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V antenna, dipole antenna, and patch antenna [10–12]. An analyti-
TRIPLE-BAND COMPACT MONOPOLE
ANTENNA WITH MODIFIED SS-CML
UNITS LOADING
Sheng-Liang Deng, Rui Li, Jiao-Jiao Xie, and Ying-Zeng Yin
National Laboratory of Science and Technology on Antennas and
Microwaves, Xidian University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710071, China;
Corresponding author: dsliang1987@163.com
Received 15 May 2013
ABSTRACT: Triple-band compact monopole antenna with SS-CML
units loading is proposed in this article. On the basis of mathematical
analysis to equal electrical length SS-CML unit, extended analysis to the
unequal case is done. The design method is presented by CRLH-TL
theory. The multifrequency performance of the antenna by changing the
current phase through the monopole is achieved. Simulated results show
that the antenna can operate at three separate frequency bands of 1.36–
1.69 GHz 2.17–2.59 GHz, and 3.38–3.83 GHz, with return loss less than
210 dB. Measurements and EM simulations are in good agreement with
the theoretical analysis. V
C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt
Technol Lett 56:152–158, 2014; View this article online at wileyonline-
library.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.28034
Key words: SS-CML unit; CRLH-TL; even-odd decomposition method;
triple-band antenna
1. INTRODUCTION
For the past few years, modern mobile communication is being
developing rapidly all over the world, meanwhile mobile hand-
sets or systems are demanded for supporting multistandards and
multifunctions operating at different frequency bands. So the
152 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014
these antennas applied for multiband systems are nearly required
to quasiomnidirectional features to ensure the stability of
communication.
Recently, the concept of loading conventional antennas with
dispersion engineered materials (referred to as metamaterials)
drew great attention to researchers. Such metamaterials loading
can be used to reduce the operating frequency significantly and
provide multifrequency operation, thus showing potential for
mobile handset applications. Metamaterials can provide negative
electric permittivity and negative magnetic permeability simulta-
neously. They are artificially structured materials typically con-
structed from periodic arrangements of available materials and
exhibit electromagnetic properties not found in any of their bulk
individual constituents [1,2]. As a class of metamaterials, left-
handed transmission line (LH-TL) was presented by three
research group in 2003 [3–5]. It has been proved that the sim-
plex LH-TL can not exist, all the LH-TLs have parasitic right-
handed effect, thus there is only composite right/left-handed TL
(CRLH-TL) in practice. There are two types of CRLH-TL struc-
ture, nonresonant and resonant. The former contains split ring
resonators and complemented split ring resonators (CSSRs) [3–
7]. The CSSRs are composed of distributed series capacitors and
shunt inductors [8,9]. The nonresonant CRLH-TL has more
wide left-hand band and low insertion loss than the resonant.
As one of typical applications, conventional resonant type
antennas are loaded with CRLH unit cells (usually more than
one cell), which allow the antennas to operate at the zeroth
order mode or negative order modes to realized multiband or
miniaturization. Such technique was demonstrated for slot
cal method to characterize the frequency behavior of CRLH
loaded printed dipole antenna is presented in [13]. In [14], the
phase-shifting characteristic of a novel CRLH-TL for two fre-
quency points is analyzed and one antenna prototype with dual-
band dual-mode dual-polarization is designed by using the pro-
posed CRLH-TL.
In [1], one structure which occupies on the interdigital capac-
itor to provide the series capacitance and on the shunt short-
circuited stub to provide the parallel inductance is presented, but
it just has a number of narrow bands. In [2], both distributed
and lumped realizations of the CRLH unit cell are provided.
Also, the potential of using more than one CRLH unit cell to
load the monopole is discussed and a two CRLH unit cell
design is presented. The resultant monopole has five operating,
four narrow and one wide band. Thus the number of bands is
twice the number of unit cells and one wide band that is cen-
tered around the monopole original frequency. An improved
designable CRLH-TL is presented in [15], whose operating
frequency-band and transmission characteristic impedances can
be tuned, respectively, and then a novel hybrid ring is proposed
by using 70-X CRLH-TL. In [16], a dual-band wilkinson power
divider using coupled lines and mathematical analysis by a
method of even-odd decomposition is presented. But only analy-
sis of equal electrical length is done in [16], so we can take the
unequal case into consideration to obtain other features of modi-
fied SS-CML unit.
In this article, the theory of CRLH-TL loaded with
microstrip-fed monopole is presented first. Then, extended anal-
ysis to the unequal electrical length SS-CML unit is done.
