Seismic Survey

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of
Building Types in India
User Manual for Survey of

Buildings
by
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group of

IIT Bombay
IIT Guwahati
IIT Kharagpur
IIT Madras
IIT Roorkee
Submitted to
National Disaster Management Authority
Government of India
September 15, 2013

User Manual for Survey of Buildings
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group, consisting of the
following authors, has contributed to this document:
IIT Bombay IIT Madras

Mahendra Meena Arun Menon
Rohan Shinde A Meher Prasad
Ashish Sapre Devdas Menon
Ravi Sinha CVR Murty
Alok Goyal Deepti R Krrishnan
N Uma
IIT Guwahati IIT Roorkee

SK Deb Yogendra Singh
Kaustubh Dasgupta DK Paul
Hemant B Kaushik Putul Haldar
Aditya Rahul
Ankita Sood
IIT Kharagpur
Nirjhar Dhang
Sushanta Chakrabarty
Arghya Deb
i
Table of Content
List of Figures ........................................................................................................... v
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
Chapter 2 Common Information in All the Survey Forms........................................ 2
2.1 FILLING UP SURVEY DETAILS ....................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Form No. ....................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.2 Date .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.3 Surveyor ........................................................................................................................ 3
2.1.4 GPS Coordinates ........................................................................................................... 3
2.2 BUILDING DETAILS ................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 Building Name ............................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Address ......................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Width of adjoining main road......................................................................................... 4
2.2.4 Ownership ..................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.5 Predominant Use ........................................................................................................... 4
2.2.6 Minimum Distance from adjoining building ................................................................... 5
2.2.7 Visual Condition............................................................................................................ 5
2.2.8 Building on stilts level/open ground ............................................................................... 6
2.2.9 Availability of construction drawings ............................................................................. 7
2.3 GENERAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................................ 7
2.3.1 Site Morphology ............................................................................................................ 8
2.3.2 Soil (Types, Nature and Liquefaction Potential) ............................................................ 8
2.3.3 Workmanship and Code Compliance .............................................................................. 8
2.3.4 Other............................................................................................................................. 9
2.4 BUILDING DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................... 12
2.5 GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDING ........................................................................ 13
2.5.1 Projections .................................................................................................................. 13

2.5.2 Plan/Vertical Irregularities .......................................................................................... 16
2.6 DAMAGE CONDITION OF THE BUILDING ....................................................................................... 22
2.7 SKETCHING AND PHOTOGRAPHING OF THE BUILDING ...................................................................... 23
2.8 COMMENTS SECTION .............................................................................................................. 24
Chapter 3 Instructions to fill up RC Survey Form.................................................. 26
3.1 FOUNDATION TYPE................................................................................................................. 26
3.2 STRUCTURAL TYPOLOGY .......................................................................................................... 26
3.2.1 Moment Resisting Frame ............................................................................................. 27
3.2.2 Shear Wall Structure.................................................................................................... 35
3.2.3 Mixed Structure ........................................................................................................... 36
ii
3.3 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE BUILDING ................................................................................ 39
3.3.1 Presence of tall storey height ....................................................................................... 39
3.3.2 Presence of open courtyard.......................................................................................... 39
3.3.3 Presence of double height columns............................................................................... 39
3.3.4 Significant Re-entrant corners ..................................................................................... 40
3.3.5 Roof monolithically combined with vertical members ................................................... 40
3.3.6 Presence of short columns ........................................................................................... 40
3.3.7 Difference in the outer dimension between plinth level and roof level ........................... 40
Chapter 4 Instructions to fill up Masonry Survey Form ......................................... 41
4.1 FOUNDATION TYPE................................................................................................................. 41
4.2 MATERIAL ............................................................................................................................ 43
4.4 STRUCTURAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................... 52
4.4.1 Vertical structural system ............................................................................................ 52
4.4.2 Horizontal structural system ........................................................................................ 54
4.4.3 Connections................................................................................................................. 57
4.5 ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES ....................................................................................................... 58
Chapter 5 Guidelines to Complete Steel Survey Form ........................................... 61
5.1 FOUNDATION TYPE................................................................................................................. 61
5.2.1 Moment Resisting Frame ............................................................................................. 62
5.2.2 Steel Braced Frame ..................................................................................................... 63
5.2.3 Light Metal Frame ....................................................................................................... 64
5.2.4 Mixed Structure ........................................................................................................... 65
5.3.1 Presence of tall storey height ....................................................................................... 65
5.3.2 Presence of open courtyard.......................................................................................... 66
5.3.3 Presence of double height columns............................................................................... 66
5.3.4 Significant Re-entrant corners ..................................................................................... 66
5.3.5 Roof monolithically combined with vertical members ................................................... 66
5.3.6 Presence of short columns ........................................................................................... 66
5.3.7 Difference in the outer dimension between plinth level and roof level ........................... 66
5.4 STRUCTURAL FEATURES ........................................................................................................... 66
5.4.1 Vertical structural system ............................................................................................ 67
5.4.2 Horizontal structural system ........................................................................................ 67
5.4.3 Connections................................................................................................................. 67
Chapter 6 Guidelines to Complete Non-Engineered Survey Form ......................... 68
6.1 FOUNDATION TYPE................................................................................................................. 68
iii
6.2.1 Rammed Earth Wall..................................................................................................... 71
6.2.2 Sun dried Brick Wall.................................................................................................... 72
6.2.3 Stabilised Earth Wall ................................................................................................... 72
6.2.4 Mud Wall with Timber Frame ...................................................................................... 72
6.2.5 Timber frame with timber plank partitions ................................................................... 73
6.2.6 Dhajji-Dewari ............................................................................................................. 74
6.2.7 Thatra with different types of partitions........................................................................ 75
6.2.8 Kath-kunni................................................................................................................... 76
6.2.9 Bamboo ....................................................................................................................... 78
6.2.10 Dry Stone Walls........................................................................................................... 80
6.2.11 Random rubble in different types of mortar .................................................................. 81
6.2.12 Dressed stone masonry in different types of mortar ...................................................... 81
6.2.13 Brick masonry in different types of mortar.................................................................... 83
6.2.14 Different types of Roofs................................................................................................ 83
Chapter 7 Example Buildings Surveyed During Various Field Visits In Different
Regions of the Country ..................................................................................... 85
References ............................................................................................................. 226
Appendix ............................................................................................................... 227
EXAMPLE SURVEY FORMS .................................................................................................................. 227
iv
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Portion of the survey form for documenting Survey Details .................................. 2
Figure 2.2 Portion of the survey form for documenting Building Details ............................... 3
Figure 2.3 (a) Building with open ground storey; (b) Structure on stilts ................................. 7
Figure 2.4 Portion of survey form for documenting Soil Type and Site Morphology ............. 7
Figure 2.5 Portion of survey form for documenting Workmanship and Code Compliance ..... 9
Figure 2.6: Portion of survey form for documenting other Geometrical Characteristics ......... 9
Figure 2.7:Buildings on hill slope........................................................................................ 10
Figure 2.8:Houses with entrance on higher/lower slope ....................................................... 11
Figure 2.9:Building with partial basement ........................................................................... 12
Figure 2.10:Building Description ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 2.11 Portion of survey form for documenting Projections ......................................... 13
Figure 2.12 Housing Chimney ............................................................................................. 14
Figure 2.13 Industrial Chimney ........................................................................................... 15
Figure 2.14 Roof Parapet Wall ............................................................................................ 15
Figure 2.15 Exterior wall claddings ..................................................................................... 16
Figure 2.16 Portion of survey form for documenting Irregularities ...................................... 18
Figure 2.17 Plan views of buildings having horizontal irregularities; arrows indicate possible
areas of damage ........................................................................................................... 18
Figure 2.18 Example of a building with horizontal irregularity with two wings meeting at
right angles .................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 2.19 Example of a buildings, triangular in plan, having torsional irregularites .......... 20
Figure 2.20 An example soft storey building ....................................................................... 21
Figure 2.21 Examples of buildings with vertical geometric irregularities ............................. 22
Figure 2.22 Portion of survey form for documenting damage condition of the building ....... 23
Figure 2.23 Portion of survey form for drawing sketches of the building ............................. 23
Figure 2.24 Portion of survey form for documenting Photograph Nos. ................................ 24
Figure 2.25: Portion of survey form for documenting Comments ........................................ 25
Figure 3.1 Portion of survey form for documenting the Type of Foundation ........................ 26
v
Figure 3.2 Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology ............................. 27
Figure 3.3 Moment Resisting Frame with Infill Walls ......................................................... 28
Figure 3.4 Under construction concrete bare frame.............................................................. 28
Figure 3.5 Concrete bare frame with glass cladding............................................................. 29
Figure 3.6 Bare frame with large window openings ............................................................. 29
Figure 3.7 Concrete frame building designed only for gravity loads .................................... 30
Figure 3.8 RC moment resisting frame building with base-isolated footing ......................... 31
Figure 3.9 Base-isolated school building ............................................................................. 31
Figure 3.10 Two base isolators ............................................................................................ 32
Figure 3.11 Moment resisting frame structure ..................................................................... 33
Figure 3.12 Flat slab structure with circular columns ........................................................... 33
Figure 3.13 Concrete shear wall combined with frame ........................................................ 34
Figure 3.14 Building with open ground storey ..................................................................... 35
Figure 3.15 Concrete Shear Wall Building .......................................................................... 35
Figure 3.16 Mixed construction: wooden beams and masonry walls .................................... 36
Figure 3.17 Mixed Structure: Masonry and wood ................................................................ 37
Figure 3.18 Mixed Structure: Masonry, Wood and Steel ..................................................... 37
Figure 3.19 Mixed Structure: Brick masonry slab resting on wooden beams........................ 38
Figure 3.20 Mixed Structures: Wooden floor resting on steel beams .................................... 38
Figure 3.21 Mixed Structure: Concrete columns, steel beams and wooden balcony ............. 39
Figure 3.22 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural Features .................. 39
Figure 4.1 Section of survey form documenting foundation characteristics .......................... 41
Figure 4.2 Through-stones in a rubble stone masonry wall (IS 1597-Part 1, 1992).............. 41
Figure 4.3 (a) Masonry structure on sheet and ordinary piles; (b) Ordinary timber piles under
a stone superstructure ................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.4 Under-reamed piles: (a) Single-bulb cast in-situ pile; (b) Multi-bulb pile ............ 42
Figure 4.5 Section of survey form documenting materials constituting masonry .................. 43
Figure 4.6 Dressed stone masonry ....................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.7 Random rubble masonry..................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.8 Different masonry typologies in the form .......................................................... 45
Figure 4.9 Dwellings with mud walls .................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.10 Mud walls with horizontal timber elements ...................................................... 47
Figure 4.11 Adobe walls ..................................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.12 Sand-blasted pise wall (left); pise wall (right) ................................................... 48
Figure 4.13 Buildings with unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (World Housing
Encyclopaedia) ............................................................................................................ 49
vi
Figure 4.14 (a) Building under construction, (b) Typical building with unreinforced brick
masonry walls with RC roof slab (World Housing Encyclopaedia) ............................... 49
Figure 4.15 Description of lintel, gable and roof band (IS 4326, 1993) ............................... 50
Figure 4.16 a) Key load-bearing elements; b) Wall side view showing concrete-tie beam and
roof-to-wall connection (World Housing Encyclopaedia) ............................................. 51
Figure 4.17 Confined masonry construction (NICEE, 2007) ................................................ 51
Figure 4.18 Section of the survey form documenting features of the vertical structural system
.................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4.19 Massive stone construction: a) Dwelling with boulder-sized stones; b) Massive
stones used above lintels .............................................................................................. 53
Figure 4.20 Confined masonry construction (NICEE, 2007) ................................................ 53
Figure 4.21 Arches and vaults ............................................................................................. 54
Figure 4.22 Buttressed arches .............................................................................................. 54
Figure 4.23 Portion of the survey form documenting features of the horizontal structural
system.......................................................................................................................... 55
Figure 4.24 Madras terrace flooring (IS: 2119, 1980) .......................................................... 55
Figure 4.25 Flat stone roof slab .......................................................................................... 55
Figure 4.26 Truss roof with ties ........................................................................................... 56
Figure 4.27 Roofs with braces ............................................................................................. 56
Figure 4.28 A typical jack arch roof slab ............................................................................. 57
Figure 4.29 Portion of the survey form documenting connections........................................ 57
Figure 4.30 Toothed connections at corners and t-junctions in walls (IS:4326, 1993) .......... 58
Figure 4.31 Connections between roofs/floors slab to walls: a) RC slab to masonry wall; b)
Timber joist perpendicular to masonry wall; c) Timber joists parallel to masonry wall
(IS: 1905, 1987) ........................................................................................................... 58
Figure 4.32 Portion of the survey form documenting architectural features.......................... 58
Figure 4.33 Guidelines for position of doors and window openings in walls (IS: 4326, 1993)
.................................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 4.34 Re-entrant corners ............................................................................................ 59
Figure 4.35 Maximum allowable spacing between cross or stiffening walls (IS: 1905, 1987)
.................................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 5.1 Portion of survey form for documenting the Type of Foundation ........................ 61
Figure 5.2 Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology ............................. 62
Figure 5.3 Moment Resisting Frame.................................................................................... 63
Figure 5.4: Concentrically Braced Frame Building .............................................................. 63
Figure 5.5 Concentrically and Eccentrically braced frame ................................................... 64
Figure 5.6: Light Metal Frame Building .............................................................................. 64
Figure 5.7: Composite Braced Frame Building .................................................................... 65
vii
Figure 5.8 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural Features .................... 65
Figure 5.9 Structural features of the steel building ............................................................... 67
Figure 6.1 Portion of survey form for documenting Foundation Type .................................. 68
Figure 6.2 Stone Foundation ............................................................................................... 69
Figure 6.3 Buildings resting on rock/ground without any proper support ............................. 69
Figure 6.4 Buildings resting on tall masonry load bearing/retaining walls ........................... 69
Figure 6.5 A variety of stilts is encountered in hilly areas .................................................... 70
Figure 6.6 A Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology ......................... 71
Figure 6-7 Rammed earth wall, embedded pebbles are also visible due to weathering ......... 71
Figure 6.8 Sun dried brick wall ........................................................................................... 72
Figure 6.9 Mud walls with timber frame.............................................................................. 73
Figure 6.10 Section of the form to document Thatra and Kath-Kunni typology ................... 74
Figure 6.11 Timber frame with timber plank partitions ........................................................ 74
Figure 6.12 A Dhajji Dewari building with stone infills in mud mortar................................ 75
Figure 6.14 Kath-Kunni walls and houses with sloping roofs .............................................. 76
Figure 6.15 A building with mix of Kath-Kunni walls and timber frames ............................ 77
Figure 6.16 A Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology ....................... 77
Figure 6.17A building with bamboo frames and partition .................................................... 78
Figure 6.19 A dry stone house under construction ............................................................... 80
Figure 6.20 A random rubble construction........................................................................... 81
Figure 6.21 A dressed stone wall ......................................................................................... 81
Figure 6.23 Brick masonry with mud and lime mortar ........................................................ 83
Figure 6.24 Change in angle of roof over verandah ............................................................. 84
Figure 6.25 A-type frames .................................................................................................. 84
Figure 6.26 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural Features .................. 84
viii
Chapter 1 Introduction
Under the project titled "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Building Types in

India", one of the important task is to classify the buildings into various categories. This task
will ultimately lead to the preparation of the Building Typology Catalogue of Indian
buildings.
Thus, for the classification of the buildings, survey forms have been prepared. There
are separate survey forms for Reinforced Concrete buildings, Masonry buildings, Steel
buildings and Non-Engineered buildings. The information gathered from each of the survey
form is not only useful to prepare the building typology catalogue but also for the purpose of
seismic vulnerability and risk assessment.
This document is an instruction manual to fill up the survey forms. Chapter 2 gives
guidelines to fill up portion of the survey form which is common in all the survey forms.
Chapter 3, 4, 5 and 6 provides instructions to complete the remaining portion of survey form
for Reinforced Concrete (RC), Masonry, Steel and Non-Engineered buildings respectively.
Filled up sample survey forms are attached in the Appendix.
1
Chapter 2 Common Information in All the
Survey Forms
This chapter provides guidelines to complete the fields which are common in all the
survey forms i.e. RC, Masonry, Steel and Non-Engineered. Survey forms would be filled up
for each building by the execution of following steps:
1. Filling up survey details

2. Verifying and updating building identification information
3. Walking around the building to identify its size and sketching its plan and
elevation view
4. Determining and documenting various attributes of building such as number of
stories, condition of building, existing damage, its predominant use and
utilization, total floor area etc.
5. Determining the soil type and site morphology near the building
6. Identifying potential non-structural falling hazards, if any
7. Identifying and documenting horizontal and vertical irregularities, if any
8. Photographing the building
2.1 Filling up Survey Details
The First step is to fill up the details of the survey shown in Figure 2.1. The
information is introductory which consists of form no., date of survey, surveyor, GPS
coordinates of the building.
SURVEY DETAILS (Form Identifier)

Form no.:
Date:
Surveyor:
GPS coordinates:
Figure 2.1 Portion of the survey form for documenting Survey Details
2.1.1 Form No.

