Struktur Beton Pratekan

Minggu II:
Prinsip Dasar
Perhitungan Beton Pratekan

Pengajar:
Dimas P. Dibiantara
dpdibiantara@its.ac.id
 Ringkasan

Filosofi
Materi
Pembelajaran Prinsip Dasar

• Konsep Transformasi
• Konsep Garis C
• Konsep Beban Penyeimbang
 Briefs..
Analysis and design of pre-stressed concrete is a specialized field

Fundamental aim of pre-stressed concrete is to limit tensile stresses and hence flexural cracking, in the concrete under
working conditions and thus, the design is therefore based initially on the requirements under serviceability limit state
(contradict to r.c structures).
Subsequently considered are ultimate limit state criteria for bending and shear

Stresses at service and at transfer

Transfer stage – pre-stressed force is first applied to the immature concrete and no external load is applied, only self-
weight
 Briefs..

Problems are These

associated with philosophies
the understanding extends
of how PC works, contradictory,
some of them are which are:
for it has more • Permissible Stress
than a perception Design Philosophy
• Ultimate Strength
of thinking. Philosophy
 Permissible Stress
Design Philosophy

• Ensured stresses developed in the element,

due to service loads, won’t exceed its elastic
limit;
• sees pre-stressing as a way of avoiding
cracking by eliminating or minimizing its
tensile stresses;
• the objective is for sufficient compression to
remain after creep losses.
 • sees pre-stressing as a way of utilizing high
tensile steel as reinforcement. high strength
steel have high elastic strain capacity.
• cannot be utilized when used as a
ULTIMATE reinforcement.
• if the steel is pre-tensioned, much of strain
STRENGTH capacity is taken out before bonding the steel
to the concrete.
PHILOSOPHY • the idea derives directly from the work of
Dischinger (1936) and Finsterwalder (1939)
• primarily an ultimate load concept
• extended to the idea of partial pre-stressing
these 3 PHILOSOPHIES all have their champions,
and heated debates take place between them as
to which it is almost fundamental……

concrete in which there have been introduced

internal stresses of such magnitude and
distribution that the stresses resulting from given
external loadings are counteracted to a desired
degree…ACI Committee of Pre- stress Concrete

Basic Principles of PC
 • Pre-stressing is easily defined as pre-
compressed concrete. This means that a
compressive stress (through tensioning of
reinforcement – wire, strand, tendon for
example) is put into a concrete member before
it begins its working life.
Principles • The compressive stress is positioned to be in
areas where tensile stresses will develop under
working load.
• Why we are concerned with area with tensile
stresses?
– Simple reason – concrete is weak in tension.
 • Consider a plain concrete beam, simple supported,
carries a flexural load.
• Beam deflects and fails eventually as the load
gradually increase.
Principles • Typical flexural element, top fibre in compressive
strength, bottom fibre in tension strength.

Our expectation ends to cracks at
tension fibre, led to the rupture
whether relatively light load is
applied. The solutions:
It absorbs tensile stress and
Principles
Tension reinforcement method
by limiting the stress, the
cracks can be limited.
Pre-stressing
method
• It resists tensile stress
• The concrete behaves as it has
tensile strength for pre-
compression act limits the tension
and enhance the compression
• Cracks won’t pop or occur in
minimum.
 Even a lighter structure of PC element
can withstand heavier loads.

As no crack shown, it is stiffer.

Conclusion
Less deflection as it’s limited and
designed.

Denser concrete.
Loading Stages

01. Casting Stage

Any stresses act due to external load and prestressing
action
02. Stressing/Jacking Stage
Pi effect → Prestressing action takes place yet be
transferred
03. Transfer Stage
Temporary Load → Prestressing + Self Weight are being
transferred
04. Designed Stage
Loading: PS + D + SD + L
 Basic
Transformation Concept
Principle of
C-Line Concept
Prestressed
Concrete Balancing Load Concept
 Transformation Concept

Gaya prategang mentransformasi material beton menjadi

bahan yang homogen dan elastis (Eugene Freyssinet).