According to the mathematical analysis, we proposed a new
class of antenna based on theory of CRLH-TL by loading modi-
fied SS-CML (shorted stub loaded coupled microstrip lines)
units combined [1] with [2]. The resultant monopole antenna
DOI 10.1002/mop

Figure 1 (a) Conventional microstrip-fed monopole; (b) Conceptual
microstrip-fed monopole loaded with CRLH units. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
has three operating bands whose resonance frequency is located
at 1.59, 2.41, 3.57 GHz, respectively, quasiomnidirectional radi-
ation characteristics and good suppression on crosspolarization
level can be achieved. The designed antenna covers the GPS
(1575 MHz), Wi-Fi (2400–2480 MHz), WiMAX (3400–3690
MHz) bands. At last, the values of characteristic impedances are
verified by applying the presented mathematical analysis.
2. THEORY AND ANALYSIS
In this section, the theories of loading CRLH TL and SS-CML
unit are presented. To validate the theories, two comprehen-
sions, which rely on plots and mathematical analysis, of the SS-
CML structure are investigated.
2.1. Theory of CRLH Loading
The idea of loading the monopole antenna with CRLH units is
conceptually depicted in Figure 1. Conventional microstrip-fed
monopole is made up of ground plane, matching microstrip and
radiator. The size of the ground plane plays an important role in
shaping the radiation pattern and also the matching between
feed port and radiator.
Figure 2 (a) Structure of SS-CML; (b) Equivalent circuit of the odd-
mode; (c) Equivalent circuit of the even-mode. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014
Mathematically, when being resonance state, the total phase
shift of current across the monopole will satisfy the following
equation:
Ut 5Umonopole 1m3UCRLH 5n3908 ðn50; 61; 63; :::Þ (1)
where Amonopole means phase shift corresponding to the mono-
pole length without the CRLH unit cells; ACRLH means phase
shift caused by one CRLH unit cell; m means number of CRLH
units; n means mode order and the previous equation is valid
only within the passband of the CRLH units. As these CRLH
units are able to provide a leading phase shift in oppose to the
lagging phase shift provided by the monopole (1) can be satis-
fied with n 5 0 or even for n < 0. Thus, more operating bands
can be obtained by loading more units using the periodicity of
phase shift [2]. Microstip-fed monopole antenna loaded with
only one unit is proposed in this article.
2.2. Analysis of SS-CML Unit
The structure of SS-CML unit is shown in Figure 2(a). It can be
analyzed by the even-odd decomposition method because of
symmetry in structure to decouple. The equivalent circuits of
the odd mode and the even mode are shown in Figures 2(b) and
2(c), respectively. When excited by odd mode, the symmetric
plane is equal to PEC wall in opposite to PMC wall. Obviously,
the even-mode input impedance Zino and odd-mode input imped-
ance Zine can be expressed approximately by following
equations.
Zino 5 jZ0o tan h1 (2)
2Zr tan h2 1Z0e tan h1
Zine 5jZ0e 3 (3)
Z0e 22Zr tan h1 tan h2
where Z0o and Z0e are the even- and odd-mode characteristic
impedance of the coupled lines, respectively. Zr is the character-
istic impedance of the shorted stub. h1 and h2 are the electrical
lengths of the coupled lines and the shorted stub, respectively
[16].
Based on the previous analysis, the equivalent phase delay
cos A and characteristic impedance Zequal of the coupled-line
section can be derived as:
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2Zr tan h2 1Z0e tan h1
Zequal 5 Zine 3 Zino 5 Z0o Z0e tan h1 3 (4)
2Zr tan h1 tan h2 2Z0e
Zine 1 Zino Z0e tan h1 ðZ0e 1Z0o Þ12Zr tan h2 ðZ0e 2Z0o tan 2 h1 Þ
cos U5 5
Zine 2 Zino Z0e tan h1 ðZ0e 2Z0o Þ12Zr tan h2 ðZ0e 1Z0o tan 2 h1 Þ
(5)
When h1 5 h2 5 h, (4) and (5) can be rewritten as follows:
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2Zr 1Z0e Þ
Zequal 5 Zine 3Zino 5 Z0o Z0e tan 2 h3 (6)
2Zr tan 2 h2Z0e
Zine 1 Zino Z0e ðZ0e 1 Z0o Þ1 2Zr ðZ0e 2 Z0o tan 2 hÞ
cos U5 5 : (7)
Zine 2 Zino Z0e ðZ0e 2 Z0o Þ1 2Zr ðZ0e 1 Z0o tan 2 hÞ
Suppose Z0o 5 40 X, Z0e 5 45 X, Zr 5 20 X, by using the
Matlab software of the Mathworks, we can obtain the curve of
|A| and Zequal about electrical length h according to (6) and (7)
as shown in Figure 3. From the curve, we can make out that
both the phase delay |A| and characteristic impedance Zequal are
153

Figure 3 Curve of |A| and Zequal about electrical length h. [Color fig-
ure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
symmetrical about h 5 p/2. h is equal to 0.8029 or 2.339(rad)
when y-axis is zero, thus it can be figure out that there are two
different electrical lengths h for a given phase delay |A| or char-
acteristic impedance Zequal, namely the structure has a character
of dual-band.
