Asme Sec 3

VIII
ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE
A N I N T E R N AT I O N A L C O D E
RULES FOR Division 3 –

Alternative
CONSTRUCTION OF Rules for
Construction of
PRESSURE VESSELS High Pressure
Vessels
2000 Addenda
July 1, 2000
ASME BOILER AND

PRESSURE VESSEL
COMMITTEE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PRESSURE VESSELS
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
Q083W0
ASME B&PVC SEC83$ADFM 05-12-00 05:49:08 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
ON THE 1998 BOILER AND
PRESSURE VESSEL CODE ADDENDA
DISTRIBUTION SCHEDULE
There is a change in the way the Addenda to the 1998 Edition of the ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code are distributed. The 1998 Edition, published July 1, 1998, incorpo-
rates the 1998 Addenda revisions, additions, or deletions. There will be no separate 1998
Addenda issued in a replacement page format. Two additional Addenda to the 1998
Edition, in the form of replacement pages, will be issued on July 1, 1999 and July 1, 2000.
The Summary of Changes published with the 1998 Edition lists and describes the revisions
that are part of the 1998 Addenda. These changes are identified with a margin note, 98,
denoting the affected area.
The Addenda for 1999 and 2000 will also have a Summary of Changes and identifiers
printed on the replacement pages. The revisions, additions, or deletions will be incorporated
directly into the affected pages. It is advisable to retain the title sheets and all replaced
pages for reference.
The effective dates for Code Editions and Addenda are described in the Foreword.
No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990
Copyright © 2000 by
THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
All Rights Reserved
Printed in U.S.A.
ASME B&PVC SEC83$ADFM 05-12-00 05:49:08 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Addenda to the 1998 Edition of the Code are issued in the form of replacement pages. Revisions,
additions, or deletions are incorporated directly into the affected pages. It is advisable, however,
that all replaced pages be retained for reference.
Replace or insert the pages listed. Changes given below are identified on the pages by a
margin note, A00, placed next to the affected area. Revisions to the 1998 Edition are indicated
by 98, and revisions in the 1999 Addenda are indicated by A99. For the listing below, the
Page references the affected area. A margin note, A00, placed next to the heading indicates
Location. Revisions are listed under Change.
Page Location Change

xiii–xxii Roster Updated to reflect A00
8 Table KG-141 Revised
15 Footnote 1 Revised
26.1–27.1 KM-212.2 Subparagraphs (a) and (b) revised
Fig. KM-212 Revised in its entirety
KM-212.3 Subparagraph (a) revised
36 Table KHA-1 SA-564 added
45, 46 KD-104 Revised
47, 48 KD-141 (1) Subparagraph (c) added
(2) Last paragraph revised
54 KD-241 Eighth line corrected by Errata
75 KD-614 Revised
97 KD-922 Revised
128, 128.1 KF-112.2 Revised
143 KF-411.5 In subpara. (a), KF-412 corrected by Er-
rata to read KF-413
200 Table KE-101 Under first column, tenth entry corrected
by Errata
296, 297 D-405 Under second equation, first line revised
299 D-700 Revised
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[Blank SOC Page] This is electronic page #4 [Blank SOC Page]
PERSONNEL A99
A00
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee
Subcommittees, Subgroups, and Working Groups
As of January 1, 2000
MAIN COMMITTEE CONFERENCE COMMITTEE
D. E. Tanner — Tennessee D. J. Jenkins — Kansas
D. A. Canonico, Chair W. M. Lundy
(Chair) M. Kotb — Quebec, Canada
G. G. Karcher, Vice Chair J. R. MacKay
R. D. Reetz — North Dakota J. P. Larson — Minnesota
J. S. Brzuszkiewicz, Secretary T. G. McCarty
(Vice Chair) K. T. Lau — Alberta, Canada
R. W. Barnes G. C. Millman
A. J. Justin — Ohio (Secretary) J. Lemire — California
F. P. Barton R. A. Moen
R. J. Aben, Jr. — Michigan W. C. Lundine — Oregon
D. L. Berger P. A. Molvie
J. S. Aclaro — Los Angeles, S. E. Lyons — Arkansas
M. D. Bernstein C. C. Neely
California M. A. Malek — Florida
M. N. Bressler T. P. Pastor
E. A. Anderson — Chicago, Il- G. F. Mankel — Alaska
P. J. Conlisk C. J. Pieper
linois I. W. Mault — Manitoba,
R. E. Feigel R. F. Reedy
J. Anderson — South Dakota Canada
J. G. Feldstein B. W. Roberts
R. Barkdoll — Washington H. T. McEwen — Mississippi
R. E. Gimple F. J. Schaaf, Jr.
R. Barlett — Arizona A. W. Meiring — Indiana
M. Gold A. Selz
F. P. Barton — Virginia R. Mile — Ontario, Canada
O. F. Hedden K. K. Tam
M. Bishop — British Columbia, T. J. Monroe — Oklahoma
A. J. Justin D. E. Tanner
Canada M. F. Mooney — Massachu-
D. F. Landers
D. E. Burns — Nebraska setts
C. Castle — Nova Scotia, Y. Nagpaul — Hawaii
Canada J. D. Payton — Pennsylvania
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (MAIN COMMITTEE)
R. R. Cate — Louisiana D. K. Peetz — Missouri
G. G. Karcher, Chair M. Gold L. Chase — Northwest Territo- M. R. Peterson — Alaska
D. A. Canonico, Vice Chair O. F. Hedden ries, Canada D. C. Price — Yukon Territory,
J. S. Brzuszkiewicz, Secretary A. J. Justin R. A. Coomes — Kentucky Canada
J. G. Feldstein T. P. Pastor J. Corcoran — Connecticut R. S. Pucek — Wisconsin
M. H. Diehl, Jr. — Maryland C. D. Redmond — Michigan
D. A. Douin — Illinois T. E. Rennie — Arizona
HONORARY MEMBERS (MAIN COMMITTEE) D. Eastman — Newfoundland D. E. Ross — New Brunswick,
and Labrador, Canada Canada
R. D. Bonner E. J. Hemzy G. L. Ebeyer — New Orleans, M. Shuff — West Virginia
R. J. Bosnak E. C. Kistner, Jr. Louisiana N. Surtees — Saskatchewan,
H. M. Canavan J. E. Lattan E. Everett — Georgia Canada
L. J. Chockie J. LeCoff P. C. Hackford — Utah M. J. Verhagen — Wisconsin
J. S. Clarke F. N. Moschini D. H. Hanrath — North Car- R. B. West — Iowa
W. E. Cooper W. E. Somers olina M. J. Wheel — Vermont
W. D. Doty L. P. Zick, Jr. J. B. Harlan — Delaware R. K. White — New York
R. C. Griffin K. Hynes — Prince Edward T. F. Wickham — Rhode Island
Island, Canada C. S. Withers — Colorado
D. T. Jagger — Ohio
HONORS AND AWARDS COMMITTEE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON POWER BOILERS (SC I)
J. R. MacKay, Chair M. Gold
A. J. Spencer, Vice Chair F. E. Gregor J. R. MacKay, Chair W. L. Lowry
M. R. Argenziano, Secretary D. P. Jones M. D. Bernstein, Vice Chair T. C. McGough
F. P. Barton E. C. Kistner, Jr. P. D. Stumpf, Secretary R. E. McLaughlin
M. D. Bernstein T. P. Pastor D. L. Berger P. A. Molvie
J. G. Feldstein C. J. Pieper E. Everett D. K. Parrish
D. N. French J. T. Pillow
F. R. Gerety R. G. Presnak
MARINE CONFERENCE GROUP J. Hainsworth B. W. Roberts
T. E. Hansen R. D. Schueler, Jr.
J. Tiratto, Chair J. L. Jones J. S. Hunter R. V. Wielgoszinski
L. W. Douthwaite G. F. Wright C. F. Jeerings R. L. Williams
xiii
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[This is electronic file SEC83$pers page #13
Subgroup on Design (SC I) Subgroup on External Pressure (SC II)
M. D. Bernstein, Chair C. F. Jeerings R. W. Mikitka, Chair M. Katcher

R. D. Schueler, Jr., Vice Chair K. C. Morrison B. R. Morelock, Secretary E. Michalopoulos
P. A. Molvie, Secretary N. Surtees D. C. Agarwal D. Nadel
M. L. Coats R. V. Wielgoszinski D. J. Green C. E. Spaeder, Jr.
J. D. Fishburn D. S. Griffin C. H. Sturgeon
Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (SC II)

Subgroup on Fabrication and Examination (SC I)
E. G. Nisbett, Chair W. C. Mack
D. L. Berger, Chair J. M. Lyons B. M. Dingman A. S. Melilli
R. E. McLaughlin, Secretary J. R. MacKay T. Graham J. T. Parsons
R. W. Boyce J. T. Pillow W. N. Holliday E. Upitis
D. N. French M. E. Reese D. A. Jackson R. Zawierucha
J. Hainsworth B. W. Roberts D. C. Krouse A. W. Zeuthen
T. E. Hansen R. D. Schueler, Jr. J. F. Longenecker R. H. Zong
M. H. Iken
Subgroup on International Material Specifications (SC II)
Subgroup on General Requirements (SC I) J. T. Parsons, Chair M. H. Iken

R. R. Seeley, Secretary W. M. Lundy
T. C. McGough, Chair C. F. Jeerings D. C. Agarwal H. Masahisa
M. D. Bernstein, Vice Chair J. M. Lyons J. Cameron F. Osweiller
W. L. Lowry, Secretary R. E. McLaughlin W. D. Doty R. D. Schueler, Jr.
D. L. Berger D. K. Parrish D. M. Fryer R. C. Soin
E. Everett J. T. Pillow J. P. Glaspie E. A. Steen
F. R. Gerety W. E. Somers M. Gold E. Upitis
J. Hainsworth R. L. Williams
Subgroup on Nonferrous Alloys (SC II)
Subgroup on Materials (SC I) D. W. Rahoi, Chair B. Heuer

D. C. Agarwal, Secretary G. C. Hsu
B. W. Roberts, Chair J. P. Libbrecht W. R. Apblett, Jr. M. Katcher
C. E. Spaeder, Jr., Chair F. Masuyama L. G. Coffee A. G. Kireta, Jr.
J. S. Hunter, Secretary J. M. Tanzosh A. Cohen E. Shapiro
D. N. French H. N. Titer, Jr. R. Dirscherl L. E. Shoemaker
J. F. Henry M. H. Gilkey R. C. Sutherlin
Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (SC II)

Subgroup on Piping (SC I)
B. W. Roberts, Chair F. Masuyama
T. E. Hansen, Chair W. L. Lowry J. M. Tanzosh, Secretary R. A. Moen
D. L. Berger T. C. McGough W. R. Apblett, Jr. D. W. Rahoi
M. D. Bernstein R. G. Presnak M. Gold C. E. Spaeder, Jr.
P. D. Edwards E. Whittle J. J. Heger R. W. Swindeman
M. H. Iken C. L. Hoffmann B. E. Thurgood
Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (SC II & SC IX)

SUBCOMMITTEE ON MATERIALS (SC II)
C. E. Spaeder, Jr., Chair B. W. Roberts
M. Gold, Chair G. C. Hsu C. Robino, Secretary W. J. Sperko
R. A. Moen, Vice Chair F. Masuyama W. D. Doty J. M. Tanzosh
N. Lobo, Secretary R. K. Nanstad D. W. Rahoi
A. P. Ahrendt E. G. Nisbett
W. R. Apblett, Jr. J. T. Parsons
Subgroup on Toughness (SC II)
M. N. Bressler D. W. Rahoi
J. Cameron B. W. Roberts W. S. Jacobs, Chair J. L. Mooney
W. D. Doty E. Shapiro R. J. Basile C. C. Neely
D. W. Gandy C. E. Spaeder, Jr. J. Cameron T. T. Phillips
M. H. Gilkey R. W. Swindeman W. D. Doty M. D. Rana
J. J. Heger J. M. Tanzosh H. E. Gordon J. W. Stokes
J. F. Henry R. S. Vecchio G. B. Komora E. Upitis
C. L. Hoffmann K. Mokhtarian
xiv

[This is electronic SEC83$pers page #14
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR POWER (SC III) Working Group on Component Supports (SG-D) (SC III)
C. J. Pieper, Chair D. H. Hanrath R. P. Deubler, Chair A. S. Laurenson

R. M. Jessee, Vice Chair R. S. Hill III R. M. Dulin, Jr., Secretary A. Lee
C. A. Sanna, Secretary C. L. Hoffmann U. S. Bandyopadhyay R. J. Masterson
Y. Asada K.-H. Hsu F. J. Birch A. N. Nguyen
R. W. Barnes C. C. Kim J. R. Cole I. Saito
W. H. Borter D. F. Landers J. C. Finneran, Jr. J. R. Stinson
E. B. Branch W. C. LaRochelle J. C. Hennart
M. N. Bressler W. N. McLean
F. C. Cherny R. A. Moen
G. D. Cooper D. B. Nickerson
R. P. Deubler R. F. Perrin Working Group on Core Support Structures (SG-D) (SC III)
W. D. Doty R. F. Reedy
F. R. Drahos B. B. Scott R. H. Hansen J. F. Mullooly
K. Ennis M. W. Smith K. B. Larsen B. L. Silverblatt
B. A. Erler J. D. Stevenson
G. M. Foster K. R. Wichman
Working Group on Dynamic and Extreme Load Conditions

(SG-D) (SC III)
Subgroup on Containment Systems for Spent Fuel
and High-Level Waste Transport Packagings (SC III)
D. L. Caldwell, Chair M. Hartzman
G. M. Foster, Chair T. J. Neider P. L. Anderson, Secretary W. S. LaPay
G. J. Solovey, Vice Chair R. E. Nickell M. K. Au-Yang H. Lockert
W. H. Borter D. J. Nolan R. D. Blevins A. E. Meligi
H. H. Chung D. T. Raske P.-Y. Chen P. R. Olson
J. T. Conner T. Saegusa A. Hadjian R. F. Perry
R. R. Doggart R. H. Smith
E. L. Farrow K. B. Sorenson
K. Goldmann J. D. Stevenson
Working Group on Piping (SG-D) (SC III)
D. R. Heath C. J. Temus
R. H. Jones P. Turula
R. S. Hill III, Chair K. A. Manoly
W. H. Lake N. Urabe
P. Hirschberg, Secretary J. C. Minichiello
H. W. Lee C. R. Witt
T. M. Adams S. E. Moore
P. McConnell S. Yukawa
G. A. Antaki A. N. Nguyen
J. R. Cole O. O. Oyamada
A. B. Glickstein R. D. Patel
Subgroup on Design (SC III) R. W. Haupt E. C. Rodabaugh
J. C. Hennart J. R. Santangelo
R. W. Barnes, Chair B. Jarman
R. D. Hookway M. S. Sills
E. B. Branch, Vice Chair R. I. Jetter
R. B. Jenkins G. C. Slagis
A. N. Nguyen, Secretary J. T. Land
D. F. Landers E. A. Wais
T. M. Adams D. F. Landers
Y. Asada W. N. McLean
M. N. Bressler J. C. Minichiello
C. W. Bruny D. B. Nickerson Working Group on Pumps (SG-D) (SC III)
J. R. Cole W. Z. Novak
G. D. Cooper E. C. Rodabaugh R. E. Cornman, Jr., Chair J. W. Leavitt
R. E. Cornman, Jr. I. Saito H. L. Brammer J. E. Livingston
R. P. Deubler J. R. Santangelo P. Burchett D. B. Nickerson
R. E. Gimple G. C. Slagis A. A. Fraser R. A. Schussler
D. H. Hanrath J. D. Stevenson M. Higuchi H. Tafarrodi
R. S. Hill III K. R. Wichman G. R. Jones G. K. Vaghasia
Working Group on Administration (SG-D) (SC III)