This question covered the form no. of the building survey. This should be a unique no.
which can be identified later on. Form No. may include year, date, day, and then building no.
which is being surveyed.
2
2.1.2 Date
Survey date should be written here.
2.1.3 Surveyor
This question covers the name of the surveyor.
2.1.4 GPS Coordinates

GPS coordinates of the building should be written here.
2.2 Building Details
Space is provided in the upper right-hand portion of the survey Form as shown in
Figure 2.2 to document building identification information (i.e. address, name, predominant
use, visual condition and other data).
Figure 2.2 Portion of the survey form for documenting Building Details
3
2.2.1 Building Name
This section covers the name of the building which is being surveyed.
2.2.2 Address
The surveying authority may prefer to identify and file structures by street address,
parcel number, building owner, or some other scheme. However, it is recommended that as a
minimum the street address and zip code be recorded on the form. Zip code is important
because it is universal to all municipalities, is an especially useful item for later collation and
summary analyses. Documentation of the building address information and name, if it exists,
is straightforward.
2.2.3 Width of adjoining main road

This section to be filled up based upon the width of the road near the building if it has
access to the road. This information is useful to identify whether the building has access to
road which is critical for emergency transportation such as Ambulance, Fire brigade vehicle
etc.
2.2.4 Ownership
This section covers the ownership of the building. Building can be owned by private,
public or corporate authority. An appropriate option should be selected.
2.2.5 Predominant Use

Although usually not bearing directly on the structural hazard or probability of
sustaining major damage, the occupancy of a building is of interest and use when determining
priorities for risk mitigation.
Eight general occupancy classes that are easy to recognize have been defined. They
are listed on the form as Assembly, Government, Office, School, Emergency, Residential,
Commercial and Industrial.
The occupancy class that best describes the building being evaluated should be ticked
on the form. If there are several types of uses in the building, such as commercial and
residential, both should be ticked.
The eight occupancy classes are described below.
2.2.5.1 Assembly
Places of public assembly are those where 300 or more people might be gathered in
one room at the same time. Examples are theatres, auditoriums, community centres,
performance halls, and churches. (Occupancy load varies greatly and can be as much as 1
person per 10 sq. ft. of floor area, depending primarily on the condition of the seating i.e.
fixed versus moveable).
2.2.5.2 Office
Typical office buildings house clerical and management occupancies (use 1 person
per 100 to 200 sq. ft.).
4
2.2.5.3 School
This occupancy class includes all public and private educational facilities from
nursery school to university level. (Occupancy load varies; use 1 person per 50 to 100 sq. ft.).
2.2.5.4 Emergency
The emergency building is defined as any facility that would likely be needed in a
major catastrophe such as an earthquake. These include police and fire stations, hospitals, and
communications centres. (Occupancy load is typically 1 person per 100 sq. ft.).
2.2.5.5 Residential
This occupancy class refers to residential buildings such as houses, townhouses,
dormitories, motels, hotels and apartments. (The number of persons for residential
occupancies varies from about 1 person per 300 sq. ft. of floor area in dwellings, to perhaps 1
person per 200 sq. ft. in hotels and apartments, to 1 per 100 sq. ft. in dormitories).
2.2.5.6 Commercial
The commercial occupancy class refers to retail and wholesale businesses, financial
institutions, restaurants, parking structures and light warehouses. (Occupancy load varies; use
1 person per 50 to 200 sq. ft.).
2.2.5.7 Industrial
The industrial occupancy class includes factories, assembly plants, large warehouses
and heavy manufacturing facilities. (Typically, use 1 person per 200 sq. ft. except
warehouses, which are perhaps 1 person per 500 sq. ft.).
2.2.6 Minimum Distance from adjoining building

This is to find out the minimum distance from the adjoining building. This component
is useful for the post-earthquake scenario. This information indicates whether damage to the
surveyed structure will cause any effect on the adjoining structures due to the falling debris.
2.2.7 Visual Condition

This section covers the visual condition of the building, i.e. whether building looks
good or damaged. The condition of the building refers to the state of maintenance of the
structure, which will provide an indication of the ability of the building to withstand the
effects of an earthquake. Visual condition at the time of survey indicates the amount of
physical degradation and also whether it is likely to aggravate during earthquake.
Building can be defined as excellent, good, average or damaged as per the standard
definition of damage categories. Table 2.1 gives the definition of damage category.
Table 2-1: Structural Damage Category Definition for various building elements
Building elements
Damage
category
Column Shear Wall Beam Load Bearing wall
D0 No damage No damage No damage No damage
5
Building elements
Damage
category
Column Shear Wall Beam Load Bearing wall
D1 Very fine cracks Very fine cracks Very fine cracks Very fine cracks
(<0.1mm) (<0.1mm) (<0.1mm) (<0.1mm)
D2 Visible cracks (up Visible cracks (up Visible shear cracks Visible cracks (up
to 0.1-0.2 mm) to 0.1-0.2 mm) (near support) or to 0.1-0.2 mm),
tension cracks (at some falling of
bottom) (up to 0.1- plaster
0.2 mm)
D3 Major portion of Major portion of Major portion of Large and deep

outer layer of outer layer of outer layer of cracks (1 - 2 mm),
concrete is spalled concrete is spalled concrete is spalled out of plane
but core is intact but core is intact but core is intact movement
except for hairline except for hairline except for hairline
cracks (<0.5 mm) cracks (<0.5 mm) cracks (<0.5 mm)
D4 Diagonal / Diagonal / trosional Reinforcement and Gaps in the wall,

Trosional cracks in / cross cracks in concrete bond is separation at
concrete core (>0.5 concrete core (>0.5 broken, cracks in openings (e.g.
mm), opening of tie mm), opening of tie the core concrete windows, doors)
bars, buckling of bars, buckling of (>0.5 mm), shear tie
longitudinal bars, longitudinal bars, bars have failed
nonuniform nonuniform
reinforcement size reinforcement size
D5 Crushing of core Crushing of Crushing of Partial or total

concrete at joints, concrete near joints, concrete at supports, collapse of wall
relative movement buckling of bars, excessive deflection
with respect to slab out of plane
and other columns movement
After visual inspection, building damage category can be defined by using Table 2.1.
In the survey form, fields viz. Excellent, Good, Average or Damaged can be checked
as follows:
If the building falls in damage category D0, the option Excellent should be checked in
the form. Similarly for the damage category D1, the option Good and for the damage category
D2, Average option should be checked. If the building does not fall in above categories then
building would be recognised as Damaged.
2.2.8 Building on stilts level/open ground

This question is based on the resting of the building on a level. If the building is rested
upon stilts ground then area of the building on stilt ground should be decided as follows
6
1. If 1/4th of the total area is on stilts then <25% should be selected,
2. If 1/4 - 1/2 area is on stilts then 25% - 50% option should be selected,
3. Similarly if greater than half of the building area is on stilt level then >50%
option should be selected.
Figure 2.3 (a) Building with open ground storey; (b) Structure on stilts
2.2.9 Availability of construction drawings

Yes or No option should be selected depending on the availability of the construction
drawings. These drawings are useful to know the exact plan and structural details of the
building. If there is a need to cross-check some attributes captured by the visual survey,
construction drawings solve this problem. It would also facilitate detailed seismic assessment
and design of seismic retrofit scheme to improve the building’s seismic resistance, where
required.
2.3 General Information
From Figure 2.4, site morphology and soil type of the area of the building is to be
recorded.
Site Morphology (Select All if Applicable)
Flat Crest Embankment Downward Slope Trough Adjacent to Hill

Slopes
Soil Type Soil Nature
Hard Medium Soft Not Known Expansive Not Known

Not Expansive
Liquefaction Potential
Liquefiable Not Liquefiable Not Known
Figure 2.4 Portion of survey form for documenting Soil Type and Site Morphology
7
2.3.1 Site Morphology
This section provides information on the local topography. Multiple selections are
permitted. Report whether the site is located on a flat topography or on an embankment or a
downward slope. Topographical effects (amplification of ground motion) are expected if the
structure is situated on the crest of a hill or the trough; hazard from falling debris or
landslides is expected if the structure is located adjacent to a hill slope. A portion of the form
is shown in the Figure 2.4 to capture the site morphology.
2.3.2 Soil (Types, Nature and Liquefaction Potential)

Soil type describes the nature of the soil on which the building rests. Soil type could
be Hard, Medium or Soft. So appropriate choice is to be checked after examining the soil. If
the soil type is not known, the Not Known option should be checked.
The soil type may be indicated based on soil reports available with the Public Works
Department (PWD) or from local practising engineers. The soil classification (viz. hard,
medium and soft) pertains to the three types founding strata adopted in IS:1893(Part 1):2002
– Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures. Hard’ refers to Well graded gravel
and sand gravel mixtures with or without clay binder, and clayey sands poorly graded or sand
clay mixtures having N above 30, where N is the standard penetration value. Medium refers
to all soils with N between 10 and 30, and poorly graded sands or gravely sands with little or
no fines with N>15. Soft soils refers to all soils with N<10.
Also, the nature of the soil in terms of its expansive nature should be decided.
Expansive soils, also referred as swelling soils, are those soils which have tendency to
increase in the volume whenever the moisture content (i.e. water content) in it is increased.
Foundation with swelling soil will heave and can cause lifting of a building or structure laid
on it whenever the moisture content rises. This can ultimately lead to the failure of foundation
and structure laid on it. They swell when water is added to them and shrink when they dry
out. “Black Cotton Soil” is an example of Expansive soil. Thus, appropriate box should be
checked depending on whether the soil is expansive or not. If the nature of the soil is not
known, the Not Known button should be tabbed.
Expansive soils are those, which have large liquidity limit (WL greater than 50) and
plasticity index (Ip greater than 23) leading to high degree of expansiveness, as per ‘IS:1498-
1970 - Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes’. Typically,
such soils are identifiable by the cracks formed on the surface during summers.
Report the Liquefaction potential of the local soil. Loss of bearing capacity and large
deformations are expected when saturated, cohesionless soils are subjected to rapid loading
under undrained condition.
2.3.3 Workmanship and Code Compliance

Figure 2.5 illustrates the section of the form to record quality of construction of the
building under survey. Workmanship and code compliance are two good indicators of quality
of construction. Visual observations should be optimum to determine the workmanship as
good or poor. To determine code compliance, knowledge of local construction practice
should be helpful. In the field of Code Compliance; if Yes is checked then in following box
IS codes which are followed in the building construction should be mentioned.
8
Workmanship Code Compliance
Yes
Specify code
Good Not Known followed:

Poor No Not Known
Figure 2.5 Portion of survey form for documenting Workmanship and Code
Compliance
2.3.4 Other
This section of the form shown in Figure 2.6 is used to document the level of ground
on which the building is standing. Appropriate option should be selected based on whether
the building is built on split level. If the building is built on split level, further details such as
on hill slopes, partial basement and entrance on higher or lower slope should be documented.
It also has part to classify the building as an individual building or row housing building.
“Row housing type” is selected when the adjacent houses have common walls
between them with a common street-front, whereas an “isolated” building stands isolated
without any connection to the adjacent buildings. For Row Housing type, choose the position
of the unit being surveyed in the aggregate (middle or corner).
On hill slopes Entrance on higher slope

Building
Built on Yes
Split level
Partial basement Entrance on lower slope
No
Row Middle Corner

Housing
Type Isolated
Figure 2.6: Portion of survey form for documenting other Geometrical Characteristics
Some examples of split level buildings shown in Figures 2.7, 2.8, 2.9.
9
Figure 2.7:Buildings on hill slope
10
Figure 2.8:Houses with entrance on higher/lower slope
11
Figure 2.9:Building with partial basement
2.4 Building Description
This part of the survey form records overall building metrics as shown in Figure 2.10:
 Total number of stories above and below the ground,

 Average inter-storey height of the ground floor and upper floors,
 Average floor area,
 Percentage of utilisation of the structure and
 Maximum number of occupants.
12
Information on “period of utilisation” and “maximum number of occupants” facilitate seismic
risk assessment (e.g. potential human casualities in the eventuality of an earthquake,
economic loss, etc.).
Year of last structural repair (if any) gives an indication of the amount of maintenance
undertaken. Regular repair and rehabilitation increase the life of structures.
No. of stories Average Average Average floor Utilisation of Maximum

inter-storey inter- area (m2) floor area (%) Number of
height (m) storey occupants
Ground height (m)
Floor Other
Stories
Basement Ground and <2.5 <2.5 < 25
stories above
stories 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 25-50
0 1 3.0-3.5 3.0-3.5 50-75
1 2 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 > 75
>2
3 > 5.0 > 5.0 Abandoned
Unfinished
Period of Occupancy (Months/Year, Days/Month, Hours/Day)
Year of last structural repair (if any)
Figure 2.10:Building Description
2.5 Geometrical Characteristics of the Building
This section covers the projection and irregularity part of the survey form.
2.5.1 Projections
Chimneys, parapets, balconies, sunshades, etc. are generally classified as falling
hazards. Amplification of ground motion is expected along the height of the structure; hence
these appendages are susceptible to local damage or collapse due to increased accelerations
or displacements.Although these hazards may be present, the basic lateral load system for the
building may be adequate and require no further review. A series of seven boxes have been
included to indicate the projections as shown in Figure 2.11. Falling hazard, if any, along the
projection size (horizontal or vertical) has to be documented.
Chimney Parapets Cladding Balconies Sunshades Comm. Towers Others

s
If others, give details_________________ Largest Horizontal Projection(H) = _____m Largest Vertical Projection(V) = _____m
Figure 2.11 Portion of survey form for documenting Projections
13
The falling hazards of major concern are Chimney, Parapets, Cladding, Balconies,
Sunshades, Communication towers etc are described below.
2.5.1.1 Chimney
A chimney is a structure for venting hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove,
furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Chimneys are typically vertical, or as near as
possible to vertical. Unreinforced masonry chimneys are common in older masonry and
wood-frame dwellings. They are often inadequately tied to the house and fall when strongly
shaken. Chimneys can be housing chimneys or industrial chimneys as shown in Figure 2.12
and 2.13 respectively.
Figure 2.12 Housing Chimney
14
Figure 2.13 Industrial Chimney
2.5.1.2 Parapet
A parapet is a wall-like barrier at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony or other
structure. Where extending above a roof, it may simply be the portion of an exterior wall that
continues above the line of the roof surface, or may be a continuation of a vertical feature
beneath the roof such as a fire wall. Parapets are difficult to identify from the street as it is
sometimes difficult to tell if a facade projects above the roofline. A roof parapet is shown
below in Figure 2.14.
Figure 2.14 Roof Parapet Wall

2.5.1.3 Cladding
Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer
intended to control the infiltration of weather elements, or for aesthetic purposes. Large
heavy cladding elements, usually precast concrete or cut stone, may fall off the building
during an earthquake if improperly anchored. The loss of panels may also create major
changes to the building stiffness (the elements are considered non-structural but often
contribute substantial stiffness to a building), thus setting up plan irregularities or torsion
when only some fall. Exterior wall claddings are shown below in Figure 2.15.
15
Figure 2.15 Exterior wall claddings
Balconies and sunshades of the building are other common falling hazards. If any of
the above non-structural falling hazards exist, the appropriate box should be checked. Also,
size of projection in horizontal or vertical or both directions should be mentioned below. If
there are any other falling hazards, the “Other” box should be checked and its details should
be documented.
2.5.2 Plan/Vertical Irregularities

No structure is perfectly regular as it is impossible to avoid irregularity in a structure.
A structure is seismically regular if it has a uniform mass, stiffness, strength and structural
form throughout the elevation and plan of the building. An irregular structure is simply one
having a non-uniform distribution of any of these properties individually or in combination,
in horizontal or vertical directions. A structure could be irregular because architectural design
requirements call for non-uniformity of some sort. This is designed/planned use irregularity.
Common examples of this type are; a residential building having a car park at the basement
and a corresponding less stiff first storey, an academic institution having a heavy library on
one floor level, or a structure designed to have setbacks to meet boundary offset
requirements. A structure could also be irregular due to non-planned effects such as when
16
people move around in a structure causing non-uniformity of mass, variation in material
properties causing non-uniform stiffness or strength etc. Torsional irregularity is a plan
irregularity: when floor diaphragms are rigid in their own plan in relation to the vertical
structural elements that resist the lateral forces, and there is a noticeable eccentricity between
the centre of mass and centre of stiffness in a given storey.
With reference to IS:1893(Part 1)- 2002, buildings are considered to be irregular in plan, if
one of the following conditions is satisfied:
i. There are re-entrant corners: Plan configurations of a structure and its lateral force
resisting system contain re-entrant corners, where both projections of the structure
beyond the re-entrant corner are greater than 15 percent of its plan dimension in the
given direction.
ii. There is diaphragm discontinuity: Diaphragms with abrupt discontinuities or
variations in stiffness, including those having cut-out or open areas greater than 50
percent of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or changes in effective diaphragm
stiffness of more than 50 percent from one storey to the next.
iii. Presence of out-of-plane offsets: Discontinuities in a lateral force resistance path, such
as out-of-plane offsets of vertical elements.
iv. Presence of non-parallel systems:
a. The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not parallel to the major
orthogonal axes or the lateral force resisting elements.
b. The vertical elements resisting the lateral force are not symmetric about the
major orthogonal axes or the lateral force resisting elements.
With reference to IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, buildings are considered to be irregular in height, if

one of the following conditions is satisfied:
i. Presence of an open storey (relative to other stories): As a guideline, stiffness

irregularity is expected if the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the
storey above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three stories
above (soft storey). A extreme soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less
than 60 percent of that in the storey above or less than 70 percent of the average
stiffness of the three stories above. For example, buildings on stilts will fall under this
category.
ii. There is mass irregularity: Mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the
seismic weight of any storey is more than 200 percent of that of its adjacent stories.
The irregularity need not be considered in case of roofs.
iii. Presence of vertical geometric irregularity: Vertical geometric irregularity shall be
considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral force resisting
system in any storey is more than 150 percent of that in its adjacent storey.
iv. Presence of in-plane discontinuity in vertical elements resisting lateral force: An in-
plane offset of the lateral force resisting elements greater than the length of those
elements.
v. Presence of discontinuity in capacity: A weak storey is one in which the storey lateral
strength is less than 80 percent of that in the storey above. The storey lateral strength
is the total strength of all seismic force resisting elements sharing the storey shear in
the considered direction.
vi. Presence of staggered floors or offset floor diaphragms: This can be expected in
buildings with different storey heights in the same floor.
17
Figure 2.16 shows the portion of the survey form to record irregularities (plan or
vertical) in the building. Appropriate options should be checked after the building has been
examined for the irregularities.
Parameter Parameter
Lateral load-resisting elements not parallel to
Open storey (Relative)
orthogonal axis
Re-entrant corners (>15% of plan dimension) Mass irregularities
Diaphragm discontinuity (cut/open area > 50% of gross Geometrical irregularity (horizontal dimension of lateral
area, and/or floor to floor variation in diaphragm stiffness) load-resisting system in a storey is >150% of adjacent storey )
Out-of-plane offsets of lateral load-resisting Discontinuity in vertical members over height

elements
Lateral load-resisting elements not symmetric Vertical stiffness irregularities
about orthogonal axis
Staggered floors (offset floor diaphragm)
Figure 2.16 Portion of survey form for documenting Irregularities
Major plan and vertical irregularities are explained below:
2.5.2.1 Plan Irregularity

Plan irregularity can affect all building types. Examples of plan irregularity include
buildings with torsional irregularities, re-entrant corners, diaphragm discontinuity, out of
plane offsets of lateral load-resisting elements; and buildings with major stiffness
eccentricities in the lateral force resisting system, which may cause twisting around a vertical
axis.
Buildings with re-entrant corners include those with long wings such as E, L, T, U, or
+ shaped buildings as shown in Figure 2.17 and 2.18
Figure 2.17 Plan views of buildings having horizontal irregularities;

arrows indicate possible areas of damage
18
Figure 2.18 Example of a building with horizontal irregularity with two
wings meeting at right angles
Plan irregularities causing torsion are especially prevalent among corner buildings, in
which the two adjacent street sides of the building are largely windowed and open, whereas
the other two sides are generally solid. Wedge-shaped buildings, triangular in plan, on
corners of streets not meeting at 90°, are similarly susceptible as shown in Figure 2.19.
19
Figure 2.19 Example of a buildings, triangular in plan, having torsional
irregularites
Diaphragm discontinuity may be present in the structure when cut/open area is more
than half of the gross area or there is a floor to floor variation in diaphragm stiffness.
Building should be examined for out of plane offsets of lateral load-resisting

elements. In this case, the lateral load-resisting structure is not vertically continuous from
foundation to roof but has an horizontal off-set. Choose this option if such irregularity is
present.
If lateral load resisting elements are not parallel or symmetric about orthogonal axis,
this option should be selected in the form.
2.5.2.2 Vertical Irregularity

