i
mpl
ement
edati
nal
lst
ates.
57.
Duet
otheaf
orement
ionedl
aw andpr
ecedent
s,i
tissubmi
tt
edt
hatagr
oss
v
iol
ati
onofA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
onhasbeenev
idencedbyt
heexcl
usi
onof
St
atesofVi
ndhi
yaandNor
mandaf
rom amongstt
heSt
atesi
nAr
essi
aint
hei
nter
-
l
i
nki
ngofr
iver
sPr
oject
,asbyt
hei
rver
yexcl
usi
ont
heyhav
ebeendepr
ivedoft
he
Ri
ghtt
oSoci
alJust
iceandEconomi
cEmpower
mentwhi
chhasbeenr
eadi
ntoA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.

4.THATTHELI
NKINGOFRIVERSACT,2010VI
OLATESTHEENVIRONMENTAL
RI
GHTSOFCITI
ZENSOFARESSIAANDTHEPROVI SI
ONSOFTHEFOREST
(CONSERVATI
ON)ACT, 1980.

4.
1.THAT PURPOSI
VE I ON OF AN ACT CAN BE DONE BY L
NTERPRETATI NG AT I
OOKI TS
PREAMBLEANDTHESAMEHELPSASCERTAINE RONMENTALRI
NVI GHTS.

4.
1.1Thatpur
posi
vei
nter
pret
ati
onofanactcanbedonebyl
ooki
ngati
tsPr
eambl
e:
58.
Arul
eof
tenappl
i
edbyj
udgesi
nappr
oachi
ngacaser
egar
dingenv
ironment
al
148
l
aws(
benef
icentl
egi
slat
ion) i
sbyl
ooki
ngatt
hei
ntentoft
hel
egi
slat
urewho

143
AsokKumarGupt av .StateofUP( 1999)5SCC201¶ 26.
144
Chamel i
Singh&Ors.v .St
ateofU. P.&Ant ,1996(1)SCALE101.
145
Mi nervaMill
sLtd.andOr s.v.Uni
onofI ndia(UOI)andOr s.
,AI
R1980SC1789, ¶13.
146
Jagdi shSwarup,CONSTI TUTI ONOFI NDIA, ThomsonReut er
s,Vol.I
,edn.
3,p.1114.
147
Char anSinghv.StateofPunj ab&Or s,2007(3) ALT3(SC) .
148
SHYAM DIVAN &ARMI N ROSENCRANZ, ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND POLI
CY I
NINDIA,2nd ed.
,Oxf
ordI
ndi
a
Paperback,p.
59.

17
 7TH JUSTI
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DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
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TION2014

dr
aft
ed t
he st
atut
e and accor
dingl
ypr
onounci
ng a j
udgmentbased on t
his
149
ov
erar
chi
ngobj
ect
ive.
59.
Thi
sint
ent
ionoft
hel
egi
slat
urecanbegaugedbyt
hej
udi
ciar
ybyl
ooki
ngatt
he
150
wor
dsempl
oyedi
nthepr
eambl
eoft
hest
atut
e. Thi
swasf
urt
herenunci
atedby
Just
iceG. ngh151 whobel
P.Si i
evedt
hatt
hepr
eambl
eofast
atuet
houghnotan
enabl
i
ngpar
tis,
anadmi
ssi
bleai
dtoconst
ruct
ion.I
texpr
essest
hescope,
obj
ect
andpur
poseoft
heActmostcompr
ehensi
vel
y.I
treci
test
hegr
oundandcauseof
maki
ngt
hest
atut
e,t
heev
il
ssoughtt
ober
emedi
edort
hedoubt
sint
endedt
obe
set
tl
ed.Thi
swasuphel
dint
hel kcase152 GoaFoundat
andmar ionandPeacef
ul
153
Soci
etyv.Uni
onofI
ndi
aandOr
s., wher
ethej
udget
ookt
heai
doft
hepr
eambl
e
oft
heenv
ironment
alst
atut
est
oascer
tai
ntheenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens
andaccor
dingl
ygr
antt
hem j
ust
ice.