When h1 6¼ h2 and Z0o 5 40 X, Z0e 5 45 X, Zr 5 20 X, the
curve of |A| about symmetric axis is shown in Figure 4, h 5 3p/
9, h 5 3.5p/9, h 5 4p/9, h 5 p/2, are the symmetric axis. Mean-
while, there is h2 5 2h2h1 and the range of h1 is 03p/9,
03.5p/9, 04p/9, 0p/2. From this curve, we can make out
that the phase delay |A| is symmetrical about h 5 (h11h2)/2 and
the structure has a character of dual-band in the range of (0,2h).
According to (1), when loaded with one CRLH unit, Eq. (1)
can be rewritten as follows:
Ut 5Umonopole 1UCRLH 5 n3908ðn 5 0; 61; 63; :::Þ: (8)
When using SS-CML structure as CRLH unit loading, more
operating bands can be obtained on the condition that its phase
delay |A| is satisfied the equation (8).
From another view, we analyze the SS-CML structure mathe-
matically again. Suppose the phase delay we needed is p/2, the
characteristic impedance we needed is Z0 and h1 5 h2 5 h for
simplification of deriving. On the basis of previous analysis,
when A 5 p/2, there is cos A 5 0, because the denominator of
(7) is always greater than zero, so the numerator must be zero,
then we can obtain:
Figure 4 Curve of |A| about symmetric axis. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
154 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014
Z0e 2Zr 1Z0e 1Z0o
tan 2 h5 3 : (9)
Z0o 2Zr
Subsequently, two SS-CML structures loaded are connected
with the monopole in parallel, thus there is Zequal 5 2Z0, put it
into (6), and then Zr can be expressed as:
Z0e Z0o ðZ0e 1Z0o Þ
Zr 5   : (10)
2 4Z02 2Z0e Z0o
Combining (9) and (10) yields:
Z0 5Z0o jtan ðhÞj=2: (11)
The structure has a character of dual-band from (11), namely
there are two different electrical lengths h for a given Z0o, then
there are two different frequency points f1 and f2 (f1< f2) for the
two different electrical lengths. We can acquire the relationship
between the electrical length h1 and the ratio of operating fre-
quency in [17]:
h1 5p=½2ð11f2 =f1 Þ: (12)
When the phase delay we needed is A not p/2, we can
deduce another relational expression:
h1 5U=ð11f2 =f1 Þ: (13)
According to the theoretical analysis above, we can make a
conclusion of designing and analyzing the proposed antenna:
a. Design a conventional microstrip-fed monopole antenna and
make sure the operating frequency is about f2, then we can
obtain Amonopole from the simulated results and n 5 1 in f2.
b. Put two different frequency points f1 and f2 we need and
phase delay A got from (8) into (13), then h1 is obtained.
c. Choose suitable symmetric axis h in Figure 3(b), then we
will obtain h2 according to the equation h 5 (h11h2)/2.
d. Suppose that the characteristic impedance of the conventional
monopole is Z0, besides two SS-CML structures loaded are
connected with the monopole in parallel, so there is
Zequal 5 2Z0.
Figure 5 (a) Conventional microstrip-fed monopole; (b) Microstrip-
fed monopole loaded with SS-CML units. [Color figure can be viewed
in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 6 The picture of the fabricated antenna. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
e. Choose a proper even-mode characteristic impedance Z0e,
and then put Z0e and four unknown quantities got from pro-
cedures (a), (b), (c) into the Eqs. (4) and (5), combining (4)
and (5) yields Z0o and Zr.
f. According the value of Z0o and Zr, we can calculate approxi-
matively the length of shorted stub and coupled microstrip
lines, respectively, by the TXLINE software.
g. Notice that it needs to add a length of matching line between
the SS-CML and the monopole and it is always correct that
Zine is greater than Z0o.
3. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT
The design flow starts with the conventional microstrip-fed
monopole, shown in Figure 5(a). Two SS-CML units are then
integrated with it to form the loaded antenna shown in Figure
5(b) and the picture of the fabricated antenna is shown in Figure
6. In our case, the monopole antenna was designed to operate
around 2.45 GHz on PTFE materials with substrate thickness of
1 mm and dielectric constant equals to 2.65. For the two anten-
nas, the size of the ground plane plays an important role in
shaping the radiation pattern and also the operating bandwidth.
According to [18], there exists an optimum size for the ground
that maximizes the operating bandwidth. The dimensions of two
ground planes are Lg 3 Wg and (2Lr 1 2Lc 1 Wt 1 2Wb) 3
(Wr 1 2Wb), respectively, ChipR is a SMD resistor which act as
an isolated resistor and its value is 100 X. When using micro-
strip structure to fabricate the antenna in practice, the odd-mode
electrical length is slightly different with the even-mode electri-
cal length because of the difference of propagation constant
between the even mode and the odd mode. However, we can
know from the previous analysis that, the SS-CML unit has only
affect on the even-mode parameters rather than the odd mode.
So we can avoid the difference by tuning the length of shorted
stub. All dimensions are given in Table 1.
All designs are carried out on the commercial electromag-
netic simulator HFSS version 13.0. The simulated results of
return loss (S11) are shown in Figure 7. The simulated S11 plot
shows that the resonance frequency of the conventional
microstrip-fed monopole located at 2.45 GHz and the loaded
TABLE 1 Dimensions of the Presented Antennas (IN mm)
Parameter g gap La Lc Lg Lm Lout Lr
Value 0.58 6 3 2 55 12 10 9 40
Parameter Lpole Wa Wb Wc Wg Wm Wm1 Wt
Value 27 5.5 0.5 1 56 3 3 17
DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014
Figure 7 Simulated S11 for the conventional monopole and the
monopole antenna loaded with SS-CML units. [Color figure can be
viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
antenna operates at 1.59, 2.41, 3.57 GHz. These three bands can
be explained based on the phase shift relation expressed in Eq.
(8) as follows: The second resonance frequency is shifted
slightly upward from 2.45 to 2.41 GHz because at 2.41 GHz the
loaded SS-CML units provide zero phase shift and hence the
loaded antenna actual length at this frequency corresponds to
which is nearly equal to that of the conventional monopole,
namely n 5 1 in Eq. (8). Correspondingly, the first resonance
frequency located at 1.59 GHz lies within the left region of the
symmetric axis is shown in Figure 4. At this frequency, the SS-
CML units provide a phase lead that is exactly equals to the
phase lag provided by the monopole and (8) is satisfied with
n 5 0. At the third resonance frequency satisfied with n 5 3 is
shifted downward from 2.45 3 3 5 7.35 to 3.57 GHz thanks to
the large phase lag provided by the SS-CML units. In Figure 8,
we can see that the measured results of return loss are good
accordance with the simulated.
The simulated and measured results of gain radiation patterns
at the center of the three operating bands shown in Figures
9(a)–9(c) are in good agreement. The copolarization gains are
2.5, 1.59, and 21.76 dB in the three frequency point, respec-
tively. Meanwhile, the crosspolarization gains are in good sup-
pression. Because the bandwidth and insertion loss are relatively
large at the third band, the quasiomnidirectional radiation char-
acteristics, gain and suppression of crosspolarization are rela-
tively poor.
Figure 8 Simulated and measured S11 for the antenna presented. (a)
Lt f1 5 1.59 GHz h 5 90 (xoy plane) f1 5 1.59 GHz / 5 90 (yoz plane). (b)
f2 5 2.41 GHz h 5 90 (xoy plane) f2 5 2.41 GHz / 5 90 (yoz plane). (c)
f3 5 3.57 GHz h 5 90 (xoy plane) f3 5 3.57 GHz / 5 90 (yoz plane).
Wr
[Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
10
wileyonlinelibrary.com]
155
Figure 9 The simulated and measured results of gain radiation patterns. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at
wileyonlinelibrary.com]

156 MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014 DOI 10.1002/mop
Figure 10 Current density plots on the strip monopole calculated by HFSS for (a) the conventional monopole at 2.45 GHz; (b) f1 5 1.59 GHz; (c)
f2 5 2.41 GHz and (d) f3 5 3.57 GHz. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

From another view, we can figure out the reason for produc- ðh1 5U=ð11f2 =f1 Þ  45:18ðf1 51:59 GHz ; f2 52:41 GHz Þ
tion of the three bands in the current density plots shown in Fig-
ure 10 again. There are some sites where the current flow C. Symmetric axis h is 4p/9.
direction in the strip is opposite, according to the distance (L1,
Lr p 9 p 4p
L2, L3, L4) between two neighboring sites in the strip and the ðh  3 5 3  Þ
relationship between wavelength and frequency, we can know the Wt =21Lc 2 17=212 2 9
resonance frequency. For example, in plot (b), L2 is larger than
L1, so the resonance frequency in (b) is lower than (a). Similarly,
L3 is nearly equal to L1, in plot (d), L is smaller obviously L1.
