zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.

%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

NdIdj" ikakfs õokh yd tys Ndú;h

ms<n
s | fn!oaO ia:djrh
wñ, l¨wdrÉÑ

Language is one of the primary factors related

to the evolution of human beings. It has been
highly significant in their culture as well. It is with
the help of language that the ideas created in
the human mind are expressed. Language is the
medium of human communication. Language is
an instrument which should be appropriately
managed. Though language is an advantage for
human beings, it can turn into a cause for various
difficulties, oppressions, conflicts and problems
faced by them. Therefore, human beings must
have a wide philosophy and a clear
understanding on how to use their language.
The applicability of Buddhist teaching on
language in creating a humanistic philosophy is
of paramount importance.

© wñ, l¨wdrÉÑ
ixia' chu,a o is,ajd" È,aYdka ufkdaÊ rdcmlaI" ÿ,kald ,xildr"
ÈfkaIa i|rejka
zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh - 2013$2014
udkjYdia;% mSGh" le,‚h úYajúoHd,h

94
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

wka ; ¾mq o a . , iïnka O ;d ixj¾Okh ls Í fuys ,d

f,!lsl jYfhka ikaksfõokh Wmfhda.S lr.; yels w;r
tys wd.ñl Ndú; jkafka idïm%odhsl yd nqoaêjd§ {dk
úNd.fhka /ia lr.kakd oekqu iudc.; lsÍu hs' fuys ,d
wdkqN+;sl {dkh ndysr iudchg m%ldY lsÍfï WmlrKhla
jYfhka NdIdj fhdod.efkk w;r ixfla;dkqidrfhka o ;;a
NdIdj u Yío" ixfla; fkdue;s j rEm i[a[dkqidrfhka o
jykh flf¾' kQ;k ikaksfõok uQ, O¾u ms<sn| wOHhkh
lsÍfï § tajdfhys wjYH;dj" mrud¾:" mrud¾: idOkfhys
l%ufõo yd wys;lr ;;a;aj (disadvatages) wdÈh .eUqßka
idlÉPdjg Ndck jk fmdÿ uQ, O¾u jYfhka y÷kd.; yels
h' nqÿ oyfï NdIdj m%dud‚l idOlhla fkd jk kuq;a hï
m%udKhlg iïuq;u s h ;;a;j
a hla wdfrdamKh l< njla olakg
,efí' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ;u nqoaO;ajfhka wk;=re j O¾uh
foaYkd fkd lsÍug .;a ;SrKfhys1 wjdpHd¾:h jkafka Wka
jykafia wjfndaO lr.;a {dkh ndysrg m%ldY lsÍug ;rï
NdIdj m%udKj;a fkd jQ nj hs'

nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a wkqN+;sh" bkaøshdkqN+;sh o

blaujQ w;Skaøsh m%;HlaIfhka m%;HlaI l< {dk idOkhls'
;;a {dk idOkh jpkfhka lsj fkd yels ^wks¾jpkSh&
;;a;ajhla jk w;r th meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd f,!lsl f,dalfha
mßNdú; jdlafldaIh yels Wmßufhka fhdod.ekSug Wka
jykafia W;aiql jQ fial' nqoaO pß;fhys muKla fkd j Wka
jykafiaf.a m%Odk Y%djl Y%dúldjka w;r o NdIdj ms<sn|
úúO wdl,am meje;s nj;a NdIdfõ ksmqK;dj Tjqfkdjqkaf.a
iudc fm<yr i|yd w;sYh jeoe.;a jQ nj;a y÷kd.; yels h'
tksid NdIdj;a" ikaksfõokh;a tys o¾Ykh;a hk wxY nqoaO
foaYkd flfrka fmdaIKh ù we;af;a flfia oe hs msßlaiSu
wOHdmkfha i¾j ld,Sk yd i¾j fN!ñl Wkak;sh úIhfhys
ufydamldÍ fõ' fï ,smsh ta i|yd tla;rd m%h;akhls'