4.
2.THATTHEENVIRONMENTALRIGHTSOFTHECI
TIZENSOFARESSI
A HAVEBEEN VI
OLATED
UNDERTHEENVI
RONMENTPROTECTIONACT1986(
EPA) .

60.
TheEPA’
sobj
ectr
efl
ect
sini
tspr
eambl
ewhi
chst
atest
hatdeci
sionsar
etobe
i
mpl
ement
ed so f
aras t
hey r
elat
eto pr
otect
ion and i
mpr
ovementoft
he
env
ironmentandpr
eventhazar
dst
ohumanbei
ngs,ot
hercr
eat
ures,pl
ant
sand
pr
oper
ty.
61.
Int
hiscase,t
hei
mpugnedActwi
l
lonl
yfur
therdet
eri
orat
etheexi
stentpoor
env
ironment
alcondi
ti
onAr a154 whi
essi chi
scont
rar
ytot
hebasi
cobj
ect
iveof
EPA.TheEI
ACommi
tt
eeconf
ir
medt
hiswi
thi
tsst
atementt
hatt
hepr
ojectwi
l
l
155
i
ndef
ini
tel
ycauseunt
oldsoci
alandenv
ironment
alhar
ms, anappr
ehensi
on
shar
edbyt
heAr
essi
anst
ateswhof
eart
hatf
ort
hecauseofapr
obabl
ebet
ter
suppl
yofwat
er,t
hegeogr
aphyoft
hei
rst
atesi
stobeent
ir
elyr
evamped,whi
ch
156
wi
l
lhav
eunt
oldandi
rr
ever
sibl
erami
fi
cat
ions. Thei
mpugnedActdoesnot
addr
esst
hei
ssuesr
aised.Ont
hecont
rar
yper
usalof§3oft
hei
mpugnedAct
cl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
est
hatt
hef
ocusi
sonensur
ingav
ail
abi
l
ityandaccessi
bil
i
tyof
149
DelhiTransportCorporat
ionv .D.T.
C.MazdoorCongr essandOr s.
,AIR1991SC101,¶316.
150
SussexPeer agecase,Tindal C.J.
,11CI.&F.85, 110,111.
151
G.P.SINGH,PRI PLESOFS
NCI TATUTORYI ON,
NTERPRETATI 13thed.2012.
152
Hereinaft
erreferr
edtoast he‘ GoaFoundat i
onJudgment ’
153
GoaFoundat i
onandPeacef ul Soci
etyv.UnionofI ndi
aandOr s,2014(4)EFLT60,
¶8.
154
Factsheet,¶3.
155
Factsheet,¶5.
156
Factsheet,¶7.

18
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DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
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TION2014

wat
eral
lov
ert
hecount
ryatanycost
.
62.
Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hef
our
thpar
agr
aphoft
hePr
eambl
eoft
heNat
ionalGr
eenTr
ibunal
157
Act2010,
readsRi
ghtt
oaHeal
thyEnv
ironmenti
ntoA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on, in
consonancewi
tht
hej
udgment
soft
hej
udi
ciar
ywhi
chhav
eemphasi
sedt
hata
cl
eanandheal
thyenv
ironmenti
ssoi
ntr
insi
ctot
hedi
gni
tyandst
andar
dofl
i
ving
ofi
ndi
vi
dual
s,t
hati
tsabsencei
sagr
ossv
iol
ati
onoft
hef
undament
alaswel
las
158
env
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens.
63.
Thei
mpugnedActi
sincongr
uouswi
tht
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens
whi
chhav
ebeenenshr
inedi
nthePr
eambl
eoft
heEPA.Si
ncet
heActi
svi
olat
ing
t
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens,t
heGov
ernmentshoul
dber
est
rai
ned
f
rom i
mpl
ement
ati
ont
her
eof
.

4.
3.THAT ‘
REASONABLE PERSON’
S TEST DETERMI
NES WHI
CH RI
GHT I
S GI
VEN PRECEDENCE
ANDTHEENVIRONMENTALRIGHTSTAKEPRECEDENCEINTHEPRESENTCASE.