Working Group on Valves (SG-D) (SC III)
E. B. Branch, Chair D. F. Landers
R. W. Barnes, Vice Chair W. N. McLean W. N. McLean, Chair S. N. Shields
R. S. Hill III, Secretary D. B. Nickerson E. A. Bake H. R. Sonderegger
C. W. Bruny W. Z. Novak R. R. Brodin J. C. Tsacoyeanes
R. P. Deubler J. R. Santangelo R. Koester R. G. Visalli
J. T. Land J. D. Page
xv

Working Group on Vessels (SG-D) (SC III) JOINT ACI-ASME COMMITTEE ON
CONCRETE COMPONENTS FOR NUCLEAR SERVICE (SC 3C)
C. W. Bruny, Chair K. A. Manoly
G. D. Cooper D. E. Matthews
B. B. Scott, Chair D. J. Haavik
G. A. Deaver A. Merend
M. F. Hessheimer, Vice Chair D. C. Jeng
D. H. Hanrath G. K. Miller
C. A. Sanna, Secretary T. E. Johnson
W. J. Heilker W. Z. Novak
J. P. Allen III N.-H. Lee
A. Kalnins E. Pelling
J. F. Artuso S. F. Putman
T. M. Khan H. S. Thornton
R. M. Attar R. E. Shewmaker
O. Maekawa
A. C. Eberhardt J. D. Stevenson
B. A. Erler A. Y. Wong
Special Working Group on Environmental Effects (SG-D) (SC III)
W. Z. Novak, Chair C. L. Hoffmann
Y. Asada R. A. Moen
SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEATING BOILERS (SC IV)
W. J. Heilker S. Yukawa
R. S. Hill III
F. P. Barton, Chair R. I. Mullican
P. A. Molvie, Vice Chair E. A. Nordstrom
Special Working Group on Seismic Piping Rules (SG-D) (SC III) M. R. Argenziano, Secretary J. L. Seigle
R. B. Duggan D. E. Tanner
E. B. Branch, Chair V. Matzen
W. L. Haag, Jr. S. V. Voorhees
T. M. Adams J. C. Minichiello
W. M. Hiddleston R. H. Weigel
G. A. Antaki M. S. Sills
J. D. Hoh R. V. Wielgoszinski
T. Isogai E. A. Wais
D. H. Mapes J. I. Woodworth
H. Kobayashi T. Yamazaki
K. M. McTague
Subgroup on General Requirements (SC III & SC 3C)

W. C. LaRochelle, Chair M. R. Minick
Subgroup on Care and Operation of Heating Boilers (SC IV)
K. Ennis, Secretary R. F. Perrin
A. Appleton B. B. Scott
B. H. Berg D. E. Tanner J. I. Woodworth, Chair P. A. Molvie
C. Lizotte D. M. Vickery M. R. Argenziano, Secretary R. I. Mullican
M. J. Meyer D. V. Walshe K. J. Hoey R. H. Weigel
R. Mile J. D. Hoh T. F. Wickham
K. M. McTague
Subgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (SC III)

C. L. Hoffmann, Chair R. M. Jessee
G. P. Milley, Secretary C. C. Kim Subgroup on Cast Iron Boilers (SC IV)
C. W. Allison R. A. Moen
B. H. Berg H. Murakami K. M. McTague, Chair T. F. Wickham
W. H. Borter C. J. Pieper R. B. Duggan J. I. Woodworth
D. Doyle N. M. Simpson R. H. Weigel
F. R. Drahos R. C. Soin
G. M. Foster W. J. Sperko
G. B. Georgiev K. B. Stuckey
J. E. Harris S. Yukawa Subgroup on Water Heaters (SC IV)
R. W. Jackson
W. L. Haag, Jr., Chair R. I. Mullican
T. D. Gantt D. Smith
Subgroup on Pressure Relief (SC III)
W. M. Hiddleston D. E. Tanner
F. C. Cherny, Chair M. W. Smith F. M. Lucas M. A. Taylor
S. F. Harrison, Jr. A. L. Szeglin K. M. McTague T. E. Trant
E. M. Petrosky B. S. York
Special Working Group on Editing and Review (SC III)

Subgroup on Welded Boilers (SC IV)
R. F. Reedy, Chair D. H. Hanrath
W. H. Borter W. C. LaRochelle P. A. Molvie, Chair J. L. Seigle
M. N. Bressler M. W. Smith T. L. Bedeaux R. P. Sullivan
R. P. Deubler J. D. Stevenson D. H. Mapes D. E. Tanner
B. A. Erler E. A. Nordstrom R. V. Wielgoszinski
xvi

SUBCOMMITTEE ON SUBCOMMITTEE ON PRESSURE VESSELS (SC VIII)
NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION (SC V)
T. P. Pastor, Chair J. C. Keenan
T. G. McCarty, Chair O. F. Hedden K. Mokhtarian, Vice Chair G. B. Komora
J. E. Batey, Vice Chair G. W. Hembree A. J. Roby, Secretary K. T. Lau
E. H. Maradiaga, Secretary F. B. Kovacs V. Bogosian R. W. Mikitka
S. J. Akrin R. W. Kruzic R. W. Boyce U. R. Miller
A. S. Birks J. F. Manning S. M. Caldwell C. C. Neely
B. H. Clark, Jr. W. C. McGaughey S. C. Cyr M. D. Rana
W. T. Clayton R. D. McGuire R. M. Elliott K. J. Schneider
R. A. Coomes F. J. Sattler J. R. Farr A. Selz
N. Y. Faransso E. F. Summers, Jr. R. E. Feigel J. R. Sims, Jr.
H. C. Graber J. G. Feldstein A. J. Spencer
G. L. Hollinger E. A. Steen
M. J. Houle K. K. Tam
Subgroup on General Requirements/ W. S. Jacobs E. L. Thomas, Jr.
Personnel Qualifications and Inquiries (SC V) G. G. Karcher
R. D. McGuire, Chair H. C. Graber

Subgroup on Design (SC VIII)
J. E. Batey G. W. Hembree
W. T. Clayton J. R. MacKay U. R. Miller, Chair G. B. Komora
N. Y. Faransso J. P. Swezy R. E. Knoblock, Secretary R. W. Mikitka
R. J. Basile K. Mokhtarian
M. R. Bauman T. P. Pastor
Subgroup on Surface Examination Methods (SC V) M. R. Breach M. D. Rana
S. M. Caldwell G. B. Rawls, Jr.
A. S. Birks, Chair H. C. Graber J. R. Farr C. D. Rodery
S. J. Akrin G. W. Hembree J. P. Glaspie A. Selz
T. Alexander R. W. Kruzic J. A. Hayward S. C. Shah
B. H. Clark, Jr. F. J. Sattler G. L. Hollinger J. W. Stokes
R. A. Coomes E. F. Summers, Jr. W. S. Jacobs K. K. Tam
G. G. Karcher E. L. Thomas, Jr.
Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (SC V)

Subgroup on Fabrication and Inspection (SC VIII)
J. E. Batey, Chair E. K. Kietzman
R. W. Boyce, Chair R. A. Johnson
S. J. Akrin F. B. Kovacs
J. L. Arnold D. J. Kreft
W. T. Clayton R. W. Kruzic
W. J. Bees A. S. Lester III
N. Y. Faransso J. F. Manning
S. C. Cyr F. C. Ouyang
H. C. Graber W. C. McGaughey
H. E. Gordon M. J. Pischke
G. W. Hembree J. R. Mitchell
M. J. Houle M. J. Rice
B. Kellerhall
K. M. Hudson C. D. Rodery
W. S. Jacobs W. P. Webb
Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SG-VM) (SC V)

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC VIII)
B. H. Clark, Jr. J. F. Manning
P. M. Horrigan J. R. Mitchell R. M. Elliott, Chair A. S. Mann
V. Bogosian C. C. Neely
M. L. Coats A. S. Olivares
J. P. Glaspie S. C. Roberts
Working Group on Radiography (SG-VM) (SC V)
J. C. Keenan K. J. Schneider
G. W. Hembree, Chair N. Y. Faransso K. T. Lau A. J. Spencer
S. J. Akrin H. C. Graber W. E. Laveck, Jr.
T. Alexander F. B. Kovacs
J. E. Batey R. W. Kruzic Subgroup on Materials (SC VIII)
J. Cameron, Chair E. E. Morgenegg
Working Group on Ultrasonics (SG-VM) (SC V) D. C. Agarwal E. G. Nisbett
W. D. Doty J. T. Parsons
W. T. Clayton, Chair W. C. McGaughey W. D. Edsall D. W. Rahoi
O. F. Hedden R. Paillaman D. A. Franklin K. K. Tam
B. Kellerhall F. J. Sattler B. Heuer B. K. Thakur
E. K. Kietzman M. L. Shakinovsky M. Katcher E. Upitis
J. F. Manning W. M. Lundy
xvii

Subgroup on Toughness (SC VIII) Subgroup on Materials (SC IX)
W. S. Jacobs, Chair J. L. Mooney M. L. Carpenter, Chair H. A. Sadler
R. J. Basile C. C. Neely L. P. Connor C. E. Sainz
J. Cameron T. T. Phillips P. D. Flenner C. E. Spaeder, Jr.
W. D. Doty M. D. Rana R. M. Jessee W. J. Sperko
H. E. Gordon J. W. Stokes C. C. Kim M. J. Stanko
G. B. Komora E. Upitis A. H. Miller R. R. Young
K. Mokhtarian
Special Working Group on Heat Transfer Equipment (SC VIII) Subgroup on Performance Qualification (SC IX)
G. B. Komora, Chair R. Mahadeen D. A. Bowers, Chair M. J. Houle

R. P. Zoldak, Secretary U. R. Miller V. A. Bell W. M. Lundy
C. F. Andreone T. W. Norton L. P. Connor R. D. McGuire
S. M. Caldwell F. Osweiller R. A. Coomes P. P. Norris
M. J. Holtz W. A. Treff P. D. Flenner W. K. Scattergood
W. G. Jandrasits S. Yokell G. Herrmann G. W. Spohn III
Special Working Group on High-Pressure Vessels (SC VIII)

Subgroup on Procedure Qualification (SC IX)
J. R. Sims, Jr., Chair M. M. James
P. A. Reddington, Secretary P. Jansson D. A. Bowers, Chair S. D. Reynolds, Jr.
L. P. Antalffy J. A. Kapp R. K. Brown, Jr. M. J. Rice
J. E. Baxter D. P. Kendall R. A. Johnson W. K. Scattergood
R. C. Biel A. K. Khare D. W. Mann W. J. Sperko
T. B. Boyd S. C. Mordre A. H. Miller P. L. Van Fosson
D. J. Burns G. J. Mraz P. P. Norris T. C. Wiesner
P. N. Chaku S. N. Pagay A. S. Olivares P. R. Wilt
E. L. Danfelt E. H. Perez F. C. Ouyang
R. E. Feigel L. M. Picqueur
D. M. Fryer E. D. Roll
J. L. Heck, Jr. W. L. Stewart SUBCOMMITTEE ON
A. H. Honza J. F. Sullivan FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC PRESSURE VESSELS (SC X)
V. T. Hwang F. W. Tatar P. J. Conlisk, Chair A. L. Newberry
D. Eisberg, Vice Chair D. J. Painter
SUBCOMMITTEE ON WELDING (SC IX) A. J. Roby, Secretary D. J. Pinell
K. M. Agrawal J. R. Richter
J. G. Feldstein, Chair A. H. Miller F. L. Brown J. A. Rolston
W. J. Sperko, Vice Chair B. R. Newmark J. L. Bustillos V. Sanchez
J. Labrador, Secretary P. P. Norris T. W. Cowley B. F. Shelley
R. Barkdoll A. S. Olivares T. J. Fowler J. H. Skaggs
D. A. Bowers S. D. Reynolds, Jr. L. E. Hunt P. R. Wilt
M. L. Carpenter G. W. Spohn III J. C. Murphy D. O. Yancey, Jr.
L. P. Connor M. J. Stanko
W. D. Doty P. L. Van Fosson
P. D. Flenner R. R. Young SUBCOMMITTEE ON
M. J. Houle W. K. Scattergood, Honorary NUCLEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION (SC XI)
W. M. Lundy Member
R. D. McGuire O. F. Hedden, Chair D. F. Landers
R. E. Gimple, Vice Chair T. F. Lentz
O. Martinez, Secretary J. T. Lindberg
Subgroup on Brazing (SC IX)
W. H. Bamford, Jr. G. C. Millman
M. J. Pischke, Chair C. F. Jeerings R. L. Beverly C. R. Osman
M. L. Carpenter A. H. Miller J. M. Bloom P. C. Riccardella
M. J. Houle C. Robino R. W. Boyce A. T. Roberts III
C. D. Cowfer L. Sage
D. D. Davis F. J. Schaaf, Jr.
Subgroup on General Requirements (SC IX)
R. L. Dyle R. J. Scott
B. R. Newmark, Chair D. W. Mann T. N. Epps III J. E. Staffiera
R. Barkdoll A. S. Olivares F. E. Gregor R. W. Swayne
P. R. Evans R. A. Weiss W. C. Holston C. W. Tahnk
P. C. Filean K. R. Willens K. Iida R. A. Yonekawa
R. M. Jessee R. D. Kerr K. K. Yoon
xviii

Honorary Members (SC XI) Subgroup on Liquid-Metal–Cooled Systems (SC XI)
S. H. Bush L. R. Katz C. G. McCargar, Chair R. Hundal