Beton sebagai bahan yang homogen dan elastis diberi

gaya aksial tekan awal

Dampaknya, beton mampu menerima beban yang

menyebabkan terjadinya tegangan tarik dari beban luar.
 Diagram
tegangan untuk
gaya prategang
konsentris

Assumption: M.y /I P/A + M.y /I

(tekan) (tekan)
• Simply supported;
• Self-weight only or with external load;
• Concentrical tendon with prestressing
force. + =

P/A M.y /I P/A - M.y /I

(tekan) (tarik) (tarik)
Akibat gaya Akibat
prategang beban luar
 Diagram
tegangan
untuk gaya
prategang
eksentris

P.e.y /I M.y /I
P/A -F.e.y /I (tarik) (tekan) P/A + P.e.y /I (tekan) + M.y/I
Assumption: (tarik)
• Simply supported;
• Self-weight only or with external load;
• Eccentrical tendon with prestressing + = + =
force.

Benefit:
P/A P.e.y /I P/A + F.e.y /I M.y /I P/A + P.e.y /I (tekan) – M.y/I
• Increases compressive stress of
concrete; (tekan) (tekan) (tekan) (tarik)
• Decrease deflection due to external
Akibat gaya prategang Akibat beban luar Tegangan akibat
load;
• Durable.
prategang & beban
 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 . 𝑒. 𝑦𝑏𝑡
𝑓𝑏𝑡 =− ±
𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔
- Eccentrical
Prestressing

𝑡 𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 . 𝑒. 𝑦𝑏 𝑀𝐷 . 𝑦𝑏
𝑓𝑏𝑡 = − ± ∓
- Eccentrical 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔
Prestressing
- Self Weight

𝑡 𝑡
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 . 𝑒. 𝑦𝑏 𝑀𝑇 . 𝑦𝑏
𝑓𝑏𝑡 = − ± ∓
- Eccentrical 𝐴𝑐 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔
Prestressing
- Self Weight
- Live Load 𝑃𝑖 = initial prestressing force without losses 𝑞. 𝐿2
𝑀=
𝑀𝑇 = final moment due to dead load and live load 8
 Combined Load Concept

PS Beam’s assumed to be elastic and homogenous (transformed). The stresses would be:

𝑃 𝑃. 𝑒. 𝑦 𝑀𝑒𝑥𝑡. 𝑦
𝑓=− ± ±
𝐴 𝐼 𝐼
 • Balok beton pratekan post tension dengan penampang persegi
seperti gambar, L = 8m , eksentrisitas kabel e = 150mm.
• g beton = 25 kN/m3, fc’ = 40 Mpa.
Contoh Soal • Gaya prategang efektif dalam tendon Fef = 1600 kN.
• q beban luar = 37,5 kN/m’.

▪ Periksa tegangan yang terjadi pada penampang di tengah

bentang (sisi atas, sisi bawah, di cgc, di cgs)

cgc cgc
e cgs 800mm e
cgs

500mm A B
L
• Penyelesaian :
I = 1/12x500x800^3 = 21.333.333.333 mm4
A = 500 x 800 = 400.000 mm2
q berat sendiri = 0,4 x 25 = 10 kN/m’
q total = 10 + 37,5 = 47,5 kN/m’
M total = 1/8 x 47,5 x 8^2 = 380 kN-m
Tegangan beton sisi atas : ftop = Feff /A – Feff .e.y / I + M.y / I
ftop = 1 600 000 / 400 000 – 1 600 000 x 150 x 400 / 21 333 333 333 + 380 000 000 x 400 / 21 333 333 333
ftop = 4 – 4,5 + 7,125 = 6,625 Mpa.
Tegangan beton sisi bawah : fbot = Feff /A + Feff .e.y / I - M.y / I
fbot = 4 + 4,5 – 7,125 = 1,375 Mpa.
Tegangan beton di cgc : fcgc = Feff / A ➔ y = 0
fcgc = 4 Mpa.
Tegangan beton di cgs : fcgs = Feff /A + Feff .e.e / I - M.e / I ➔ y = e
fcgs= 4 + 1,6875 – 2,61875 = 3,02 Mpa.
 Gaya Prategang sebagai kombinasi kerja
Internal Couple baja mutu tinggi dengan beton
(C-Line) Concept
Kombinasi kerja antara beton sebagai
penahan tegangan tekan dan baja mutu
C
tinggi sebagai penahan tarik.
T
Resultan gaya pada kedua bahan
C membentuk kopel momen yang akan
digunakan menahan beban luar.
T
 Kern Area of
Concrete’s Section
• The region, of a section, which
compressive point may be applied
without affecting any tensile
stress on the cross section.
• Geometry for general case of
section.
• Compression point at limit and
outside of kern area for
rectangular section.
 Kern in Prestressed
Concrete Beam
Section
• Compression point’s outside kern,
tension exists.
• Compression point’s at bottom
kern limit, triangular tension
stress distribution with zero stress
at top fiber.