4.
3.1.Thatt
heReasonabl
ePer
son’
sTesti
susedt
odet
ermi
net
her
ightbegi
ven
pr
ecedence.
64.
Sincet
heambi
tofA.21i
ssov
ast
,itencompassessev
eralr
ight
s.Whathappens
i
nthecaset
wooutoft
hesev
eral
right
sencompassedbyA.21ar
einconf
li
ct?
65.
In cases wher
ethe oppor
tuni
ty costofsav
ing t
he env
ironmenti
s st
if
li
ng
dev
elopment
,the j
udgeshav
etaken i
nto accountt
he i
nter
estoft
he l
arger
159 160
gr
oup, by t
aki
ng t
he “
Reasonabl
e Per
son’
s Test
”. Thi
s was uphel
din
161
Sundar
araj
anv.Uni
onofI
ndi
a&Or
s.,
I
ndi
vi
duali
nter
estor
,smal
l
erpubl
i
cint
erestmusty
iel
dtol
argerpubl
i
cint
erestand
i
nconv
eni
enceofsomeshal
lbeby
passedf
orl
argeri
nter
estofsoci
ety
.
66.
Inonet ecentcasesof2014,Cour
hemostr tonI
tsOwnMot
ionv.St
ateOf
162
Hi
machalPr
adeshandOr
s., t
heNat
ionalGr
eenTr
ibunalt
ookcogni
zanceof
t
hedebi
l
itat
ingcondi
ti
onoft
heenv
ironmenti
nKul
l
uManal
iduet
oconst
ruct
ion
ofr
oads.I
thel
dthat
:
“The ri
sk of pot
ent
ial har
m t o t
he envi
ronment r
esul
ti
ng from
devel
opmentshoul
dbeconsider
edbyti
lt
ingt
hebalancei
nfavourofthe
157
A.ROSENCRANZ&S.RUSTOMJEE,CI TIZENS’ RI
GHT TO AHEALTHY E NVIRONMENT,1995,25Env i
r.Pol
.&
Law,p.324
158
M/ sSterl
it
eIndustri
esLtd.v.Tamil NaduPol luti
onCont r
olBoard,AppealNos.57and58of2013.
159
A.P.Poll
utionControlBoardv.Prof.M.V.Nay adu( Ret
d.)&Ot her
s,AIR1999SC812, ¶38.
160
CHARMIANBARTON, PRECAUTI
ONARYPRI NCIPLEINAUSTRALIA,Vol.22,1988,Harv.Env.L.Rev.p.
509.
161
Sundararaj
anv .UnionofIndia&Or s.,(2013)6SCC620.
162
Vell
oreCiti
zensWel fareForum v
.Uni onofI ndi a,CWPILNo.15of2010, ¶11.

19
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ALNATI
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TION2014

envir
onmentandi nthelar
gerpubl
ici
nterest
.Accor
dingto“reasonabl
e
person'
stest”
,li
feandecol
ogyhavepr
ior
it
yoverunemploymentandloss
ofrevenue.
”
4.
3.2.ThatEnvi
ronment
alr
ight
sar
etobegi
venpr
ecedence.
67.
Int
he pr
esentcase,t
hough bot
hri
ght
s ar
efundament
alt
othe Ar
essi
ans,
env
ironment
alr
ight
sar
egi
venpr
ecedenceov
ereconomi
cri
ght
sbyt
hej
udi
ciar
y
ast
hecompar
ati
vei
nter
estoft
hel
argergr
oupi
sgi
venpr
imacyov
ert
hei
nter
est
oft
hesmal
l
ergr
oupwhent
hei
nter
est
soft
het
wogr
oupsar
einconf
li
ct.The
f
ormergr
oupcompr
isesnotonl
ytheAr
essi
ansbutt
hef
utur
eci
ti
zenst
oo,whi
l
e
t
hel
att
eri
sacompar
ati
vel
ysmal
l
ergr
oupoff
armer
swhoar
easki
ngf
ort
hei
r
economi
cri
ght
s.Al
so,
areasonabl
emanwoul
dhav
eal
sopr
efer
redt
hef
ormer
.
68.
Inst
eadofl
ooki
ngatwhatseemsl
i
keapr
obabl
ebet
teropt
ion,
theLegi
slat
ureof
Ar
essi
ashoul
dhav
etest
edt
hedoct
ri
neagai
nstt
het
ouchst
oneof‘
Reasonabl
e
Per
son’
sTest
’tor
eal
i
set
hei
mpor
tanceofenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heci
ti
zens.