L. J. Chockie R. R. MacCary W. L. Chase R. W. King
J. P. Houstrup S. Hattori W. Kwant
Subgroup on Evaluation Standards (SC XI) Working Group on Liquid-Metal Reactor Covers
(SG-LMCS) (SC XI)
W. H. Bamford, Jr., Chair S. Ranganath
W. L. Chase, Chair R. Hundal
J. M. Bloom P. C. Riccardella
S. Hattori
R. C. Cipolla D. A. Scarth
R. M. Gamble W. L. Server
T. J. Griesbach C. A. Tomes Subgroup on Nondestructive Examination (SC XI)
K. Hasegawa A. W. Van Der Sluys
P. J. Hijeck K. R. Wichman C. D. Cowfer, Chair M. R. Hum
D. N. Hopkins G. M. Wilkowski D. C. Adamonis D. Lamond
K. Iida K. K. Yoon B. Bevins G. A. Lofthus
Y. Imamura S. Yukawa F. T. Carr M. C. Modes
J. G. Merkle C. B. Cheezem C. R. Osman
W. T. Clayton F. J. Schaaf, Jr.
F. J. Dodd J. C. Spanner, Jr.
Working Group on Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (SC XI) T. N. Epps III C. J. Wirtz
D. O. Henry
R. C. Cipolla, Chair J. G. Merkle
G. H. De Boo, Secretary J. S. Panesar
W. H. Bamford, Jr. S. Ranganath Working Group on Personnel Qualification and Surface,
M. Basol D. A. Scarth Visual, and Eddy Current Examination (SG-NDE) (SC XI)
J. M. Bloom T. S. Schurman
C. J. Wirtz, Secretary R. D. McGuire
E. Friedman W. L. Server
B. L. Curtis M. F. Sherwin
T. J. Griesbach F. A. Simonen
D. O. Henry D. Spake
F. D. Hayes K. R. Wichman
H. E. Houserman J. C. Spanner, Jr.
D. N. Hopkins G. M. Wilkowski
J. J. McArdle III D. S. Whitcomb
K. Iida K. K. Yoon
Y. Imamura S. Yukawa
M. Kupinski A. Zahoor Working Group on Pressure Testing (SG-NDE) (SC XI)
H. S. Mehta V. A. Zilberstein
F. J. Schaaf, Jr., Chair J. M. Boughman
D. Lamond, Secretary T. R. Bugelholl
Working Group on Operating Plant Criteria (SG-ES) (SC XI) T. M. Anselmi R. J. Cimoch
T. B. Basso W. N. Keisler
T. J. Griesbach, Chair H. S. Mehta
W. H. Bamford, Jr. J. S. Panesar
H. Behnke W. E. Pennell Working Group on Procedure Qualification
B. A. Bishop S. Ranganath and Volumetric Examination (SG-NDE) (SC XI)
W. F. Brady S. T. Rosinski F. T. Carr, Chair S. R. Doctor
E. Friedman W. L. Server C. D. Cowfer, Chair F. J. Dodd
S. R. Gosselin E. A. Siegel C. E. Larsen, Secretary T. N. Epps III
E. M. Hackett F. A. Simonen D. C. Adamonis B. Kellerhall
P. J. Hijeck T. D. Spry F. L. Becker G. A. Lofthus
M. Kupinski G. L. Stevens N. R. Bentley M. C. Modes
S. D. Leshnoff K. K. Yoon B. Bevins M. Saporito
P. Manbeck S. Yukawa C. B. Cheezem S. M. Walker
W. T. Clayton
Working Group on Pipe Flaw Evaluation (SG-ES) (SC XI)
Subgroup on Repairs, Replacements, and Modifications (SC XI)
D. A. Scarth, Chair K. Hasegawa
G. M. Wilkowski, Secretary D. N. Hopkins W. C. Holston, Chair R. D. Kerr
W. H. Bamford, Jr. K. Iida D. E. Waskey, Secretary D. F. Landers
R. C. Cipolla H. S. Mehta R. W. Boyce R. S. Lewis
N. G. Cofie J. S. Panesar M. N. Bressler M. S. McDonald
S. K. Daftuar K. K. Yoon R. E. Cantrell R. R. Stevenson
G. H. De Boo S. Yukawa R. E. Gimple R. W. Swayne
E. Friedman A. Zahoor C. E. Hartz R. E. Tome
L. F. Goyette V. A. Zilberstein R. A. Hermann R. A. Yonekawa
xix

Working Group on Design Reconciliation (SG-RR&M) (SC XI) Working Group on Inspection of Systems and Components
(SG-WCS) (SC XI)
T. E. Hiss, Chair D. F. Landers
W. C. Holston, Chair R. W. Swayne E. Throckmorton, Chair I. Mach
J. T. Conner, Secretary A. H. Taufique C. Pendleton, Secretary T. K. McLellan
R. W. Boyce H. J. Thailer G. L. Belew G. C. Park
S. B. Brown R. E. Tome H. Q. Do C. M. Ross
E. V. Imbro R. Fougerousse C. W. Tahnk
T. C. Hinkle K. B. Thomas
Working Group on Responsibilities and Program Requirements M. R. Hum R. A. West
(SG-RR&M) (SC XI) S. D. Kulat J. Whitman
J. T. Lindberg
R. A. Yonekawa, Chair R. S. Lewis
R. R. Stevenson, Secretary M. S. McDonald
S. K. Fisher S. M. Swilley
Working Group on General Requirements (SC XI)
G. M. Foster A. J. Walcutt
R. D. Graham J. Ghergurovich, Alternate A. T. Roberts III, Chair R. K. Mattu
C. E. Hartz R. G. Edl, Secretary L. Sage
D. A. Graham R. J. Scott
Working Group on Welding and Special Repair Processes D. A. Jackson
(SG-RR&M) (SC XI)
D. E. Waskey, Chair R. D. Kerr Special Working Group on Editing and Review (SC XI)
R. E. Cantrell, Secretary B. R. Newton
P. D. Fisher P. P. Norris R. W. Swayne, Chair J. E. Staffiera
A. J. Giannuzzi J. E. O’Sullivan R. L. Beverly C. J. Wirtz
R. A. Hermann K. R. Willens M. P. Lintz
R. P. Indap
Subgroup on Water-Cooled Systems (SC XI) Special Working Group on Plant Life Extension (SC XI)
R. L. Dyle, Chair J. T. Lindberg F. E. Gregor, Chair H. W. Massie, Jr.

G. C. Park, Secretary M. P. Lintz M. P. Lintz, Secretary T. A. Meyer
W. J. Briggs W. E. Norris D. D. Davis D. W. Peltola
T. R. Bugelholl C. Pendleton D. A. Graham D. A. Piccione
D. D. Davis C. W. Tahnk D. L. Harrison V. N. Shah
M. L. Herrera E. Throckmorton P.-T. Kuo
T. C. Hinkle S. M. Walker
S. D. Kulat R. A. West
T. F. Lentz R. M. Kenneally, Alternate SUBCOMMITTEE ON TRANSPORT TANKS (SC XII)
A. Selz, Chair T. P. Pastor

Working Group on Containment (SG-WCS) (SC XI)
P. D. Stumpf, Secretary M. D. Rana
J. E. Staffiera, Chair C. N. Krishnaswamy A. N. Antoniou C. M. Serratella
H. G. Ashar M. P. Lintz C. Becht IV G. R. Stoeckinger
W. J. Briggs D. Naus S. C. Cyr N. Surtees
K. K. N. Chao S. C. Petitgout M. Hennemand J. P. Swezy
M. J. Ferlisi G. W. Robin C. H. Hochman A. P. Varghese
H. T. Hill R. T. Zak G. G. Karcher S. V. Voorhees
R. D. Hough W. E. Norris, Alternate P. P. Laluc C. H. Walters
G. McRae W. L. White
M. R. Minick
Working Group on Implementation of Risk-Based Examination
(SG-WCS) (SC XI)
S. D. Kulat, Chair J. T. Lindberg Subgroup on Design and Materials (SC XII)
J. M. Agold, Secretary I. Mach
S. A. Ali R. K. Mattu M. D. Rana, Chair T. P. Pastor
B. A. Bishop A. McNeill III C. Becht IV J. L. Rademacher
J. W. Connor P. J. O’Regan D. A. Canonico T. A. Rogers
H. Q. Do J. H. Phillips W. D. Doty C. M. Serratella
R. Fougerousse F. A. Simonen G. G. Karcher A. P. Varghese
S. R. Gosselin T. V. Vo P. P. Laluc M. R. Ward
M. R. Graybeal R. A. West M. Manikkam E. Whittle
M. L. Herrera S. L. McWilliams
xx

Subgroup on Fabrication and Inspection (SC XII) Subgroup on Design Analysis (SC-D)
S. V. Voorhees, Chair D. J. Kreft T. P. Pastor, Secretary A. Kalnins

M. Burch G. McRae M. R. Breach W. J. Koves
D. A. Canonico M. R. Minick P. J. Conlisk T. H. Liu
M. L. Coats N. Surtees A. G. Eggers O. Maekawa
M. Hennemand J. P. Swezy J. L. Hechmer E. L. Thomas, Jr.
L. D. Holsinger G. L. Hollinger R. A. Whipple
Subgroup on General Requirements (SC XII)

Subgroup on Elevated Temperature Design (SC-D)
C. H. Hochman, Chair J. C. Keenan
C. Becht IV, Chair W. J. O’Donnell
T. Alexander T. B. Lee
J. M. Corum, Secretary D. A. Osage
A. N. Antoniou F. A. Licari
C. R. Brinkman J. S. Porowski
J. F. Cannon G. R. Stoeckinger
R. D. Campbell C. C. Schultz, Jr.
J. L. Freiler C. H. Walters
D. S. Griffin L. K. Severud
M. A. Garrett W. L. White
R. I. Jetter D. F. Shaw
K. L. Gilmore L. Wolpert
C. Lawton A. L. Snow
SUBCOMMITTEE ON BOILER AND

PRESSURE VESSEL ACCREDITATION (SC-BPVA) Subgroup on Fatigue Strength (SC-D)
A. J. Spencer, Chair R. L. Williams W. J. O’Donnell, Chair G. Kharshafdjian

C. E. Ford, Vice Chair W. J. Bees, Alternate P. R. Donavin C. Lawton
A. J. Justin, Vice Chair V. A. Bell, Alternate J. A. Hayward A. Merend
K. I. Baron, Secretary V. Bogosian, Alternate J. L. Hechmer H. H. Ziada
M. B. Doherty M. A. De Vries, Alternate D. P. Jones
D. A. Douin P. D. Flenner, Alternate
P. D. Edwards L. J. Kuchera, Alternate
R. M. Elliott W. C. LaRochelle, Alternate Subgroup on Openings (SC-D)
R. G. Friend A. S. Lester III, Alternate
R. C. Howard K. M. McTague, Alternate R. W. Mikitka, Secretary J. P. Madden
B. B. MacDonald G. P. Milley, Alternate M. R. Breach K. C. Morrison
M. L. Sisk P. G. Scheckermann, Alternate G. G. Graven D. R. Palmer
B. C. Turczynski N. Surtees, Alternate V. T. Hwang M. D. Rana
S. C. Lou E. C. Rodabaugh
R. B. Luney
SUBCOMMITTEE ON NUCLEAR ACCREDITATION (SC-NA)
T. E. Quaka, Chair A. J. Spencer

R. R. Stevenson, Vice Chair R. W. Boyce, Alternate Special Working Group on Bolted Flanged Joints (SC-D)
F. E. Zusman, Secretary R. E. Ciemiewicz, Alternate
R. W. Mikitka, Chair S. N. Pagay
V. Bogosian S. Dasgupta, Alternate
G. D. Bibel P. G. Scheckermann
M. N. Bressler P. D. Edwards, Alternate
R. M. Elliott R. W. Schneider
G. Deily S. M. Goodwin, Alternate
A. S. Lester III R. D. Schueler, Jr.
F. R. Drahos D. H. Hanrath, Alternate
E. Michalopoulos A. Selz
J. E. Harris R. C. Howard, Alternate
M. Higuchi K. A. Huber, Alternate
M. Kotb A. J. Justin, Alternate
W. C. LaRochelle N. C. Kist, Alternate SUBCOMMITTEE ON
R. P. McIntyre A. A. Lotfi, Alternate SAFETY VALVE REQUIREMENTS (SC-SVR)
H. B. Prasse O. E. Trapp, Staff Represen-
A. T. Roberts III tative E. C. Kistner, Jr., Chair S. F. Harrison, Jr.
M. D. Bernstein, Vice Chair W. F. Hart
U. D’Urso, Secretary H. D. Michael
SUBCOMMITTEE ON DESIGN (SC-D) J. F. Ball D. K. Peetz
S. Cammeresi J. W. Reynolds
D. P. Jones, Chair U. R. Miller J. A. Cox D. J. Scallan
E. H. Maradiaga, Secretary K. C. Morrison R. D. Danzy A. J. Spencer
R. W. Barnes W. J. O’Donnell D. B. De Michael J. C. Standfast
C. Becht IV R. D. Schueler, Jr. R. J. Doelling J. A. West
G. G. Graven A. Selz R. G. Friend T. J. Ferrigan, Alternate
R. W. Mikitka H. I. Gregg
xxi

Subgroup on Design (SC-SVR) Subgroup on Testing (SC-SVR)
R. G. Friend, Chair S. R. Irvin, Sr. S. F. Harrison, Jr., Chair D. M. Papa

R. D. Danzy P. R. Sievert S. Cammeresi D. J. Scallan
D. B. De Michael A. J. Spencer J. A. Cox B. S. York
R. J. Doelling T. R. Tarbay W. F. Hart
H. I. Gregg J. A. West
Subgroup on General Requirements (SC-SVR)
M. D. Bernstein, Chair D. K. Peetz

J. F. Ball J. W. Reynolds
J. P. Glaspie J. W. Richardson
H. D. Michael J. C. Standfast
C. A. Neumann
xxii

KG-130 PART KG — GENERAL REQUIREMENTS KG-150
the pressure test if conducted by the stamp holder Section VIII, Division 2, Alternative Rules for
performing the fieldwork) to the Manufacturer responsi- Construction of Pressure Vessels
ble for the Code vessel. The Manufacturer applies his Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications
U3 stamp in the presence of a representative from his The referenced standards and specifications shall
Inspection Agency and completes the K-1 Manufactur- apply. These Sections and standards apply to the extent
er’s Data Report Form with his Inspector. referenced in this Division (see Table KG-141).
In all three alternatives, the party completing and
signing the K-1 Manufacturer’s Data Report Form
assumes full Code responsibility for the vessel. In all KG-142 Standard Parts
three cases, each Manufacturer’s Quality Control System Standard pressure parts which comply with an ASME
shall describe the controls to assure compliance for product standard shall be made of materials permitted
each Code stamp holder. by this Division (see Part KM).
KG-150 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

KG-140 STANDARDS REFERENCED BY
THIS DIVISION The units of measurement used in Manufacturer’s
Data Reports and other certified documents, and in
KG-141 Sections of the ASME Code
marking or stamping of pressure vessels, pressure vessel
Sections of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel parts, and pressure relief devices required by this Divi-
Code referenced in this Division are: sion, shall be either:
Section I, Rules for Construction of Power Boilers (a) U.S. customary units (ft, lb) exclusively; or
Section II, Materials (b) both U.S. customary units (ft, lb) and SI (metric),
Part A — Ferrous Material Specifications in which case the U.S. customary units shall be consid-
Part B — Nonferrous Material Specifications ered the standard and the metric units shall be shown
Part C — Specifications for Welding Rods, parenthetically. See ASTM E 380.
Electrodes, and Filler Metals In addition, the User may specify a duplicate name-
Part D — Properties plate according to KS-131 and add duplicate certified
Section V, Nondestructive Examination documents translated into the language and units of
Section VIII, Division 1, Rules for Construction measurement appropriate at the site of the installation
of Pressure Vessels of the vessel.
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Table KG-141 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3
A99 TABLE KG-141

A00 REFERENCED STANDARDS IN THIS DIVISION AND YEAR OF ACCEPTABLE EDITION
Title Number Year
Unified Inch Screw Threads ASME B1.1 1989

(UN and UNR Thread Form)
Pipe Flanges and Flanged ASME B16.5 1996
Fittings
Factory Made Wrought Steel ASME B16.9 1993
Buttwelding Fittings
Forged Steel Fittings, Socket- ASME B16.11 1991
Welding and Threaded
Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges — ASME B16.20 1993
Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and
Jacketed
Square and Hex Nuts (Inch Series) ASME/ANSI B18.2.2 1987(R1993)
Welded and Seamless Wrought ANSI/ASME B36.10M 1985

Steel Pipe
Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, ANSI/ASME B46.1 1985

Waviness and Lay)
Pressure Relief Devices ASME PTC 25 1994

Qualifications for Authorized QAI-1 1995 [Note(1)]
Inspection
Recommended Practice for Personnel SNT-TC-1A 1992
Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing
Hardness Conversion Tables for ASTM E 140 1988

