RESEARCH

METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

- Apart of the research paper that primarily

discusses the processes followed by the
researcher/s.

- It involves the different techniques employed or

performed in the research paper.
PARTS OF THE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
 RESEARCH DESIGN
1
The research design presents the type, approach, or
method used by the researcher/s.
In this part, the researcher/s expresses how the paper is
designed, from it being QUANTITATIVE in nature to the specific
features of the study, while answering the question “Why?” the
research has these features; Descriptive Research, Causal-
Comparative Research, Quasi-Experimental Research, True-
Experimental Research, Correlational.
 RESEARCH DESIGN
1
Answer the following questions when composing your Research
Design:

- Why is your study Quantitative?

- Why is your study a Descriptive Research, Causal-
Comparative Research, Quasi-Experimental Research, True-
Experimental Research, or Correlational Research?
EX
This paper is quantitative in nature because it
AM deals with three main numerical results. First is the
identification of the frequency… second is identifying
PL the relationship between variables through Pearson
Correlation, and coming up with a conclusion based
on the numerical level of students’ satisfaction.
E This paper, specifically, is a Correlational
Research because it aims to find out if the IV1 has
something to do with the DV; thus, this study being
correlational.
 LOCALE OF THE STUDY
2
The Local of the Study simply presents the geographic
location wherein the study will take/took place. It does not only
present the different recognizable landmarks and well-detailed
descriptions, but it is important that apart from all of these, the
existence of the problem at hand is also included; thus, a part of
the description includes how the problem is evident in the locale.
It is also a trend that a snap or map of the described
locale is included.
EX This study is conducted in Zamboanga City, a
city situated in the... of Mindanao…
AM Since Zamboanga City is a melting pot of
cultures, there are several intercultural practices
PL that take place. Inspired by both Christian and
Islamic practices, religious celebrations also
E varied. This characteristic of Zamboanga City
made it a viable locale for the conduct of this
study,
 SAMPLING DESIGN
3
Population- defined as the whole group of people that is
generalized by the researcher.

Example: Population of the Filipino people

Sample- defined as a group of people that is part of a population,

taken to be studied on.

Example: 700 Filipino people

 CONFIDENCE LEVEL AND
MARGIN OF ERROR

CONFIDENCE LEVEL

- precision rate – a percentage that can show how close you are to
the actual answer
- normally, we use 90%, 95% and 100% confidence level
- The Confidence Level is used to obtain a confident number of sa
mples from the population. These samples will then be subjected
to the different sampling techniques.
 CONFIDENCE LEVEL AND
MARGIN OF ERROR

MARGIN OF ERROR

- error percentage that can show the maximum errors that your answer
can have
- normally, we use 0.1, 0.05, 0.01
- it gives you a space to commit error or it gives you an excuse to accept
that there is a different in results, especially in replicated studies.
EXAMPLE

I would like to know if a group likes cheesecake or chocolate

cake because I would like to buy cake for them. Instead of asking 25
people, I want to know how many people I should ask that will give
me an answer that is 90% dependable, leaving me an area of 1% to
make an error.
SAMPLE SIZE (IF POPULATION IS KNOWN & < 1000)

𝑁 – population
LEGEND:
𝑒 – margin of error
𝑝 – sample proportion
𝑧 – standard score of level of confidence
(one-tailed)

[𝑁𝑧 2 ][𝑝 1 − 𝑝 ]
FORMULA 1: 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
𝑁𝑒 2 + 𝑧 2 [𝑝 1 − 𝑝 ]
𝑁
FORMULA 2: 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 =
1 + 𝑁𝑒 2
SAMPLE SIZE (POPULATION IS UNKNOWN)

σ– standard deviation
LEGEND:
𝑒 – margin of error
𝑝 – sample proportion
𝑧 – standard score of level of confidence
(one-teailed)

FORMULA 3: 𝒛×σ 𝟐
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 =
𝒆
COFIDENCE LEVEL
The confidence level should be in standard score.

Example: Confidence Level is 95%

Divide the confidence level into 2.

95% / 2= 47.5%

Convert the answer from percentage to decimal form

(from Z Table)
47.5% / 100 = 0.475 or 1.96
EX FORMULA 1

AM In a certain village, Tzuyu wants

to know how many people she can take
PL as a sample from 1000 people. She
knows she wants to have a very small
E error – around 1%. And she knows that
she wants to be 95% closer to the
original study. Assuming that the p =
50%. How big is her sample size?
 In a certain village, Tzuyu wants to know how many people she can take as a sample from 1000
people. She knows she wants to have a very small error – around 1%. And she knows that she wants to be
95% closer to the original study. Assuming that the p = 50%. How big is her sample size?

STEPS SOLUTION

Population = 1000 people

Margin of error = 1% or 0.01
1. LIST DOWN THE GIVEN.
Level of confidence = 95%
P = 50%

[𝐍𝐳𝟐 ][𝐩 𝟏 − 𝐩 ]
2. IDENTIFY THE FORMULA TO USE. 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 =
𝐍𝐞𝟐 + 𝐳 𝟐 [𝐩 𝟏 − 𝐩 ]

95% / 2 = 47.5%
47.5% / 100 = 0.475
3. CALCULATE THE Z-SCORE.