95
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

NdIdj hkq j¾I mka oyilg;a tyd .sh w;S;hla we;s

WmlrKhls' i[a[duh jYfhka uQ,sl wjêfha § NdIdj
fhdod.;a w;r miq ld,Sk j .iaj, m;a bre" fld< wdÈh
fhdod.ksñka rEmdlaIr Ndú; lsÍu;a l%udkql,
+ j ;;a rEmdlaIr
ÈhqKq ùu;a iuÕ NdIdj l%ñl j ixj¾Okh jQ njla olakg
we;' ffjÈl hq.h jk úg rpkd iajrEmfhka Ndú; fkd jQ
NdIdj jdÑl j úúO;d iys; j jHjydr jQ njg idOl fõ'
NdIdfõ Ndú; jk ixfla;" mo iïuq;s jk w;r mrud¾:
i;Hhla m%ldY lsÍfï § ;;a iïuq;sj, m%dud‚lNdjh ms<sn|
.eg¨ u;= fjhs' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ikaksfõokh i|yd
NdIdj muKla Ndú; fkd l< w;r NdIdfjka m%ldY l<
fkd yels we;eï lreKq rEm udOHfhka o wjdÑl j o
;=Ia‚ïN=;Ndjfhka o m%lg l< fial' idïm%odhsl ms<s.ekSu
jkafka nqÿ rcdKka jykafia NdId yeg y;rl olaI;d oelajQ
YsIHhl= jQ nj hs' Wka jykafia ;u O¾u foaYkdj, fhdod.;
yels Wmßu NdId Ndú;h fhdod.ksñka wjfndaO lr.;a i;Hhg
ksYaÑ; iajrEmhla ,nd§u i|yd W;aidy l< fial' NslaIQka
jykafia,dg m%:u wjfndaOh ,ndÿka nqÿ rcdKka jykafia
meyeÈ,s lr isáfha ;u O¾uh w¾:" jH[ack iys; j foaYkd
lrk f,i hs'2 ta ikaksfõok wruqKq fldf;la jHdma; j
meje;sfha o h;a zflaj<mßmqKaKxZ hk jpkfhka u meyeÈ,s
lr.; yels h' thska ks.ukh l< yelafla Wka jykafia
NdIdj yels Wmßufhka mßmQ¾K j Ndú; lsÍug W;aidy l<
nj hs' fuys ,d Wka jykafiaf.a m%Odk udOH folla NdIdj
úIhfhys t,a, úh' tajd jQfha w¾:h yd jH[ackh hs' w¾:
hkq moj,ska .uH jk jdla w¾:h hs' jH[ack hkq mo iy
jdlH blaujQ .uHd¾: h' tkï jH[ack fyj;a mo rdYshlska
u;= jk fjk;a woyila bka .uH fjhs' isxy, NdIdfõ
j¾;udkfha Ndú; jk zweKhZ hk mohg iudc .; úúO
w¾:l:k y÷kd.; yels fjhs' kuq;a u;= msg iajrEmh zweKhZ
hkqfjka u olskakg we;s w;r jH[ackd¾: úúO;ajfhka
y÷kd.; yels h' ;;a úúO;ajh wjfndaO fkd lr.kakd
mqoa.,hd ta ta ikao¾Nfhys Ndú; jk weKh hk jpkh ksis

96
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

f,i wjfndaO fkd lr.kshs' ikaksfõokh iïmQ¾Kfhka

id¾:l ùug kï mo bla u jd .s h jH[a c k ms < s n |
iú[a[dksl;ajhla w;HjYH h' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;= j
;;a ,laIK meje;shd fuka u Wka jykafiaf.a YsIHhkayg o
;;a yelshd Wmfhda.S lr.kakd f,i mejeiqfõ fï w¾: yd
jH[a c k Ndr;S h iudcfhys fmdÿ úIhhla jQ neúks '
n%dyauKhka w;r ckm%h s j meje;s Iâ Ydia;DoaOHkfhys Pkaoia"
ksrela;s" jHdlrK jeks ,laIK meje;s nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'
fuys tk ksrela;s yd jHdlrK .eUqßka yod< whl=g w¾: yd
jH[ack /lf.k hula ikakf s õokh lsÍfï yelshdjla mj;S'
idßmq;a;" fud.a.,a,dk" uydlÉpdhk jeks f;rjre ;;a
olaI;dj,ska msßmqka NslaIQka jykafia,d jYfhka ie,elsh
yels h' uʯuksldfhys jeä u Y%djl NdIs; m%udKhla wh;a
jkafka ießhq;a f;rekg h' ta Wka jykafia ikaksfõok
ld¾hfhys m% u q L pß;hla j is á neúks ' óg wu;r j
uydlÉpdhk ry;ka jykafia O¾u úYaf,aIKfhys m%uqLhd
njg m;a jQ fial'3 ta Wka jykafia o n%dyauK wjêfhys ksrela;s
Ydia;%h ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhlska hqla; j isá neúks' fï
khska n,k l, n%dyauK iudcfhka meñ‚ fndfyda NslaIQka
jykafia,d nqÿ rcdKka jykafia wfmalaId l< NdIdfõ w¾:
yd jH[ack /lf.k O¾uh foaYkd lsÍug iu;alï oelajQ
nj m%lg lreKls' ;;a iudcfhys n%dyauK cd;sl NsCIQka
jykafia,d ^iQ;%d.; j tk& ms<sn| úia;r mÍCId lr n,k
úg Tjqka iïmQ¾K fldg ;snQ b;sydi" mqrdK" ks.Kav"q jHdlrK
jeks Ydia;% wmg yuq fõ' tuÕska meyeÈ,s jkafka nqÿ rcdKka
jykafia muKla fkd j iu ld,Sk ry;ka jykafia,d o NdId
{dkfhys fldaúo jQ nj hs' th ;j ÿrg;a mila jkafka ry;ka
jykafia kula isjq ms<sisôhd iys; j ry;a ùfï § Wka
jykafia,df.a olaI;d u;= jk w¾:" O¾u" ksrela;s yd máNdk
hk fï ish,a, ikaksfõok ld¾hh mokï lr mj;sk ksid
h' ksrela;s Ydia;h
% ;a" w¾:h oek.ekSu;a" tys wd.ñl ikao¾Nh
wjfnda O lr.ekS u ;a m% ; s N dka ú ; j kjH ia j rEmhls k a
ks¾udKYS,S j ;;a O¾u ldrKdj ndysrg ikaksfõokh lsÍfï