Metals
Standard for Use of the IEEE/ASTM SI 1997

International System of Unit
(SI); the Modern Metric System
Guide for Metrication of ASME SI-9 1981

Codes and Standards
SI (Metric) Units
Standard Method for Plane-Strain ASTM E 399 1990
Fracture Toughness of Metallic
Materials
Standard Test Method for JIc , a ASTM E 813 1989

Measure of Fracture Toughness
Standard Test Method for Crack-Tip ASTM E 1290 1989

Opening Displacement (CTOD)
Fracture Toughness Measurement
GENERAL NOTE: For product standards, pressure–temperature ratings and cyclic analysis may limit applica-
tion (see Part KD).
NOTE:
(1) See KG-411.
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ARTICLE KG-4
GENERAL RULES FOR INSPECTION
KG-400 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR KG-413 Provisions for Inspection

INSPECTION AND EXAMINATION
KG-413.1 Access. The Manufacturer of the vessel
The inspection and examination of pressure vessels or part thereof shall arrange for the Inspector to have
stamped with the Code U3 symbol shall conform to free access to such parts of all plants as are concerned
the general requirements for inspection and examination with the supply or manufacture of materials for the
in this Article and, in addition, to the specific require- vessel, at all times while work on the vessel is being
ments for inspection and examination given in the performed, and to the site of field erected vessels during
applicable paragraphs. the period of assembly and testing of the vessel.
KG-413.2 Progress. The Manufacturer shall keep
the Inspector informed of the progress of the work and
shall notify him reasonably in advance when the vessel
KG-410 MANUFACTURER’S or materials will be ready for any required tests or
RESPONSIBILITIES inspections.
KG-411 Inspection Contract

KG-414 Documentation Furnished to Inspector
The Manufacturer shall have in force, at all times, a
valid inspection contract or agreement with an accredited The Manufacturer shall provide documentation and
Authorized Inspection Agency,1 employing Authorized records, with ready and timely access for the Inspector,
Inspectors as defined in KG-431. A valid inspection and perform the other actions as required by this
contract or agreement is a written agreement between Division. Some typical required documents, which are
the Manufacturer and the Authorized Inspection Agency defined in the applicable rules, are summarized as
in which the terms and conditions for furnishing the follows:
service are specified and in which the mutual responsi- (a) the Certificate of Authorization to use the U3
bilities of the Manufacturer and the Inspector are stated. symbol from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Committee (see Article KS-2);
(b) the drawings and design calculations for the
vessel or part (see KG-323);
KG-412 Certification (c) the mill test report or material certification for
all material used in the fabrication of the vessel or
The Manufacturer who completes any vessel to be
part including welding materials (see KM-101), and
marked with the Code U3 symbol has the responsibility
sample test coupons (see KT-110) when required;
of complying with all the requirements of this Division
(d) any Partial Data Reports when required by
and, through proper certification, of ensuring that work
KS-301;
done by others also complies with all requirements of
(e) reports of examination of all materials (except
this Division, as indicated by his signature on the
welding materials) before fabrication:
Manufacturer’s Data Report.
(1) to make certain they have the required thickness
in accordance with the Design Specification;
1 Whenever Authorized Inspection Agency or AIA is used in this
A00 (2) for detection of unacceptable defects;
Code, it shall mean an Authorized Inspection Agency accredited by
ASME in accordance with the requirements in the latest edition of (3) to make certain the materials are permitted by
ASME QAI-1, Qualifications for Authorized Inspection. this Division (see KM-100);
15
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KG-414 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KG-431
(4) and to make certain that the identification (b) Work such as forming, nondestructive examina-
traceable to the mill test report or material certification tion, heat treating, etc., may be performed by others (see
has been maintained (see KF-112); KF-210). It is the vessel Manufacturer’s responsibility to
(f) documentation of impact tests when such tests ensure that all work performed complies with all the
are required (see KM-212, KM-230, and Article KT-2); applicable requirements of this Division. After ensuring
(g) obtain concurrence of the Inspector prior to any compliance, and obtaining permission of the Inspector,
repairs when required by KF-113, KF-710 and 2-116 the vessel may be stamped with the ASME symbol
of Appendix 2; stamp by the appropriate stamp holder.
(h) reports of examination of head and shell sections
to confirm they have been properly formed to the
specified shapes within permissible tolerances (see KF- KG-422 Quality Control Manual
120 and KF-130); The Quality Control Manual shall describe the manner
(i) qualification of the welding procedures before in which the Manufacturer (Certificate Holder) controls
they are used in fabrication (see KF-210, KF-822, and and accepts the responsibility for the subcontracted
KT-220); activities. This includes all aspects of subcontracted
(j) qualification of all Welders and Welding Opera- fabrication and inspection. This section of the manual
tors before using Welders in production work (see KF- shall be reviewed with the Inspector.
210 and KF-823);
(k) reports of examination of all parts prior to joining KG-423 Control of Individuals
to make certain they have been properly fitted for
welding and that the surfaces to be joined have been A Manufacturer may engage individuals by contract for
cleaned and the alignment tolerances are maintained their services as Welders or Welding Operators, at shop or
(see KF-230); site locations shown on his Certificate of Authorization,
(l) reports of examination of parts as fabrication provided all of the following conditions are met.
progresses for material identification (see KG-413 and (a) The work to be done by Welders or Welding Opera-
KS-301) that surface defects are not evident, and that tors is within the scope of the Certificate of Authorization.
dimensional geometries are maintained; (b) The use of such Welders or Welding Operators is
(m) provision of controls to assure that all required described in the Quality Control Manual of the Manufac-
heat treatments are performed (see Part KF); turer. The Quality Control System shall include a require-
(n) providing records of nondestructive examinations ment for direct supervision and direct technical control of
performed on the vessel or vessel parts. This shall the Welders and Welding Operators, acceptable to the
include retaining the radiographic film; Manufacturer’s accredited Authorized Inspection Agency.
(o) making the required hydrostatic or pneumatic test (c) The Welding Procedures have been properly qual-
and having the required examination performed during ified by the Manufacturer, according to Section IX.
such test (see Article KT-3); (d) The Welders and Welding Operators are qualified
(p) applying the required stamping and/or nameplate by the Manufacturer according to Section IX to perform
to the vessel and making certain it is applied to the these procedures.
proper vessel (see Article KS-1); (e) Code responsibility and control is retained by
(q) preparing the required Manufacturer’s Data Re- the Manufacturer.
port with the supplement, and having them certified
by the Inspector (see Article KS-1); KG-430 THE INSPECTOR
(r) maintenance of records (see KS-310 and KS-320).
KG-431 Identification of Inspector
KG-420 CERTIFICATION OF All references to Inspectors throughout this Division
SUBCONTRACTED SERVICES mean the Authorized Inspector as defined in this para-
graph. All inspections required by this Division shall
KG-421 Certificate of Authorization
be by an Inspector qualified according to KG-432 and
(a) Subcontracts which involve welding on pressure regularly employed by an ASME accredited Authorized
boundary components for construction under the rules Inspection Agency defined as:
of this Division, other than repair welds permitted by (a) the inspection organization of a state or munici-
product specifications, shall be made only to subcontrac- pality of the United States, or of a Canadian province;
tors holding a valid U, U2, or U3 Certificate of Authori- (b) an insurance company authorized to write boiler
zation (see KG-322). and pressure vessel insurance;
16

[This is electronic SEC83$$$20 page #16
KM-212.1 PART KM — MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS KM-212.2
be used. Test temperature shall be reduced in accordance the direction of maximum elongation during rolling or
with Table KM-212. to the direction of major working during forging. Exam-
(c) Where bolt diameter or length does not permit ples of acceptable Charpy V-notch impact specimen
specimens in accordance with (a) or (b) above, impact orientations removed from plate and pipe are shown
testing is not required. in Fig. KM-212 sketches (a) and (b), respectively. Since
the direction of major working in a forging can vary
98 KM-212.2 Pressure Retaining Component Materi-
A00 significantly depending upon its shape and the forging
als, Other Than Bolting, Not Containing Welds
method used, a single, representative example of an
(a) The test coupons for Charpy specimens shall be
oriented such that their major axes lie transverse to
26.1

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PART KM — MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS Fig. KM-212
98 FIG. KM-212 EXAMPLES OF ACCEPTABLE IMPACT TEST SPECIMENS

A00
27

KM-212.2 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KM-213.2
acceptable Charpy specimen removed from such a specimens parallel to and on the side opposite the
forging cannot be shown. Corners of Charpy specimens notch may be as shown in Fig. KM-212, if necessary,
parallel to and on the side opposite the notch may be to maintain the standard 10 mm cross section at the
as shown in Fig. KM-212 sketch (b-1), if necessary, notch.
to maintain the standard 10 mm cross section at the (b) Where Charpy V-notch impact testing is to be
notch. conducted and material size or shape does not permit
(b) Where Charpy V-notch impact testing is to be specimens per (a) above, subsize specimens may be
conducted and material size or shape does not permit used. Test temperature shall be reduced per Table
specimens in accordance with (a) above, longitudinal KM-212.
specimens with their major axes parallel to the direction (c) Charpy V-notch impact testing is not required
of maximum elongation or major working may be used when the maximum obtainable subsize specimen has
as shown in Fig. KM-212, sketch (b-3). a width along the notch of less than 0.098 in.
(c) Where material size or shape does not permit
Charpy V-notch specimens in accordance with (a) or KM-213 Fracture Toughness Specimens
(b) above, subsize longitudinal specimens may be used
Test temperature shall be reduced in accordance with See KM-250 for supplementary toughness require-
Table KM-212. ments for pressure retaining component materials.
(d) Charpy V-notch impact testing is not required KM-213.1 Bolting Materials. If applicable, fracture
when the maximum obtainable subsize longitudinal toughness specimens shall be oriented such that the
specimen has a width along the notch of less than plane of the precrack is transverse to the axis of the bolt.
0.098 in.
KM-213.2 Pressure Retaining Component Materi-
A00 KM-212.3 Pressure Retaining Component Materi- als, Other Than Bolting, Not Containing Welds. If
als Containing Welds applicable, fracture toughness specimens shall be ori-
(a) The test coupons for Charpy specimens shall be ented such that the plane of the precrack is parallel
oriented such that their major axes lie transverse to to the direction of maximum elongation during rolling
the direction of the welded joint. Corners of Charpy or to the direction of major working during forging.
27.1

KM-213.3 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KM-233
KM-213.3 Pressure Retaining Component Materi- samples shall be clad or weld deposit overlaid before
als Containing Welds. If applicable, fracture toughness such heat treatments.
specimens shall be oriented such that the plane of the
precrack is parallel to the direction of the welded joint.
KM-230 MECHANICAL TESTING

KM-220 PROCEDURE FOR HEAT REQUIREMENTS
TREATING SEPARATE TEST Tension and Charpy V-notch impact tests shall be
SPECIMENS conducted on representative samples of all materials
When metal products are to be heat treated and test used in the construction of pressure vessels, except
specimens representing those products are removed that impact tests are not required for nuts and washers
prior to heat treatment, the test specimens shall be nor for materials which do not contribute to the integrity
cooled at a rate similar to and no faster than the main of the pressure boundary. See also KM-250.
body of the product. This rule shall apply for specimens
taken directly from the product as well as those taken
from separate test coupons representing the product. KM-231 Number of Test Specimens Required
The following general techniques may be applied to
all product forms, test specimens, or test coupons (a) Components or material weighing 1000 lb
representing the product. (454 kg) or less at the time of heat treatment require
(a) Any procedure may be applied that can be demon- at least one tension test and one set of three Charpy
strated to produce a cooling rate in the test specimen V-notch impact test specimens per heat, per heat treat-
that matches the cooling rate of the main body of the ment load.
product at the region midway between mid-thickness (b) Components or material weighing between 1000
and the surface (T/4) and no nearer to any heat-treated and 5000 lb (454 and 2270 kg) at the time of heat
edge than a distance equal to the nominal thickness treatment require at least one tension test and one set
being cooled (T). The cooling rate of the test specimen of three Charpy V-notch impact test specimens per
shall replicate that of the actual part within a temperature component, plate, or forging. If the length, excluding
of 25°F (14°C) at any given instant, and any given test prolongation(s), exceeds 80 in. (2030 mm), then
temperature shall be attained in both the actual part one set of tests shall be taken at each end and they
and test specimen within 20 sec at all temperatures shall be spaced 180 deg. apart.
after cooling begins from the heat treating temperature. (c) Components or material weighing over 5000 lb
Cooling rate can be determined by any method agreed (2270 kg) at the time of heat treatment require at least
upon between the manufacturer and purchaser, and can two tension tests and two sets of three Charpy V-notch
include, but is not limited to, theoretical calculations, impact test specimens per component, plate, or forging.
experimental procedures, duplicate test forgings, or any Each test shall be spaced 180 deg. apart. If the length,
combination thereof. excluding test prolongation(s), exceeds 80 in.
(b) Faster cooling rates at product edges may be (2030 mm), then two sets of tests shall be taken on
compensated for by: each end and the tests on one end shall be offset from
(1) taking the test specimens at least T from a the other end by 90 deg.
quench edge, where T equals the product thickness;
(2) attaching a similar alloy pad at least T wide
by a partial penetration weld to the product edge where
KM-232 Tensile Test Procedure
specimens are to be removed;
(3) using thermal barriers or insulation at the Tensile testing shall be carried out in accordance
product edge where specimens are to be removed. with SA-370 of Section II.
(c) If cooling rate data for the product and cooling
rate-control devices for the test specimens are available,
the test specimens may be heat treated in the device
KM-233 Impact Test Procedure
to represent the product provided that the provisions
of (a) above are met. Charpy V-notch impact testing shall be carried out
(d) When the material is clad or weld deposit overlaid in accordance with SA-370 using the standard 10 mm
by the producer prior to heat treatment, the full thickness × 10 mm specimens, except as permitted in KM-212.
28

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ARTICLE KM-4
MATERIAL DESIGN DATA
KM-400 CONTENTS OF TABLES OF (c) The coefficients of thermal expansion and the
MATERIAL DESIGN DATA moduli of elasticity for all materials which may be
used under the rules of this Division are specified in
(a) Vessels fabricated in accordance with the rules
the following tables.
of this Division shall be built using the materials listed
(1) Coefficients of thermal expansion are specified
in the following tables unless specifically exempted by
in Tables TE-1 and TE-4 in Subpart 2 of Section II,
this Division:
Part D.
(1) Table KCS-1
(2) Moduli of elasticity are specified in Tables
(2) Table KHA-1
TM-1 and TM-4 in Subpart 2 of Section II, Part D.
(3) Table KNF-1
(d) Coefficients of thermal conductivity and thermal
(b) Tables Y-3 and U-2, in Subpart 1 of Section II,
diffusivity are listed in Table TCD in Subpart 2 of
Part D, with their values of yield strength Sy and tensile
Section II, Part D.
strength Su , respectively, give the data needed for
design, as required by the rules of Part KD.
35

Table KCS-1 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 Table KNF-1
A99 TABLE KCS-1

CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS
Spec. Spec. Spec.

No. Type/Grade No. Type/Grade No. Type/Grade
SA-106 A, B, C SA-387 22 SA-723 1 Cl. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5; 2
SA-193 B7, B16 SA-508 2 Cl. 1; 3 Cl. 1; 4N Cl. 1, Cl. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5; 3
SA-225 C 2, & 3 Cl. 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5
SA-232 ... SA-517 A, B, E, F, J, P SA-724 A, B, C
SA-320 L7, L7A, L7M, L43 SA-533 B Cl. 3, D Cl. 3 SA-832 21V
SA-333 6 SA-541 4N Cl. 2 & 3, 5 Cl. 1 & 2 SA-905 Cl. 1 & 2
SA-335 P1, P11, P22
SA-336 F3V, F22 Cl. 3
SA-372 E Cl. 70, F Cl. 70, J Cl.
110
A99 TABLE KHA-1

A00 HIGH ALLOY STEELS
Spec. Spec. Spec.