The Standard Score is 1.96

 In a certain village, Tzuyu wants to know how many people she can take as a sample from 1000
people. She knows she wants to have a very small error – around 1%. And she knows that she wants to be
95% closer to the original study. Assuming that the p = 50%. How big is her sample size?
STEPS SOLUTION

[𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟐 ][(𝟎. 𝟓) 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ]

𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 × (𝟎. 𝟎𝟏)𝟐 +𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝟐 [(𝟎. 𝟓) 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓 ]

[𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟏. 𝟔][𝟎. 𝟐𝟓]

4. SUBSTITUTE THE FORMULA AND 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 =
COMPUTE 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒

𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 = 𝟗𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝟗𝟓𝟗𝟔𝟑𝟖

The Sample Size is 906 people.

EX
AM YAMANE’S FORMULA

PL In a certain village, Tzuyu wants

to know how many people she can take
as a sample from 1000 people. She
E knows she wants to have a very small
error – around 1%. How big is her
sample size?
 In a certain village, Tzuyu wants to know how many people she can take as a sample from 1000
people. She knows she wants to have a very small error – around 1%. How big is her sample size?

STEPS SOLUTION

Population = 1000 people

1. LIST DOWN THE GIVEN.
Margin of Error = 1% or 0.01

𝑵
2. IDENTIFY THE FORMULA TO USE. 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟐
𝟏+𝑵 𝒆

(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟐
𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 =
3. SUBSTITUTE IN THE FORMULA AND COMPUTE 𝟏 + (𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏)

(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 =
𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏

𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 = 𝟗𝟎𝟗. 𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟏

EX FORMULA 3

AM In a certain village, Tzuyu wants

to know how many people she can take
PL as a sample but she does not know the
total population. She wants to be 95%
E confident and accepts 1% error.
Assuming that from a previous study,
they used a standard deviation of 0.5 kg.
How big is her sample size?
 In a certain village, Tzuyu wants to know how many people she can take as a sample but she
does not know the total population. She wants to be 95% confident and accepts 1% error. Assuming that from
a previous study, they used a standard deviation of 0.5 kg. How big is her sample size?
STEPS SOLUTION

Margin of error = 1% or 0.01

1. LIST DOWN THE GIVEN. Level of confidence = 95%
Standard deviation = 0.5 kg

𝟐
𝐳×𝛅
2. IDENTIFY THE FORMULA TO USE. 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 =
𝐞

95% / 2 = 47.5%
47.5% / 100 = 0.475
3. CALCULATE THE Z-SCORE.
The Standard Score is 1.96
 In a certain village, Tzuyu wants to know how many people she can take as a sample but she
does not know the total population. She wants to be 95% confident and accepts 1% error. Assuming that from
a previous study, they used a standard deviation of 0.5 kg. How big is her sample size?

STEPS SOLUTION

𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞
𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 × 𝟎. 𝟓
= 𝟗𝟖 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 = 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 =
𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏

4. SUBSTITUTE THE FORMULA AND

COMPUTE
s𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝑺𝒊𝒛𝐞 = 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒
PR Dahyun wants to replicate a study where she
accepts 0.06 error and wants to be 99%
AC confident.

1. Assuming that the standard deviation taken

TI from a previous study is 0.5. What is the
sample size?

CE 2. Assuming that the total population of the

place is 2000. What is the sample size?

3. Assuming that the total population is 2000

and a previous study showed a sample
proportion of 60%. What is the sample size?
 Dahyun wants to replicate a study where she
AN accepts 0.06 error and wants to be 99%
confident.
SW 1. Assuming that the standard deviation taken
from a previous study is 0.5. What is the
ER sample size? Answer: 463

2. Assuming that the total population of the

S place is 2000. What is the sample size?
Answer: 244

3. Assuming that the total population is 2000

and a previous study showed a sample
proportion of 60%. What is the sample size?
Answer: 364
 SAMPLING DESIGN
3
The sampling design presents information on how the
respondents of the study have been chosen. This involves the
choosing of a sampling technique.

Probability Sampling- used in Quantitative Research

Non-Probability Sampling- used in Qualitative Research

 SAMPLING DESIGN
3
Probability Sampling- drawing samples where every member of
the target population has equal chances of becoming selected.