4.
4.THAT ENVI
RONMENTALRIGHTS AREGOVERNED BY THEDOCTRI
NES OFPRECAUTI
ONARY
PRI PLEANDS
NCI NABLEDEVELOPMENTANDTHES
USTAI AMEHAVEBEENBREACHED.

4.
4.1.Thatthedoctr
inesofPr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
pleandSust
ainabl
eDevel
opment
gover
nenvir
onmentalri
ght
s.
69.
[a]Byr
eadi
ngt
hem i
ntoA.
21oft
heConst
it
uti
on,t
hedoct
ri
nesofPr
ecaut
ionar
y
163
Pr
inci
pleandSust
ainabl
eDev
elopment hav
ebeenr
eadi
ntot
heenv
ironment
al
l
awoft
hel
andbyt
heSupr
emeCour
tinVel
l
oreCi
ti
zensWel
far
eFor
um v.Uni
on
164
ofI
ndi
a, si
ncet
hesepr
inci
plesar
eaccept
edaspar
tofcust
omar
yint
ernat
ional
l
aw,
ther
eshoul
dbenodi
ff
icul
ti
esi
naccept
ingt
hem aspar
tofourdomest
icl
aw.
The j
udgmentpr
imar
il
y emphasi
sed t
hatnotonl
y di
dthe publ
i
c hav
ea
f
undament
alr
ightt
oenj
oyawhol
esomeenv
ironmentunderA.
21,butt
hest
ate
had a posi
ti
ve dut
yto ensur
ethatsuch an env
ironment
alr
ightwas made
165 166
av
ail
abl
etot
heci
ti
zens. Thi
swasuphel
dinsev
eral
cases.
70.
ThePr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
plehasbeeni
mpor
tedf
rom Pr
inci
ple15oft
heRi
o
Decl
arat
ionwhi
chmadet
het
heor
yofPr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
plesoundi
nter
nat
ional

163
Cent r
eforPubl i
cInterestLit
igat
ionandOrs.v.UnionofIndia(UOI
)andOrs.
,
AIR2013SC3725.
164
VelloreCit
izensWel fareForum v.Uni
onofIndia,AIR1996SC2715, ¶34.
165
JONATHAN NASH,STANDING ANDTHEPRECAUTIONARYPRI PLE,
NCI Col
umbiaLawRevi
ew,Vol
.108,2008,
p.494.
166
SmokeAf fectedResi dent
sFor um v.Munici
palCor por
ati
onofGr eat
erMumbaiandOrs,2002(4)
BomCR479, ¶18.

20
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

l
awbyi
ntegr
ati
ngi
twi
thmanyt
reat
ieswhi
chI
ndi
aisasi
gnat
or o167andhence
yt
168
Ar
essi
atoo.
169
71.
[ nMCMeht
b]I av.Uni
onofI
ndi
a, t
heSupr
emeCour
texpl
ainedt
hescopeof
t
hePr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
pleandst
atedt
hatt
hepr
inci
pleshoul
dber
eadwi
tht
he
170
pr
inci
pleofsust
ainabl
edev
elopment
.
72.
Precaut
ionar
y pr
inci
ple st
ates t
hat any har
m whi
ch can be r
easonabl
y
171 172
f
oreseeabl
eist
o be pr
event
ed i
mmedi
atel
y. I
tsel
ement
scompr
ise, [
a]
Ant
ici
pat
oryAct
ion,
[b]Conv
eyi
ngt
hepr
obabl
eenv
ironment
ali
mpactoft
hehar
m
t
othecommuni
ty[
c]Al
ter
nat
epl
anni
ng[
d]Cost
-benef
itanal
ysi
s[e]Tr
anspar
ent
,
par
ti
cipat
ory
,andi
nfor
meddeci
sions.