No. Type/Grade No. Type/Grade No. Type/Grade
SA-312 TP316, TP316H SA-336 F316, F316H SA-638 660 Cl. 1 & 2
SA-320 B8 Cl. 1 & 2; B8A Cl.
1A; B8C Cl. 1 & 2; SA-453 660 Cl. A & B SA-705 XM-12, XM-13, XM-25,
B8CA Cl. 1A; B8F Cl. 630, 631
1, S & Se; B8FA Cl. SA-479 316, 316H
1A, S & Se; B8M Cl.
1 & 2; B8MA Cl. 1A; SA-564 630 Cond., H1025,
B8T Cl. 1 & 2; B8TA H1075, H1100, &
Cl. 1A H1150
A99 TABLE KNF-1

NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS
Spec. Spec. Spec.

No. UNS No. No. UNS No. No. UNS No.
SB-164 N04400 SB-407 N08800 SB-564 N04400, N06600,

SB-165 N04400 SB-408 N08800, N08810 N06625, N08800,
SB-166 N06600 SB-409 N08800, N08810 N08810
SB-167 N06600 SB-444 N06625 SB-574 N10276
SB-446 N06625
36

ARTICLE KD-1
GENERAL
KD-100 SCOPE strength values, and other material properties are given
in Section II, Part D.
(a) The requirements of this Part KD provide specific
design criteria for some commonly used pressure vessel
shapes under pressure loadings and, within specified KD-102 Types of Construction
limits, criteria or guidance for treatment of other load- Article KD-2 contains rules for the basic design of
ings. This Part does not contain rules to cover all all pressure vessels within the scope of this Division.
details of design. Article KD-2 also provides rules for designing non-
(b) A complete analysis, including a fatigue or frac- welded vessels which are constructed of forged or
ture mechanics analysis, of all structural parts of the otherwise wrought material machined to its final con-
vessel shall be performed in accordance with applicable figuration.
Articles of this Part. All of the loadings specified in For openings, closures, and other types of construc-
the User’s Design Specification (see KG-311) and all tion, such as multiple-wall and layered, wire-wound,
stresses introduced by the fabrication processing, auto- interlocking strip, or welded, these rules shall be supple-
frettage, temperature gradients, etc., shall be considered. mented by those given in the appropriate Articles, i.e.,
This analysis shall be documented in the Manufacturer’s KD-6, KD-8, KD-9, KD-10, and KD-11.
Design Report. See KG-324.
(c) Small vessels, which the User’s Design Specifica- KD-103 Protective Liners
tion clearly states are for research laboratory service
only, are exempt from the requirements of Articles A protective liner is the innermost layer of a pressure
KD-3 and KD-4, provided all the following are met: vessel, whose function is to protect the surface of load-
(1) the volume does not exceed 75 cu in. carrying members against chemical and mechanical
(1.26 dm3); damage. It can be of any suitable material, and this
(2) the required number of design cycles does not material need not be listed in Part KM. Credit shall
exceed 1000; not be given for the thickness of a protective liner in
(3) all design limits of Article KD-2 are satisfied; the static strength and primary stress calculations, but
(4) the vessel is intended to be operated at all the effects of a liner shall be considered in the secondary
times with supplementary protective devices to provide stress and number of design cyclic loading calculations.
personnel safety. The designer shall consider the consequences of the
liner failure in order to preserve the integrity of the
pressure boundary.
KD-101 Materials and Combinations of
Materials KD-104 Prestressed Inner Layers A99
A00
A vessel shall be designed for and constructed of Prestressed inner layers are the innermost shells of
materials permitted in Part KM. Any combination of a pressure vessel which are surrounded and put in
those materials in Part KM may be used, provided the compression by one or more outer shells such that a
applicable rules are followed and the requirements of crack through the thickness of all the prestressed inner
Section IX for welding dissimilar metals are met, when layers would cause the vessel to leak but not burst.
welding is involved. These layers shall be considered in the static strength
Material design data such as moduli of elasticity, and primary stress calculations, and shall be fabricated
coefficients of thermal expansion, yield and tensile from a material listed in Part KM. The material of
45

KD-104 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KD-120
these layers need not comply with the minimum Charpy the mean temperature through the thickness of the part
V-notch impact values listed in Table KM-234.2(a), being examined under the set of conditions considered.
providing: If necessary, the metal temperature shall be determined
(a) failure of all the inner layers will not result in by computations or by measurements from equipment
separation of the end closure from the vessel; and in service under equivalent operating conditions. How-
(b) the requirements of KD-141(c) are satisfied. ever, in no case shall the temperature at any point in
the metal or the design temperature exceed the maximum
temperature in the yield strength tables in Section II,
KD-110 LOADINGS
Part D for the material in question or exceed the
Some of the loadings which shall be considered are temperature limitations specified elsewhere in this Divi-
as follows (see KG-311.8): sion, except as provided in KD-113.
(a) internal and external pressure, at coincident tem- In vessels exposed to repeated fluctuations of tempera-
perature; ture in normal operation, the design shall be based on
(b) service temperature conditions which produce the highest fluid temperature, unless the designer can
thermal stresses, such as those due to thermal gradients demonstrate by calculation or experiment that a lower
or differential thermal expansion; temperature can be justified.
(c) weight of vessel and normal contents under op- For determination of the fracture toughness to be
erating or test conditions; used in the fracture mechanics evaluation, the minimum
(d) superimposed loads caused by other vessels, pip- design metal temperature (MDMT) at the point of
ing, or operating equipment; interest shall be used. See KG-311.4(d) for a definition
(e) wind loads and earthquake loads; of MDMT and for service restriction when the vessel
(f) reactions of supporting lugs, rings, saddles, or temperature is below MDMT.
other types of vessel supports; The lower limit of the metal temperature during the
(g) impact loads, including rapidly fluctuating pres- hydrostatic test is given in KT-320.
sures and reaction forces from relief devices; (b) It is the responsibility of the designer to specify
(h) loadings resulting from expansion or contraction the anticipated temperature of the overpressure relief
of attached piping or other parts; device.
(i) residual stresses, introduced at fabrication, e.g.,
by autofrettage, hydrostatic test, shrink fit, prestressed KD-113 Upset Conditions
wire or strip winding, rolling, forming, welding, thermal
treatments, and surface treatment such as shot peening; Sudden process upsets, which occur infrequently, can
(j) the effect of fluid flow rates, density, jet impinge- cause local increases or decreases in metal surface
ment streams, inlet and outlet temperatures, on loadings. temperature. For the purpose of the static pressure
design requirements, no credit shall be taken for that
portion of the wall thickness which is predicted to
KD-111 Limits of Test Pressure exceed the maximum temperature permitted in the
The lower and upper limits on test pressure are material’s yield strength table. The minimum metal
specified in Article KT-3. surface temperature which occurs during sudden cooling
shall be considered in the fracture toughness evaluations.
A complete stress and fracture mechanics analysis
KD-112 Basis for Design Temperature is required for any credible upset condition.
(a) When the occurrence of different metal tempera-
tures during operation can be definitely predicted for KD-114 Environmental Effects
different axial zones of the vessel, the design of the The designer shall consider environmental effects,
different zones may be based on their predicted tempera- such as corrosion, erosion, and stress corrosion cracking,
tures. and their influence on the material thickness, fatigue,
When the vessel is expected to operate at more than and fracture behavior.
one temperature and under different pressure conditions,
all significant sets of temperature and coincident pres-
KD-120 DESIGN BASIS
sure shall be considered.
The metal temperature under steady operating condi- The design of the vessel parts is based on the
tions may vary significantly through the thickness. The requirement that the average and local stress intensities
temperature used in the design shall be not less than shall be limited to values which ensure an adequate
46

KD-120 PART KD — DESIGN REQUIREMENTS KD-141
safety margin against relevant failure modes under the shall meet the requirements of Articles KD-5, KD-9,
stated conditions. The fulfillment of this requirement KF-5, or KF-9, as appropriate.
shall be demonstrated by a calculation based on the (c) Residual stresses from fabrication operations such
following data: as welding and thermal heat treatments may also be
(a) the results of a stress analysis (Article KD-2) present. See KD-110(i).
giving the average stress intensity across section areas
and the local stress intensity at critical points;
(b) yield strength Sy (see Part KM and Section II, KD-133 Openings and Closures
Part D);
Article KD-6 provides rules for the design of openings
(c) fracture toughness KIc (see Appendix D);
through vessel walls, connections made to these open-
(d) fatigue crack growth constants C and m (see
ings, and end closures and their attachment to cylindrical
Article KD-4);
vessels. Additional guidance is provided in Appendix H.
(e) fatigue strength Sa (see Article KD-3);
(f) mill undertolerance on material thickness;
(g) corrosion/erosion allowances [see KG-311.7(b)].
KD-140 FATIGUE EVALUATION
KD-121 Relevant Failure Modes If it can be shown that the vessel will have a
leak-before-burst mode of failure (see KD-141), the
Some of the relevant failure modes are the following: calculated number of design cycles may be determined
(a) through the thickness yielding as a consequence using the rules of either Article KD-3 or Article KD-
of too high an average stress intensity; 4. However, if the leak-before-burst mode of failure
(b) local yielding of a magnitude which could pro- cannot be shown, then the Article KD-4 procedure
duce excessive distortion and unacceptable transfer of shall be used.
load to other portions of the structure, or leakage;
(c) leak caused by stable fatigue crack propagation
through the wall (leak-before-burst); KD-141 Leak-Before-Burst Mode of Failure A00
(d) unstable crack growth, i.e., fast fracture;
(e) buckling (see KD-252). For the purpose of this Code, it may be assumed
that leak-before-burst failure will occur if the critical
crack depth of a crack in the appropriate plane is
greater than the wall thickness at the location considered.
KD-130 DESIGN CRITERIA Since many of the available methods for calculating
KD-131 Maximum Shear Stress Theory stress intensity factors are not accurate for very deep
cracks, it may not be possible to determine critical
In accordance with this theory, yielding at any point crack depths which are greater than 0.8 times the wall
occurs when the difference between the algebraically thickness. In such cases, leak-before-burst mode of
largest and the algebraically smallest principal stress failure may be assumed if both of the following condi-
reaches the yield strength of the material. tions are met:
(a) the stress intensity factor at a crack depth equal
to 0.8 times the wall thickness is less than the fracture
KD-132 Residual Stress
toughness of the material; and
Except as provided in KD-924, residual stresses are (b) the remaining ligament (distance from the crack
not considered in the static analysis, but shall be tip to the free surface that the crack is approaching)
considered in the calculated number of design cycles is less than the quantity (KIc/Sy)2.
in accordance with Article KD-3 or KD-4. Alternatively, leak-before-burst mode of failure can be
(a) The vessel may contain residual stresses of prede- established by the user based on documented experience
termined magnitudes and distributions. These residual within the industry with vessels of similar design, size,
stresses may be produced by assembling concentric material properties, and operating conditions (see KG-
cylinders with an interference in the dimensions of the 311.10).
mating surfaces (shrink fitting). Such vessels shall meet (c) In the case of the inner cylinder, it may be
the requirements of Articles KD-8 and KF-8. assumed that the outer cylinder or cylinders will not
(b) Residual stresses also may be produced by auto- fracture if the theoretical collapse pressure (2 times
frettage and wire winding, in which case the component the value calculated in KD-251.2) of the combined
47

remaining layers is at least 20% higher than the design

pressure of the unflawed vessel.
For multiple wall or wire- or strip-wound vessels,
it may be assumed that leak-before-burst mode of failure
will occur, in the event of rapid fracture of the inner
layer if no parts or fragments are ejected and the outer
layer remains intact, although there may be some plastic
deformation.
For the case of failure due to a crack in the tangential–
radial plane of a cylinder, such as a crack growing
radially from an end closure thread or blind end, it
may not be possible to ensure a leak-before-burst mode
of failure. Therefore, the number of design cycles for
these cases shall be calculated using Article KD-4.
48

PART KD — DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Fig. KD-230
[Notes to figure follow on next page]
FIG. KD-230 STRESS CATEGORIES AND LIMITS OF STRESS INTENSITY
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NOTES TO FIG. KD-230:

NOTES:
(1) The stresses in Category Q are those parts of the total stress which are produced by thermal gradients, structural discontinuities, etc., and
do not include primary stresses which may also exist at the same point. It should be noted, however, that a detailed stress analysis frequently
gives the combination of primary and secondary stresses directly and, when appropriate, this calculated value represents the total of Pm (or
PL ) + Pb + Q and not Q alone. Similarly, if the stress in Category F is produced by a stress concentration, the quantity F is the additional
stress produced by the notch, over and above the nominal stress. For example, if a plate has a nominal stress intensity S and has a notch
with a stress concentration factor K, then Pm p S, Pb p 0, Q p 0, F p Pm (K − 1), and the peak stress intensity equals Pm + Pm (K−
1) p KPm .
(2) The k factors shall be as follows:
(a) If the ratio of the minimum specified yield strength to the minimum specified tensile strength for the material is equal to or less than
0.7, then k p 1.0.
(b) If the ratio of the minimum specified yield strength to the minimum specified tensile strength for the material is greater than 0.7:
kp
1+
冤冢0.5 − 0.5
Sy
Su冣冫0.3冥
1.5
(3) This limitation applies to the range of stress intensity. When the secondary stress is due to a temperature excursion at the point at which
the stresses are being analyzed, the value of Sy shall be taken as the average of the Sy values tabulated in Section II, Part D for the highest
and the lowest temperatures of the metal during the transient. When part or all of the secondary stress is due to mechanical load, the value
of Sy shall be taken as the Sy value for the highest temperature of the metal during the transient.
(4) ␣ is the shape factor [see KD-210(o)].
(5) Seq is obtained from the fatique curves, Figs. KD-320.1, KD-320.2, and KD-320.3. The allowable stress intensity for the full range of
fluctuation is 2Seq . The requirements of Articles KD-3 and KD-4 must also be met.
of a shear failure shall be considered. In the case of secondary stress intensity of 2Sy (see Fig. KD-230) has
primary stress only, the average shear stress shall be been placed at a level which ensures shakedown to
limited to 0.4Sy . In the case of primary stress plus elastic action after a few repetitions of the stress cycle
secondary stress, the average stress shall not exceed except in regions containing significant local structural
0.5Sy . discontinuities or local thermal stresses. These last two
(c) When considering bearing stresses from pins in factors are considered only in the performance of a
supporting members, the Sy at temperature value is fatigue evaluation.
applicable, except that a value of 1.5Sy may be used (b) The limits on local membrane stress intensity
if the pin is at least three pin diameters from the edge. kSy (see Fig. KD-230) and primary membrane plus
primary bending stress intensity of ␣kSy /1.5 (see Fig.
KD-230) have been placed at a level which conserva-
KD-234 Secondary Stresses
tively ensures the prevention of collapse as determined
The magnitude of the primary-plus-secondary stresses by the principles of limit analysis. The following para-
is limited to 2Sy per Fig. KD-230. graphs provide guidance in the application of plastic
analysis and some relaxation of the basic stress limits
which are allowed if plastic analysis is used.
KD-235 Triaxial Stresses
The algebraic sum of the three principal stresses,
including the primary, secondary, and peak stresses, KD-241 Limit Analysis 98
shall not exceed 2.5Sy . A99
The limits on general membrane stress intensity, A00
local membrane stress intensity, primary membrane
plus primary bending stress intensity, and primary-plus-
KD-240 APPLICATIONS OF PLASTIC
secondary membrane plus bending stress intensity need
ANALYSIS
not be satisfied if a limit analysis is conducted using
(a) Certain of the allowable stresses permitted in numerical methods such as elastic-plastic finite element
these design criteria are such that the maximum stress or finite difference analysis, and the results satisfy the
calculated on an elastic basis may exceed the yield requirements in (a) through (f) below. The material
strength of the material. The limit on primary-plus- shall be assumed to be ideal elastic, perfectly plastic
54
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ARTICLE KD-6
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR OPENINGS,
CLOSURES, HEADS, BOLTING, AND SEALS
KD-600 SCOPE KD-612 Average Thread Shear Stress