Non-Probability Sampling- drawing samples where not every

member of the target population has equal chances of becoming
selected.
 NON-PROBABILITY EXAMPLE
3

Mina wants to know the financial budget and the attitude of her
neighbors. she decides to pick the closest house to her because
she did not feel like going out on a very hot day. In the end, she
picked the houses near her.
NON-PROBABILITY EXAMPLE

MINA’S SELECTED NOT

HOUSE SAMPLES INCLUDED
IN THE
STUDY
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING
3

1. Simple Random Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING

KIND DEFINITION
SIMPLE RANDOM Relies on probability. Every individual has equal
SAMPLING chances

Relies heavily on arrangements. Individuals are

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
numbered, not in any logical order

Used when the population is heterogeneous with

STRATIFIED RANDOM homogeneous groupings. The individuals are grouped
SAMPLING by similarity, then representatives are taken in each
group

Used when the population is homogenous with

heterogeneous groupings. Instead of taking represent
CLUSTER SAMPLING
atives per group, you choose and include one whole
group, which may be selected randomly
 KIND ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES WHEN TO USE

Highly representative if Not possible without

If a complete list of the
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING all subjects participate; complete list of
population is present
ideal members
If a complete list of the
Not possible without co population is present
Easy to execute, mplete list of members; and the list are arranged
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
controllable and low risk greater risk of manipulati in order
on (an improvement of SRS
)
When a population of
More effort because stra different kinds of people
STRATIFIED RANDOM Ensures that specific
ta/groups must be well-d can be arranged into
SAMPLING groups are represented
efined groups with the same
characteristics

Possible to select When a population of

randomly when no the same kind of people
CLUSTER SAMPLING Must be equivalent
population list exist is divided over different
places
EX
AM
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

PL Rolling random numbers or names in a fish bowl

or any container. Then, taking a piece of paper
E from the container. The taken papers are now
the samples.
EX
AM SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

PL There are 30 people, and I only need 6 as

samples. I will divide 30 to 6, to get 5. Meaning I
will pick every 5 counts. I will pick 2 as my first
E sample, then count from there. I will get the 7th,
12th, 17th, 22nd , and 27th person.
EX
AM STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

PL There are 20 people with 5 different nationalities.

I need only ten. So, I group them into their
respective nationalities, then I use simple
E random sampling to choose the two
representatives for each nationality.
EX
AM
PL PROPORTIONATE AND DISPROPORTIONATE
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

E I know I need 200 samples, but I don’t know how

many I need from each college.
EX
AM
CLUSTER SAMPLING

PL I need 10 customers that buy Vice Ganda

cosmetics to critic the new make up line. My 20
E customers are located on different streets. I use
simple random sampling to choose the street I
will survey and only travel there.
 1. A study on the fruit preferences of children
AN aged 10 to 12 in Bulacan
2. A study on the perception of senior citizens
SW from the different regions towards the
healthcare policies of the country
3. A study on the relationship between students’
ER program of studies and their choice of TV
programs
4. A study of the effect of advertisement as a
tool in marketing canned sardines among
the different sectors
5. A study on the factors affecting senior high
school students’ choice of fruit juice
 1. A study on the fruit preferences of children
AN aged 10 to 12 in Bulacan. Stratified S
2. A study on the perception of senior citizens
from the different regions towards the
SW healthcare policies of the country. Cluster S
3. A study on the relationship between students’
ER program of studies and their choice of TV
programs. Simple Random / Systematic S
4. A study of the effect of advertisement as a
tool in marketing canned sardines among
the different sectors Cluster S
5. A study on the factors affecting senior high
school students’ choice of fruit juice Simple
Random / Systematic S
 RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
4

The Research Respondents does not present any Sample

Size or Sampling Technique. It deals with presenting the whole
population and the criteria of choosing respondents.
Technically, this part answers the question “Who are your
respondents?” or satisfies the task of describing the respondents
involved in the study.
EX On a Study about Smoking

AM The respondents of this study will be

composed of Ateneo de Zamboanga University
Senior High School students who are in their 12th
PL Grade. The total population of the AdZU SHS
Grade 12 is 912. From this population, a sample
E size will be chosen from which students who
smoke will be picked heterogeneously since this
study does not want to represent any gender, but
just aims to know a good representative number
of Grade 12 smokers for the implementation of
stricter rules.
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
5
The Research Instruments present the different tools,
materials, and instruments that will be used to be able to carry
out the different tasks for the study.
In case you need to use a questionnaire or a survey
questionnaire, you have to describe the contents of the
questionnaire.
Some examples of Research Instruments are laboratory
apparatus, test subjects, camcorders, cameras, cellphones,
and the like.
EX
In a Study about the Reaction of Plants when
AM Exposed to Fire Cracker Fumes

PL This study will primarily utilize three

types of plants: Cacti, Golden Rosary, and
Chinese Bamboo. These plants will be subjected
E to fumes from the famous fire cracker called
“Sinturon ni Hudas.”
Another instrument that will be used is a
Camera to record the deterioration rate of the
plants in an isolated room.
 DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
6

This part of the paper explains or gives the readers n

overview of how the study went, or in a proposal’s case, how it
will go about. Some may start with how they will get through
the necessary permit demands until the very last step of
completing the paper.
EX
In a study about Smoking
AM
This study will kick-off by asking the

PL necessary permit from different administrative

offices in the AdZU SHS along with the
distribution of Student Waivers wherein the
E students’ parents will be presented with what the
study is about and if they allow their child to
participate in the study. After these necessary
permits have been secured, the survey will
begin…