A BRIEF

HISTORY OF
STATISTICS
BY: ALEDEL CHRISTIAN ALEJANDRO
 STATISTICS – A BRANCH OF
MATHEMATICS THAT DEALS
WITH THE SCIENTIFIC
COLLECTION, ORGANIZATION,
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS
AND INTERPRETATION OF
NUMBRICAL DATA IN ORDER
TO OBTAIN USEFUL AND
MEANINGFUL INFORMATION.
 3800 B.C. – RECORDS OF
POPULATION CENSUS IN
BABYLONIA AND CHINA

BIBLICAL POPULATION
CENSUS WAS UNDERTAKEN BY
MOSES IN 1491 B.C. AND
DAVID IN 1017 B.C.
 GREEKS CONDUCTED CENSUS
IN TIME OF STRESS,
COUNTING THE ADULT MALE
CITIZENS IN WAR TIME AND
THE GENERAL POPULACE
EVERY TIME THE FOOD
SUPPLY WAS ENDANGERED
 THE ROMANS REGISTERED
ADULT MALES AND THEIR
PROPERTIES FOR MILITARY
AND ADMINISTRATIVE
PURPOSES.
 SERVINUS TULLIUS, THE
SIXTH KING OF ROME, WAS
THE FIRST ONE TO
INSTITUTE POPULATION
GATHERING DATA. EACH MALE
IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE HAD
TO RETURN TO THE CITY OF
HIS BIRTH TO BE COUNTED
AND TAXED.
IN 13TH CENTURY, TAX LISTS
OF PARIS INCLUDED
REGISTRATION OF THOSE WHO
WERE SUBJECTED TO TAX.

WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR

REQUIRED COMPILATION OF
INFORMATION ON POPULACE
AND RESOURCES.
 THE DOOMSDAY BOOK IS THE
FIRST LANDMARK IN BRITISH
STATISTICS. LATER ON, THE
NEED TO REGISTER BIRTHS,
DEATHS, BAPTISM AND
MARRIAGES WAS REINFORCED
AS THE POPULATION GREW
BIGGER.
GOTTFRIED ACHENWALL WAS THE
FIRST TO INTRODUCE THE WORD
STATISTIKS IN A CONTEXT OF
STATISTICAL WORK.

ZIMMERMAN AND SINCLAIR WERE

THE ONES WHO INTRODUCED AND
POPULARIZED THE WORD
STATISTICS IN THEIR BOOK.
 GIROLAMO CARDANO WROTE
LIBER DE LUDO ALEAE IN
WHICH APPEARED THE FIRST
KNOWN STUDY OF APPLYING
STATISTICS IN THE
PRINCIPLES OF PROBABILITY.
 MARQUIS DE LAPLACE’S THEORIE
OF ANALYTIQUE DES
PROBABILITIES STABILIZED AND
SUPPORTED THE THEORY OF
PROBABILITY WHICH WAS
INITIATED BY CHEVALIER DE MERE
AFTER PROPOSING TO BLAISE
PASCAL, WHICH WAS LATER CALLED
THE FATHER OF PROBABILITY, IN
THE FAMOUS PROBLEM OF POINTS.
 ABRAHAM THE MOIVRE
DISCOVERED THE EQUATION OF
THE NORMAL CURVE.

KARL PEARSON MADE AN

EXTENSIVE STUDY ON
CORRELATION AMONG SEVERAL
VARIABLES.
 RONALD FISHER MADE
DISCOVERIES ON UNIFIED
THEORY FOR DRAWING RIGOROUS
CONCLUSIONS FROM
STATISTICAL DATA.
 2 MAJOR BRANCH OF
STATISTICS
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS –
A STATISTICAL METHOD
CONCERNED WITH DESCRIBING
THE PROPERTIES AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SET OF
DATA.
1. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS –
CONCERNED WITH THE ANALYSIS
OF A SAMPLE DATA LEADING TO
A PREDICTION, INFERENCES OR
CONCLUSION ABOUT THE ENTIRE
POPULATION.
 STATISTICAL TERMS
1. DATA – ANY QUANTITATIVE
OR QUALITATIVE INFORMATION.
2. POPULATION – REFERS TO
THE TOTALITY OF ALL
ELEMENTS OR PERSONS FOR
WHICH ONE HAS INTEREST AT A
PARTICULAR TIME.
3. SAMPLE – PART OF A
POPULATION.
4. PARAMETER – ANY
STATISTICAL INFORMATION OR
ATTRIBUTE TAKEN FROM THE
POPULATION.
5. STATISTIC – ANY ESTIMATE
OF STATISTICAL ATTRIBUTES
TAKEN FROM A SAMPLE.
6. VARIABLE – A SPECIFIC
FACTOR, PROPERTY OR
CHARACTERISTIC OF A
POPULATION OR SAMPLE WHICH
DIFFERENTIATES A SAMPLE OR
GROUP OF SAMPLES FROM
ANOTHER GROUP.
 TYPES OF VARIABLE

1. DISCRETE VARIABLES – CAN

BE OBTAINED BY COUNTING.

1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLE –
CAN BE OBTAINED BY
MEASURING OBJECTS OR
ATTRIBUTES.
 KINDS OF VARIABLE

1. DEPENDENT – RESPONSE,
EFFECT, OUTCOME

2. INDEPENDENT – STIMULUS
OR CAUSE

3. MODERATING – VARIABLES
OTHER THAN THOSE INTENDED.
4. CONTROLLED – KEEP A
VARIABLE CONSTANT,
ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF A
MODERATING VARIABLE.
5. INTERVENING – VARIABLES
MAY NOT BE ACCOUNTED FOR.
6. CONFOUNDING – POSSIBLE
EFFECT WHICH CANNOT BE
IDENTIFIED.
 LEVEL OF DATA

1. NOMINAL LEVEL –
CATEGORICAL DATA

2. ORDINAL LEVEL –
CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
ORDER OR RANKS BUT
DIFFERENCES IN VALUES ARE
NOT SIGNIFICANT.
3. INTERVAL LEVEL – DATA
ARRANGED IN SOME ORDER AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VALUES
IS MEANINGFUL. DATA AT THIS
LEVEL MAY LACK INHERENT
ZERO STARTING POINT.
4. RATIO LEVEL – DATA
ARRANGED IN SOME ORDER AND
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VALUES
IS MEANINGFUL. THIS DATA
INCLUDE INHERENT ZERO
STARTING POINT.