The requirements in this Article apply to heads, The average shear stress in the threads, calculated
closures, bolting, and seals. These requirements are by dividing the design load by the appropriate thread
additional to the general requirements given in Articles shear area, shall be limited to 0.25Sy at the design
KD-2, KD-3, and KD-4. temperature. Thread load distribution shall be con-
sidered.
KD-601 Openings KD-613 Average Thread Bearing Stress

The Designer shall consider the influence of cross The average bearing stress in the threads due to the
bores and other openings on the static strength integrity maximum design loading shall be limited to 0.75Sy .
of the vessel. Additional guidance is provided in Non- Thread load distribution shall be considered.
mandatory Appendix H.
KD-614 Limitations on Thread Displacements A00
Relative radial displacement between mating threads

shall be calculated considering the combination of
98 KD-610 THREADED CONNECTIONS
applied loads and thermal effects. No credit shall be
(a) Straight threaded connections are permitted as taken for thread friction. The results of this analysis
provided for in this Article.1 Tapered pipe threads are shall demonstrate that the threads having relative radial
not permitted. displacement less than 10% of the minimum thread
(b) Where tapped holes are provided in pressure overlap meet the requirements of KD-612 and KD-
boundaries, the effect of such holes (e.g., stress riser, 613. No credit shall be taken for threads whose relative
material loss) shall be considered in the vessel design. radial displacement exceeds 10%.
(c) Thread load distribution shall be considered in
design cyclic analysis per KD-616.
KD-615 Length of Engagement
The length of engagement is to be taken as the
minimum which can occur within the drawing tolerances
KD-611 Standard Bolt and Nut Pairs
with no credit for partial threads.
If a standard bolt and nut pair conforming to material (a) Connections which have imposed loads on threads
specifications in Section II, Part D is used and both in tapped holes shall comply with the requirements of
members are of the same material, the thread shear (b) below. The vessel or an integral weld buildup shall
and bearing capability need not be qualified further. have a flat surface machined on the shell to receive
the connection.
1 The
(b) Where tapped holes are provided, the threads
Designer is cautioned that fine threads may cause assembly
problems and possible loss of engagement because of thermal expan- shall be full and clean and the engaged length shall
sion and dilation due to loading. not be less than the larger of ds or
75

冢S 冣
Sy of stud material at design temperature KD-620 BOLTING
0.75ds
y of tapped material at design temperature
The number and cross-sectional area of bolts required
to resist primary loads shall be determined. The yield
strength values to be used are the values given in
in which ds is the root diameter of the stud. Section II, Part D for bolting materials.
(a) The average primary stress intensity S shall be
based on the thread root diameter and shall not exceed
the following limit:
KD-616 Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Analysis
1
Sp Sy
(a) Except as permitted in KD-100(c), a fatigue 1.8
analysis in accordance with Article KD-3 or a fracture
mechanics analysis in accordance with Article KD-4
is required for all threaded connections. (b) For bolts with a reduced shank, which has a
(b) The fatigue evaluation of a threaded joint is diameter less than 0.9 times the thread root diameter,
made by the same methods as are applied to any other the above equation shall be replaced by:
structure that is subjected to cyclic loading.
(c) The stresses developed by the expected service
shall be analyzed. Unless it can be shown by analysis 1
Sp Sy
or test that a lower value is appropriate, the fatigue 1.5
strength reduction factor for threads shall not be less
than 4.0.
(d) ANSI standard nuts of materials permitted by provided the actual shank diameter is used.
this Division do not require fatigue analysis. Internal (c) Primary-plus-secondary membrane stress intensity
threads mating with a stud or bolt do not require fatigue in bolts shall not exceed 0.75Sy. Primary-plus-secondary
analysis for bolting loads. However, the effects of the membrane stress plus bending stress intensity in bolts
internally threaded penetration on the nominal primary- should not exceed Sy. Stress concentration effects are
plus-secondary stresses in the internally threaded mem- not considered in the above analysis.
ber shall be considered.
KD-621 Threading and Machining of Studs

Studs shall be threaded full length, or shall be
KD-617 Special Threads, Sleeve Coupled
machined down to the root diameter of the thread in
Joints, and Other Proprietary Joints
the unthreaded portion provided that the threaded por-
Flared, flareless, and compression type joints for tions are at least 11⁄2 diameters in length.
tubing are not permitted. Studs greater than eight diameters in length may
Mechanical joints for which no standards exist and have an unthreaded portion which has the nominal
other proprietary joints may be used provided the diameter of the stud, provided the following require-
requirements of (a), (b), and (c) below are met. ments are met.
(a) Provision is made to prevent separation of the (a) The threaded portions shall be at least 11⁄2 diame-
joints under all service loadings. ters in length.
(b) A prototype joint shall be subjected to perform- (b) The stud shall be machined down to the root
ance tests to determine the safety of the joint under diameter of the thread for a minimum distance of 0.5
simulated service loadings per Article KD-12. When diameters adjacent to the threaded portion.
vibration, fatigue, cyclic conditions, low temperature, (c) A suitable transition shall be provided between
thermal expansion, or hydraulic shock is anticipated, the root diameter portion and the full diameter portion.
the applicable loads shall be incorporated in the tests. (d) Threads shall be of a “V” type, having a minimum
(c) Vent passages shall be provided to prevent pres- thread root radius no smaller than 0.08 times the pitch.
sure buildup caused by accidental or incidental develop- (e) Fillet radii at the end of the shank shall be such
ment of any secondary sealing areas exterior to the that the ratio of fillet radius to shank diameter is not
designated sealing surface (e.g., threads). less than 0.060.
76

KD-911 PART KD — DESIGN REQUIREMENTS KD-923
KD-912 Stress in Wire Wound Frames A99
Because of the many possible geometric forms of

frames, specific equations are not given here. Such
frames shall satisfy the requirements of Articles KD-
2, KD-3, and KD-4.
KD-920 STRESS LIMITS

KD-921 Diameter Ratio of Vessel Wall
When flat wire with rectangular cross section is used,
the overall diameter ratio shall not be lower than the
limit given by the equation in KD-251.2. For other
wire shapes, corrections shall be made.
KD-922 Stress Intensity Limits for Inner 98

Cylinder(s) and Wire A00
Under design conditions, the average stress intensity

over the cross section of each individual wire at any
point in the winding shall not exceed the local primary
98 FIG. KD-911 NOMENCLATURE FOR WIRE- membrane stress limit, PL, given in Fig. KD-230.
WOUND CYLINDERS For welded wire joints (see KF-912), the correspond-
ing average stress intensity shall not exceed two-thirds
of the local primary membrane stress limit, PL, given
in Fig. KD-230, where Sy is the yield strength of the
unwelded wire material.
The corresponding stresses introduced in the winding The calculated primary-plus-secondary stress intensity
area at the diameter x2(<Dw) of the winding are: for the inner cylinder(s) shall not exceed Sy at the
design temperature at any value of pressure between
atmospheric and design pressure, or at the test tempera-
冤冢冣冥冕冢x − D S (x) 冣 dx
2 Dw ture at any value of pressure between atmospheric and
DI x
␴t(x2) p Sw(x2) − 1 + 2 2 w test pressure.
x2 x2 I
冤冢Dx 冣冥冕冢x
2 Dw
␴r(x2) p − 1 − I
2 x2 2
x
− D2I 冣
Sw(x) dx KD-923 Minimum Level of Prestressing of
Frames Made From Columns and
Yokes
In the case when the frame is made up of nonintegral
The equations given above are valid as long as: columns and yokes, the prestressing of the frame by
(a) the helix angle of the winding is less than 1.0 deg.; the winding shall be high enough to ensure that the
(b) the maximum gap between the wires in the yokes and columns are in mechanical contact even at
longitudinal direction of the vessel is less than 5% of a load corresponding to 105% of the pressure to be
the wire width, or 0.010 in. (0.25 mm), whichever is applied at the hydrostatic test (see Article KT-3). This
less; and requirement shall be checked by calculation and docu-
(c) neither the liner nor the wire yields. See KD-920. mented in the Manufacturer’s Data Report.
97

KD-930 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KD-932.3
KD-930 FATIGUE EVALUATION (d) Plot the points of corresponding S and Nf on a

semilog graph and draw a best-fit curve Sf p f (log
KD-931 General
Nf ) based on these points.
(a) A calculation to determine the number of design (e) Transform this curve to a wire fatigue curve
cycles shall be performed for the different components Sf ′ p f (log Nf ) valid at mean stress p 0 using the
of wire-wound vessels and frames in accordance with equation
the methods stated in Article KD-3. However, an excep-
tion has to be made for the winding, which is made Sf ′ p Sf + Ks␤␴nm
of a material with properties quite different from those
of the materials on which the curves in Article KD-3 where ␴nm is the associated mean stress used in the
are based. The fatigue life of the winding shall instead test (see KD-312.3). The value of ␤ shall be 0.2 unless
be calculated in accordance with the rules stated in experimental evidence justifies another value. Ks is
KD-932. A mean stress correction factor shall be applied calculated according to Eq. (1) in KD-932.3.
to the inner layer in accordance with KD-310 except
if the liner is of welded construction. KD-932.2 Design Fatigue Curve. The design fatigue
For environmental conditions not covered by the curve Sa p f (log ND) shall be derived from the wire
derived design fatigue curve, the Manufacturer shall fatigue curve as stated in (a) through (c) below.
obtain supplementary fatigue test data. (a) Divide the Sf ′ values of the wire fatigue curve
(b) The same general methods and requirements for by a design factor Ks , the value of which shall be
fracture mechanics evaluation as in Article KD-4 shall determined as stated in Eq. (1) in KD-932.3, and plot
be applied to wire-wound vessels and frames, except the curve:
that fracture mechanics evaluation is not required for
the wire itself. Sa′ p Sf ′ /KS p f 2 (log ND)
(b) Divide the Nf values of the wire fatigue curve

by a design factor KN , the value of which shall be
KD-932 Derivation of a Design Fatigue Curve determined as stated in Eq. (2) in KD-932.3, and plot
for Wire the curve:
The design fatigue life ND of the winding is defined
as the number of operating cycles when the probability Sa″ p f 3 [log (Nf /KN)] p f 3 (log ND)
is 10% that the calculated average distance between
fatigue cracks in the wire is 6500 ft. The design fatigue (c) The design fatigue curve, Sa p f (log ND), is
curve for wire shall be derived in the way stated in the lower of the two values Sa′ or Sa″ for all values
KD-932.1 through KD-932.3 (see Fig. KD-932). of ND in (a) and (b) above.
KD-932.1 Wire Fatigue Curve. The calculation of KD-932.3 Design Factors KS and KN . The values
the design fatigue life of the winding shall be based of the design factors KS and KN are multiples of factors
on a wire fatigue curve derived as follows. which account for the effects of stressed length and
(a) Make fatigue tests with wire pieces with a length of scatter in fatigue strength of the wire. They shall
of at least 30 times the maximum cross sectional be determined as stated below:
dimension, taken from wire coils delivered from the
same manufacturer and produced from the same material KS p KSLKSS (1)
quality and by the same manufacturing method as the
wire to be used in the vessel or frame. where KSL is the factor for the effect of stressed length
(b) Select a mean stress which will avoid buckling and KSS is the factor for the effect of statistical variation
the test specimen. Make all tests at this mean stress (scatter) in fatigue strength:
for all stress amplitudes used. 1⁄
KSL p (LW /LT) 30 (2)
(c) Make the tests at no less than four levels of
stress amplitude S with at least six wire pieces at each
stress level. The cyclic rate of the test shall be such where LW is the accepted average distance between
that appreciable heating of the wire does not occur. wire cracks at N p ND and a crack probability of
Note the number of cycles Nf to complete fatigue 10% (see KD-932) and LT is the length of the wire
rupture. pieces at the fatigue tests (see KD-932.1). Assuming
98

ARTICLE KF-1
GENERAL FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS
KF-100 GENERAL (f) Article KF-6 gives supplemental requirements for

vessels made from either plate or forged materials whose
(a) Types of fabrication covered by Part KF are not
tensile properties have been enhanced by quenching and
unique to this Division. The uniqueness of this Division
tempering processes.
lies in the credit that may be taken for favorable
(g) Article KF-7 gives supplemental requirements
residual stresses that are introduced during fabrication
which are specific to materials which are used to
when there is no welding and in permitting the Designer
fabricate vessels where welded fabrication is not permit-
to utilize the full capability of high strength materials
ted by Part KM.
as primary pressure retaining boundaries.
(h) Article KF-8 gives supplemental requirements for
(b) Since all vessels conforming to the rules of this
layered vessels. Since the design allowable stresses in
Division require fatigue analysis and since most will
this Division are based on yield strength and not limited
be heavy wall construction, many of the requirements
by tensile properties, the requirements of the Article
of this Part are intended to produce vessels which
are more restrictive than the layered vessel requirements
are consistent with the Designer’s assumption that no
in other Divisions of this Code.
subsurface flaw exists that would be more likely to
(i) Article KF-9 gives requirements for wire-wound
propagate in fatigue than the assumed surface flaws
vessels and frames.
restricted by the requirements of Part KE.
(j) Article KF-10 gives requirements for strip-wound
(c) The Manufacturer must have the ability to control
vessels.
the residual stress distribution and ensure that the
material properties and material defects in the vessel
and vessel components are consistent with the basis
KF-110 MATERIAL
of the design.
KF-111 Certification and Examination of
Materials
The Manufacturer shall require certification of all
KF-101 Scope
materials including weld materials to ensure compliance
(a) Article KF-1 gives general fabrication require- with the requirements of Part KM. In addition, all
ments for all vessels in this Division. materials shall be examined in accordance with Part
(b) Article KF-2 gives supplemental requirements for KE. The certified results of these tests and examinations
all welded vessels in the Division. This includes those shall be documented in the Manufacturer’s Construction
made of rolled and welded plate and those made of Records (see KG-325).
weldable forgings, such as ring forgings joined by
circumferential welds and forgings for fully radio-
KF-112 Material Identification
graphable nozzles. Materials that are permitted for
welded construction are listed in Part KM. (a) Where possible, material for pressure parts shall
(c) Article KF-3 gives supplemental requirements for be laid out so that when the vessel is completed,
protective liners. the original identification markings required in the
(d) Article KF-4 gives requirements for the postweld specifications for the material will be plainly visible. In
heat treatment of all weldments, including repair welds. case the original identification markings are unavoidably
(e) Article KF-5 gives supplemental requirements for removed or the material is divided into two or more
autofrettaged vessels. parts, prior to cutting, the Manufacturer shall accurately
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KF-112 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KF-121.1
transfer one set of markings to a location where the is traceable to the certified material test report or
markings will be visible on the completed vessel. certificate of compliance and the Code marking.
Alternatively, a coded marking, acceptable to the Inspec-
tor, shall be used to ensure identification of each
piece of material during fabrication and subsequent KF-113 Repair of Defective Material
identification of the markings on the completed vessel.
Material in which defects exceeding the limits of
Except as indicated in KF-112.1, material may be
Article KE-2 are known or are discovered during the
marked by any method acceptable to the Inspector.
process of fabrication is unacceptable. Unless prohibited
The Inspector need not witness the transfer of the
by the material specification in Section II, the User’s
marks, but shall be satisfied that this has been done
Design Specification, or Part KM, defects may be
correctly.
removed and the material repaired by the Manufacturer
(b) All parts completed elsewhere shall be marked
or by the Material Manufacturer with the approval of
with the part manufacturer’s name and the part identifi-
the Manufacturer. All repairs shall be made in accord-
cation. Should identifying marks be obliterated in the
ance with the provisions of Article KE-2 and docu-
fabrication process and for small parts, other means of
mented in the Manufacturer’s Construction Records.
identification shall be used.
KF-112.1 Method of Transferring Markings.