4.
4.2.Thatt
hedoct
ri
neshavenotbeenadher
edt
o.
73.
Int
his case,t
he gov
ernmenthad r
easonabl
yfor
eseen t
he har
m and i
n
accor
dance wi
tht
he doct
ri
ne ofPr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
ple,i
tshoul
d hav
e not
i
mpl
ement
ed t
he pr
oject
.The gov
ernmenthas al
so br
eached Rul
e[b]by
173
conceal
i
ngt
heact
ualenv
ironment
ali
mpactoft
hepr
ojectf
rom t
hepubl
i
c, by
pr
essur
isi
ngt
heCommi
tt
eemember
stof
abr
icat
ethef
act
stohoodwi
nkt
he
communi
tyi
ntosuppor
twhi
chhassubsequent
lyv
iol
atedt
heot
herr
ules.
74.
Inaccor
dancewi
tht
heaf
orement
ionedf
act
,lawsandr
ules,t
heCounselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatbyf
ail
i
ngt
ocompl
ywi
tht
het
estofPr
ecaut
ionar
yPr
inci
ple,t
he
execut
ivehasv
iol
atedt
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
sthatshoul
dhav
eideal
l
ybeen
guar
ant
eedt
otheci
ti
zens.

4.
5.THATTHEDOCTRI NEOFPUBLI
C TRUSTI
STO BEE SED BYTHEGOVERNMENTAND
XERCI
THE NON-EXERCISING OF THE SAME HAS VI
OLATED E RONMENTAL RI
NVI GHTS OF THE
CI
TIZENSOFARESSIA.

4.
5.1.Thatt
heDoct
ri
neofPubl
i
cTr
usti
stobeexer
cisedbyt
heGover
nmentofI
ndi
a.

167
O.MCI NTYRE, &TMOSEDALE, .
THEPRECAUTI ONARYPRI NCIPLEASANORM OFCUSTOMARYI NTERNATI
ONAL
LAW, JournalofEnv ir
onment alLaw,9(2)( 1997),221-241
168
Fact sheet,Note: 1.
169
MCMeht av .UnionofI ndi
a,Writpet
ition(civi
l
)no.13381of1984
170
Tir
upurDy eingFact oryOwner sAssoci ati
onv.Noy yalRi verAyacutdarsProtecti
onAssociati
onand
Or s.
,AIR2010SC3645.
171
CAMERON,J. ,&ABOUCHAR,THEPRECAUTI ONARYPRINCIPLE:AFUNDAMENTALPRI NCIPLEOFLAW ANDPOLICY
FORTHEPROTECTI ON OFTHEGLOBALENVI RONMENT, BostonCol l
egeInternati
onalAndCompar ati
veLaw
Rev i
ew, 2001, p.14.
172
Ci t
yofSanFr anci so,Precaut
ionaryPrincipleOrdinanca, §101,August2003.
173
Fact sheet,¶15.

21
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

75.
Thedoct
ri
neofPubl
i
cTr
usti aw174st
nCommonl atest
hatt
hegov
ernmenthol
ds
t
henat
uralr
esour
cesasat
rust
eeandi
stouset
hem onl
yfort
hebenef
itoft
he
175
gener
alpubl
i
c. Thenucl
eusoft
hisDoct
ri
newasf
ormul
atedbyPr
ofessor
176
Sax
, whobel
i
evedt
hat
Publ
“ i
ctr
ustpr
obl
ems ar
efound whenevergover
nment
alr
egul
ati
on
comesi nt
oquesti
on,insit
uationswher edi
ff
usedpubli
cint
erest
sneed
prot
ect
ion agai
nstti
ghtl
yor ganized gr
oupswith cl
earand i
mmedi
ate
goal
s.”
76.
Thi
sunder
standi
ngoft
hedoct
ri
newasf
ir
stadopt
edbyt
heI
ndi
anJudi
ciar
yin
177
MCMeht
av.KamalNat
h&Or
s., t
odet
ermi
net
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
he
ci
ti
zens.Thest
ateasat
rust
eei
sexpect
edt
osaf
eguar
dthenat
uralr
esour
cef
or
t
hebenef
itoft
hepubl
i
candt
oensur
ethatt
hesear
eut
il
isedonl
ytot
heext
entof
t
hei
rrequi
rement
.

