Robby Cabanting 12-ZARA

PHILO REVIEWER humanity, recognizing that moral

values are properly founded on
General types of Philosophy human nature and experience
 Thematic alone.
 Metaphysics-a study of what is outside  Physicalism-no emotions in giving
objective experience decision
 Epistemology-knowledge  Skepticism-questioning
-examine extent of truth  Transcendental Idealism-marry
 Ethics-good/bad rationalism and empiricism
 Utilitarianism-for the good of majority
 Positional
 Feminism
 Monism-origin
 Atheism
 Buddhism-the nature of suffering and
 Existentialism
the cessation of suffering
 Communism
 Relativism- There is no universal,
 Phenomenology-experience
objective truth
scientifically
 Methodological
 Pragmatism-practical problem solving
 Regional/graphical
 Naturalism-being one with nature
 Eastern
 Semiotics-study of language, sign,
 Historical
symbols
 Others:
 Aesthetics-acceptance of beauty
 Dialectical method-debate
 Post modernism-skepticism and
 Idealism-far from being true/unrealistic
relativism
 Empiricism-observation/experience
 Universalism- Rules should be applied
 Realism- the attitude or practice of
to all
accepting a situation as it is and being
 Social theory-communicative action
prepared to deal with it accordingly
 Deconstruction-analyze the written text
 Epicureanism-not worrying about death
 Cynicism-contented with what you ANCIENT ERA
have
 Stoicism-go with the flow 1. THALES OF MILETUS- “Everything is made of
 Christian Platonism -human is the water”
source of evil  Metaphysics (thematic)
 Arabic Aristotelianism  Monism (positional)-single origin
 Dualism- the division of something 2. SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA- “Happy is he who has
conceptually into two opposed or overcome ego”
contrasted aspects, or the state of “Peace comes within. Do not seek it without”
being so divided  Buddhism (positional)
 Platonist Aristotelianism-knowledge  Eastern (geographical)
through observation/experience
 Sufism-the past is linked to present and
the present to the future in one endless
continuum
 Christian Aristotelianism
 Humanism- an approach to life
based on reason and our common
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3. CONFUCIUS- “Hold faithfulness and sincerity as
first principles”
 Confucianism (positional)
 Eastern (geographical)
4. PROTAGORAS- “Man is the measure of all
things”
 Ethics (thematic)
 Relativism (positional)
 Dialectical method (debate)
 the truth depends on perspective and
therefore is relative
5. SOCRATES- “The life which is unexamined is not
worth living”
 Epistemology (thematic)
 Questioning and reasoning
6. PLATO- “Earthly knowledge is but shadow”
 Epistemology (thematic)
 Rationalism
 Idealism
7. ARISTOTLE- “Truth resides in the world around
us”
 Epistemology (thematic)
 Empiricism (empirical
view/observation)
 Realism
8. EPICURIOUS- “Death is nothing to us”
 Epicureanism (do not worry death)
9. DIOGENES OF SINOPE- “He has the most who is
must content with the least”
 Cynicism (contented with what you
have)
10. ZENO OF CITIUM- “The goal of life is living in
agreement with nature”
 Stoicism (go with the flow)
MEDIEVAL ERA
1. ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO- “God is not the
parent of evils”
 Ethics (good/bad)
 Christian Platonism (human is the
source of evil)
 Rationalist view under ethics
2. AVICENNA- “The soul is distinct from the body”
 Arabic Aristotelianism/Empiricism
 Dualism
 Metaphysics
3. ST. ANSELM- “Just by thinking about God we
can know He exist”
 Platonist Aristotelianism
4. JALAL AD-DIN MUHHAMAD RUMI- “Don’t
grieve. Anything you lose comes round in
another form”
 Sufism (the past is linked to present and
the present to the future in one endless
continuum)
5. THOMAS AQUINAS- “The universe has not
always existed”
 Christian Aristotelianism
6. DESIDERIUS ERASMUS- “To know nothing is the
happiest life”
 Humanism
RENNAISANCE ERA
1. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI- “The end justifies the
means”
 Realism (what you see is what you
analyze)
 Political philosophy
 The decision is on the ruler
2. MICHAEL DE MONTAIGNE- “Fame and
tranquility can never be bedfellows”
 Humanism
 Right and wrong- decision ethically
(what’s good for the people)
3. FRANCIS BACON- “Knowledge is power”
 Scientific (seeks evidence using
scientific method)
 Empiricist
4. THOMAS HOBBES- “Man is a machine”
 Metaphysics
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 Physicalism (no emotions in giving
decision)
5. RENE DESCARTES- “I think therefore I am”
 Rationalism
 Platonic
 Thinking=existing
6. JOHN LOCKE- “No man’s knowledge here can go
beyond his experience”
 Support knowledge through
experience/science
 Disagree with rationalist
 Tabula rasa- clean/blank canvass mind
-when we were born we didn’t have
knowledge
-you can learn and unlearn
AGE OF REVOLUTION
MODERN ERA
1. VOLTAIRE- “Doubt is not a pleasant condition,
but certainty absurd”
 Socratic
 Skepticism
 It is okay to question facts
2. DAVID HUME- “Custom is the great guide of
human life”
 Empiricism
 Epistemology
 Skepticism
 Values empirical data
 Judgment can be affected by your
belief
3. JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU- “Man was born free
yet everywhere he is in chains”
 Social contract
 Agreement of the society (conformity)
4. IMMANUEL KANT- “There are two worlds: our