Where the service conditions prohibit die stamping for KF-120 MATERIAL FORMING
material identification, and when so specified by the
User, the Material Manufacturer and the Manufacturer All materials for shell sections and for heads shall
shall mark the required data on the material in a manner be formed to the required shape by any process that
which will allow positive identification upon delivery. will not unduly impair the mechanical properties of
The markings shall be recorded so that each piece of the material.
material will be positively identified in its position in
the finished vessel to the satisfaction of the Inspector.
Transfer of markings for material that is to be divided KF-121 Material Preparation
shall be done in accordance with KF-112(a). See Article KF-121.1 Examination of Materials
KS-1 for allowable types of markings. (a) All materials to be used in constructing the
A00 KF-112.2 Transfer of Markings by Other Than pressure vessel shall be examined before forming or
the Manufacturer. When material is formed into shapes fabrication for the purpose of detecting, as far as
by anyone other than the Manufacturer and the original possible, defects which exceed the acceptable limits of
markings as required by the applicable material specifi- Article KE-2. All edges cut during fabrication (including
cation are unavoidably cut out, or the material is divided the edges of openings cut through the thickness) shall
into two or more parts, the Manufacturer of the shape be examined in accordance with KE-310. All defects
shall either: exceeding the limits of KE-310 shall be documented
(a) transfer the original identification markings to and repaired.
another location on the shape, or (b) Cut edges of base materials with thicknesses over
(b) provide for identification by the use of a coded 11⁄2 in. (38 mm) shall be examined for discontinuities
marking traceable to the original required marking, by a magnetic particle or by a liquid penetrant method
using a marking method agreed upon and described in in accordance with KE-233. This examination is not
the quality control system of the Manufacturer of the required for the cut edges of openings 3 in. (76 mm)
completed pressure vessel. in diameter and smaller. However, the material shall
The mill certification of the physical and chemical be ultrasonically examined over 100% of the area in
requirements of this material, in conjunction with the which the opening is to be cut, in accordance with
above modified marking requirements, shall be consid- KE-232. If indications are found which exceed the
ered sufficient to identify these shapes. Manufacturer’s acceptable limits of KE-232, the indications shall be
Partial Data Reports and parts stamping shall be as repaired in accordance with KF-113. Nonlaminar discon-
required by KM-102 and KS-120. tinuities and laminar discontinuities are treated differ-
ently for plates and forgings. See Article KE-2 for
KF-112.3 Material Identification Records. An as- acceptance criteria for each of these. Threaded connec-
built sketch or a tabulation of materials shall be made, tions that seal against pressure shall not have any
identifying the location of each piece of material that discontinuities.
128

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KF-121.2 PART KF — FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS KF-121.2
KF-121.2 Material Cutting. Plates, edges of heads,

and other parts may be cut to shape and size by
mechanical means such as machining, shearing, grind-
ing, or by thermal cutting. After thermal cutting, all
slag and detrimental discoloration of material which
has been molten shall be removed by mechanical means
suitable to the material, prior to further fabrication or
use. When thermal cutting is used, the effect on mechan-
128.1

KF-411 PART KF — FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS KF-411.7
2 in. (51 mm), whichever is less, on each side or end KF-411.5 Local Heating of Nozzles and External A99
of the weld. The term t is the nominal thickness as Attachments on Vessels A00
defined in KF-402.3. (a) Heating a circumferential band containing nozzles
or other welded attachments that require postweld heat
KF-411.1 Heating Entire Vessel. Heating the vessel treatment in such a manner that the entire band shall
as a whole in a closed furnace is preferred and should be brought up uniformly to the required temperature
be used whenever practical. (see KF-413) and held for the specified time. Except
as modified in para. (b) below, the soak band shall
KF-411.2 Heating Vessel Portions. Heating the ves-
extend around the entire vessel, and shall include the
sel in more than one heat in a furnace is permitted,
nozzle or welded attachment. The portion of the vessel
provided the overlap of the heated sections of the
outside of the circumferential soak band shall be pro-
vessel is at least 5 ft (1.5 m). When this procedure is
tected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
used, the portion outside of the furnace shall be shielded
(b) This procedure may also be used for local heat
so that the temperature gradient is not harmful (see
treatment of circumferential joints in pipe, tubing, or
KF-412). The cross section where the vessel projects
nozzle necks. In the latter case, proximity to the shell
from the furnace shall not intersect a nozzle or other
increases thermal restraint, and the designer should
structural discontinuity.
provide adequate length to permit heat treatment without
A99 KF-411.3 Heating Components and Circumferen- harmful gradients — at the nozzle attachment, or heat
tial Welds a full circumferential band around the shell, including
(a) It is permissible to heat shell sections, heads, the nozzle.
and other components of vessels, for postweld heat The circumferential soak band width may be varied
treatment of longitudinal joints or complicated welded away from the nozzle or attachment weld requiring
details, before joining any sections to make the com- PWHT, provided the required soak band around the
pleted vessel. Circumferential joints not previously post- nozzle or attachment weld is heated to the required
weld heat treated may be locally postweld heat treated temperature and held for the required time. As an
by heating a circumferential band that includes such alternate to varying the soak band width, the temperature
joints. within the circumferential band away from the nozzle
(b) This procedure may also be used for local heat or attachment may be varied and need not reach the
treatment of circumferential joints in pipe, tubing, or required temperature, provided the required soak band
nozzle necks. In the latter case, proximity to the shell around the nozzle or attachment weld is heated to the
increases thermal restraint, and the designer should required temperature, held for the required time, and
provide adequate length to permit heat treatment without the temperature gradient is not harmful throughout the
harmful gradients at the nozzle attachments. If this is heating and cooling cycle. The portion of the vessel
not practical, see KF-411.5. outside of the circumferential soak band shall be pro-
(c) The width of the heated band on each side of tected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
the greatest width of the finished weld shall be not (c) The procedure in para. (a) may also be used to
less than two times the shell thickness. The portion postweld heat treat portions of vessels after repairs.
outside the heating device shall be protected so that KF-411.6 Local Area Heating of Double Curvature A99
the temperature gradient is not harmful. For such local Heads or Shells. Heating a local area around nozzles
heating, the soak band shall extend around the full or welded attachments in the larger radius sections of
circumference. The portion outside the soak band shall a double curvature head or a spherical shell or head
be protected so that the temperature gradient is not in such a manner that the area is brought up uniformly
harmful. This procedure may also be used to postweld to the required temperature (see KF-413) and held for
heat treat portions of new vessels after repairs. the specified time. The soak band shall include the
nozzle or welded attachment. The soak band shall
KF-411.4 Heating Vessel Internally. The vessel
include a circle that extends beyond the edges of the
may be heated internally by any appropriate means
attachment weld in all directions by a minimum of t
when adequate temperature indicating and recording
or 2 in. (51 mm), whichever is less. The portion of
devices are utilized to aid in the control and maintenance
the vessel outside of the soak band shall be protected
of a uniform distribution of temperature in the vessel
so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
wall. The vessel shall be fully insulated where required
prior to heating so the temperature requirements of KF-411.7 Heating of Other Configurations. Local A99
KF-413 are met. area heating of other configurations not addressed in
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KF-411.7 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KF-420
KF-411.1 through KF-411.6 is permitted, provided that hr). During the heating period, there shall not be a
other measures (based upon sufficiently similar docu- greater variation in temperature throughout the portion
mented experience or evaluation) are taken that consider of the vessel being heated than 250°F (139°C) within
the effect of thermal gradients, all significant structural any 15 ft (4.6 m) interval of length.
discontinuities (such as nozzles, attachments, head to (c) The vessel or vessel part shall be held at or
shell junctures) and any mechanical loads that may be above the temperature specified in Table KF-402.1 for
present during PWHT. The portion of the vessel outside the period of time specified. During the holding period,
of the soak band shall be protected so that the tempera- there shall not be a difference greater than 100°F (56°C)
ture gradient is not harmful. between the highest and lowest temperatures throughout
the portion of the vessel being heated, except where
the range is further limited in Table KF-402.1.
KF-412 Heat Treatment That May Affect (d) During the heating and holding periods, the fur-
Vessel Stress Redistribution nace atmosphere shall be so controlled as to avoid
excessive oxidation of the surface of the vessel. The
The Manufacturer shall ensure, in accordance with furnace shall be of such design as to prevent direct
KG-323(d), that any heat treatment given to a vessel impingement of the flame on the vessel.
or vessel part does not adversely affect the stress (e) Unless modified by Article KF-6, above 800°F
redistribution required by Articles KD-5, KD-8, KD- (427°C) cooling shall be done in a closed furnace or
9, and KD-10. In addition, the Manufacturer shall meet cooling chamber at a rate not greater than 500°F /hr
the requirements for heat treatment given in KF-830 (278°C/hr) divided by the maximum metal thickness
or KF-540(b), as applicable. of the shell or head plate in inches, but in no case
need it be less than 100°F /hr (56°C /hr). From 800°F
(427°C), the vessel may be cooled in still air.
KF-413 Heating and Cooling Rates
Postweld heat treatment shall be carried out by one
of the methods given in KF-411 in accordance with KF-420 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT A99
the following requirements. AFTER REPAIRS
(a) The temperature of the furnace shall not exceed Vessels or parts of vessels that have been postweld
800°F (427°C) at the time the vessel or part is placed heat treated in accordance with the requirements of
in it. this Article shall again be postweld heat treated after
(b) Above 800°F (427°C), the rate of heating shall repairs have been made if the welds made in such repairs
be not more than 400°F /hr (222°C/hr) divided by the required postweld treatment under the requirements of
maximum metal thickness of the shell or head plate this Article. The Manufacturer shall ensure that any
in inches, but in no case more than 400°F /hr (222°C/ additional heat treatments required shall not adversely
hr) and in no case need it be less than 100°F /hr (56°C/ affect the vessel material properties.
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ARTICLE KE-1
REQUIREMENTS FOR EXAMINATION
PROCEDURES AND PERSONNEL
QUALIFICATION
KE-100 GENERAL KE-105 Nondestructive Examination

Procedures
Nondestructive examinations shall be conducted in
accordance with the examination methods of Section (a) All nondestructive examinations required by this
V, except as modified by the requirements of this Article shall be performed in accordance with detailed
Article. written procedures which have been proven by actual
demonstration to the satisfaction of the Inspector. The
procedures shall comply with the appropriate article of
KE-101 Radiographic Examination Section V for the particular examination method. Written
procedures and records of demonstration of procedure
Radiographic examination shall be in accordance with capability and records of personnel qualification to these
Section V, Article 2, except that fluorescent screens procedures shall be made available to the Inspector
are not permitted, the geometric unsharpness shall not and included in the Manufacturer’s Construction Rec-
exceed the limits of T-285, and the penetrameters of ords (see KS-320).
Table KE-101 shall be used in lieu of those shown in (b) Following any nondestructive examination in
Table T-276. which examination materials are applied to the part,
the part shall be thoroughly cleaned in accordance with
applicable material or procedure specifications.
KE-102 Ultrasonic Examination
Ultrasonic examination shall be in accordance with
Section V, Article 5. KE-110 QUALIFICATION AND
CERTIFICATION OF
NONDESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION
A99 KE-103 Magnetic Particle Examination PERSONNEL
Magnetic particle examination shall be in accordance KE-111 General
with Section V, Article 7. If prods are used, the
procedure shall include precautions that shall be taken (a) Organizations performing and evaluating nonde-
to prevent arc strikes. This procedure shall also contain structive examinations required by this Division shall
steps to be followed to remove arc strikes, which may use personnel qualified to the requirements of KE-112
occur so that all affected material has been removed. through KE-115.
See KE-210. (b) When these services are subcontracted by the
certificate holder (see KG-322), the certificate holder
shall verify the qualification of personnel to the require-
ments of KE-112 through KE-115. All nondestructive
KE-104 Liquid Penetrant Examination
examinations required by this subsection shall be per-
Liquid penetrant examination shall be in accordance formed by, and the results evaluated by, qualified
with Section V, Article 6. nondestructive examination personnel.
199

KE-111 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 KE-112.1
A99 TABLE KE-101

A00 THICKNESS, PENETRAMETER DESIGNATIONS, ESSENTIAL HOLES, AND WIRE
DIAMETERS
Penetrameter
Single Wall Source Side Film Side

Material Wire Wire
Thickness Range, Essential Diameter, Essential Diameter,
in. Designation Hole in. Designation Hole in.
1⁄
Up to 4, incl. 8 2T 0.005 8 2T 0.005
Over 1⁄4 to 3⁄8 12 2T 0.008 10 2T 0.006
Over 3⁄8 to 1⁄2 15 2T 0.010 12 2T 0.008
Over 1⁄2 to 5⁄8 15 2T 0.010 12 2T 0.008
Over 5⁄ to 3⁄4 17 2T 0.013 15 2T 0.010

8
Over 3⁄ 7 2T 2T
4 to ⁄8 17 0.013 15 0.010
Over 7⁄ to 1 20 2T 0.016 17 2T 0.013
8
Over 1 to 11⁄4 20 2T 0.016 17 2T 0.013
Over 11⁄4 to 13⁄8 25 2T 0.020 20 2T 0.016
Over 13⁄8 to 11⁄2 30 2T 0.025 25 2T 0.020
Over 11⁄2 to 2 35 2T 0.032 30 2T 0.025

Over 2 to 21⁄2 40 2T 0.040 35 2T 0.032
Over 21⁄2 to 3 40 2T 0.040 35 2T 0.032
Over 3 to 4 50 2T 0.050 40 2T 0.040
Over 4 to 6 60 2T 0.063 45 2T 0.040
Over 6 to 8 80 2T 0.100 50 2T 0.050

