2.

LIPIDS

A. Types

B. Triacylglycerols

C. Other examples
 HYDROLYZABLE LIPIDS
They can be cleaved into smaller molecules by hydrolysis.
Most hydrolyzable lipids contain an ester unit.

Source: Smith, 2011.

 NONHYDROLYZABLE LIPIDS
They cannot be cleaved into smaller units by aqueous hydrolysis.
These type of lipids tend to be more varied in structure.

Source: Smith, 2011.

 Waxes
Waxes are the simplest hydrolyzable lipids.
Waxes are esters formed from a high molecular
weight alcohol (R’OH) and a fatty acid (RCOOH).

Because of their long

hydrocarbon chains, waxes
are very hydrophobic.

Triacontanyl palmitate
a major component of beeswax
 Triacylglycerols
Triacylglycerols or triglycerides are the most
abundant lipids. Commonly known as fats and oils, they
are triesters of glycerol and fatty acids.

Simple TAGs are composed of three identical fatty acid side chains,
whereas mixed TAGs have two or three different fatty acids.
 FATTY ACIDS

Saturated Unsaturated

Mono- Poly-
unsaturated unsaturated

Omega-3 Omega-6
 Fatty Acids

Source: Wade, 2002.

 Saturated Fatty Acids
C:D Systematic Name Common Name
12:0 Dodecanoic acid Lauric acid
14:0 Tetradecanoic acid Myristic acid
16:0 Hexadecanoic acid Palmitic acid
18:0 Octadecanoic acid Stearic acid
20:0 Eicosanoic acid Arachidic acid
22:0 Docosanoic acid Behenic acid
24:0 Tetracosanoic acid Lignoceric acid

Laura looks at her wrist and palm and stares at her behli
 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
C:D Common Name

Mono- 16:1 Palmitoleic acid

unsaturated 18:1
C:D Oleic acid
Common Name

18:2 Linoleic acid (LA)

Omega-6
20:4 Arachidonic acid (AA)
C:D Common Name
18:3 Alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA)
Omega-3 20:5 Eicopentenoic acid (EPA)
22:6 Docohexenoic acid (DHA)
Omega-6 vs. Omega-3

https://glossary.periodni.com/glossary.php?en=omega-3+fatty+acids
composed of saturated composed of unsaturated
fatty acids fatty acids
↑ melting point ↓ melting point 12
solid at RT liquid at RT
Fatty Acids
Other Examples

When phospholipids are mixed with water, they assemble

in an arrangement called a lipid bilayer. The ionic heads
of the phospholipid are oriented on the outside and the
nonpolar tails on the inside. Cell membranes are
composed of these lipid bilayers.
 Other Examples

Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, K
are found in fruits, vegetables, fish,
liver, and dairy products.

Although these vitamins must be

obtained from the diet, they do not
have to be ingested every day.

Excess vitamins are stored in fat

cells, and then used when needed.
3. NUCLEIC ACIDS & PROTEINS

A. Nucleotides

B. Protein Structure

C. Types and Examples of Proteins

 Nucleotides

base

phosphate

sugar
Ribonucleotides
Deoxyribonucleotides
Phosphodiester Linkages
Adenosine
Protein Structure
 3D Shapes of Proteins

Fibrous Protein Globular Protein

 3D Shapes of Proteins

Keratin (secondary) Green Fluorescent Protein (tertiary)

Insoluble helical strands Beta barrel protecting inner chromophore

Hemoglobin (quaternary) Aquaporin (quaternary)

4 subunits with heme groups 4 subunits forming transmembrane pores