This performance attribute applies to all building types. Examples of vertical
irregularity include buildings with soft storey, mass and geometrical irregularities, weak
stories, staggered floors, setbacks, hillside buildings, etc.
A soft story exists if the stiffness of one story is significantly less than that of most of
the others. Soft stories are difficult to verify without knowledge of how the building was
designed and how the lateral forces are to be transferred from story to story. In many
commercial buildings, the first story is soft due to large window openings for display
purposes.
If one story is particularly tall or has windows on all sides, and if the stories above
have fewer windows, then it is probably a soft story. Another common example of soft story
is “tuck under” parking commonly found in apartment buildings as shown in Figure 2.20.
20
Figure 2.20 An example soft storey building
Several past earthquakes have shown the vulnerability of this type of construction.
However, if there is a doubt, it is best to be conservative and indicate the existence of a soft
story by checking the option in the form shown in Figure 2.16. Use the comments section to
explain the source of uncertainty.
A regular structure is considered to have a constant mass at each floor level. The
effect of mass irregularity is considered by when the floor mass of one or more floors is
different than other floors. Specifically, when the weight of a storey is greater than 150% of
weight of an adjacent storey, the mass irregularity effect is considered.
Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal

dimension of the lateral load resisting system in any storey is more than 150 percent of that in
an adjacent storey. The example building with vertical geometric irregularity is shown in
Figure 2.21.
21
Figure 2.21 Examples of buildings with vertical geometric irregularities
A weak storey is observed in the building when a storey shear strength is less than the
shear strength of the storey above. Buildings with offset floor diaphragms or staggered floors
are considered vertically irregular.
2.6 Damage Condition of the Building
This section of the survey form shown in Figure 2.22 is dedicated to evaluate the
existing damage condition of the building.
Yes No Not Known

If Yes,
Any storey/building noticeably leaning

Cracks at beam-column junction
Beam Distress - Vertical/Diagonal cracks near supports/mid span
22
Are the slabs exclusively deflected?
Cantilever slabs are damaged?
Cracks in Staircase
Out of plane failure of infill walls
If others, give details__________________________________
Figure 2.22 Portion of survey form for documenting damage condition of

the building
First step is to know whether the building has undergone any previous structural
damage. This information can be obtained from the residents or owner of the building. If
there is any history of damage, its details need to be documented in the form. If the history of
earlier damage is not known, the box Not Known should be checked.
Second step is to determine if any kind of rehabilitation or strengthening has been

done to building.
2.7 Sketching and Photographing of the Building
As a minimum, a sketch of the plan of the building should be drawn on the space
provided on the survey form as shown in Figure 2.23.
Figure 2.23 Portion of survey form for drawing sketches of the building
An elevation may also be useful in indicating significant features. The sketches are
especially important, as they reveal many of the building’s attributes to the surveyor as the
23
sketch is made. In other words, it forces the surveyor to systematically view all aspects of the
building.
The plan sketch should include the location of the building on the site and distance to
adjacent buildings. If all sides of the building are different, an elevation should be sketched
for each side. Otherwise indicate that the sketch is typical of all sides. The sketch should note
and emphasize special features such as existing significant cracks or configuration problems.
Dimensions should be included.
A photograph contains much more information, although perhaps less emphasized,

than the elevation sketch. Large buildings are difficult to photograph from the street and the
camera lens introduces distortion for high-rise buildings. If possible, photographs should be
taken from a sufficient distance to include the whole building, and such that adjacent faces
are included. A wide angle or a zoom lens may be helpful. Strong sunlit facades should be
avoided, as harsh contrasts between shadows and sunlit portions of the facade will be
introduced. If possible, the front of the building should not be obscured by trees, vehicles or
other objects, as they obscure the lower (and often the most important) stories.
At least one photograph of the entrance of the building should be taken for
identification purposes. As many photographs as possible capturing major features of the
building should be taken. Photograph numbers should be documented on the space provided
on the form as shown in Figure 2.24.
Figure 2.24 Portion of survey form for documenting Photograph Nos.
2.8 Comments Section
This last section of the form shown in Figure 2.25 is for recording any comments or
observations the surveyor may wish to make regarding the building, occupancy, condition,
quality of the data or unusual circumstances of any type. For example, if there is uncertainty
about some question or some anomalous behaviour of the building is noted by the surveyor,
24
he could describe this information in the comments area. Any important observations which
are not captured in the form can also be documented in the comments section.
Figure 2.25: Portion of survey form for documenting Comments
25
Chapter 3 Instructions to fill up RC Survey
Form
Information which are common to all the survey forms, have been illustrated in the
Chapter 2. Remaining features which need to be captured in the RC survey form is explained
in this chapter.
3.1 Foundation Type
This section of the form, shown in Figure 3.1, will aid to determine the foundation
type of the structure. The appropriate option should be selected on examining the building.
Assistance of local engineers may be taken if required to determine the type of foundation. If
there are more than one type of foundations then multiple options can be checked. If the
building has a different foundation type which is not covered in the form then other should be
checked and the details of the foundation should be given.
Foundation Type (Select All if Applicable)
Raft Piles Other

Isolated Combined Foundati
Under - Specify:
Footings Footings Not
reamed Piles Known
Figure 3.1 Portion of survey form for documenting the Type of Foundation
3.2 Structural Typology
This is one of the important sections of the survey form. On completing this section,
buildings can be classified into various categories.
After examining the building, type of load-bearing system and its subtype should be
identified and documented in the form as shown in Figure 3.2.
26
Material Type of Load- Sub-types
Bearing Structure
Bear frame concrete structure with/without non-
structural cladding
Designed for gravity loads only ( i.e. no seismic
features)
Designed with seismic features (various ages)
Moment Resisting Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls
Frame
Flat slab structure: Reinforced Concrete
Flat slab structure: Prestressed Concrete
Structural Concrete Precast frame structure
Frame with concrete shear walls (dual system)
Walls cast in-situ

Shear Wall Structure
Precast wall panel structure
With load-bearing masonry
With steel
Mixed Structure
With composite steel and concrete vertical
members
With timber, bamboo or others
Figure 3.2 Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology

Different types of prevalent load-bearing structure are explained below:
3.2.1 Moment Resisting Frame

Frame consisting of beams and columns with strong and rigid beam-to-column
connections. It includes frames with slender walls, or walls short in plan, that do not resist a
large proportion of earthquake load. The frames can be single frames, or multiple bays
repeated horizontally and/or vertically. In moment resisting frame, the integral action of
beams, columns and slabs, provides resistance to both gravity and lateral loads through
bending in beams and columns. These frames are not infilled with materials like masonry or
concrete which would transform their behaviour to that of an infilled frame. Moment resisting
frame with infill walls is shown below in Figure 3.3. Various subtypes of moment resisting
frame options are given in survey form as shown in Figure 3.2, appropriate option should be
checked based on the inspection.
27
Figure 3.3 Moment Resisting Frame with Infill Walls
3.2.1.1 Bear frame concrete structure with or without non-structural cladding

Moment resisting frame structures without any infill walls are classified in this
category. Such buildings may be used for commercial purposed using some non-structural
claddings such as glass. Figures 3.4, 3.5 and 3.6 illustrate this building type.
Figure 3.4 Under construction concrete bare frame
28
Figure 3.5 Concrete bare frame with glass cladding
Figure 3.6 Bare frame with large window openings
29
3.2.1.2 Designed for gravity load only
Such moment resisting frame buildings are designed only for gravity loads, i.e. no
seismic features are considered. Local assistance may be required to determine this category.
Figure 3.7 shows one of such buildings.
Figure 3.7 Concrete frame building designed only for gravity loads
3.2.1.3 Designed with seismic features (various ages)

This building category consists of buildings designed with seismic features such as
seismic codes, provision of base isolators, provision of various bands such as lintel, roof etc.
Example building of this category are shown in Figures 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10.
30
Figure 3.8 RC moment resisting frame building with base-isolated footing
Figure 3.9 Base-isolated school building
31
Figure 3.10 Two base isolators
3.2.1.4 Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls

This building category includes moment resisting frame buildings with unreinforced
masonry infill walls. Figures 3.11 illustrate some of such buildings.
32
Figure 3.11 Moment resisting frame structure
3.2.1.5 Flat slab structure: Reinforced Concrete

This building types comprises flat slabs which are thick enough and do not contain
beams. Flat slab are provided to avoid the beam so that enough head space can be provided as
shown in Figure 3.12.
Figure 3.12 Flat slab structure with circular columns
3.2.1.6 Precast frame structure

Precast frame usually refers to frames that are first cast with cement forming and then
installed later. These precast concrete frames have been around for several decades and have
seen several revisions and changes to become what is used today
3.2.1.7 Frame with concrete shear walls (dual system)

In this, moment resisting frames also contains concrete shear walls instead of masonry
infill walls as shown in Figure 3.13.
33
Figure 3.13 Concrete shear wall combined with frame
3.2.1.8 Open ground storey

Since buildings with open ground storey are now prevalent, there is a different
building category defined for such buildings. Generally, buildings with open ground floor for
underground parking fall in to this category. Some examples are shown below in Figures
3.14.
34
Figure 3.14 Building with open ground storey
3.2.2 Shear Wall Structure

Shear walls are the main vertical structural elements with a dual role of resisting both
the gravity and lateral loads. Concrete shear walls are usually cast in place, and show typical
signs of cast-in place concrete. In general, these walls are continuous throughout the building
height; however, some walls are discontinued at the street front or basement level to allow for
commercial or parking spaces. Shear wall could either be casted in-situ or precast wall panel.
Thus, the appropriate option should be checked in Figure 3.2. A typical concrete shear wall
structure is shown in Figure 3.15.
Figure 3.15 Concrete Shear Wall Building

35
3.2.2.1 Wall cast in-situ
This building category includes buildings with cast in-situ concrete shear walls.
3.2.2.2 Precast wall panel structure

It consists of precast wall panel structure
3.2.3 Mixed Structure

As the name suggests, structural elements of various materials are used in such
construction. These types of buildings consist of concrete as a primary structural element
with masonry, steel, timber, bamboo or some other material as a secondary element. Thus,
depending upon the secondary structural element , appropriate option should be selected from
the form shown in Figure 3.2. Some houses of mixed construction are shown in Figures 3.16
to 3.21.
Figure 3.16 Mixed construction: wooden beams and masonry walls
36
Figure 3.17 Mixed Structure: Masonry and wood
Figure 3.18 Mixed Structure: Masonry, Wood and Steel
37
Figure 3.19 Mixed Structure: Brick masonry slab resting on wooden
beams
Figure 3.20 Mixed Structures: Wooden floor resting on steel beams
38
Figure 3.21 Mixed Structure: Concrete columns, steel beams and wooden
balcony
3.3 Architectural Features of the Building
Figure 3.22 explains the architectural features of the building to be captured. This
portion of the form consists of Yes/No questions which are to be answered after examining
the building.
Tall storey heights Presence of large open Presence of double Significant Re-entrant
(Different Storey central courtyard height columns corners in plan
Heights) Present?
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Figure 3.22 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural

Features
3.3.1 Presence of tall storey height

If one or more storey height is different than other storey height, then Yes should be
selected in the box, else No should be selected.
3.3.2 Presence of open courtyard

Based on whether the building has large open courtyard or not, the appropriate option
needs to be selected.
3.3.3 Presence of double height columns

This field is to check whether double height columns are present in a building.
39
3.3.4 Significant Re-entrant corners
If significant re-entrant corners are present then Yes option should be selected.
3.3.5 Roof monolithically combined with vertical members

If vertical members are casted with the roof then Yes should be selected.
3.3.6 Presence of short columns

If significantly short columns are present then Yes option should be selected This
field is to check the presence of the columns having significant bending and compression.
3.3.7 Difference in the outer dimension between plinth level and roof level
If there is a difference in the outer dimensions at roof level with respect to the plinth
level along one or two axis then Yes option should be selected.
40
Chapter 4 Instructions to fill up
Masonry Survey Form
Chapter 2. Remaining features which need to be captured in the Masonry survey form is
explained in this chapter.
4.1 Foundation Type
Section 3c of the masonry survey form records details of the foundation of the
surveyed structure as shown in Fig. 4.1.
Foundation (Select all if applicable)
o Masonry Strip o Masonry Strip o RC o Ordinary o Under- o Not known

with through- w/o through- Continuous Piles reamed
stones stones Beam Piles
Figure 4.1 Section of survey form documenting foundation characteristics
The foundation of the masonry structure may be a strip foundation (otherwise called a
running foundation), with or without through-stones. Through-stones are those, which
completely traverse the width of a wall serving to help bind the two faces together and thus
reduce the chance of the wall bulging - another feature of a wall's structure which cannot be
seen from the outside (see Figure 4.2). These should be placed at regular intervals throughout
the length of a wall (usually about every metre).
Figure 4.2 Through-stones in a rubble stone masonry wall (IS 1597-Part 1,

1992)
41
In more recent constructions, the masonry structure may be constructed on a
continuous RC plinth beam upon the masonry footing. Depending on the nature of the soil,
ordinary or under-reamed piles may be used as foundations. An ordinary-pile is a stick of
timber or other material driven longitudinally into the soil for the purpose of increasing its
power to sustain loads, or to resist lateral pressures (see Figure 4.3). Piles are usually of
timber, concrete or metal, and are further classified according to the methods used in placing
them or the uses for which they are intended. Under-reamed piles have mechanically formed
enlarged bases, with a form of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils (see
Figure 4.4). The larger base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft
pile. These come under deep-foundation classification. Deep foundations can be made out of
timber, steel, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. Appropriate response should be
recoreded after examining the building.
If information on the type of foundation is not available, then the “not known” option
should be selected.
Figure 4.3 (a) Masonry structure on sheet and ordinary piles; (b) Ordinary
timber piles under a stone superstructure
Figure 4.4 Under-reamed piles: (a) Single-bulb cast in-situ pile; (b) Multi-
bulb pile
42
4.2 Material
Section 3d of the survey form records the information regarding the material of the
construction as shown below in Fig. 4.5
Units Mortar
o Not
o Dressed o Random o Mortarless o Mud o Lime o Cement o Not known
known
Condition of mortar
o Good o Moderate o Poor o Not known
Figure 4.5 Section of survey form documenting materials constituting

masonry
The common constituents of masonry construction are clay brick, stone (e.g. marble,
granite, travertine, limestone, etc.) and concrete blocks. “Dressed masonry” means the
stones/units are chiselled into regular rectangular blocks and arranged in an orderly fashion
(typically coursed), while “random masonry” implies that the stones/units are placed
haphazardly (no regular courses) without any trimmings to the stone (i.e., in their natural
form). Modular brick or block masonry always comes under “dressed masonry”. Figures 4.6
and 4.7 illustrate dressed stone masonry and random rubble masonry respectively.
43
Figure 4.6 Dressed stone masonry
Figure 4.7 Random rubble masonry

Mortar is a workable paste used to bind construction blocks together and fill the gaps
between them. The blocks may be stone, brick, cinder blocks, etc. The types used can be:
mud, lime or cement. Sometimes the building units are stacked on top of one another without
any binding material/mortar between them (dry-stack or mortarless construction). In olden
constructions the mortar will be mostly lime or mud. Masonry construction in the last 50
years would have typically used cement mortar as a binder.
44
Condition of mortar is decided as “good”, “moderate” or “poor” based on the visually
perceptible condition of the mortar joint. The extent of deterioration of the mortar joints is
reported here. If the mortar in the joints is in a perfect state of conservation without fissures
and without any degree of deterioration, then “good” should be selected. If the mortar
exhibits fissures of any length but of a depth less than 90% of the thickness of the wall,
“moderate” should be selected. In this category, some degree of deterioration of the mortar is
acceptable. If the mortar exhibits fissures of depths greater than 90% of the thickness of the
wall, “poor” should be selected. However, such observation can be made either in a wall
without plaster or in cases where the plaster has peeled off. “Not known” option is available.
This section of the form classifies the buildings into various categories. Nineteen
masonry typologies are identified as shown in Figure 4.8. Appropriate response should be
recorded after examining the building.
Material Sub-types
Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually
with timber
Massive stoneroof)
masonry (in lime/cement mortar)
Mud walls
Mud walls with horizontal wood elements
Adobe block walls
Rammed earth/Pise construction
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar
Masonry Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts
Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with RC floor/roof slabs
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various
floor/roofbrick/block
Confined systems) masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams
Unreinforced, in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
Reinforced, in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
Mixed structure (with RC vertical load-bearing elements)
Mixed structure (with steel vertical load-bearing elements)
Figure 4.8 Different masonry typologies in the form

1. Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar/without mortar (usually with timber
roof): Rubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture. "Rubble-work" is a
name applied to several types of masonry. The masonry wall is not composed of
regular courses. As mentioned before, it can be mortar-less, or mud or lime can be
used as the binder. The roof is usually of timber.
2. Massive stone masonry (in lime/cement mortar): Stone masonry involves shaping
rough pieces of natural stone into geometrical shapes and then arranging the resulting
stones in regular patterns and/or courses, often with mortar, to form structural
components. The stones typically used are igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks. Stone masonry structures with semi-dressed (rough-hewn) or dressed regular
coursed blocks or ashlar masonry in lime or cement mortar will fall in this category.
45
3. Dressed stone (regular shape) masonry (in lime/cement mortar): This typology refers
to building units made of stones which are cut into regular shapes and having proper
surface finish. Lime or cement mortar are generally used as a binder with dressed
stones.
4. Mud walls: The load-bearing walls of these structures are made up of mud, the most
natural of all building materials. Such structures are typically found in rural areas. The
mud may be stabilised with natural additives. Roofs are usually in timber and thatch
or tile, or with stone slabs.
5. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements: Structural system is similar to the previous
typology. In addition, timber elements are used to reinforce the mud walls, at regular
intervals over the height of the wall. These timber elements run continuously in all
the load-bearing walls of the structure.
Figure 4.9 Dwellings with mud walls
46
Figure 4.10 Mud walls with horizontal timber elements
6. Adobe block walls : Adobe is a natural building material made from sand, clay, water,
and natural additives (fibrous or organic material: sticks, straw, and/or manure),
which are shaped into bricks using moulds and sun-dried. Straw is used in binding the
brick together and allowing the brick to dry evenly. The mixture is roughly half sand
(50%), one-third clay (35%), and one-sixth straw (15%) by weight. In hot climates,
compared with wooden buildings, adobe buildings offer significant advantages due to
their greater thermal mass, but they are known to be particularly susceptible to
earthquakes.
47
Figure 4.11 Adobe walls
7. Rammed earth/Pise construction : Building a rammed-earth/Pise wall involves

compressing a damp mixture of earth that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel and
clay (sometimes with an added stabilizer) into an externally supported frame or
mould, creating either a solid wall of earth or individual blocks. Modern construction
uses lime, cement or asphalt emulsions as additives. Some modern builders add
coloured oxides or other items, such as bottles, tires, or pieces of timber, to add
variety to the structure.
Figure 4.12 Sand-blasted pise wall (left); pise wall (right)

8. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar : This is a type of building where load
bearing walls, non-load bearing partition walls or other structural and non-structural
components, such as chimneys are made of modular brick with mortar, but without
steel reinforcement or confining elements, such as RC or steel.
48
Figure 4.13 Buildings with unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar
(World Housing Encyclopaedia)
9. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts: The presence of
vertical posts (in timber or stone) as part of the load-bearing structure in addition to
masonry walls. This category includes structures with vertical posts supporting
appendages such as veranda, covered courtyards, etc.
10. Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar: The difference from the previous
categories is that these buildings are built using lime mortar as the binder.
11. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with RC floors/roof slabs: Cement
mortar is the binder in the unreinforced brick masonry. The floor or roof structure is
made of reinforced concrete slabs.
Figure 4.14 (a) Building under construction, (b) Typical building with
unreinforced brick masonry walls with RC roof slab (World Housing
Encyclopaedia)
12. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands: Lintel bands are the
continuous lintels that ensure homogenous box action of the entire system under
lateral loading, by tying up the walls of the structure together. Lintels bands have to
49
be continuous; they may be in timber, RC or steel. Specifications for RC lintel bands
are available in IS 4326 (1993).
Figure 4.15 Description of lintel, gable and roof band (IS 4326, 1993)
13. Unreinforced concrete block masonry: Concrete blocks are used to as a masonry units
in these structures.
14. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams: The lateral
load-resisting system is composed of masonry load-bearing walls, confined with RC
columns and beams. The construction sequence is masonry walls followed by
confining elements (which is different from infill masonry construction, where the RC
frame is built first). Confined masonry with RC tie columns and beams provided
frame action under lateral loading.
50
Figure 4.16 a) Key load-bearing elements; b) Wall side view showing
concrete-tie beam and roof-to-wall connection (World Housing Encyclopaedia)
Figure 4.17 Confined masonry construction (NICEE, 2007)
15. Unreinforced masonry in lime/cement mortar (various roof/floor systems): The

primary difference between this category and those previously discussed (9, 10) is
that the flooring and roofing systems are not reinforced concrete slabs.
16. Reinforced in cement mortar (various roof/floor systems) : Masonry walls are
provided with steel reinforcement. Any type of floor or roofing system could be
adopted.
17. Mixed structure (with RC vertical load-bearing elements) : A mixed RC-masonry

building is one in which, the vertical load-bearing structural system is composed of
more than one system, namely RC frames and masonry load-bearing walls. Buildings
may be designed to have mixed or hybrid structural systems or such structures may
result due to expansions and modifications of existing masonry structures.
18. Mixed structure (with steel vertical load-bearing elements) : Same as above, however,
the load-bearing elements are steel frames and masonry load-bearing walls.
51
19. Mixed structure (with timber/bamboo vertical load-bearing elements) : Same as
above, however, the load-bearing elements are timber/bamboo frames and masonry
load-bearing walls.
4.4 Structural Features
This section of the survey form includes vertical and horizontal structural system of
the building.
4.4.1 Vertical structural system

It consists of information about vertical structural system of the building as shown in
Figure 4.18.
Isolated Vertical
Binder
posts
Lime mortar
Mud mortar
Not known
Mortarless
Vertical Structure
Dry stack/
Present
Cement
mortar
Absent
Mud walls
Mud walls with timber framing
Adobe walls
Rammed earth/ Pise
Random rubble
Rough-cut stone
Massive stone
Ashlar masonry
Unreinforced clay brick
Unreinforced concrete block
Unreinforced block (others)
Reinforced clay/block walls
Confined masonry
Figure 4.18 Section of the survey form documenting features of the vertical
structural system
Mud Walls refers to load-bearing walls made up of mud
Mud Walls with timber framing refers to load bearing walls made of mud and timber
elements are used to reinforce the mud walls, at regular intervals over the height of the wall.
Adobe walls refers to load bearing walls made of bricks made from sand, clay, water and
locally available natural additives.
Rammed earth/pise refers to solid load bearing wall created using compressed earth that has
suitable proportions of sand, gravel and clay (sometimes with an added stabilizer).
Random rubble refers to broken stones of irregular, size, shape and texture.
Rough cut stone refers to building units made of stones cut to regular shapes without any
surface finishing.
Massive stones refers to use of large blocks of stone as shown in Figure 4.19.
52
a) b)
Figure 4.19 Massive stone construction: a) Dwelling with boulder-sized stones; b)

Massive stones used above lintels
Ashlar masonry refers to use of dressed and finely cut stones (of any type).
Unreinforced clay bricks can be sun-dried or burnt units without any form of reinforcements
in the wall.
Unreinforced concrete block is made of concrete blocks without steel reinforcement in the
wall.
Unreinforced block (others) implies other native building material is made use of in
producing the building units and without steel reinforcement in the wall.
Reinforced clay brick/block walls has reinforcement in the form of wooden members or steel
elements in the wall.
Confined Masonry refers to Masonry walls (made either of clay brick or concrete block units)
and horizontal and vertical RC confining members. Tie-columns or practical columns,
resemble columns in RC frame construction, but they tend to be of smaller cross-section.
Horizontal elements, called tie-beams, resemble beams in RC frame construction.
A typical confined masonry construction is shown in Figure 4.20.
Figure 4.20 Confined masonry construction (NICEE, 2007)
53
“Isolated vertical posts” indicate the presence of load-bearing posts or columns, in
addition to walls, in the verandah or courtyard. Walls being “single-leaf” and “multi-leaf”
indicates the number of load-bearing layers (or wythes) of the masonry wall. Multi-leaf walls
are composed of an inner layer of different material, sandwiched between outer layers of
masonry. The inner layer or core can be loosely filled rubble masonry, while the outer leaves
may be of regular brick or stone masonry. A cavity wall is a double-leaf wall with an inner
air gap (may aslo be filled with insulating material).
An “arch” is a structural element in compression that spans space horizontally and

vertically and supports superimposed loads. A “vault” is arch extended horizontally, hence
providing a space with a roof.
Figure 4.21 Arches and vaults

Figure 4.21 illustrates various types of arches and vaults. In Figure 4.21, Figure A
shows the construction of a basic arch. Figure B shows the construction of a two vault tunnel,
while D and E are both diagrams of various types of vaults. In figure C, a vault is nothing
more than arches laid next to one another. A horizontal “tie” is used to counteract the
horizontal thrust in an arch. It is just a rod (mostly a steel rod) connecting the two vertical
walls of the arch at its springers. The buttressing can be part of the structure or additional
appendage to strengthen the arch or vault.
Figure 4.22 Buttressed arches
4.4.2 Horizontal structural system

It consists of information about horizontal structural system of the building as shown
in Fig. 4.23.
54
Roofing systems
Intermediate floor slabs
Flat roof Sloped roof Special roofs
d dome/vaulted
with brickwork
Dome/Corbelle
Jack arch slab
Heavy timber
Roof without
ties/braces
ties/braces
Stone slab
Light roof
Jack arch
Roof with
Flexible
Vaulted
RC Slab
RC slab
Heavy
Heavy
Rigid
Light
Light
Figure 4.23 Portion of the survey form documenting features of the horizontal
structural system
The “horizontal structural systems” includes roofs and slabs. A “flat roof” can be,
“light”- made from materials like thatch, bamboo poles with leaf covering, tiled-roof, and
asbestos or GI sheeting. The Madras terrace roofing with heavy timber joists, timber rafters
and brickwork with lime concrete is an example of “heavy timber with brick work”.
Figure 4.24 Madras terrace flooring (IS: 2119, 1980)

Stone slabs are roof system is common in rural housing. They may be flat or pitched.
Large slabs are used for flat roofs, and small ones for pitched roofs. They may be laid either
with lap or butt joints on a filling resting on the vaulting beneath.
Figure 4.25 Flat stone roof slab
"Asbestos/GI sheet slab" is a light weight slab often found in rural areas.
55
“RC slab” for flooring or roofing could be cast-in-situ or pre-cast reinforced concrete.
Sloped roof systems without ties or braces will transfer large lateral forces to walls;
hence roofs can be classified as “heavy-thrusting” and “non-thrusting type”. A simple ridged
roof consists of inclined rafters that rest on vertical wall-plates on top of each wall. The top
ends of the rafters meet at the horizontal ridge plate or ridge beam. Horizontal purlins are
fixed to the rafters to support the roof covering. Heavier under purlins are used to support
longer rafter spans. Tie beams or ceiling joists are connected between the lower ends of
opposite rafters to prevent them from spreading and forcing the walls apart. Collar beams or
collar ties may be fixed higher up between opposite rafters for extra strength.
Figure 4.26 Truss roof with ties

The roof rafter brace is a structural element (see Figure 4.25) in timber or metal that
allows the roof to remain at its intended angle. This brace is put into place in the initial
construction or whenever more roofing is added to the house structure.
Figure 4.27 Roofs with braces

A “jack arch slab” as shown in Figure 4.26 is a flooring or roofing system composed
of a series of low-rise brick vaults that are supported on intermediate beams (typically made
of steel sections) and topped with lime concrete. This is a feature observable in colonial
buildings.
56
Figure 4.28 A typical jack arch roof slab
Masonry dome and vaulted roofs are special roof types, typically encountered in
monumental or important heritage structures. These masonry domes or vaults may be
constructed with the corbelling technique, where the masonry units are offset by a regular
dimension to form the arched roof element.
The type of intermediate floor slab (in case of multi-storeyed structures) should be
chosen. A floor diaphragm is classified as rigid if the in-plane stiffness of the slab is large,
resulting in no in-plane deformations due to lateral loads (e.g. RC slabs). Alternatively, the
floor diaphragm may be classified as flexible.
4.4.3 Connections
This section of the form, shown in Figure 4.27, is to examine the connections between
various elements of the building. Various connections types are shown in Figures 4.28 and
4.29.
Good connections between Lintel band present Roof band present Good connections between
walls at corners roof/floor slab and walls
Yes No Not known Yes No Not known Yes No Not known Yes No Not known
Figure 4.29 Portion of the survey form documenting connections
“Good connections between walls at corners” should be selected if there is positive

connection between orthogonal walls at their junctions. If the corners are toothed as shown
below, there is clamping between the orthogonal walls, which becomes important under
lateral loading for homogenous behaviour of masonry.
57
Figure 4.30 Toothed connections at corners and t-junctions in walls
(IS:4326, 1993)
Lintel bands and roof bands in masonry buildings will ensure that the walls are tied
together and the walls are positively connected to the roof, respectively. These bands are
typically in timber, steel or RC. Some details of positive connection between structural
elements of the floor and the masonry wall are shown in the figures below (IS: 1905, 1987).
Figure 4.31 Connections between roofs/floors slab to walls: a) RC slab to

masonry wall; b) Timber joist perpendicular to masonry wall; c) Timber joists
parallel to masonry wall (IS: 1905, 1987)
4.5 Architectural Features
Specific architectural features, which alter the seismic resistance of masonry

buildings, are recorded here as shown in Figure 4.32.
Different storey Large open central Large Door/window Re-entrant

heights present? courtyard present door/window openings close to corners present
openings present corners present
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Walls distributed Walls Irregular Floating walls Floating walls about

symmetrically about symmetrically orientation of about one axis both axes present
one axis distributed about rooms present
both axes
Figure 4.32 Portion of the survey form documenting architectural features
“Different storey heights” lead to vertical irregularity in stiffness.
“Open courtyards” in the building leads to horizontal discontinuity in the shear walls or
timber frames (post and lintel). Such courtyards are typically centrally located, and found in
south India due to climatic conditions.
“Large door or window openings in walls” reduce the lateral resistance of buildings. Large
openings weaken walls from carrying the inertia forces in its own plane.
58
“Presence of openings, too close to corners” is also a susceptible feature for failures of
buildings under seismic forces. (see ‘IS:4326-1993 – Earthquake Resistant Design and
Construction of Buildings’ guidelines below). Openings too close to the wall corners hamper
the flow of forces from one wall to another.
Figure 4.33 Guidelines for position of doors and window openings in walls
(IS: 4326, 1993)
A building has “re-entrant corners” if there are projections in the layout, of
dimensions greater than 15 percent of its plan dimension in a given direction as shown in
Figure 4.34.
Figure 4.34 Re-entrant corners

The plan dimensions of floors should not vary significantly from the dimensions and
plan configuration of the plinth at the ground level. Presence of “floating walls about one
axis” and “floating walls about both axes” have to be recorded here. “Presence of unanchored
overhead watertanks” constitutes a falling hazard during earthquake shaking (the location of
the structure should be indicated with respect to the plan of the structure). If an isolated
“staircase headroom” extending above the rest of the structure is present, it is recorded.
59
If long walls with interrupted at regular intervals by cross walls increase the
overturning resistance of the long walls (see maximum allowable spacing between corss or
stiffening walls as per IS 1905, 1987 recommendations in the figure below). “Walls
symmetrically distributed about one/both axes”, “irregular orientation of rooms” (deviation
from orthogonality) and “location of staircase eccentrically about one or both axes”, give an
indication of the regularity of the plan configuration of the building.
Figure 4.35 Maximum allowable spacing between cross or stiffening walls

(IS: 1905, 1987)
60
Chapter 5 Guidelines to Complete Steel
Survey Form
Chapter 2. Remaining features which need to be captured in the Steel survey form is
explained in this chapter.
5.1 Foundation Type
This section of the form, shown in Figure 5.1, will aid to determine the foundation
type of the structure. The appropriate option should be selected on examining the building, if
the foundation type is more than one for a building than multiple options can be checked. If
the building has different foundation type which is not covered in the form then other should
be checked and the details of the foundation should be given.
Foundation Type (Select All Applicable)
Raft Piles Other

Combined Specify
Isolated Foundati
Footings Under - Not
Footings reamed Piles Known
Figure 5.1 Portion of survey form for documenting the Type of Foundation
This is one of the important portions of the survey form. On completing this data,
After examining the building, type of load-bearing structure and its subtype should be
identified and documented in the form as shown in Figure 5.2.
61
Material Type of Load- Sub-types
Bearing Structure
With brick masonry partitions
Moment Resisting
Frame With cast in-situ concrete walls
With light weight partitions
Concentrically Braced With various floor/roof systems

Frame
Eccentrically Braced With various floor/roof systems

Frame
Light Metal Frame Single storey LM frame structure

Steel
With Reinforced Concrete
Mixed Structure
With composite steel and concrete vertical
members
With Timber, Bamboo or others
Figure 5.2 Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology

5.2.1 Moment Resisting Frame

Most modern high-rise buildings and many mid- and low-rise buildings rely on steel
moment frames to resist lateral loads arising from winds or earthquakes. In steel moment-
frame buildings, the ends of the beams are rigidly joined to the columns by a combination of
welding and bolting so that the buildings can resist lateral wind and earthquake forces
without the assistance of additional braces or walls. They resist lateral loads through bending
of the frame elements. This style of construction is very popular for many building
occupancies, because the absence of diagonal braces and structural walls allows complete
freedom for interior space layout and aesthetic exterior expression.
Moment resisting frame is shown below in Figure 5.3. Various subtypes of moment
resisting frame options are given in survey form as shown above in Figure 5.2, appropriate
option should be checked based on the inspection.
62
Figure 5.3 Moment Resisting Frame
5.2.2 Steel Braced Frame

Steel moment-resisting frames are susceptible to large lateral displacements during
severe earthquake ground motions, and require special attention to limit damage to non-
structural elements as well as to avoid brittle or ductile fracture of beam to column
connections. As a consequence, engineers have increasingly turned to concentrically braced
steel frames as an economical means for resisting earthquake loads in such a way that the
useable space was not obstructed. Steel braced frame can be eccentrically braced frame or
concentrically braced frame. In concentrically braced frame, members intersect at a node and
the centroid of each member passes through the same point while in eccentrically braced
framethus, the appropriate option should be checked in Figure 5.2. A typical steel braced
frame building is shown in Figure 5.4.
Figure 5.4: Concentrically Braced Frame Building
63
Figure 5.5 Concentrically and Eccentrically braced frame
5.2.3 Light Metal Frame

Light steel-frame building consists of structural wall frames and roof trusses
manufactured from cold-formed galvanized structural steel sections. An example of Light
metal frame is shown in following Figure 5.6.
Figure 5.6: Light Metal Frame Building
64
5.2.4 Mixed Structure
As the name suggests, structural elements of various materials are used in such
construction. These types of structure consist of steel as a primary structural element with
masonry, concrete, timber, bamboo or some other material as a secondary element. Thus,
depending upon the secondary structural element , appropriate option should be selected from
the form shown in Figure 5.2.A steel frame with concrete is shown in Figure 5.7.
Figure 5.7: Composite Braced Frame Building
Figure 5.8 explains the architectural features of the building to be captured. This
portion of the form consists of Yes/No questions which are to be answered after examining
the building.
Tall storey heights Presence of large open Presence of double Significant Re-entrant
(Different Storey central courtyard height columns corners in plan
Heights) Present?
Roof monolithically Presence of Outer dimensions at Outer dimensions at

combined with the short/captive columns plinth level smaller than plinth level smaller than
vertical members at roof level in one axis at roof level in both axis
Figure 5.8 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural

Features
5.3.1 Presence of tall storey height

If one or more storey height is different than other storey height, then Yes should be
selected in the box.
65
5.3.2 Presence of open courtyard
Whether building has large open court yard or not, appropriate option needs to be
selected.
5.3.3 Presence of double height columns

This field is to check whether double height columns are present in a building.
5.3.4 Significant Re-entrant corners

If significant re-entrant corners are available then Yes option should be selected.
5.3.5 Roof monolithically combined with vertical members

If vertical members are integrated with roof then Yes should be selected in this
section of the survey form.
5.3.6 Presence of short columns

This field is to check the presence of the columns having significant bending and
compression.
5.3.7 Difference in the outer dimension between plinth level and roof level
If there is a difference in the outer dimensions at roof level with respect to the plinth
level then Yes should be selected in appropriate section depending upon the no. of axis
having different outer dimensions.
5.4 Structural Features
Figure 5.9 illustrated the structural features which will be captured through the survey
form. Appropriate option should be selected after examining the building.
a) Vertical structural system
Columns Beams Walls
o Masonry o Steel o RC o Masonry o Steel o RC o Masonry o Steel o RC
b) Horizontal structural system
Roofing systems
Flat roof Sloped roof
Heavy timber Steel
Light Asbestos/GI roof Asbestos/GI
with RC slab Light Heavy Steel roof truss RC Slab
roof Sheet truss Sheet
brickwork
66
c) Connections
Yes Good Connections Average Connections Poor Connections

Riveted/Bolted
Connections
No

Welded
Connections
No
Figure 5.9 Structural features of the steel building
5.4.1 Vertical structural system