4.
5.2.
Thatt
heDoct
ri
nehasnotbeenf
oll
owed.
77.
Int
hiscase,i
fthel
egi
slat
ionhadbeengenui
nel
ywor
kingf
ort
hei
nter
est
soft
he
178
f
armer
s,womenandot
her
saggr
iev
ed, t
henev
enaf
terpassi
ngt
heAct
,the
179
l
egi
slat
urewoul
dhav
eabi
dedbyt
heassessmentoft
heEI
A. Howev
er,duet
o
180
consi
der
ati
onsbot
heconomi
candpol
i
tical
, t
hel
egi
slat
urer
efusedt
oli
stent
o
t
heappr
ehensi
ont
hatmostst
atesf
oll
owi
ngt
heEI
Awer
ear
ti
cul
ati
ngagai
nstt
his.
78.
Duet
otheaf
orement
ionedpr
inci
pled,l
aw andar
gument
s,t
heCounselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatt
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
soft
heAr
essi
anshav
ebeenv
iol
atedduet
o
abr
eachi
nthePubl
i
cTr
ustDoct
ri
nebyt
heLegi
slat
urei
nsof
arasi
tfor
mul
ated
t
hei
mpugnedl
egi
sl
ati
on.

4.6.THATTHEFOREST( ON)ACT’
CONSERVATI SOBJECTI
STOPREVENTDEFORESTATI
ONANDTHE
SAMEHASNOTBEENADHEREDTO.

4.
6.1.
Thatthe obj
ect
ive oft
he For
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act1980 i
sto Pr
event
Def
orest
ati
on.

174
JUSTICETSDOABIA,ENVIRONMENTAL&POLLUTION LAWSINI A,
NDI WadhwaNagpur ,Vol1,1sted.
. ,2005,
p.423
175
KRShenoyv .Chi
efOf f
icers,TownMuni ci
palCouncil
,AIR174SC2177.
176
JOSEPH LAX,PUBLI
C TRUST DOCTRINE I
N NATURAL RESOURCE LAW:E VE J
FFECTI UDI
CIAL I ON,
NTERVENTI
Mi chi
ganLawRev iew,Vol .68,Par
tI.
177
MCMeht av.KamalNat h&Or sv.Kamal Nat
h&Or s.
,(1999)4CompLJ44( SC),
¶52
178
Fact sheet
,¶4.
179
Fact sheet
,¶5.
180
Fact sheet
,¶7.

22
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

181
79.
InAmbi
kaQuar
ryWor
ksv.St
ateofGuj
aratandOr
s., t
heHon’
bleSupr
eme
Cour
thel
dthatsi
ncet
heSt
ateGov
ernmenthadt
otakeper
missi
onf
rom t
he
Cent
ralGov
ernmenti
ncaseofsi
tuat
ions§2(
i)and§2(
ii
)oft
heFCAct
,itmeant
182
t
hatt
hel
egi
sl
atur
ewi
shedt
ohampersuchact
ivi
ti
es. Thej
udgmental
sost
ated
t
heobj
ect
iveoft
heFCAct
,
Thi
sisanActi
nrecogni
ti
onoft
heawar
enesst
hatecol
ogi
cali
mbal
ancesasar
esul
t
ofdef
orest
ati
onhav
ebecomesoci
almenacesandf
urt
herdef
orest
ati
onshoul
dbe
183
pr
event
ed.
184
TheGoaFoundat
80. ionJudgment ment
ionedt
hatt
hepur
poseoft
hel
egi
slat
ure
f
orf
ormul
ati
ngt
heactshoul
dsuper
sedet
hespeci
fi
cit
iesoft
heactsi
ncet
he
185
obj
ect
iveoft
heacti
sthatofpr
event
ingf
urt
herdef
orest
ati
on, judgment
sonal
l
casesshoul
dbepassedkeepi
ngt
hisobj
ect
ivei
nconsi
der
ati
on.