Finally, the value of Z0o, Zr (Z0o 5 40 X, Zr 5 20 X) can be
verified by using the dimensions shown in Table 1 and the
TXLINE software. The second site where the current flow direc-
tion in the strip is opposite is about 37.7 mm apart from the
feed port in Figure 10(a). The phase shift corresponding to the
conventional monopole length is shown in Figure 11. The verifi-
cation test starts with the previous conclusion, namely (a) to (g).

A. Amonopole is equal to 223.7 (157.3 –180 ) from Figure 11

and phase delay A is 113.7 from (8).
n51
ðU5UCRLH 5n3908123:78 ) U 5113:78Þ
B. h1 is about 45.1 according to (13).
Figure 11 Phase shift corresponding to the conventional monopole
length. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is avail-
able at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

DOI 10.1002/mop MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS / Vol. 56, No. 1, January 2014 157

D. According to (B) and (C), h2 is about 114.9 .
ðh5ðh1 1h2 Þ=2 ) h2 52h2h1 51608245:185114:98Þ
E. Suppose Z0e 5 45 X, where Lr is 9 mm, Wr is 10 mm, so the
impedance is 20.4 X and the electrical length is 44.8 at fre-
quency points f2 by using TXLINE software. We can see
that Zr 5 20 X  20.4 X, h2 5 114. 9  2*44.8 . Similarly,
where Wt /2 1 Lc is 10.5 mm, Wc is 1 mm, so the impedance
is 86.2 X and the electrical length is 43.5 at frequency
points f2. We can see that Z0o 5 40 X  86.2 X/2 5 43.1 X,
h2 5 45.1  43.5 . It is proved that the mathematical analy-
sis is valid.
4. CONCLUSION
A novel triple-band monopole antenna loaded with SS-CML
units was proposed. The antenna principle of operation was
explained by analyzing mathematically the modified SS-CML
unit. The prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured; the
dimensions are verified by using the presented mathematical
analysis. The designed antenna covers the GPS (1575 MHz),
Wi-Fi (2400–2480 MHz), WiMAX (3400–3690 MHz) bands
with quasiomnidirectional radiation pattern at all bands. Meas-
ured and simulated results are in good agreement.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (No. 61201020).
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C 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
V
BROADBAND RADAR ABSORBING
MATERIAL BASED ON ORTHOGONAL
ARRANGEMENT OF CSRR ETCHED
ARTIFICIAL MAGNETIC CONDUCTOR
Yi Zhao, Xiang-yu Cao, Jun Gao, and Wen-qiang Li
School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering Univer-
sity, No.1 Feng Hao Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710077, People’s Repub-
lic of China; Corresponding author: 519763316@qq.com
Received 15 May 2013
ABSTRACT: In this article, a novel design method of broadband radar
absorbing material is proposed. This method is based on orthogonal
arrangement of complementary split-ring resonator etched artificial
magnetic conductors, which exhibit polarization-dependent features.
Owing to phase cancellation, scattering energy along the boresight is
reduced over a wide frequency range. Measured results demonstrate
that the frequency range of 210 dB RCS reduction spans from 7.38 to
10.47 GHz with the bandwidth up to 34.6%, validating the effectiveness
of the method. VC 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol
Lett 56:158–161, 2014; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.-
com. DOI 10.1002/mop.28033
Key words: radar absorbing material; radar cross section; artificial
magnetic conductor; polarization dependence; broadband
1. INTRODUCTION
In 2007, Paquay et al. [1] combined perfect electric conductors
(PEC) and artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) together to form
a chessboard-like radar absorbing material (RAM). The backscat-
tering energy can be effectively reduced by redirecting it along
other angles owing to phase cancellation of the two types of surfa-
ces. However, the in-phase reflection bandwidth of the AMC
determines the narrow band characteristic of the material. In order
to broaden operating band range, a solution that combining AMCs
of different sizes [2–4] or shapes [5,6] has been proposed. The
idea is utilizing their wide frequency range of 180 6 30 phase
DOI 10.1002/mop