Section 4a of the survey form as shown in Figure 5.9 records the information about
the vertical structural system of the steel building. It documents the material of construction
of the main structural elements such as columns, beams and walls of the building.
5.4.2 Horizontal structural system

Section 4b of the survey form as shown in Figure 5.9 records the information about
the horizontal structural system of the steel building. It mainly includes the information about
the roofing system of the steel building. Roofs can be flat or sloped. The roof type is further
classified into various types viz. light roof, heavy timber with brickwork, asbestos/GI sheet,
steel roof truss and RC slab. This information is very critical from seismic loss assessment
point of view.
5.4.3 Connections
Section 4c of the survey form as shown in Figure 5.9 records the information about
the connections of the steel building. Connections forms a very important piece of
information about steel buildings. Connections can be Riveted or welded. Further the quality
of the connections has to be documented in terms of Good, Average or Poor.
67
Chapter 6 Guidelines to Complete Non-
Engineered Survey Form
Chapter 2. Remaining features which need to be captured in the Non-Engineered survey form
is explained in this chapter.
6.1 Foundation Type
In case of non-engineered buildings, a variety of foundation types is used. This

section of the form, shown in Figure 6.1, will aid to determine the foundation type of the
structure. The appropriate option should be selected on examining the building. If the
foundation type does not belong to any of these types, the option ‘Other’ should used and a
description of the foundation should be provided. In case the foundation type cannot be
determined, the option 'Not Known' should be ticked.
Foundation Type
o No Foundation o Trench filled with dry stone o Dry stone packing

o Random rubble masonry strip o Regular masonry strip in mud o Regular masonry strip in
mortar lime/cement mortar
o Pile/well foundation o Beam on columns o Not Known
o Other (specify).......
Figure 6.1 Portion of survey form for documenting Foundation Type
It is common to use an inferior material for foundation. In hilly areas, where

construction material is scarce, this is particularly a practice, where either a trench is filled
with dry stones or dry pack or random stone masonry in mud mortar is used for foundation.
Sometimes, the building walls can start just at the ground surface without foundation. All
such cases should be recorded in the survey form. Figures 6.2 to 6.5 illustrate some of the
unusual types of foundations.
68
Figure 6.2 Stone Foundation
Figure 6.3 Buildings resting on rock/ground without any proper support
Figure 6.4 Buildings resting on tall masonry load bearing/retaining walls
69
Figure 6.5 A variety of stilts is encountered in hilly areas
In hilly areas, orientation of buildings with respect to hill slopes is an important issue.
The buildings are generally classified as downhill (entrance on higher slope) and uphill
buildings (entrance on lower slope). It has been observed during past earthquakes, that
downhill buildings are usually subjected to more damage as compared to the uphill buildings.
This is one of the important portions of the survey form. On completing this data,
After examining the building, type of load-bearing structure and its roof/floor system
should be identified and documented in the form as shown in following figures.
70
Material Type of Load-Bearing Structure Type of Roof/floor system
Rammed Earth Wall Heavy sloping roofs
Thatch/light weight sloping roof
Others (specify)-
Sundried brick/block walls Heavy sloping roofs
Flat roof on wooden girders/planks
Mud Others (specify)-

Stabilised Earth walls Heavy sloping roof
Others (specify)-
Mud walls with timber framing Heavy sloping roof
Others (specify)-
Heavy /stone sloping roof
Others (specify)
Figure 6.6 A Portion of survey form for documenting Structural Typology

6.2.1 Rammed Earth Wall

This is one of the common practices of
construction of wall by mud. In this type of construction
two wooden planks of workable height are placed 500mm
apart (width of the wall) and held at place by nailing a
wooden strip across at the top. This form-work is filled with
semi-solid unsieved mud and rammed vigorously by pouring
water time to time. After the layer sets, the same form-work
is taken above and same procedure is repeated. The process
goes on until height of room is attained which is generally
2.5m. As the mud used is unsieved, pebbles also get
embedded in the mud. Various roof/floor system which can
be found with these walls are listed in Figure 6.6. Figure 6.7
is a typical example of rammed earth wall.
Figure 6-7 Rammed
71
earth wall, embedded
pebbles are also visible
due to weathering
6.2.2 Sun dried Brick Wall
This is another common construction practice of wall from mud. Walls are made up of
adobe blocks of unsieved clay and size 230x 115x 75mm approximately. Mud mortar of varying
thickness, 10 to 50mm, is used in between these courses. While laying the courses, no uniform
pattern has been followed i.e stretchers and headers are placed randomly anywhere in a particular
course. But vertical joints are avoided while laying consecutive courses. A typical sun dried
brick wall is shown in Figure 6.8.
Figure 6.8 Sun dried brick wall
6.2.3 Stabilised Earth Wall

Stabilized earth walls consist of horizontal soil reinforcing elements and a facing to
prevent erosion.
6.2.4 Mud Wall with Timber Frame

In this construction style, timber frame is provided with the Mud walls as shown in
Figure 6.9.
72
Figure 6.9 Mud walls with timber frame
6.2.5 Timber frame with timber plank partitions

Figure 6.10 illustrates the part of the form which records details about the timber
typology.

Timber frame with timber plank Light weight sloping roof
partitions
Heavy/stone sloping roof
Others (specify)
Wooden frame with Light weight sloping roof
‘ekra’/bamboo/light partitions
Others (specify)
Dhajji-Diwari Light weight sloping roof
Others (specify)
Thatra with timber plank Light weight sloping roof
Timber partitions
Others (specify)
Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari Light weight sloping roof
partitions
Heavy/ stone sloping roof
Others (specify)
Thatra with other partitions Light weight sloping roof
(specify)
73
Others (specify)
Kath-Kunni walls with stone Light weight sloping roof
packing
Others (specify)
Figure 6.10 Section of the form to document Thatra and Kath-Kunni

typology
In this type of construction frame is made of timber and then the infill walls of timber
planks are erected between them as shown in Figure 6.11.
Figure 6.11 Timber frame with timber plank partitions
6.2.6 Dhajji-Dewari
In this type of construction diagonal bracing of wood is made and small stones/bricks
with/without mud/cement mortar are packed between them. Dhajji Dewari house with dry stone
is shown in Figure 6.12.
74
Figure 6.12 A Dhajji Dewari building with stone infills in mud mortar
6.2.7 Thatra with different types of partitions

In this type of construction columns are in “Thatara” style and beams are of deodar or
kail wood, sometimes the tree trunk itself is used as beam. Infill walls are either of stone, wood or
both. A Thatara is the vertical load carrying member which is constructed by laying unfinished
wooden planks generally of size 500x350x100mm on edge on two sides at a distance of 400mm.
In the alternate course, planks are placed across. Same arrangement is repeated till about 2.5m
(height of storey) thus forming a hollow box-like structure. This hollow structure is then hand-
packed with stones without any mortar.
75
Figure 6.13 Thatra house with various partitions
6.2.8 Kath-kunni
In this type of construction walls are made up of stones and wood of deodar ,rai and
perman tree without any mortar. These walls are then plastered with mixture of mud, cow-
dung and kail wood powder or wheat husk. Typical Kath-kunni houses are shown in Figures
6.14 and 6.15.
Figure 6.13 Kath-Kunni walls and houses with sloping roofs
76
Figure 6.14 A building with mix of Kath-Kunni walls and timber frames
A portion of survey form which captures the Bamboo material typology is shown in
Figure 6.16. Bamboo houses with Thatch roof should be recorded in this typology in the
form.

Bamboo Bamboo frames with Thatch
Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions
‘Bunga’
Figure 6.15 A Portion of survey form for documenting Structural

Typology
77
6.2.9 Bamboo
In these houses bamboo frames are erected which are filled with mats of bamboo slits.
Bamboo buildings are light weight and perform better during earthquake due to their low
inertia.
Figure 6.16A building with bamboo frames and partition

Similarly house of Stones with various type of load bearing system is shown in the
Figure 6.18, which is the part of the survey form.
Light weight sloping roof

Flat heavy mud roof on wooden/steel
girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Dry stone walls

Others (specify)

Random Rubble in Mud
Stone mortar
78
girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Others (specify)

girders
Flat RC/RB roof

Random Rubble in cement
mortar
Others (specify)
Heavy stone sloping roof

girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Jack-Arch Roof
Dressed (Regular shaped)
stone masonry in mud mortar
Others (specify)

girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Jack-Arch Roof
Dressed (Regular shaped)
stone masonry in lime mortar
Others (specify)
Dressed (Regular shaped) Light weight sloping roof
79
stone masonry in cement mortar
girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Jack-Arch Roof
Others (specify)
Domes
Massive (thick) stone Jack-Arch Roof

masonry walls/Historical
buildings
Others (specify)

Typology
6.2.10 Dry Stone Walls

In this type of construction walls are made of stone without any use of mortar.
Various roof/floor which can be found with these walls are listed.
Figure 6.18 A dry stone house under construction
80
6.2.11 Random rubble in different types of mortar
In this type of construction undressed stones are laid randomly in cement, lime or
mud mortar.
Figure 6.19 A random rubble construction
6.2.12 Dressed stone masonry in different types of mortar

In this type of construction dressed stone with different mortar is used
Figure 6.20 A dressed stone wall
Portion of the survey form with brick typology is shown in Figure 6.22.
81
Brick masonry in mud mortar Light weight sloping roof
Heavy stone/tiled sloping roof
girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Jack-Arch Roof
Others (specify)
Brick masonry in Lime mortar Light weight sloping roof
Brick girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Jack-Arch Roof
Others (specify)
Brick masonry in Cement mortar Light weight sloping roof
girders
Flat RC/RB roof
Others (specify)

Typology
82
6.2.13 Brick masonry in different types of mortar
Brick masonry with mud, lime or cement mortar and their possible roof/floor are to be
listed here.
Figure 6.22 Brick masonry with mud and lime mortar
6.2.14 Different types of Roofs
83
Figure 6.23 Change in angle of Figure 6.24 A-type frames
roof over verandah
Specific architectural features which alter the seismic resistance of buildings, are
recorded here as shown in Figure 6.26. This portion of the form consists of Yes/No questions
which are to be answered after examining the building.
Different storey Large open central Large Door/window Re-entrant

heights present? courtyard present door/window openings close to corners present
openings present corners present
Walls distributed Walls Irregular Floating walls Floating walls about

symmetrically about symmetrically orientation of about one axis both axes present
one axis distributed about rooms present
both axes
Long walls without Location of Location of Staircase Overhead water tank present
cross walls present staircase staircase headroom
eccentric eccentric about present
about one both axes
axis
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Location:________________
Figure 6.25 Portion of the survey form for documenting Architectural Features
84
Chapter 7 Example Buildings Surveyed
During Various Field Visits In Different
Regions of the Country
A series of field survey was carried out in different zones across the country by
project teams of IITs. Major features of the buildings were captured through the field survey
forms. Some example buildings with their characteristics are shown in the table below.
Table 7-1 Example buildings surveyed in North Region
Sr. Place Example Building Characteristics

No.
1. Chamba Building Category:
(H.P.) Load bearing timber
frame Thatra with
timber plank
partitions with
heavy/stone sloping
roof (WJTF)
1. Wooden courses
at certain intervals
in courses of stone
2. Wooden planks
as infill in the upper
storey
85
No.
frame Thatra with
timber plank
partitions with light
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Mortise and
tennon joint in
planks of thathara.

frame Thatra with
timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Wooden courses
in between courses
of stone
86
No.
frame Thatra with
timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Wooden courses
at certain intervals
in courses of stone
5. Building Category:
Load bearing timber
Dalhousie, Chamba (H.P.)
frame Thatra with

timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Dhajji Dewari as
infill in a thathara
construction

frame Thatra with
timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Brick masonry
with cement mortar
has replaced the
earlier material
87
No.
Load bearing timber
frame Thatra with
timber plank
partitions
heavy/stone sloping
Khajiyar (H.P.)
roof (WJTF)
1. Dry stone
packing between
thathara
2. The gap between
secondary beams is
filled with loose
stones, will result in
sliding of beams
frame Thatra with
timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. Main beam
supported over
wooden post
(thamb) in the
middle of the room
88
No.
Load bearing timber
frame Thatra with
timber plank
weight sloping roof
(WITF)
1. A house with flat

roof and mud
Dalhousie (H.P.)
plastered thathra
and walls.

Load bearing timber
village Rakcham, Distt. Kinnaur (H.P.)
frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. A typical Kath-
kuni house
89
No.
Load bearing timber
frame Kath-Kunni
village Chitkul, Distt. Kinnaur (H.P.)
walls with stone

packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Wooden frame
being packed with
stones
12. Manali Building Category:

frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Cantilevered
balcony in an old
kath-kuni house
90
No.
13. Kinnaur Building Category:
frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Balcony
supported over RCC
columns

frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Dhajji wall in a
kath-kuni house
frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Alternate courses
of wood and stone
2. Cantilever
supported by a
wooden post
91
No.
frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. A typical
kathkuni house with
hipped roof

frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with
heavy/stone sloping
roof (WNTF)
1. Gable-end
sloping roof in old
kath-kuni houses

frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with
heavy/stone sloping
roof (WNTF)
1. Frame work at
gable-end filled
with stones
92
No.
19. Barkot, Building Category:
Uttarakha Load bearing timber
nd frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. Multi-storey
construction in
Kath-kunni, existing
for more than 100
years (confirmed by
Carbon dating)

Load bearing timber
village Rakcham, Distt. Kinnaur (H.P.)
frame Kath-Kunni
walls with stone
packing with light
weight sloping roof
(WMTF)
1. A typical Kath-
kuni house
93
No.
21. Kibber Building Category:
(H.P.) Rammed earth/Pise
construction
(MGEW)
1. A typical Spitian
architecture house
22. Spiti Building Category:

construction
(MGEW)
1. Built with
rammed earth
technique
2. Built on split
level to suit the
local topography

construction
(MGEW)
1. A typical spitian
house under
construction with
foundation in stone
masonry
94
No.
construction
(MGEW)
1. Flat roof of mud

supported by timber

construction
(MGEW)
1. A typical spitian
house being
extended using RC
columns
26. Pragpur Building Category:

construction
(MGEW)
1. A typical mud
building
95
No.
construction
(MGEW)
1. First floor
supported on
bamboos and
covered with mud

construction
(MGEW)
1. Walls made of
mud blocks and
plastered with mud

construction
(MGEW)
1. Hipped roof on
mud walls
96
No.
(H.P.) Random rubble
stone with mud/lime
or no mortar
(MAST)
1. A dry stone
masonry house
2. A type frame is
used for roof.

stone with mud/lime
or no mortar
(MAST)
1. Use of RCC
columns and beams
along with dry
masonry structure
2. Roof covering is
of light weight
slates

stone with mud/lime
or no mortar
(MAST)
1. An dry stone
masonry structure
under construction
97
No.
RC moment
resisting frame
Mussoorie, Uttrakhand
designed for gravity

loads only (CAMF)
1. Irregular
configuration to
suit hill
topography

RC moment
resisting frame
Mussoorie, Uttrakhand

loads only (CAMF)
1. Use of stilts
to support
buildings at road
level in hilly
areas

RC moment
resisting frame
NOIDA, NCR
loads only (CAMF)
Highly Irregular
Plans
98
No.
RC moment
resisting frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill walls
(CCMF)
NOIDA, NCR
Highly Irregular
elevations

RC moment
open ground storey
structure (CGMF)
NOIDA, NCR
Open ground
storeys for parking

RC moment
open ground storey
NOIDA, NCR
structure (CGMF)
Irregular framing
99
No.
RC moment
unreinforced
(CCMF)
NOIDA, NCR
Inadequate gap
between adjacent
units – prone to
pounding damage

RC moment
unreinforced
(CCMF)
Hamirpur
(H.P.)
1. Use of different
types of infills
100
No.
RC moment
resisting frame
loads only (CAMF)
Rampur
1. Moment
(H.P.)
resistance frame
building.
2. Beam is not being
concreted fully as
some part of
reinforcement is left
exposed to be
concreted with slab.
RC moment
resisting frame
Haridwar
(U.K.)
loads only (CAMF)
1. Part of column
left exposed – poor
construction
practices
101
No.
Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar with
reinforced concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
Haridwar
1. Poor quality
(U.K.)
of masonry
without any
earthquake
resistant feature
2. Poor
foundation
leading to crack
due to
settlement.

Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar with
reinforced concrete
floor/roof slabs
Roorkee
(MKBW)
(U.K.)
1. Half brick thick

interior walls
without ant band
102
No.
45. Building
Category:
Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar with
reinforced concrete
floor/roof slabs
Muzaffarnagar
(MKBW)
(U.P.)
1. A RB roof on
masonry walls –
typical construction
in north-Indian
plains
2. Large openings
in walls and no
earthquake
resistant features
Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar with
reinforced concrete
Haridwar
(U.K.)
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. Projections ,
irregular shapes and
unplanned
extensions
47.
1. A mud roof on
load bearing walls,
with protective
Muzaffarnagar
layer of cement
(U.P.)
mortar
103
No.
Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar (MJBW)
Muzaffarnagar
(U.P.)
1. A typical
shuttering for roof
construction

Unreinforced brick
masonry in cement
mortar with
reinforced concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
Haridwar
(U.K.)
1. A typical lintel
over windows and
doors – no band
50.
1. Plinth beam with
discontinued
Muzaffarnagar
reinforcement
(U.P.)
104
No.
Confined
brick/block masonry
with concrete
posts/tie columns
Roorkee
(U.K.)
and beams
(MMBW)
1. A composite
structure with beam
being resting on the
wall
Confined
brick/block masonry
with concrete
Muzaffarnagar
posts/tie columns
and beams
(U.P.)
(MMBW)
1. A school building
with vertical posts
and ties at lintel
level, but no
reinforcement at
Jambs and Sill level.
Confined
brick/block masonry
with concrete
posts/tie columns
Haridwar
(U.K.)
and beams
(MMBW)
1. A confined
masonry building
under construction
105
No.
Confined
brick/block masonry
with concrete
posts/tie columns
and beams
(MMBW)
Roorkee
(U.K.)
1. A RB roof
on RC posts
with masonry in
mud mortar .
2. No vertical
post at corner
55. 1. Very narrow

plinth band with
two bars lying side
by side
Roorkee
(U.K.)
Table 7-2 Example buildings surveyed in North East Region
Sr. No. Place Example Building Characteristics
106
1. Jaintia Building
Hills, Category:
Meghalaya Rubble stone in
mud/lime or
without mortar
(MAST)
Constructed with
random rubble
and dressed stone
masonry in
cement mortar.
Light weight
sloping roof with
proper ties.
2. Jaintia Building
Hills, Category:
Meghalaya Rubble stone in
mud/lime or
without mortar
(MAST)
Constructed with
random rubble
and dressed stone
masonry in
cement mortar.
Light weight
sloping roof with
proper ties.
107
3. Lhou Building
village, Category:
Tawang Rubble stone in
district, mud/lime or
Arunachal without mortar
Pradesh (MAST)
Stone-masonry
walls with roof
of timber planks
and timber truss;
house of Monpa
tribe
4. Guwahati, Building
Kamrup Category:
district, Unreinforced
Assam brick masonry in
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MJBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
without bands
Kamrup Category:
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MJBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
without bands
108
Kamrup Category:
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MJBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
without bands
Kamrup Category:
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MJBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
without bands
109
Kamrup Category:
cement mortar
with lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MKBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
and with bands
Kamrup Category:
cement mortar
with lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MKBW)
Unreinforced
Brick Masonry
building with
cement mortar
and with bands
110
10. Daldagre, Building

Tura, West Category:
Garo Hills, Mud Walls
Meghalaya (MDEW)
Mud house with

no columns and
foundation
11. Nolbari, Building

West Garo Category:
Hills, Mud Walls
Meghalaya (MDEW)
Mud house:
Earth walls with
CGI sheet
sloping roof
111
12. Phulbari, Building

West Garo Category:
Hills, Mud walls with
Meghalaya horizontal wood
elements
(MDEW)
Mud walls with

horizontal and
vertical wood
framing elements

West Garo Category:
Hills, Unreinforced
Meghalaya brick masonry in
mud mortar
(MGBW)
Mud construction
using sundried
bricks.
14. Nagor Building

Goan, West Category:
Garo Hills, Unreinforced
Meghalaya brick masonry in
mud mortar
(MGBW)
Sun dried brick
house with no
foundation
constructed with
thatch roof
112
15. Borodoldon Building

ga village, Category: RC
West Garo moment resisting
Hills frame designed
district, for gravity loads
Meghalaya only (CAMF)
No seismic
design or
detailing carried
out
16. Kodamsali Building

Village, Category: RC
West Garo moment resisting
Hills frame designed
district, for gravity loads
Meghalaya only (CAMF)
Discontinuity in
vertical member
of a school
building
113
17. Tawang Building

town, Category: RC
Tawang moment resisting
district, frame designed
Arunachal for gravity loads
Pradesh only (CAMF)
Discontinuity in
vertical member
of a school
building
18. Naharlagun Building

, Papum Category: RC
Pare moment resisting
Arunachal for gravity loads
Pradesh only (CAMF)
Building with
floating columns
114
19. Shillong Building

East Khasi Category: RC
Hills moment resisting
Meghalaya with seismic
features (CBMF)
20. Pandu, Building

Guwahati, Category: RC
Kamrup moment resisting
district, frame with
Assam unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
Building for
residential
purposes
21. Narengi, Building

Assam unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
Building for
residential
purposes
115
22. Digaru, Building

Assam unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
School building
23. Beltola, Building

Assam unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
Residential
building
116
24. Itanagar, Building

Papum Pare Category: RC
district, moment resisting
Arunachal frame with
Pradesh unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
25. Shillong, Building

Meghalaya unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
Residential
building
117
26. Jowai, Building

Jaintia Hills Category: RC
Meghalaya frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
L shaped
building

West Garo Category: RC
Meghalaya unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
28. Tura, West Building

Garo Hills Category: RC
Meghalaya frame with flat
slab structure
(CDMF)
Tapered columns
at floor levels
118

Meghalaya frame with flat
slab structure
(CDMF)
Flat slab building

under
construction
30. Adabari, Building

Assam moment resisting
frame with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
Residential
building with
parking space at
bottom
31. Tawang Building

town, Category: RC
Tawang moment resisting
district, frame with open
Assam ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
Partially open
ground storey
building
119

Meghalaya ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
33. Shillong Building

Meghalaya ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
Partially open
ground storey
building
34. Jowai, Building

Jaintia Hills Category: RC
Meghalaya frame with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
Partially open
ground storey
building
120

Meghalaya frame with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
36. Amingaon, Building

Kamrup Category: RC
district, mixed structure
Assam with composite
steel (CKMS)
Steel trusses on
RC frame

Kamrup Category: Steel
Assam frame with brick
masonry
partitions
(SAMF)
Factory for
making plastic
products
121

Assam frame with brick
masonry
partitions
(SAMF)
39. Nongrim, Building

East Khasi Category: Steel
district, frame with brick
Meghalaya masonry
partitions
(SAMF)

East Khasi Category: Steel
Hills district moment resisting
Meghalaya frame with brick
masonry
partitions
(SAMF)
122

Assam frame with light
weight partitions
(SCMF)
Partition made of
alloy of tin

weight partitions
(SCMF)

weight partitions
(SCMF)
123

weight partitions
(SCMF)
Partition of both
tin alloy and
brick masonry

district, mixed structure
Assam with load bearing
masonry (SFMS)

West Garo Category:
Hills Wooden
district, Structures: Walls
Meghalaya with
bamboo/reed
mesh and post
(Wattle and
Daub) (WCTF)
Wooden frame
with light
partition wall
consists of
bamboo strips
which are
plastered with
cement mortar.
Stone foundation
which is about 20
cm below the
ground level.
Lintel bands are
124
present. Good
connection
between walls at
corners.
West Garo Category:
Hills Wooden
district, Structures: Walls
Meghalaya with
bamboo/reed
mesh and post
(Wattle and
Daub) (WCTF)
Timber
construction with
light sloping
roof. Masonry
foundation
columns are
connected to the
timber with the
bolts.
Garo Hills Category: Load
district, bearing timber
Meghalaya frame with
(stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
Ikra type house
125
49. Nagor Building

Gaon, West Category: Load
Garo Hills bearing timber
Meghalaya (stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
Ikra type house
50. Kodamsali, Building

West Garo Category: Load
Hills bearing timber
Meghalaya (stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
This house is
locally known as
Dotla nok
(house).
There is no
foundation but
the timber post
has been fastened
with clip to act as
column. Till 80
cm the wall is of
one brick wall
and the rest has
been built with
timber frame
putting bamboo
in the middle and
it has been
plastered.
126
51. Assam- Building

Mizoram Category: Load
border, bearing timber
Silchar post and beam
district, frame (WBTF)
Assam
Timber-framed
house with
significant mass
and stiffness
irregularity;
building on slope
Kamrup Category: Load
Assam frame with
(stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
Ikra type house

in Guwahati
Single storey
Residential

Kamrup Category: Load
Assam frame with
(stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
Ikra type
building used for
Administrative
purpose in
Guwahati.
Two storey.
127
54. Tawang Building

town, Category: Load
Tawang bearing timber
district, post and beam
Arunachal frame (WBTF)
Pradesh
Timber-framed
house with walls
of timber planks;
Jack Arch type
timber truss in
roof
55. Tawang Building
town, Category: Load
district, walls with
Arunachal bamboo/reed
Pradesh mesh and post
(Wattle and
Daub) (WCTF)
Timber-framed
house with walls
of timber planks;
Jack Arch type
timber truss in
roof
56. Lhou Building
village, Category: Load
(Wattle and
Daub) (WCTF)
Timber framing
with walls of
wooden planks;
house of Monpa
tribe
128
57. Aohali Building

village, East Category: Load
Siang bearing timber
(Wattle and
Daub) (WCTF)
Timber framing
with timber plank
partitions; house
of Idu-Mishmi
tribe
West Garo Category:
Hills Bamboo frames
district, with
Meghalaya Bamboo/Ekra/
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo frames
with Bamboo
partitions
‘Bunga’
West Garo Category:
Hills Bamboo frames
district, with
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo frames
with Bamboo
partitions and
Open ground
storey
129
60. Matchikol, Building

Garo Hills Bamboo frames
district, with
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo house
with no proper
foundation.
61. Walbakgre, Building
Garo Hills Bamboo frames
district, with
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
One room house.

Wooden frame
with single leaf
walls, Horizontal
wooden members
are present, good
connections
between walls at
corners.
62. Nagor Building
Goan, West Category:
Garo Hills, Bamboo frames
Meghalaya with
Bamboo/Ekra/
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo walls
with thatch roof.
This type of
130
house is very
cheap and is
constructed with
locally available
materials.
63. Doimukh, Building
Papum Pare Category:
district, Bamboo frames
Arunachal with
Pradesh Bamboo/Ekra/
straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo-framed
house with
thatched roof of
straw leaves;
building on stilt;
typical house of
Nyishi tribe
64. Mebo Building
village, East Category:
Siang Bamboo frames
district, with
Arunachal Bamboo/Ekra/
Pradesh straw partitions
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo-framed
building with
wooden planks in
floors and
thatched roof;
typical house of
Adi tribe
131
65. Simrang Building

village, Category:
Changlang Bamboo frames
district, with
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Timber framed
structure with
bamboo floors
and partitions;
typical house of
Tangsa tribe
66. Pankeng Building
village, Category:
West Siang Bamboo frames
district, with
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Thatched roof
with columns of
thick bamboo
upto roof level;
typical house of
Minyong tribe
67. Ziro, Building
Lower Category:
Subansiri Bamboo frames
district, with
‘Bunga’ with
thatch roof
(BABF)
Bamboo-framed
house with
bamboo-thatched
132
roof; typical
house of Apatani
tribe
Table 7-3 Example buildings surveyed in East Region

Place
Sr. No. Example Building Characteristics
1. Kolkata, Building
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Old structure
2. Circular
Column
3. Unreinforced
brick masonry
4. Presence of
isolated vertical
posts
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1.Circular
Columns
2. Relatively
open ground
storey
3. Large window
openings
133
Place
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Central open
courtyard
2. Arch openings
3. Circular
columns
West Category: RC
Bengal moment resisting
frame designed
for gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Building with
torsional
irregularity
2.
Communication
tower on roof top
3. RC frame
structure
4. Stiffness
irregularities
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Residential
and Commercial
occupancy
3. Re-entrant
corners
4. Year of
134
Place
construction:
1938,
5. Good
workmanship
6. Different
storey heights
present
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Open hall
2. Circular
column
3. Sloping roof
4. Year of
construction :
1817
5. Church cum
school single
storey building
West Category: RC
frame designed
with seismic
features (CBMF)
1. Torsional
irregularity
2. Building with
large window
openings
135
Place
West Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Multi-storey
building
2. Sunshades
3. RC frame
structure
West Category:
Bengal Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Masonry
mixed structure
2. Wooden
balconies
3. GI sheet roof
4. Re-entrant
corners
West Category: RC
frame with flat
slab structure
(CDMF)
1. Relatively
open ground
storey
136
Place
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. Mass
irregularity
2. Masonry
building
3. Re-entrant
corners
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. RC slab
2. Torsional
irregularity
3. Extended GI
sheet roof

West Category:
Bengal Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Residential
and commercial
building
2. Stone slab
3. Similar to Row
housing
137
Place
West Category: RC
frame designed
for gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Assembly hall
2. Large window
openings
3. Stiffness
irregularity
4. Different
storey heights
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. Re-entrant
corners
2. Irregular shape
3. Old masonry
building
West Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Re-entrant
corners
2. Irregular shape
138
Place
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Re-entrant
corners
2. 0m distance
with the
adjoining
building
3. Good
connections at
the corners
West Category: RC
frame with
concrete shear
walls (dual
system) (CFMF)
1. Relatively
open ground
storey
2. RC frame
structure
3. Large
windows opening
West Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Banquet Hall
2. Visible glass
cladding
139
Place
West Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Falling
Hazard:
Balconies
2. Out of plane
offsets
3. Vertical
stiffness
irregularity
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Constructed in
1931
2. Vertical
stiffness
irregularity
3. Multiple re-
entrant corners
4. Falling hazard:
sunshades and
balconies
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Masonry
building
2. Vertical
stiffness
irregularity
3.RC slabs
140
Place
West Category:
Bengal Unreinforced
brick masonry in
lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. RC slab
2. Torsional
irregularity
3. Irregular shape
4. Falling hazard-
balcony
Table 7-4 Example buildings surveyed in West Region
Sr. Place Characteristics

Example Building
No.
141
Example Building
No.
1. Ahmedabad, Building
Gujarat Category: RC
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Commercial
Office Building
2. Glass
claddings
3. RC frame
structure
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Commercial
building
2. Vertical
Irregularities
2. Staggered
floors
142
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Large
window panels
2. Irregular
shaped building
moment
resisting frame
with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
1. RC frame
structure under
construction
2. Multi storey
apartment
building
143
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Vertical
Irregularities
2. Glass
claddings
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. RC frame
structure under
construction
2. U shaped in
plan
144
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. RC frame
structure
2. Large
window
openings
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. A residential
bungalow
2. RC frame
structure
145
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Corner house
of the row
houses
2. Falling
hazard such as
balconies,
sunshades,
parapets

moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Commercial
complex
2. Large open
space in the
centre
146
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Arch
openings
2. Sloping roof

moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Ahmedabad
Municipal
Corporation
building
2. RC frame
structure
147
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC frame
with
unreinforced
brick walls

Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Sloping
Mangalore tiles
roof
2. Load bearing
masonry
structure
3. Distance
from adjacent
building is 0 m.
148
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Jack-arch
wooden roof

mixed structure
with composite
steel (CKMS)
1. Wooden floor
supported on
steel I-section
beams
2. Concrete
columns

Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
composite steel
(MQMS)
1. Steel I-
section beams
supporting
wooden floor
2. Load bearing
walls
149
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
1. Sloping GI
sheet roof
supported on
wooden beams
2. Wooden
balcony
3. Load bearing
structure
Gujarat Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
1. Sloping GI
sheet roof
supported on
wooden beams
2. Wooden
balcony
3. Load bearing
structure
Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
composite steel
(MQMS)
1. Sloping GI
sheet roof
2. Load bearing
wall
150
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Wooden
beams
2. Wooden floor

Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
composite steel
(MQMS)
1. Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar
2. Steel sections
supporting the
brick wall
23. Ahmedabad, 1. Small width

Gujarat road and
congested
housing in old
Ahmedabad city
151
Example Building
No.
24. Ahmedabad, 1. Congested
Gujarat construction in
old city of
Ahmedabad

Gujarat Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar with
lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MLBW)
1. Load bearing
walls
2. Large arch
opening

Gujarat Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar with
lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MLBW)
1. Load bearing
unreinforced
152
Example Building
No.
brick masonry
with roof band
Gujarat Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar with
lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MLBW)
1. Sloping
Mangalore tiles
roof

Gujarat Category:
Building
Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
1. Wooden roof
2. Load bearing
unreinforced
brick walls
153
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category: Load
bearing timber
frame with
(stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
1. Wooden
structure
2. Wooden
beams and
columns
3. Masonry
walls
Gujarat Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
reinforced
concrete
(MPMS)
1. Building with
torsional
irregularity
31. Ahmedabad, 1. Buildings

Gujarat attached to each
other
154
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC frame
structure
2. Concrete
block masonry
infill walls
33. Sanand, Gujarat Building

Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. GI sheet
supported on
wooden beams

Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
1. Sloping
Mangalore tiles
roof
2. Large arch
opening
155
Example Building
No.
3. Load bearing
brick walls
Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
1. Sloping
Mangalore tiles
roof

Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)

Category: Steel
mixed structure
with load
bearing
masonry
(SFMS)
1. An industrial
unit
156
Example Building
No.
Category :
Steel moment
resisting frame
with light
weight
partitions
(SCMF)
1. An industrial
unit
2. Arch roof
3. Glass
claddings

Category :
Steel moment
resisting frame
with light
weight
partitions
(SCMF)
1. An industrial
steel structure

Category :
Steel mixed
structure with
reinforced
concrete
(SGMS)
1. An industrial
unit
157
Example Building
No.
Category :
Steel mixed
structure with
load bearing
masonry
(SFMS)
1. A load
bearing
masonry
industrial unit

Category :
Steel mixed
structure with
load bearing
masonry
(SFMS)
1. An industrial
structure with
asbestos sheet
roof

Category :
Steel light metal
frame single
storey structure
(SELF)
1. Steel
structure with
roof truss
158
Example Building
No.
44. Viramgam, Building
Gujarat Category :
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Sloping
Mangalore tiles
roof
45. Viramgam, Building

Gujarat Category :
Masonry mixed
structure with
composite steel
(MQMS)
1. Steel beams
supporting the
floor

Gujarat Category :
Steel moment
resisting frame
with light
weight
partitions
(SCMF)
1. An industrial
steel structure
2. Steel beams
and columns
3. Roof truss
4. GI sheet roof
159
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
1. Building with
underground
parking
2. Soft storey
48. Ahmedabad, 1. Column

Gujarat reinforcement
2. 135 degree
bents
160
Example Building
No.
49. Ahmedabad, 1. Less space
Gujarat between the ties
near the beam-
column joint at
the slab level
2. More space
between the ties
away from the
beam-column
joint in between
slabs

Gujarat Category :
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar
161
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category :
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar with
lintel bands
(MLBW)
1. Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar
2. Presence of
lintel and roof
bands
52. Ahmedabad, 1. Isolated
Gujarat footings
162
Example Building
No.
53. Ahmedabad, 1.
Gujarat Reinforcements
for footing

Gujarat Category :
Steel mixed
structure with
reinforced
concrete
(SGMS)
1. Steel roof
truss
2. Concrete
columns
3. Unreinforced
brick masonry
infill walls
Gujarat Category :
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Brick roof on
cross wooden
beams
163
Example Building
No.
Gujarat Category :
Steel light metal
frame single
storey structure
(SELF)
1. Steel
structure
2. Steel beams
and columns
3. Steel roof

Gujarat Category :
Steel braced
frame with
various
floor/roof
systems (SDBF)
1. Steel
structure
2. Braced frame
3. Steel beams
and columns
4. Steel roof
58. Bhachau, Building
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Government
guest house in
Bhachau
2. Irregular
shaped building
3. Presence of
164
Example Building
No.
re-entrant
corners
4. Presence of
circular
columns
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Moment
resistance frame
building.
2. Irregular
shaped building
3. Presence of
re-entrant
corners
4. Sunshades
60. Bhuj, Gujarat Building
Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Basement of
the GK General
hospital in Bhuj
2. Base isolators
are installed to
enhance seismic
resistance
165
Example Building
No.
Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Base isolators
installed to
enhance the
seismic
resistance of the
building
Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
with flat slab
structure
(CDMF)
1. One of the
few remaining
multi-storey
building in Bhuj
2. Constructed
before 2001
Bhuj earthquake
3. Falling
hazard such as
Balconies
166
Example Building
No.
Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
designed for
gravity loads
only (CAMF)
1. Row house
construction
2. Ground floor
used for
commercial
occupancy
3. First floor
used for
residential
occupancy
Category :
Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1. Sloping GI
sheet roof
2. Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
167
Example Building
No.
Category :
Confined
brick/block
masonry with
concrete
posts/tie
columns and
beams
(MMBW)
1. Building
under
construction
2. Dressed stone
masonry unit
Category :
Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1. Sloping
Nadiya roof
type –
Mangalore tiles
2. Stone
masonry walls
with cement
mortar
168
Example Building
No.
67. Bhuj, Gujarat 1. Dressed stone
unit used for the
construction in
Bhuj rural area