4.
6.2.TheObj
ect
iveoft
heFCActhasnotbeenadher
edt
o.
81.
Inaccor
dancewi
tht
heaf
orement
ionedcases,l
aw andar
gument
s,t
hecounsel
submi
tst
hatt
hei
mpugnedl
egi
slat
ioni
sincongr
uouswi
tht
heobj
ect
ivet
heFC
Actast
hef
ormerexci
tesanact
ionwhi
chi
nvol
vesdest
roy
ingsev
eralf
orest
s,an
acti
n def
iance oft
he pur
pose oft
he FC Actwhi
ch i
sto pr
eventf
utur
e
def
orest
ati
onandt
opr
otectt
hef
orest
spr
esent
.
82.
Thei
mpugnedActwoul
dal
sonotbei
mpl
ement
edduet
othej
udgmentoft
he
Hon’
ble Supr
eme Cour
tin Nat
ure Lover
sMovementv.St
ate ofKer
ala and
186
ot
her
s, wher
eitwashel
dthat“
thepr
ovi
sionsoft
hesai
dAct(
FCAct
)woul
d
ov
err
ideal
lexecut
iveor
der
s”.
83.
Due t
othe af
orement
ioned l
aw,casesand ar
gument
s,t
he Counselhumbl
y
submi
tst
hatt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act1980hav
ebeen
v
iol
atedbyt
hei
mpugnedAct

181
Ambi kaQuar
ryWor
ksv.St
ateofGuj
aratandOrsAIR1987SC1073.
182
Ibi
d,¶7.
183
Ibi
d,¶15.
184
Supra,
185
T.N.Godavar
manThir
umul
kpadv.Uni
onofI ndi
aandothers,
AIR1997SC1228,
¶4.
186
NatureLover
sMovementv
.Stat
eofKeralaandother
s,AIR2003Ker18.

23
 7TH JUSTI
CEHI
DAYATULLAHMEMORI
ALNATI
ONALMOOTCOURTCOMPETI
TION2014

PRAYER

Wher
efor
eint
he l
i
ghtoft
he i
ssues r
aised,ar
gument
s adv
anced and
aut
hor
it
iesci
ted,i
tishumbl
yrequest
edt
hatt
hisHonour
abl
eCour
tmaybepl
eased
t
oadj
udgeanddecl
are:

1. Thatt
hewr
itpet
it
ionf
il
edbyt
heFor
um f
orEnv
ironment
alRi
ght(
FER)i
s
mai
ntai
nabl
ebef
oret
heHi
ghCour
tofNer
duda.
2. ThatSect
ion 3 oft
he Li
nki
ng ofRi
verAct s ul
,2010 i tr
a vi
res t
othe
Const
it
uti
onofAr
essi
a
3. Thatt
heexcl
usi
onandnon-
impl
ement
ati
onoft
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sPr
ojectf
or
t
heSt
ateofVi
ndhy
avi
olat
est
hef
undament
alr
ight
soft
hepeopl
eofVi
ndhy
a
andNor
manda.
4. Thatt
heLi
nki
ngofRi
ver
sAct
,2010v
iol
atest
heenv
ironment
alr
ight
sof
ci
ti
zensofAr
essi
aandt
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
heFor
est(
Conser
vat
ion)Act
,1980

Andpassanysuchor
der
,wr
itordi
rect
ionast
heHonour
abl
eCour
tdeemsf
it
andpr
oper
,fort
hist
heAppel
l
ant
sshal
ldut
yboundpr
ay.

ALLOFWHI
CHI
SRESPECTFULLYSUBMI
TTED

COUNSELFORTHEAPPELLANTS

24