bodies and the external world”
 Transcendental Idealism (marry
rationalism and empiricism)
 To know more about world, engage
yourself out of world
(ideas+senses=knowledge)
5. JEREMY BENTHAM- “The greatest happiness for
the greatest number”
 Utilitarianism
 For the society to succeed, majority
must win
6. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT- “Mind has no
gender”
 Feminism
7. LUDWIG ANDREAS FEUERBACH- “Theology is
anthropology”
 Atheism (humanism)
8. SOREN KIERKEGAARD- “Anxiety is the dizziness
of freedom”
 Existentialism->atheist->humanist
9. KARL MARX- “The history of all hitherto existing
society is the history of class struggles”
 Communism
 Political
 Marginalized (socio economic status)
1. FREIDRICH NIETZSCHE- “Man is something to
be surpassed”
 Ethics
 Existentialism
 No other world (no God)
2. EDMUND HUSSERL- “Experience by itself is not
science”
 Ontology (study of being)
 Phenomenology (experience
scientifically)
3. JOHN DEWEY- “We only think when we are
confronted with problems”
 Pragmatism (practical problem solving)
4. GEORGE SANTANAYA- “Those who cannot
remember the past are condemn to repeat it”
 Naturalism (being one with nature)
 Sufism
 Cycle=past connected to future
5. HAJIME TANABE- “To philosophize, first one
must confess”
 Phenomenology (applied in ethics)
6. THEODOR ADORNO- “Intelligence is a moral
category”
 Ethics
 Critical theory
(intelligence+emotion=right/wrong)
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7. JEAN-PAUL SATTRE- “I am free now. I do not
have the slightest reason for living”
 Existentialism
8. MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY- “In order to see
the world, we must break with our familiar
acceptance of it.
 Free yourself from expectations
9. SIMONE DE BEAUOIR- “Man is defined as a
human being and woman as a female”
CONTEMPORARY ERA
1. ROLAND BARTHES- “Language is a skin”
 Semiotics (study of language, sign,
symbols)
2. JOHN RAWLS- “The principles of justice are
chosen behind a veil of ignorance”
 Social contract (agreement bet. Society)
 Politics
 rule applies to all
3. RICHARD WOLLHEIM- “Art is a form of life”
 Aesthetics (acceptance of beauty)
 Analytic philosophy
4. JEAN-FRANCOIS LYOTARD- “Knowledge is
produced to be sold”
 Post modernism (skepticism and
relativism
 Be skeptic about knowledge
(scammerz alert)
5. MICHAEL FOUCAULT- “Man is an invention of
recent date”
 Epistemology
 Discursive archeology
 Diff. interpretation
6. NOAM CHOMSKY- “If we choose, we live in a
world of comforting illusion”
 Universalism (contradicts Protagoras)
 Transcends all religion
 Rules should be applied to all
regardless of religion, sexuality etc.
7. JURGEN HABERMAS- “Society is dependent
upon a criticism of its own traditions”
 Social theory (communicative action)
 We can make an argument if we
illuminate interests and biases
8. JACQUES DERRIDA- “There is nothing outside of
the text”
 Epistemology
 Deconstruction (analyze the written
text)
 Statements can defer (lumalayo) or
differ (nag-iiba)
9. RICHARD RORTY- “There is nothing deep down
inside us except what we have put there
ourselves”
 Ethics
 Pragmatist (problem->solution)
10. EDWARD SAID- “Every empire tells itself and
the world that is unlike all other empires”
 Politics
 Post colonialism
 Things happened to past had to
happened to progress
THE VALUE OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE
TRUTH AND KNOWLEDGE
 Epistemology-the branch that inquire about the
features, extent, limitations of human
knowledge
-episteme=knowledge; logos=study
 Different kinds of knowledge
 Personal knowledge-common sense
-acquired as we experience the world
 Practical knowledge-procedural
knowledge
-skill-specific
 Propositional knowledge-makes a claim
(a proposition of something to be true)
-declares that there is truth in a
statement
 Epistemology- focuses on propositional
knowledge
-criteria are set
-examine extent of truth
 3 main criteria
 Belief- when making a claim, one must
have faith that the claim is true
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 Truth- proof or reason to believe that a  Interaction bet. Human activities
certain proposition is true  Humanity’s response to environmental
 Justification- the ability to explain or challenges
reason about a proposition
 Completes the nature of knowledge- a valid
justification
-separates an opinion from fact
-strong proof/evidence

“Earthly knowledge is but shadow”

LOGICAL INVESTIGATION

 Logic-the branch that focuses on human mind

-a tool of the mind
-logos=word, thought, idea, reasoning

“Truth resides in the world around us”

“We find the truth from evidence gained in the world

us”

 Aristotelian logic
 Simple Apprehension-results into ideas
becoming terms
- holding a concept in mind
-process of grasping ideas
-concept->a mental image->sense
perception
 Judgment-results into a proposition
-asserts connection
-connecting one idea to another
 Reasoning
-with a central topic called a syllogism
-usually composed of 3 propositions
-collects and connects propositions

WISDOM TOWARDS KNOWLEDGE

(reading activity)

ENVIRONMENTAL PHILOSOPHY

-the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral

relationship of human beings with the environment and
its non-human contents

 It tackles:
 Humanity’s role in the natural world
Robby Cabanting 12-ZARA
Robby Cabanting 12-ZARA