Category :
Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1. Sloping
Nadiya roof
type –
Mangalore tiles
2. Stone
masonry with
cement mortar

Gujarat Category :
Steel light metal
frame single
storey structure
(SELF)
1. Steel roof
truss
2. Roof top
made up of
asbestos sheets
169
Example Building
No.
mixed structure
with composite
steel (CKMS)
1. Steel and
Concrete
composite
structure
2. Concrete
walls
3. Steel and
Concrete
composite
columns
4. Steel roof
truss
5. Roof top
made up of GI
sheets
mixed structure
with composite
steel (CKMS)
1. Steel beams
2. Steel and
concrete
composite
columns
3. Steel roof
truss
4. Roof top
made up of GI
sheets
170
Example Building
No.
Category :
Steel light metal
frame single
storey structure
(SELF)
1. Steel roof
truss
2. Roof top
made up of GI
sheets

Category :
Mud walls with
horizontal wood
elements
(MEEW)
1. Bunga
construction
2. Thatch roof
3. Circular in
plan
4. Mud walls
Category :
Mud Walls
(MDEW)
1. Mud walls
2. Nadiya roof
type –
Mangalore tiles
171
Example Building
No.
Category :
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Bonga
construction
2. Nadiya roof
type –
Mangalore tiles
76. Calingute, Goa Building
Category :
Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1. Laterite
stones structure
77. Sanguem, Goa Building

Category :
Unreinforced
brick masonry
in mud mortar
(MHBW)
172
Example Building
No.
78. Sanguem, Goa Building
Category :
Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1.Mangalore
tiles roof
building
79. Karad, Building

Maharashtra Category :
Random rubble
stone with mud
mortar (MAST)
1. Masonry with
random rubble
stone and bricks
2. Mud mortar
80. Karad, Building

Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Load bearing
Masonry
2. Sloping roof
of wooden post
with Mangalore
tiles
173
Example Building
No.
81. Karad, Building
Maharashtra Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1.Partial
Concrete blocks
and bricks wall
82. Karad, Building

Masonry mixed
structure with
composite steel
(MQMS)
1. Load bearing
masonry with
steel structure
83. Karad, Building

Mud Walls
(MDEW)
1. Dry stone
packing
foundation
2.Sun dried
mud block
walls
174
Example Building
No.
84. Karad, Building
Load bearing
timber frame
with
(stone/brick)
masonry infill
(WDTF)
1. wooden
construction
with stone
masonry walls
85. Latur, Building

Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
86. Latur, Building

Random rubble
stone with
mud/lime
mortar (MAST)
1. Random
rubble stone
with white sand
mortar
175
Example Building
No.
87. Latur, Building
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Wooden
column resting
on stone block
2. Wooden
column
embedded in
walls
88. Latur, Building

Random rubble
stone with
mud/lime
mortar (MAST)
1. GI sheet roof
89. Latur, Building

Steel light metal
frame single
storey structure
(SELF)
1. Steel beams-
columns
176
Example Building
No.
90. Latur, Building
Maharashtra Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
with flat slab
structure
(CDMF)
1. Circular
columns
91. Latur, Building

Dressed stone
masonry with
cement mortar
(MCST)
1. Stone
masonry in
cement mortar
2. Built after
1993 Latur
earthquake
92. Latur, Building

Unreinforced
brick masonry
in cement
mortar with
reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. Govt.
residential
quarter
2. Load-bearing
structure
3. Sunshades
4. Water tank
177
Example Building
No.
on the roof
93. Latur, Building
Massive stone
masonry with
lime/cement
mortar (MBST)
1. Old temple at
Killari Village
2. Stone
masonry work
94. Killari, Building

Mahrashtra Category : RC
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Base-isolated
shopping
complex in
Killari
2. Sunshade

moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Base-isolated
footing
178
Example Building
No.
moment
resisting frame
designed with
seismic features
(CBMF)
1. Base-isolated
school building
in Killari

shear wall
structure with
walls cast in-
situ (CHSW)
1. Dome shaped
Govt. allotted
residential
house
2. Total
reinforced
concrete
structure
shear wall
structure with
walls cast in-
situ (CHSW)
1. Sketches of
dome shaped
house
179
Example Building
No.
shear wall
structure with
walls cast in-
situ (CHSW)
1. Dome shaped
Govt. allotted
residential
house
2. Total
reinforced
concrete
structure
shear wall
structure with
walls cast in-
situ (CHSW)
1. Govt. allotted
residential
house
2. RC wall
structure
101. Kavtha, Building

moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Govt. allotted
residential
house in
Kawatha
2. Very poor
column-wall
connection
3. Wide cracks
in wall and
180
Example Building
No.
column
102. Kavtha, Building
moment
resisting frame
with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. Govt. allotted
residential
house in
Kawatha
2. Cracks in the
wall
3. Foundation
settlement
Table 7-5 Example buildings surveyed in South Region

Example Building
No.
1. Kottayam, Building
Kerala Category:
Random rubble
stone with mud
mortar (MAST)
1. RRM plinth
2. Timber posts
and wall panels
3. Timber truss
roof with
Mangalore tiles
181
Example Building
No.
2. Vaikom Building
Kottayam, Category: RC
Kerala mixed structure
with composite
timber, bamboo
and others
(CLMS)
1. Timber wall
panels
2. Precast
concrete vertical
confining
elements
3. Sloped roof
with timber
rafters and
Mangalore tiles
3. Vadakkan Building
cherry Category:
Thrissur, Unreinforced
Kerala brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
with laterite
stone blocks,
mud mortar
2. Raised RRM
plinth
2. Sloped roof
with timber
rafters and
Mangalore tiles
182
Example Building
No.
4. Kadapura Building
m village, Category: Load
Chavakka bearing timber
d frame with
Thrissur, (stone/brick)
Kerala masonry infill
(WDTF)
1. Palm leaf wall

panels in timber
frame
2. RRM plinth
3. Part masonry
columns/walls
3. Timber truss
roof supported
on timber posts
4. Thatch roof
5. Mangamur Building
u village, Category:
Ongole, Unreinforced
AP brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. Masonry -
burnt clay bricks,
mud mortar
2. Small central
courtyard
3. Heavy timber
truss roof with
country tiles
4. RRM
foundation
183
Example Building
No.
6. Madampat Building
ti, South Category:
Coimbator Unreinforced
e Taluk, brick masonry in
Tamil mud/lime mortar
Nadu (MHBW)
1. Stone masonry
with mud mortar
2. Timber truss
roof with
Mangalore tiles
3. Articulated
gable walls
4. Few cross
walls
7. Rural Building
agrarian, Category:
Vallaikou Unreinforced
ndanur brick masonry in
village, mud/lime mortar
Mannur, (MHBW)
Pollachi,
Coimbator 1. Masonry -
e, TN
burnt clay brick,
mud mortar
2. RRM
foundation
3. Tied timber
pitched/lean-to
roof, Mangalore
tiles
184
Example Building
No.
8. Ayyampet Building
tai, Category:
Kancheep Unreinforced
uram, brick masonry in
Tamil mud/lime mortar
Nadu (MHBW)
1. Masonry -
burnt clay brick,
mud/lime mortar
2. RRM
foundation
3. Tied timber
pitched roof,
Mangalore tiles
4. Open central
courtyard,
weaving room
9. Thazhutha Building
ngadi Category: RC
Kottayam moment resisting
Municipali frame with
ty, Kerala unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Sloped RC
roof, tiled
4. Architectural
resemblance to
older
constructions
185
Example Building
No.
10. Nellore, Building
Andhra Category: RC
Pradesh moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. Individual RC
footing
4. Characteristic
long cantilevers
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
(G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. Typical
9”x21” columns
4. No seismic
detailing (e.g.
90° hook)
186
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category:
Pradesh Confined
brick/block
masonry with
concrete posts/tie
columns and
beams (MMBW)
1. RC with infill
cement block
masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing,
4’0” deep
4. Indira Aawaz
Yojana (IAY)
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. Independent
villas
4. Regular frame
187
Example Building
No.
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
(G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic
design
5. Regular frame,
open central
coutryard
6. Columns:
230x400 Beams:
400x230 (mm)
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
(G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic
design
5. Part open
ground storey
6. 5. Columns:
230x375 (mm)
188
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
(G+5)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic
design
5. Open ground
storey (OGS)
17. Nellore, 1. RC with infill
AP brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing,
4’0” deep, plinth
beam over RRM
base - 60cm wide
4. Single-storied
5. IAY
189
Example Building
No.
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing,
4’0” deep, plinth
beam over RRM
base - 60cm wide
4. With staircase
5. IAY

Andhra Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Buildings on
slope (raised
plinth)
4. With staircase
5. IAY
190
Example Building
No.
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. With staircase
4. Cantilevers
5. Urban
permanent
housing
21. Ongole, Building
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Cantilevers
4. Rural housing
5. @
200c/c 6mm
Concrete
1:2:4 RC
columns: 9”x9”,
4 nos. 10mm
191
Example Building
No.
AP Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry (G+10)
2. RC floor slab
3. Seismically
designed
4. Aspect ratio of
columns (1:4)
5. Shear core: lift
6. M40 concrete
7. Raft
foundation
Andhra Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slab
3. Re-entrant
corners
192
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category: RC
frame with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
1. RC with infill
cement block
masonry (G+5)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic
design
5. Open ground
storey (OGS)
Andhra Category: RC
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry
2. RC floor slabs
and sloped RC
roof slab
3. Irregular
frame
4. Glazed façade
193
Example Building
No.
26. Coimbator Building
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
cement block
masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic
design
4. Few RC shear
walls - random
5. Double height
entrance portico
e South, Category: RC
TN moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. 8 RC footings,
1.5 m deep
(0.9x0.9 m)
4. RC columns
0.23x0.23 m
5. Concrete:
1:1.5:3
194
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
brick masonry
(G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Regular frame
5. RC footing
6. RC Columns
9”x12” (stirrups
@ 450c/c) 6
nos. 16mm
e South, Category: RC
TN moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. 8 RC footings,
1.5 m deep
(0.9x0.9 m)
4. RC columns
0.23x0.23 m
5. Concrete:
1:1.5:3
195
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill brick
masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Irregular
frame, offsets
5. RC footing
6. RC columns
0.23x0.38m
7. M20 Concrete:
1:1.5:3
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with open
ground storey
structure
(CGMF)
1. RC infill brick
masonry (G+4)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Seismically
designed
6. RC columns
0.23x0.45m
7. Part OGS
196
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill clay
brick, Aerocon
blocks (G+11)
2. RC floor slabs
3. Staircase, lift
well: shear core
4. Seismic design
detailing:
IS13920
5. Basement car
park
6. M40 concrete
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill clay
brick (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. No beams
between 2 bays
(coupling only
by slab)
197
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry (G+2)
2. RC floor slab
3. Irregular
frame (stagger)
4. .9m cantilever
5. Heavy
communication
tower mounted
on terrace
35. Chennai, Building
TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry (G+1),
with semi-
basement
2. RC floor slab
3. Glazed façade
4. Irregular
frame
198
Example Building
No.
TN Category: RC
moment resisting
frame with
unreinforced
masonry infill
walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill
masonry (G+2)
2. RC floor slab
3. No offset
between
buildings
4. .Cantilevers
5. Narrow plot
configuration
Kerala Category:
Masonry mixed
structure with
timber, bamboo
and other wood
elements
(MRMS)
1. Laterite stone
blocks with lime
mortar (LM)
2. Wood panels
3. Timber floor
4. Timber truss
roof with ties and
braces,
Mangalore tiles
199
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. Unreinforced
hollow cement
block masonry
with cement
mortar (CM)
2. With lintel
band
3. Random
rubble plinth
4. Flat RC roof
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. Unreinforced
hollow cement
block masonry
with CM
2. With lintel
band
3. Random
rubble plinth
(RRM)
4. RC filler slab
with Mangalore
tiles
200
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM hollow
cement block
with CM
2. No lintel band
3. RRM plinth
4. Pitched roof
(timber truss
Mangalore tiles,
steel tubes, AC
sheeting)
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM cement
block/clay brick
with CM
2. No lintel band
3. Raised dry
pack RRM plinth
4. On river
embankment
5. Pitched roof
(steel tubes, AC
sheeting)
201
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category: RC
mixed structure
with load bearing
masonry (CJMS)
1. Mixed RC
masonry building
2. RC ground
storey, URM
upper storeys
3. Built on river
embankment
4. RC floor,
timber floor and
timber sloping
roof with
Mangalore tiles
43. Kottayam, 1. URM, laterite
Kerala blocks and CM
2. RRM plinth
on soil
consolidated on
4’ bamboo poles
3. RC plinth
band, lintel band
4. RC vertical
confinement
5. Sloped roof
202
Example Building
No.
44. Kottayam, 1. URM laterite
Kerala stone with LM
2. Raised RRM
plinth
3. Sloped roof
with timber truss
4. Positive
connections in
timber between
roof and
masonry walls to
prevent relative
displacement

Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM with
laterite stone
blocks and CM
(ground) and
hollow cement
blocks with CM
(upper floor)
2. RC plinth,
lintel band
4. RC floor and
roof slab
203
Example Building
No.
46. Thrissur, Building
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM, laterite
blocks and CM
2. RRM plinth
3. RC plinth
band, lintel band
4. RC flat and
sloped roofs

Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM laterite
stone with LM
2. RRM plinth
3. Sloped roof
with timber truss,
Mangalore tiles
4. School
building
204
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. URM structure
with upper floor
in lightweight
steel construction
2. RC floor
3. Steel laced
columns with
steel truss roof
and GI sheeting
4. School
building
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
laterite stone
blocks, LM
2. Double-height
central chamber
3. Timber floors
and timber truss
roof with
Mangalore tiles
205
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
laterite stone
blocks, LM
2. Timber floors
and truss roof,
Mangalore tiles
3. Timber, stone
and masonry
columns
supporting roof
4. Attic floor
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
laterite stone
blocks, LM
2. Raised RRM
plinth
3. Timber truss
roof with
Mangalore tiles
206
Example Building
No.
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and
lintel band
4. Tsunami
rehabilitation
housing
Kerala Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
(ashlar) laterite
stone blocks, LM
2. Timber floors
and truss roof,
Mangalore tiles
4. Connections in
timber between
roof, masonry
walls to prevent
relative
displacement
207
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category:
Pradesh Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
cement mortar
2. Masonry
footing
3. RC roof slab
4. Government
housing
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and
part lintel band
4. RRM
foundation 60cm
wide on 1:4:8
PCC base
208
Example Building
No.
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks,
cement mortar
2. Block size
(12”x8½”x6”)
resulting in
vertical joints
3. Cuduppah slab
for lintels
(variation)
Andhra Category:
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and
RC lintel band
4. RRM
foundation 60cm
wide on 1:4:8
PCC base
209
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category:
brick masonry in
cement mortar
with lintel bands
(various
floor/roof
systems)
(MLBW)
1. RC structure
burnt clay bricks,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. Part
construction
sequence making
it confined
masonry
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and
RC lintel band
4. RRM
foundation
(laterite blocks)
210
Example Building
No.
AP Category:
Confined
brick/block
masonry with
concrete posts/tie
columns and
beams (MMBW)
1. Burnt clay
bricks, cement
mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. Part
construction
sequence making
it confined
masonry
4. IAY
Andhra Category:
brick masonry in
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. URM structure
clay brick,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. No lintel band
4. Timber lintels
5. RRM
foundation
211
Example Building
No.
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. URM structure
clay brick,
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab,
RC cantilever
anchored in
masonry
3. No lintel band
4. RRM
foundation
Andhra Category:
brick masonry in
cement mortar
with reinforced
concrete
floor/roof slabs
(MKBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks
(1:8), cement
mortar
2. RC filler slab
with Mangalore
tile (filler)
212
Example Building
No.
Andhra Category:
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
cement blocks,
cement mortar
2. Gently sloped
AC sheet roofing
on steel pipes
(temporary
structure) – 2½”
@ 1.25m c/c,
with “J” bolts
4. RRM
foundation
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
in brick and LM
2. Timber floors,
Madras terrace
3. Timber posts
to partly support
roof/floor
4. Salt
merchant’s
houses
213
Example Building
No.
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
cement mortar
2. RRM
foundation
(sandy soil)
3. RC roof slab
4. No lintel band
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
in laterite blocks
(Ashlar), LM
2. Timber truss
roof (ties/braces)
Mangalore tiles
3. Timber posts
support lean-to
roof
4. Different
storey heights
5. Arches, gables
(1900 A.D.)
214
Example Building
No.
AP Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
in brick, massive
stone, LM
2. Timber-steel
truss roof
(ties/braces)
Mangalore tiles,
Madras terrace
3. Arches with
steel ties
4. Bell tower
69. Kancheep Building
uram, Category:
Tamil Unreinforced
Nadu brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick with
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. No lintel band
4. Weaver’s
settlements
(govt. housing
scheme)
215
Example Building
No.
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
in brick, LM
(G+1)
2. Timber-steel
truss roof
(ties/braces)
Mangalore tiles,
Madras terrace
3. Double-height
central hall on
first floor
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick with
cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
and/or pitched
roof with
Mangalore tiles
3. RC lintel band
4. Green housing
scheme
216
Example Building
No.
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
CM (G+1)
2. RC footing (8’
deep)
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel band
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick with
cement mortar
2. RRM found.
with bond stones
3. RC roof slab
and/or pitched
roof with
Mangalore tiles
4. RC lintel band
5. Green housing
scheme (solar)
217
Example Building
No.
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick with
cement mortar
2. RRM found.
with bond stones
3. RC roof slab
and/or pitched
roof with
Mangalore tiles
4. RC lintel band
and plinth band
e, Tamil Category:
Nadu Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
CSE blocks with
mud mortar
2. RRM found.
3. Steel truss
roof with thatch
4. Stone lintel
slabs
218
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick, cement
mortar (G+3)
2. RC roof slab
3. Strip footing
4. Ground floor
walls 380 mm
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
brick with lime
mortar
2. Timber-steel
truss roof (ridge
6.4m) with
Mangalore tiles
3. All openings
arched
(1885 AD)
219
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
CM (1:5 mix)
2. Masonry strip
footing
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel and
plinth beam
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
cement mortar
2. Open
courtyard
2. Strip footing
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel and
plinth beam
220
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
Concrete block
masonry in
lime/cement
mortar (various
floor/roof
systems)
(MNCB)
1. URM structure
concrete blocks
(16”x8”x6”),
cement mortar
2. No lintel band
3. Steel box
sections for
rafters:
Mangalore tiles
and AC sheet
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
brick, LM
2. Timber truss
roof (metal
straps as ties),
Mangalore tiles
3. Arched
openings, long
walls with
openings, gable
with joists
supported on it
(1896 AD)
221
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
brick, cement
mortar (G+1)
2. RC Footing
with RRM
foundation
3. RC plinth and
lintel beam
4. RC floor slab
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
CM
2. RRM
foundation
3. RC roof slab
4. No lintel band
5. Government
housing scheme
222
Example Building
No.
e, TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay bricks,
CM
2. RRM
foundation
3. Walls
stiffened by
pilasters
3. RC roof slab
4. Lintel band
5. Community
hall
TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
cement mortar
(MJBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay brick,
cement mortar
(G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
223
Example Building
No.
TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay brick,
lime mortar
(G+1)
2. Madras terrace
floor slabs