Over 8 to 10 100 2T 0.126 60 2T 0.063
Over 10 to 12 120 2T 0.160 80 2T 0.100
Over 12 to 16 160 2T 0.250 100 2T 0.126
Over 16 to 20 200 2T 0.320 120 2T 0.160
(c) For nondestructive examination methods that con- required by SNT-TC-1A, shall identify the requirements
sist of more than one operation or type, it is permissible relative to the recommended guidelines. The recom-
to use personnel qualified to perform one or more mended guidelines of SNT-TC-1A shall be required,
operations. As an example, one person may be used as modified in (a) through (e) below.
who is qualified to conduct radiographic examination (a) Qualification of Level III nondestructive examina-
and another may be used who is qualified to interpret tion personnel shall be by examination. The basic and
and evaluate the radiographic film. method examinations of SNT-TC-1A may be prepared
and administered by the Employer, ASNT, or an outside
KE-112 Qualification Procedure agency. The specific examination of SNT-TC-1A shall
be prepared and administered by the Employer or an
KE-112.1 Qualification to SNT-TC-1A. Personnel outside agency. The Employer or an outside agency
performing nondestructive examinations shall be quali- administering the specific examination shall identify
fied in accordance with the recommended guidelines
the minimum grade requirement in the written program
of SNT-TC-1A.1 The Employer’s2 written practice,
when the basic and method examinations have been
1 SNT-TC-1A,
administered by ASNT, which issues grades on a pass/
Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification
and Certification in Nondestructive Testing, is published by the fail basis. In this case, the minimum grade for the
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 Arlingate Lane, specific examination may not be less than 80%.
PO Box 28518, Columbus, Ohio 43228-0518.
2 Employer
(b) The written practice and the procedures used for
as used in this Article refers to a U3 certificate holder and
organizations who provide subcontracted nondestructive examination examination of personnel shall be referenced in the
services to organizations described above. Employer’s Quality Control System.
200

D-402 APPENDIX D — NONMANDATORY D-403
D-402 Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks ␴ᐉ(x) p A0 + A1x + A2x2 + A3x3 (1)
Initiating at Cross Bores
The stress intensity factors for cracks of type B may where x is the radial distance from the free surface of
be calculated using the method given in D-401, provided the crack.
that the intersection of the cross bore with the bore The stress distribution determined by a linear elastic
of the main cylinder is radiused at least one-fourth of analysis is calculated first and then the four coefficients
the diameter of the cross bore. See D-700(c). The (A0, A1, A2, A3) in Eq. (1) are chosen to give the best
values of stresses to be used to obtain the polynomial curve fit. After the values of A0, A1, A2, and A3 are
fit in Eq. (1) of D-401 are determined as follows. chosen, Eqs. (2)–(6) are used to calculate the stress
(a) Elastic stress analysis may be used to determine intensity factor KI for various crack depths a.
the stress field in the vicinity of the uncracked cross
冢冣
2aA1F2 a2A2F3 4a3A3F4
bore. This elastic analysis is used to obtain the direct KI p √ ␲a A0F1 + + + (2)
stresses acting normal to the plane of the assumed ␲ 2 3␲
crack. The distribution of these stresses along line b–
b in Fig. D-200 shall be used to obtain the polynomial F1, F2, F3, and F4 are the magnification factors relative
fit in Eq. (1) of D-401. As shown in Fig. D-200, the to the geometry considered. These magnification factors
cross bore corner crack is assumed to be equivalent are given in Fig. D-403.1 as a function of relative
to a semicircular crack (a/ᐉ p 0.5) in a plane with crack depth or can be calculated by the following
the line b–b as the axis of symmetry. equations.
(b) If residual stresses have been introduced, such
as by autofrettaging the main cylinder, the K due to
F1 p 1.1259 + 0.2344(a/t) + 2.2018(a/t)2
residual stresses may be calculated using the polynomial
− 0.2083(a/t)3 (3)
fitting technique in D-401 with the simplifying assump-
tion that the tangential residual stress distribution in
F2 p 1.0732 + 0.2677(a/t) + 0.6661(a/t)2
the main cylinder acts along line b–b.
+ 0.6354(a/t)3 (4)
F3 p 1.0528 + 0.1065(a/t) + 0.4429(a/t)2

+ 0.6042(a/t)3 (5)
D-403 Stress Intensity Factors for Internal
Radial–Circumferential Cracks F4 p 1.0387 − 0.0939(a/t) + 0.6018(a/t)2
+ 0.3750(a/t)3 (6)
This method applies only to crack depths within the
limits of KD-412 and where pressure is not acting on
the crack faces. (b) In some cases, a single third-order polynomial
Type C fatigue cracks usually initiate at the root of [Eq. (1)] will not be sufficient to fit the stress distribution
the first fully loaded thread. This should be confirmed in the region of interest. It is possible to split the
by calculation of the load distribution and by detailed distribution into several regions. Figure D-403.2 shows
stress analysis of the first and any other heavily loaded an example where the region of interest has been
threads. To calculate the KI for a thread root crack divided into two regions where the stress in each region
growing in the radial–circumferential plane, the distribu- is represented by a different polynomial. The values
tion of longitudinal stress ␴ᐉ(x) from the thread root for KI are calculated using Eq. (2) for each region
through the thickness of the uncracked wall should with the appropriate polynomial for that region.
be determined. For this analysis, the threads may be (c) It is important that there not be a discontinuity
considered as annular grooves. If interrupted threads in the value of KI where two regions join. For instance,
are used (see KD-631.6), it is not necessary to account since the values of A0, A1, A2, and A3 in the polynomial
for the stress concentrations at the ends of the interrupted for region 2 are different from the values of A0, A1,
threads, since it is assumed that all cracks of type C A2, and A3 in the polynomial for region 1, two different
are annular. values of KI will be calculated at the point where the
(a) In the Buchalet–Bamford method [see D-700(d) two regions join. To compensate for the discontinuity
and (e)], the distribution of direct stresses normal to in the value of KI where the two regions join, the
the plane containing the annular crack is approximated difference at the discontinuity ⌬KI is added to the
by a third-order polynomial. calculated values of all subsequent values of KI. This
295

D-403 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 D-405
FIG. D-403.1 MAGNIFICATION FACTORS FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL CRACK
will then produce the curve shown in Fig. D-403.3 calculating the stress intensity factor due to internal
and given by Eq. (7). pressure.
冢
2aA1F2 a2A2F3
KIcorr p √ ␲a A0F1 + +
␲ 2
+
4a3A3F4
3␲ 冣+ ⌺⌬KI (7) D-405 Stress Intensity Factors Determined
by Weight Function Methods
A00
where ∑⌬KI is the sum of all ⌬K’s for preceding The weight function method can be used for all
regions. The ⌬K for the first region (at the free surface) types of cracks.
is 0. For the annular (ring) cracks considered in D-403,
the crack tip stress intensity KI can be written as:
D-404 Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks of

Types D, E, and F
冕
a
KI p ␴ᐉ(x) w(x,a)dx
(a) The stress intensity factors for cracks of types 0
D, E, and F may be calculated using the method given

in D-401.
(b) For cracks of types D and F, the distribution of where ␴ᐉ (x) is the longitudinal stress distribution along
stresses normal to the plane of the crack which would the x-axis (see Fig. D-200) and w(x,a) is the Bueckner
exist in the uncracked component should be determined weight function. This weight function is unique for
using a stress analysis such as finite element analysis. this cracked geometry and is independent of the loading
(c) For cracks of type E, the tangential stresses from which it is derived. Therefore, the weight function
calculated using the Lamé equations may be used for can be written as
296

FIG. D-403.2 POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTATION OF STRESS

DISTRIBUTION
␦VREF(x,a)
w(x,a) p
H
2KIREF冢 ␦a 冣 da
dN
p C[f (RK )] (⌬K)m
where VREF is the surface opening displacement in the (b) The function of RK is different for positive and
ᐉ (longitudinal) direction and KIREF is the crack tip for negative values of RK, and for different materials.
stress intensity factor derived for this geometry and a For materials listed in Table D-500 the following
less complex loading, e.g., uniform stress normal to functions of RK may be used.
the crack plane. For plane stress H p E and for plane For RK ≥ 0,
strain H p E(1 − ␯2).
Approximate methods have been developed for ob- f (RK) p 1 + C3RK
taining the crack opening displacement field VREF for
a ring crack in a simple cylinder. These values of VREF For RK < 0,
and the associated stress intensity factors KREF can be
used to derive w(x,a), which can then be used to derive f (RK) p [C2 /(C2 − RK)]m
KI for the ring crack at the thread root.
(c) The values of the constants C and m for some
materials are given in Table KD-430. The values of
A99 D-500 CALCULATION OF FATIGUE
the remaining constants given in Table D-500 should
CRACK GROWTH RATES
be used for the materials listed.
(a) In accordance with KD-430, the fatigue crack (d) For austenitic stainless steels, the values of C
growth rate shall be calculated from and m are given in KD-440, Table KD-430, and f (RK)
297

Table D-500 1998 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 3 Fig. D-403.3
TABLE D-500
CRACK GROWTH RATE FACTORS
Material C3 C2
High strength low alloy steels, 3.53 1.5
Sy > 90 ksi
13Cr–8Ni–2Mo (precipitation 3.06 1.5

hardened)
17Cr–4Ni–4Cu (precipitation
hardened), Sy > 135 ksi
RK < 0.67 3.48 1.5
RK > 0.67 f (RK) p 30.53RK − 17.0
FIG. D-403.3 METHOD OF CORRECTING KI AT DISCONTINUITIES

BETWEEN REGIONS
298

[This is electronic SEC83$U280 page #298
should be calculated as follows: for 0 ≥ RK, f (RK) p 1.0; KIc p √ EJIc (plane stress)
for 0.79 ≥ RK > 0, f (RK) p 1.0 + 1.8RK; for 1.0 > RK > 0.79,
f (RK) p − 43.35 + 57.97RK.
(e) Other values of these constants may be used if
they can be justified by standard fatigue crack propaga-
KIc p
冪 EJIc
(1 − ␯2)
(plane strain)
tion tests conducted at the appropriate RK ratios.

(f) The number of cycles for fatigue crack propaga- (2) Equivalence of crack tip opening displacement
tion may be calculated by numerical integration of the (CTOD) and KIc:
appropriate crack growth equation by assuming that
the value of K is constant over an interval of crack KIc p √ (CTOD)ESy
growth ⌬a which is small relative to the crack depth
at that point. To ensure that the interval of crack depth where
is sufficiently small, the calculation should be repeated Ep modulus of elasticity
using intervals of decreasing size until no significant Syp yield strength
change in the calculated number of design operating ␯p Poisson’s ratio
cycles is obtained.
D-700 REFERENCES A00
(a) Cipolla, R. C. Technical Basis for the Revised

Stress Intensity Factor Equation for Surface Flaws in
ASME Section XI, Appendix A. ASME PVP-Vol. 313-
D-600 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS 1, 1995: 105–121.
CORRELATIONS (b) Kendall, D. P. Application of the New Section
(a) The value of the fracture toughness to be used XI, A-3000 Method for Stress Intensity Factor Calcula-
in the calculations in Article KD-4 is the plane strain tion to Thick-Walled Pressure Vessels. ASME PVP-
fracture toughness KIc. If values of KIc or another Vol. 335, 1996: 189–194
method for determining KIc is given in Part KM for (c) Chaaban, A. and Burns, D. J. Design of High
the specific material to be used, these values should Pressure Vessels With Radial Crossbores. Physica B139
be used. Otherwise, if the MDMT is demonstrated to and 140; 1986: 766–772
be on the upper shelf for the material being used, the (d) Buchalet, C. B. and Bamford, W. H. Stress
Intensity Factor Solutions for Continuous Surface Flaws
value of KIc should be calculated from the Charpy V-
in Reactor Pressure Vessels, Mechanics for Crack
notch energy (CVN) values given in Part KM using
Growth. ASTM STP 590, 1976: 385–402
the following equation:
(e) Perez, E. H.; Sloan, J. G.; and Kelleher, K. J.
Application of Fatigue Crack Growth to an Isostatic
Press. ASME PVP-Vol. 125, 1987: 53–61
(KIc /Sy)2 p 5.0 (CVN/Sy − 0.05) (f) Barsom, J. M. and Rolfe, S. T. Correlations
Between KIc and Charpy V-Notch Test Results in the
Transition Temperature Range. ASTM STP 466, 1970:
281–302
where Sy is the yield strength, ksi; CVN is the Charpy (g) Rolfe, S. T. and Novak, S. R. Slow-Bend KIc
V-notch impact strength, ft-lb; and KIc is the fracture Testing of Medium-Strength High-Toughness Steels.
toughness, ksi√ in. ASTM STP 463, 1970: 124–159
(b) Conversions of values obtained from other tough- (h) Kapp, J. A. and Underwood, J. H. Correlation
ness tests to KIc should be performed using the following Between Fracture Toughness, Charpy V-Notch Impact
equations. Energy, and Yield Strength for ASTM A 723 Steel.
(1) Equivalence of KIc and JIc: ASME PVP-Vol. 283, 1992: 219–222
299


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VIII

ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE

RULES FOR Division 3 –

ASME BOILER AND

ASME B&PVC SEC83$ADFM 05-12-00 05:49:08 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form,

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ASME B&PVC SEC83$ADFM 05-12-00 05:49:08 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

Page Location Change

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$COS 05-12-00 06:46:10 pd: soc Rev 15.04

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

M. D. Bernstein, Chair C. F. Jeerings R. W. Mikitka, Chair M. Katcher

Subgroup on Ferrous Specifications (SC II)

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC I) J. T. Parsons, Chair M. H. Iken

Subgroup on Materials (SC I) D. W. Rahoi, Chair B. Heuer

Subgroup on Strength, Ferrous Alloys (SC II)

Subgroup on Strength of Weldments (SC II & SC IX)

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

C. J. Pieper, Chair D. H. Hanrath R. P. Deubler, Chair A. S. Laurenson

Working Group on Dynamic and Extreme Load Conditions

Working Group on Administration (SG-D) (SC III)

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC III & SC 3C)

Subgroup on Materials, Fabrication, and Examination (SC III)

Special Working Group on Editing and Review (SC III)

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

R. D. McGuire, Chair H. C. Graber

Subgroup on Volumetric Methods (SC V)

Working Group on Acoustic Emissions (SG-VM) (SC V)

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

G. B. Komora, Chair R. Mahadeen D. A. Bowers, Chair M. J. Houle

Special Working Group on High-Pressure Vessels (SC VIII)

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

S. H. Bush L. R. Katz C. G. McCargar, Chair R. Hundal

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

R. L. Dyle, Chair J. T. Lindberg F. E. Gregor, Chair H. W. Massie, Jr.

A. Selz, Chair T. P. Pastor

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

S. V. Voorhees, Chair D. J. Kreft T. P. Pastor, Secretary A. Kalnins

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC XII)

SUBCOMMITTEE ON BOILER AND

A. J. Spencer, Chair R. L. Williams W. J. O’Donnell, Chair G. Kharshafdjian

T. E. Quaka, Chair A. J. Spencer

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

R. G. Friend, Chair S. R. Irvin, Sr. S. F. Harrison, Jr., Chair D. M. Papa

Subgroup on General Requirements (SC-SVR)

M. D. Bernstein, Chair D. K. Peetz

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$FM 05-12-00 06:58:19 pd: frontmatter Rev 15.04

KG-150 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

ASME B&PVC SEC83$$$U5 05-23-00 07:01:32 pd: sec83 Rev 15.04

A99 TABLE KG-141

Unified Inch Screw Threads ASME B1.1 1989

Welded and Seamless Wrought ANSI/ASME B36.10M 1985

Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, ANSI/ASME B46.1 1985

Pressure Relief Devices ASME PTC 25 1994

Hardness Conversion Tables for ASTM E 140 1988

Standard for Use of the IEEE/ASTM SI 1997

Guide for Metrication of ASME SI-9 1981