INTRODUCTION OF LATHE MACHIN

"LATHE" is one of most important machine tools in the metal working industry. A "LATHE" 1
operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and fixed cutting tool. The cutting tool is feed
into the work piece, which rotates about its own axis, the work piece to be formed to the
desired shape.
"LATHE" machine is also known as "mother/father of entire tools family".

CENTRAL LATHE
A lathe center, often shortened to center, is a tool that has been ground to a point to accurately
position a work piece on an axis. They usually have an included angle of 600, but in heavy
machining situations an angle of 750 is used. The primary use of a center is to ensure concentric
work is produced; this allows the work piece to be transfer between machining (or inspection)
operations without any loss of
accuracy. A part may be turned in
a lathe, sent off for hardening and
tempering and then ground
between Centers in a cylindrical
grinder. The preservation of
concentricity between the turning
and grinding operations is crucial
for quality work. A center is also
used to support longer work pieces
where the cutting forces would
deflect the work excessively,
reducing the finish and accuracy of
the work piece, or creating a
hazardous situation.
A center is also used to support longer work pieces where the cutting forces would deflect the
work excessively, reducing the finish and accuracy of the work piece, or creating a hazardous
situation. A center lathe has application anywhere that a centered work piece may be used, this
is not limited to lathe sage but may include setups in dividing heads, cylindrical grinders, tool a
cutter grinders or other related equipment. The term between centers refer to any machining
operation where the job needs to be performed using centers. A center is inserted into a
matching hole drilled by a center drill. The hole is conical near and at the surface, a cylindrical,
deeper.

ACCESSORIES
 Headstock
It is a fixed part which will present on the left side of the lathe bed.
o Electrical motor
 Electrical motor coverts electrical energy provided to lathe machine into mechanical
work.
o Chuck 2
Chuck is actual used to hold the work piece at one position while working. A chuck with
the work piece spins very fast to make every face of work piece easy to access. There are
so many types of chucks as well including 3 jaw chuck or self-centering chuck, 4 jaw
chuck, Collet chuck, as well as magnetic chuck and face plate chuck.
o Gear box
It has many gears for speed controlling and proper functioning.

o Spindle
The separation between a chuck and gear box is called spindle.
o RPM changing levers
Rpm changing levers are used to change the speed of chuck.
o Feed lever
If we want the machine to work automatically then we give it a feed with the help of this
feed lever thus it repeatedly does the same movement again and again.
o Threading levers
These are of four types and they might be used for automatic functioning of
the machine.
o Emergency Stop Button
In case of any accident emergency stop button instantaneously stops the
machine by cutting the power off
 2) Tail stock:
The main function of the Tail stock is to provide bearing and support to the job
t which is being worked between jaws.
 3) Bed:
The bed of Lathe acts as the base on which the different fixed and operations
parts of the Lathe are mounted.
 4) Spindle:
The space between the jaw and the gear box is also said spindle.
 Carriage:
It is used for supporting and guiding the tool during the lathe operation.
A carriage is the part of the machine to which we connect our tools for processing.
It slides on bed. It has also many parts which are as following;
o Carriage slide
The slide on which carriage moves in z axis on bed is called carriage slide.
o Carriage Wheel:
The wheel which is rotated to move the slide over bed.
o Cross slide
The slide which moves in x-axis to take the tool in front of work piece is
called cross slide.
 o Cross slide Wheel
The wheel which is used to move cross slide is called cross slide wheel.
o Compound slide 3
The slide which moves tool for turning • called compound slide.
o Compound slide wheel
The wheel used to slide compound slide is called compound slide wheel.
o Tool post
The tool is placed in this tool post. it sets the position of the tool.