TN Category:
Unreinforced
brick masonry in
mud/lime mortar
(MHBW)
1. URM structure
burnt clay brick,
lime mortar
(G+1)
2. Madras terrace
floor slabs
3. Arched
openings
88. Prakasam, Building
Andhra Category: Steel
Pradesh light metal frame
single storey
structure (SELF)
1. Steel I-section
columns bolted
to concrete
foundation
blocks
2. Steel truss
bolted to column
3. GI sheeting
224
Example Building
No.
89. Prakasam, Building

Andhra Category: Steel
Pradesh mixed structure
with load bearing
masonry (SFMS)
1. Steel pre-
engineered
building (PEB)
2. Height: 13m
3. Span 21m,
8.5m span
longitudinal
4. I-section
0.91x0.25m
5. Gantry cranes
at 6.5m height
6. Masonry infill
partial height
e, Tamil Category: Steel
Nadu light metal frame
single storey
structure (SELF)
1. Steel hollow
circular section
columns bolted
to concrete
foundation
blocks
2. Steel truss
bolted to column
3. AC sheeting
225
References
BIS (2002). “IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002: Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, Part
1—General Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
BIS (1993). “IS 4326-1993: Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of Buildings - Code of Practice
(Second Revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
BIS (1993). “IS13920-1993: Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces -
Code of Practice (Edition 1.2)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
BIS (1980). “IS 2119-1980: Code of Practice for Construction of Brick-cum-Concrete Composite (Madras
Terrace and Floor) Floor and roof (First Revision)”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
BIS (1992). “IS 1597 (Part 1)-1992: Construction of Stone Masonry - Code of Practice (First Revision)”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
BIS (1987). “IS 1905-1987: Code of Practice for Structural use of Unreinforced Masonry (Third Revision)”,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India.
FEMA 154 (2002). "Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook", Applied
Technology Council, Redwood City, California, USA.
National Information Centre for Earthquake Engineering (NICEE) (2007). "Earthquake-Resistant Confined
Masonry Construction ", Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India.
World Housing Encyclopaedia http://www.world-housing.net/
226
Appendix
Example Survey Forms
1. Reinforced Concrete Buildings
2. Masonry Buildings
3. Steel Buildings
227
VULNERABILITY OF REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC) BUILDINGS
SKETCH PLAN
1. SURVEY DETAILS (Form Identifier)
(a) Form no.: 1
(b)Date: 29th November, 2011
(c) Surveyor: Mahendra Meena and Ashish Sapre
(d)GPS coordinates:
2. BUILDING DETAILS
(a) Building Name: VMCC
(b) Address: IIT
Bombay____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Village/Town/City_____________Mumbai________District____
__________________State___________MH_____________PIN
400076_____________________
(c) Year of Construction: 2010
(d) Width of adjoining main road (m):__7____
(e) Ownership:
Govt. Community/Corporate
Private Not Known/Under Dispute
PHOTOGRAPH Nos.
(f) Predominant Use:
Assembly Office School Emergency
Residential Commercial Industrial
If Residential, no. of housing units: ________
Is the Building used for Lifeline function?
Yes No
Give Details………………………
(g) Minimum distance from adjoining building (m): __5____
(h) Visual Condition:
Excellent Good Damaged
(i) Building on stilts/Open ground floor:

Yes No
if Yes,
<25% 25% - 50% >50%
(j) Construction drawings available:
Yes No
228
3. GENERAL INFORMATION
(a) Site Morphology
Site Morphology (Select All Applicable)
Flat Crest Embankment Downward Slope Trough Adjacent to Hill Slopes
(b) Soil
Hard Medium Soft Not Known Expansive Not Expansive Not Known
(c) Foundation
Raft Piles Other

Combined Specify:
Isolated Foundati
(d) Typology
Material Type of Load-Bearing Sub-types
Structure
Bear frame concrete structure with/without non-
structural cladding
Designed for gravity loads only ( i.e. no seismic features)
Designed with seismic features (various ages)
Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls

Moment Resisting Frame
Flat slab structure: Reinforced Concrete
Flat slab structure: Prestressed Concrete
Structural Concrete Precast frame structure
Frame with concrete shear walls (dual system)
Walls cast in-situ

Shear Wall Structure
Precast wall panel structure
With steel
Mixed Structure
With composite steel and concrete vertical members
With timber, bamboo or others
(e) Workmanship and Code Compliance

229
Yes
Specify code followed:

Good Poor Not Known No Not Known
(f) Other

Building Built
on Split level Yes
No
Row Middle Corner

Housing Type
Isolated
4. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Tall storey heights (Different Presence of large open central Presence of small unanchored Significant Re-entrant corners in
torey Heights) Present? courtyard water tanks plan
Roof monolithically Presence of short/captive Outer dimensions at plinth Outer dimensions at plinth
ombined with the vertical columns level smaller than at roof level smaller than at roof
members level in one axis level in both axis
5. BUILDING DESCRIPTION (Overall metrics, age, use and intensity of use)

No. of stories Average inter- Average Average floor Utilisation of floor Maximum
storey height inter-storey area (m2) area (%) Number of
(m) height (m) occupants
Ground Floor Other Stories
stories above 100
stories 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 25-50
0 1 500
3.0-3.5 3.0-3.5 50-75
1 2 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 > 75
>2
3 > 5.0 > 5.0 Abandoned
Unfinished
05
5a. Period of Occupancy (months/year, days/month, hours/day)

9 20 10
NA
5b. Year of last structural repair (if any)
6. GEOMETRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
a) Projections
Chimney Communication
Parapets Cladding Balconies Sunshades Others
s Towers
If others, give details______________________ Largest Horizontal Projection(H) = _____m Largest Vertical Projection(V) = _____m
b) Plan irregularity c) Vertical irregularity
230
Parameter
Parameter
orthogonal axis Open storey (Relative)
7. H
Re-entrant corners (>15% of plan dimension)
ISTO Mass irregularities
Diaphragm discontinuity (cut/open area > 50% of gross RY
Geometrical irregularity (horizontal dimension of lateral
area, and/or floor to floor variation in diaphragm stiffness) OF load-resisting system in a storey is >150% of adjacent storey )
Out-of-plane offsets of lateral load-resisting EARL
elements IER Discontinuity in vertical members over height
Lateral load-resisting elements not symmetric DAM
about orthogonal axis Vertical stiffness irregularities
AGE
Yes No Not Known Staggered floors (offset floor diaphragm)

Cantilever slabs are damaged? Cracks in Staircase
8. EXISTING DAMAGE OBSERVED

Yes No
Structural Category Column Beam Shear Wall Load Bearing Wall

D0 (No damage) NA NA NA NA
D1 (Negligible to Slight Damage) NA NA NA NA
D2(Moderate Damage) NA NA NA NA
D3(Substantial to Heavy Damage) NA NA NA NA
D4(Very Heavy Damage) NA NA NA NA
D5(Partial or Total Collapse) NA NA NA NA
9. STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING/REHABILITATION
Yes No Not Known
10. IMPORTANT OBSERVATIONS AND COMMENTS
231
VULNERABILITY OF LOAD-BEARING MASONRYBUILDINGS
PLAN SKETCH 1. Survey Details
(a) Form no.: 23
(b)Date: 20/06/2012
(c) Surveyor: Ashish, Mahendra and Rohan
(d)GPS coordinates:
2. BUILDING DETAILS
(k) Building Name:
(l) Address: Old City Latur
Pin:
(m) Year of Construction: 1985

(n) Width of adjoining main road (m):___4___
(o) Ownership:
Govt. Community/Corporate Private
PHOTOGRAPH Nos. (p) Predominant Use:
Assembly Office School
Emergency Residential Commercial Industrial
If Residential, no. of housing units: __1______
Is the Building used for Lifeline function
Yes No
(q) Minimum distance from adjoining building (m):____1__
(r) Visual Condition:
Excellent Good Average Damaged
(s) Building on stilts/Open ground floor:
Yes No
<25% 25% - 50% >50%
(t) Construction drawings available:
Yes No
(a) Site Morphology
(b)Soil
(c) Foundation
Foundation (Select all applicable)
o Masonry Strip with o Masonry Strip w/o o RC Continuous o Ordinary o Under- o Not known
through-stones through-stones Beam Piles reamed Piles
232
(d) Material
Units Mortar
o Dressed o Random o Not known o Mortarless o Mud o Lime o Cement o Not known
Condition of mortar
o Good o Moderate o Poor o Not known
(e) Typology
Material Sub-types
Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof)
Massive stone masonry (in lime/cement mortar)
Dressed stone (regular shape) masonry (in lime/cement mortar)
Mud walls
Mud walls with horizontal wood elements
Adobe block walls
Rammed earth/Pise construction
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts
Masonry
Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with RC floor/roof slabs
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems)
Unreinforced concrete block masonry
Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams
Unreinforced, in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
Reinforced, in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
Mixed structure (with RC vertical load-bearing elements)
Mixed structure (with steel vertical load-bearing elements)
Mixed structure (with timber/bamboo vertical load-bearing elements)

Yes

(f) Other

Yes
Building Built
on Split level Partial basement Entrance on lower slope
No
Row Middle Corner
233
Housing Type Isolated
4. STRUCTURAL FEATURES
(a) Vertical structural system

Presence of isolated Presence of through- Presence of arches/vaults
Walls
vertical posts stones without ties or buttresses
o Yes o No o Single-leaf o Multiple-leaf o Yes o No o Yes o No

(b) Horizontal structural system
Roofing systems
Flat roof Sloped roof Special Intermediate floor slabs
roofs
Dome/Corbelled
with brickwork
If other, specify
If other, specify
dome/vaulted
Jack arch slab
Heavy timber
Roof without
Asbestos/GI
Asbestos/GI
ties/braces
ties/braces
Stone slab
Light roof
Roof with
Jack arch
Flexible
Vaulted
RC slab
RC slab
Heavy
Heavy
sheet
sheet
Rigid
Light
Light
(c) Connections
Good connections between Lintel band present Roof band present Good connections between
walls at corners roof/floor slab and walls
Yes No Not known Yes No Not known Yes No Not known Yes No Not known
Different storey Large open central Large door/window Door/window openings Re-entrant corners
heights present? courtyard present openings present close to corners present present
234
Walls distributed Walls symmetrically Irregular Floating walls about Floating walls about both
symmetrically distributed about orientation of one axis present axes present
about one axis both axes rooms
Long walls without Location of Location of staircase Staircase Overhead water tank present
cross walls present staircase eccentric eccentric about both headroom present
about one axis axes
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Location:________________

No. of stories Average inter- Average Average floor Utilisation of floor Maximum
storey height inter-storey area (m2) area(%) Number of
(m) height (m) occupants
Ground Floor Other Stories
stories above
stories 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 25-50
0 1 5
3.0-3.5 3.0-3.5 50-75
1 2 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 > 75
>2 3 > 5.0 > 5.0 Abandoned
Unfinished
Period of Occupancy (M/Y d/M h/d)

12 30 24
Year of last structural repair (if any)
b) Projections
Parameter
Open storey (Relative)
Mass irregularities
Geometrical irregularity (horizontal dimension of lateral

load-resisting system in a storey is >150% of adjacent storey )
Discontinuity in vertical members over height
Vertical stiffness irregularities
Chimney Communication
Parapets Cladding Balconies Sunshades Others
s Towers
If others, give details______________________ Largest horizontal projection= _____m Largest vertical projection = _____m
235
Parameter
orthogonal axis
Re-entrant corners (>15% of plan dimension)
8. HISTORY OF EARLIER DAMAGE
Diaphragm discontinuity (cut/open area > 50% of gross
area, and/or floor to floor variation in diaphragm stiffness) Yes No Not Known
If Yes,
Out-of-plane offsets of lateral load-resisting
elements Any storey/building noticeably leaning
Lateral load-resisting elements not symmetric Cracks at beam-column junction

Cracks in Staircase
Yes No Not Known
VULNERABILITY OF STEEL BUILDINGS

SKETCH PLAN 236
1. SURVEY DETAILS (Form Identifier)
(a) Form no.: 14
(b)Date: 12/07/2012
(c) Surveyor: Ashish, Mahendra and Rohan
(d)GPS coordinates:
2. BUILDING DETAILS
(a) Building Name:
(b) Address:______Industrial area nera railway colony_
Village/Town/City____Karad__________________District__Satara
(c) Year of Construction: 2000
(d) Width of adjoining main road (m):_4_____
(e) Ownership:
Govt. Community/Corporate
Private Not Known/Under Dispute
PHOTOGRAPH Nos.
(f) Predominant Use:
Assembly Office School
Residential Commercial Industrial
If Residential, no. of housing units: ________
Is the Building used for Lifeline function?
Yes No
(g) Minimum distance from adjoining building (m): __2____
(h) Visual Condition:
Excellent Good Average Damaged
(i) Building on stilts/Open ground floor:

Yes No
<25% 25% - 50% >50%
(j) Construction drawings available:
Yes No
(a) Site Morphology
(b) Soil
(c) Foundation
237
Raft Piles Other
Combined Specify:
Isolated Foundati
(d) Typology
Material Type of Load-Bearing Sub-types
Structure
With brick masonry partitions
Moment Resisting Frame
With cast in-situ concrete walls
With light weight partitions
Concentrically Braced With various floor/roof systems

Frame
With various floor/roof systems

Eccentrically Braced Frame
Steel
Light Metal Frame Single storey LM frame structure
With Reinforced Concrete

Mixed Structure
With composite steel and concrete vertical members
With Timber, Bamboo or others

Yes

(f) Other

Building Built
on Split level Yes
No
Row Middle Corner

Housing Type
Isolated
238
4. STRUCTURAL FEATURES
(d) Vertical structural system
Columns Beams Walls
o Masonry o Steel o RC o Masonry o Steel o RC o Masonry o Steel o RC

(e) Horizontal structural system
Roofing systems
Flat roof Sloped roof
Steel roof
Heavy timber Asbestos/GI truss Asbestos/GI RC
Light roof RC slab Light Heavy Steel roof truss
with brickwork Sheet Sheet Slab
(f) Connections
Riveted/Bolted
Connections No

Welded
Connections No
Tall storey heights (Different Presence of large open Presence of double height Significant Re-entrant
Storey Heights) Present? central courtyard columns corners in plan
239
Roof monolithically Presence of Outer dimensions at Outer dimensions at
combined with the short/captive columns plinth level smaller than plinth level smaller than
vertical members at roof level in one axis at roof level in both axis

No. of stories Average Average Average floor Utilisation of Maximum
inter-storey inter- area (m2) floor area (%) Number of
height (m) storey occupants
Ground height (m)
Floor Other
Stories
stories above 150 10
stories 2.5-3.0 2.5-3.0 25-50
0 1 3.0-3.5 3.0-3.5 50-75
1 2 3.5-5.0 3.5-5.0 > 75
>2
3 > 5.0 > 5.0 Abandoned
Unfinished
5a. Period of Occupancy (Months/Year, Days/Month, Hours/Day)

12 25 7
5b. Year of last structural repair (if any)
c) Projections
Chimney Parapets Balconies Sunshades Comm. Towers Others

Cladding
s
If others, give details______________________ Largest Horizontal Projection(H) = ___1__m Largest Vertical

Projection(V) = ___2__m
Parameter
Parameter Open storey (Relative)

orthogonal axis Mass irregularities
Re-entrant corners (>15% of plan dimension) Geometrical irregularity (horizontal dimension of lateral
load-resisting system in a storey is >150% of adjacent storey )
Diaphragm discontinuity (cut/open area > 50% of gross
area, and/or floor to floor variation in diaphragm stiffness)
Discontinuity in vertical members over height
Vertical stiffness irregularities
29
Out-of-plane offsets of lateral load-resisting
elements
Lateral load-resisting elements not symmetric
8. HISTORY OF EARLIER DAMAGE

Yes No Not Known
If Yes,

Cracks in Staircase
If others, give
details__________________________________
Yes No Not Known
30

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Seismic Survey

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Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of

Building Types in India

User Manual for Survey of

Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group of

September 15, 2013

IIT Bombay IIT Madras

IIT Guwahati IIT Roorkee

2.5.1 Projections .................................................................................................................. 13

Under the project titled "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Building Types in

1. Filling up survey details

2.1 Filling up Survey Details

SURVEY DETAILS (Form Identifier)

2.1.1 Form No.

2.1.4 GPS Coordinates

2.2 Building Details

2.2.3 Width of adjoining main road

2.2.5 Predominant Use

The eight occupancy classes are described below.

2.2.6 Minimum Distance from adjoining building

2.2.7 Visual Condition

D0 No damage No damage No damage No damage

D3 Major portion of Major portion of Major portion of Large and deep

D4 Diagonal / Diagonal / trosional Reinforcement and Gaps in the wall,

D5 Crushing of core Crushing of Crushing of Partial or total

2.2.8 Building on stilts level/open ground

2.2.9 Availability of construction drawings

2.3 General Information

Site Morphology (Select All if Applicable)

Flat Crest Embankment Downward Slope Trough Adjacent to Hill

Soil Type Soil Nature

Hard Medium Soft Not Known Expansive Not Known

Liquefiable Not Liquefiable Not Known

2.3.2 Soil (Types, Nature and Liquefaction Potential)

2.3.3 Workmanship and Code Compliance

Good Not Known followed:

On hill slopes Entrance on higher slope

Partial basement Entrance on lower slope

Row Middle Corner

2.4 Building Description

 Total number of stories above and below the ground,

No. of stories Average Average Average floor Utilisation of Maximum

Period of Occupancy (Months/Year, Days/Month, Hours/Day)

Year of last structural repair (if any)

Figure 2.10:Building Description

2.5 Geometrical Characteristics of the Building

Chimney Parapets Cladding Balconies Sunshades Comm. Towers Others

Figure 2.11 Portion of survey form for documenting Projections

Figure 2.12 Housing Chimney

Figure 2.14 Roof Parapet Wall

2.5.2 Plan/Vertical Irregularities

With reference to IS:1893(Part 1)-2002, buildings are considered to be irregular in height, if

i. Presence of an open storey (relative to other stories): As a guideline, stiffness

Out-of-plane offsets of lateral load-resisting Discontinuity in vertical members over height

Figure 2.16 Portion of survey form for documenting Irregularities

Major plan and vertical irregularities are explained below:

2.5.2.1 Plan Irregularity

Figure 2.17 Plan views of buildings having horizontal irregularities;

Building should be examined for out of plane offsets of lateral load-resisting

2.5.2.2 Vertical Irregularity

Vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal

2.6 Damage Condition of the Building

Yes No Not Known