Relationship of stress diagram and compression point based on elastic theory

 Kern in Prestressed
Concrete Beam
Section
• Compression point’s within
kerns’s area, entire section under
compression.
• Compression point’s exactly at
center of gravity of concrete,
uniform stress over the entire
section.

Relationship of stress diagram and compression point based on elastic theory

 Kern in Prestressed
Concrete Beam
Section
• Compression point’s at top kern
limit, triangular tension stress
distribution with zero stress at
bottom fiber.
• Compression point’s outside kern,
tension exists.

Relationship of stress diagram and compression point based on elastic theory

 • A simply supported PC Beam;
• Consider a draped or circular tendon, therefore eccentric;
• Center of pressure locates the compressive force for a certain load.

The
Assumption

• Zero external load

(Self Weight’s neglected)
hypothetical case:

• Loaded Condition
(Self Weight consideration)
 𝑀 = 1ൗ8 𝑞 × 𝑙 2
External Forces:
𝐶 = 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 × 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Moment arm: 𝑎 = 𝑀ൗ𝑇

𝐹 𝐹 × 𝑒′ × 𝑦
Section stresses: 𝑓= ±
𝐴 𝐼

Steps of Calculation
 • Balok beton pratekan post tension dengan penampang persegi
seperti gambar di atas, L = 8m , eksentrisitas kabel e = 150mm.
Contoh Soal • g beton = 2,5 t/m3, fc’ = 40 Mpa.
• Gaya prategang efektif dalam tendon Fef = 1600 kN.
• q beban luar = 37,5 kN/m’.

Periksa tegangan yang terjadi pada penampang di tengah

bentang (sisi atas, sisi bawah)

cgc cgc
e 800mm cgs e
cgs
A B
500mm L
• Penyelesaian :
I = 1/12x500x800^3 = 21.333.333.333 mm4
A = 500 x 800 = 400.000 mm2
q berat sendiri = 0,4 x 2,5 x10 = 10 kN/m’
q total = 10 + 37,5 = 47,5 kN/m’
M total = 1/8 x 47,5 x 8^2 = 380 kN-m

Resultan gaya yang terjadi pada bagian beton tekan Cc = Feff = 1600 kN.
Gaya ini bekerja dengan lengan momen kopel = M /Cc = M / Feff
= 380 000 / 1600 = 237,5 mm ,
Letak Feff terhadap sisi bawah
= 400mm-150mm = 250 mm, sehingga posisi Cc terhadap sisi bawah = 250 + 237,5 = 487,5 mm
Dengan demikian posisi Cc terhadap cgs = 487,5 – 400 = 87,5mm
Tegangan beton
ftop = Feff /A + Feff.c.y / I
= 1600 000 / 400 000 + 1600 000 x 87,5 x 400 / 21 333 333 333 = 4 + 2,625 = 6,625 Mpa.

fbottom = Feff /A - Feff.c.y / I

= 1600 000 / 400 000 - 1600 000 x 87,5 x 400 / 21 333 333 333 = 4 - 2,625 = 1,375 Mpa.
 Gaya prategang sebagai penyeimbang beban (T.Y.
Equivalent Load Lin & Ned H. Burns). First proposed by Lin and
(Load Balancing) described further by Nawy on page 16 of his book.
Concept
Konsep ini memanfaatkan prategang sebagai cara
untuk membuat seimbang beban dan gaya pada
batang/balok.

Beton sebagai benda bebas yang didukung oleh

suatu beban sebagai pengganti tendon yang
bekerja sepanjang bentang.
 Relationship between load, shear,
and moment diagrams
• The first is the relationship between a
distributed load on the loading diagram and
the shear diagram.
• Since a distributed load varies the shear load
according to its magnitude it can be derived
that the slope of the shear diagram is equal
to the magnitude of the distributed load.
• The relationship, described by Schwedler’s
Theorem, between distributed load and
shear force magnitude is:
𝑑𝑉
𝑞=
𝑑𝑥
 Relationship between load, shear,
and moment diagrams
• The moment diagram is a visual
representation of the area under the shear
force diagram.
• The moment is the integral of the shear
force.
• If the shear force is constant over an
interval, the moment equation will be in
terms of x (linear). If the shear force is
linear over an interval, the moment
equation will be quadratic (parabolic).
𝑑𝑀
𝑉=
𝑑𝑥
 • Consider a simply supported beam prestressed with draped
tendon, the profile of which is assumed parabolic:

The
Parabolic
Assumption

• Moment on concrete due to prestressing:

 • Henceforth, the parabolic disposition of tendon, uniformly and
equivalently, counter the distributed load of element over the
span.