o Coolant pipe
It is used to cool down if hard work piece is being used.
o Carriage gears:
These gears control the motion of carriage on bed.
 Tool post:
It is used for holding the tool.
 Cross slide:
The cross-slide function is to provide cutting action to the tool and the action of cutting tool will
be perpendicular to center line of lathe.
 Gear box:
It contains different livers for the operation of different operations.
 R.P.M Liver:
It controls the speed
 Feed Liver:
It gives feed during threading process.
 Threading Liver:
It works during the process of threading .1T is used to stop the chasing dial
during the operation
 Half nut Liver:
It is use to on off the feed during threading process.
 Collard chuck:
It is used when large amount of work pieces of the same size is needed.
Operations of LATHE machine:
l) Facing
2) Turning
3) Taper Turning
4) Chamfering
5) Drilling
6) Threading
7) Knurling
8) Parting
• Facing:
In machining, facing is act of cutting face, which is a 4
planar surface, onto the work-piece. Within this
broadest sense there are various specific types of facing,
with two most common being facing in the course of
turning and boring work and facing in the course of
milling work. Other types of machining also cut faces (for
example, planning, shaping, and grinding).
• Turning:
It is a machining process in which a cutting tool, typically a non- rotary tool bit, describes a
helical tool path by moving more or less linearly while the work piece rotates. The axis of tool of
movement may be literally a straight line, or they may be along some set of curves or angles,
but they are essentially linear. Usually term "turning" is reserved for generation of external
surfaces by this cutting action, whereas this same essential cutting action when applied to
internal surfaces is called "boring"
• Taper Turning:
Taper turning means, to produce a conical surface by gradual reduction or increase in diameter
from a cylindrical work piece. This tapering operation has wide range of use in construction of
machines. Almost all machine spindles have taper holes which receive taper shank of various
tools devices and work holding devices.
Chamfering:
Chamfering removes the burrs and sharp edges, and thus makes the handling safe. Chamfering
can be done by a form tool having angle equal to chamfer which is generally kept at 45 degree.
Chamfering is the operation of beveling the extreme end of the work piece. The form tool used
for taper turning may be used for this purpose. Chamfering is an essential operation after
thread cutting so that the nut may pass freely on the threaded work piece.
Drilling:
Drilling is an economical way of removing large amounts of metal to create semi-precision
round hole or cavity. Drilling is a cutting process that use a drill bit to cut a hole of circular
cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool, often multi-point.
The bit is processed against the work-piece and rotated at rates from hundreds to thousands of
revolutions per minute.

Knurling:
The cutting of a serrated pattern onto the surface of a part to use as a hand grip using
a special purpose knurling tool. The knurling is a process of embossing (impressing) a diamond-
shaped or straight-line pattern into the surface of work piece. Knurling is essentially a
roughening of the surface and is done to provide a better gripping surface.
Threading:
Both standard and non-standard screw threads can be turned on a lathe using an
appropriate cutting tool. Either internally or externally or within above. Generally referred to as
5
single-point threading, tapping of threaded nuts and hole using hand taps and tailstock using a
tapping device with a slipping clutch to reduce risk of breakage of tap using Operations include
all type of external and internal thread forms using a single point tools also taper threads, double
start
threads, multi starts threads, worms are used in worm wheel reduction boxes, lead screw with
single or multi start threads. By use of threading boxes fined with four form tools up-to 2”
diameter threads but it is possible to find large boxes then this.

Machine Work Shop Tools:

Turning tool:
It is designed for machining work close to tail stock and for cutting from left to right.
Knurling tool:
The knurling tool consists of two cylindrical wheels called knurls, which rotate a
specially designed too holder. The knurls contain teeth which are rolled against Surface of work
piece from depressed pattern on the work piece. The diamond pattern is most widely used
pitches.

Threading Tool:
The threading tool with tool holder used, where considerable thread cutting is to be
accomplished. It is used in a specially designed tool holder which in turn mounts to the lathe tool
post. The threading tool has formed cutter which needs to be ground on the top surface only for
sharpening; the thread being formed accurately shaped or a large arc tool.
Internal Threading and Boring Tool:
Enlarging and smothering an existing hole Created by drilling, molding. The
machining of internal cylindrical forms by mounting work-piece to the spindle via a chuck or
face plate by mounting work-piece onto the cross slide and Placing cutting tool into chuck.