The
Parabolic
Assumption

• It’s designed that the final force of horizontal and vertical should
be qualified to the equilibrium covenant of prestressing transfer.
 • Hence, due to the prestressing action and applied load on
concrete, it could be described as shown below:

The
Parabolic
Assumption
 The Linear
Assumption a. Linear profile b. Constant profile

c. Mixed profile
 Gaya angkat merata akibat prategangan berbentuk
parabolik 8𝑃ℎ
𝑞= 2
𝐿
P
q
Load h

Balancing
Concept Gaya angkat terpusat akibat prategangan berbentuk
parabolik 𝑃 = 2𝐹. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
F
P
a
To avoid tension it’s necessary to reduce the eccentricity so that the centroid of the prestressing
steel at the ends of the beam is within the middle third for a rectangular section. This is
achieved by using harped or blanketed strands in pretensioned beams and draped tendons in
post-tensioned beams to maintain ‘emax’ at mid-span and smaller ‘e’ at ends.
 • Balok beton pratekan post tension dengan penampang persegi
seperti gambar, L = 8m , eksentrisitas kabel e = 150mm.
• g beton = 25 kN/m3, fc’ = 40 Mpa.
Contoh Soal • Gaya prategang efektif dalam tendon Fef = 1600 kN.
• q beban luar = 37,5 kN/m’.

▪ Periksa tegangan yang terjadi pada penampang di tengah

bentang (sisi atas, sisi bawah, di cgc, di cgs)

cgc cgc
e cgs 800mm e
cgs

500mm A B
L
• Penyelesaian :
I = 1/12x500x800^3 = 21.333.333.333 mm4
A = 500 x 800 = 400.000 mm2
q berat sendiri = 0,4 x 2,5 x10 = 10 kN/m’
q total = 10 + 37,5 = 47,5 kN/m’
Resultan gaya yang terjadi pada bagian beton tekan P = 1600 kN.
h = e = 150 mm
q angkat = 8.P.h / l^2 = 8 1600 (kN)x0,150 (m)/82 (m2) = 30kN/m (ke atas)
q seimbang = 47,5 – 30 = 17,5 kN/m (ke bawah)
M seimbang = 1/8.q balance.L2 = 1/8 x 17,5x x 82 = 140 kN-m
Tegangan beton sisi atas : ftop = Feff /A + Mseimbang.y / I
ftop = 1 600 000 / 400 000 + 140 000 000 x 400 / 21 333 333 333

ftop = 4 +2,625= 6,625 Mpa.

Tegangan beton sisi bawah : fbot = Feff /A - Mseimbang.y / I
fbot = 4 – 2,625 = 1,375 Mpa.
 • A post-tensioned bonded concrete beam, as figure below, has a
prestress of 1575 kN in the steel immediately after prestressing,
which eventually reduce to 1350 kN due to loses.
• The beam caries two live loads of 45 kN each in addition to its
own weight of 4.5 kN/m.
• Compute the extreme fiber stresses at mid span, (a) under the
initial condition with full prestress and no live load, (b) under the
Assignment final condition, after loses have taken place, and with full live
loads.
• Use transformation and c-line concept.

175mm 600mm

c.g.s
 q

cgc cgc
e 1200mm cgs e
cgs
A B
550mm L

• Balok beton pratekan post tension dengan penampang persegi seperti gambar di atas, L = 12m ,
eksentrisitas kabel e = 220 mm.
• g beton = 2,5 t/m3, fc’ = 40 Mpa.
• Gaya prategang efektif dalam tendon Fef = 2400 kN.
• q beban luar = 37,5 kN/m’.

• Periksa tegangan yang terjadi pada penampang di tengah bentang (sisi atas, sisi bawah)
• Dengan metode:
1. Transformasi
2. C Line
3. Load Balancing