97
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

yelshdj;a" isjq ms<sisôhd iys; ry;ka jykafiaf.a iajNdjh

úh' tksid wOHhk" wOHdmk úIh fCIa;%fhys ,d NdIdj"
ikaksfõokh yd tys o¾Ykh ms<sn| b;d úYsIag .Kfha uQ,
O¾u ;%smsgl idys;Hdkqidrfhka u;= fldg.; yels nj lsj
yels h'

nqÿ rcdKka jykafia wjdpH jQ w;laldjpr jQ" oelSug

wmyiq jQ" wjfndaO lr.ekSug ÿIalr jQ4 ;u oekqu iSud iys;
NdIdjl Ndú; lsÍu fya;=fjka we;eï miq ld,Sk iïm%odh nqÿ
oyu idjoH f,i w¾: .ekajQ njg f;dr;=re fidhd.; yels
h' i¾jdia;sjdofhys moku tjekakls' mqoa.,jd§kaf.a moku
o tjeks u lreKls' mqoa.,jd§yq ixhq;a;ksldfhys tk zNdrZ
iQ;h
% mokï lrf.k" ks;H jQ iaÓr jQ mqo.
a ,hl= we;" ta mqo.
a ,hd
5
m[apialkaOh Wiq,df.k isákafka h hk u;= msg w¾:h /
f.k fjk;a iïm%odhhla f.dvkeÕ+ y' tfia u nqoO a NdIs;fhys
w¾:h u;= msáka muKla f.k i¾jdia;sjd§yq o zish,a, yeu
l,ays we;Z ^i¾jx i¾jodpdia;s& hk ks.ukhg t<eUqK y'
tkuq;a Tjqka yeu wjia:djl u uÕ yer.;a lreK jkafka
yeu mohl u jH[ack fyj;a jH[ackd¾:hla mj;sk nj hs'
;;a ÿ¾j, wjfnda O h fya ; = f jka miq ld,S k j fn!oa O
iïm%odhj, úúO .eg¨ Woa.; úh'

od¾Yksl meyeÈ,s lsßïj, § NdIdj b;d jeoe.;a

WmlrKhls' tkuq;a tys wjNdú;h ksid o¾Ykfhys we;eï
u; oDIaá .%yKh úh yels nj nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ukd j
oek isá fial' tksid nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ;u foaYkdj,
we;eï mo Ndú;fha § w;sYh l,amkdldÍ ms<f
s j;la wkq.ukh
l< w;r ksrka;rfhka u uOHia: mo Ndú;hla Wmfhda.S
lr.;a nj o olakg ;sfí' —w;a;˜ hk jpkh yels yeu
wjia:djl u b;d ishqï f,i fhdod.ekSug Wka jykafia
W;aidy lf<a tfyhsks' wk;a; hkak ;j;a tla od¾Yksl
jHjydrhla jYfhka fkd ie,el+ Wka jykafia tys § o ;ud
oDIaájdÈhl= fkd jk nj6 §>kL iQ;%fha § ^u'ks'& meyeÈ,s

98
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

fldg we;' tneúka NdIdj uOHu m%;smodj wkq.ukh l<

;j;a tla jHjydrd;aul WmlrKla jQ nj meyeÈ,s h' fï
;;a;ja h iq;;
a ksmd;fha mdrdhk j.a.fha tk ;siia fu;af;hH
iQ;%h újrKh lrk wx.=;a;rksldfha uÊfCè iQ;%fha NslaIQka
jykafia,df.a p¾hdfjka meyeÈ,s fõ' uOHh hkq ljrla oe hs
újrKh lrkakg W;aidy lrk NslI a k
Q a jykafia,d i fofkla
ta moh ihdldrhlg újrKh lr;s' moh;a moh yd ne÷Kq
w¾:h;a Tjqkaf.a wjfndaOh wkqj ú.%y l< w;r nqÿ rcdKka
jykafia ;;a ish¨ ú.%y fyj;a w¾:l:k w.h l< y'7 thska
meyeÈ,s jkafka NdIdj yqÿ ixl,amhla nj;a Tjqka i fokdf.a
u wjfndaOh ksje/È nj;a h' tkuq;a Tjqfkdjqkaf.a NdId
Ndú;fha úúO;a;aj ksid mo yd ikaksfõok l%u fjkia jQ
nj;a olakg ,efí'

NdIdj Ñka;kfha M,hla o" ke;fyd;a Ñka;kh NdIdfõ

M,hla oe hs hkak úi|d.; fkd yels .eg¨jls' od¾Yksl
.eg¨jla jk fuys hï muKlg fyda ms<; s r
= la fidhd.; yelafla
uʯuksldfha uOqmsKaäl iQ;%fha tk {dkúNd. l%shdj,sh
wOHhkh lsÍfuks' —pCLq[ap máÉp rEfma p WmamÊ®;s plaLq
ú[a[dKx ;sKaKx ix.;s tiafida Miai mÉphd fõokd" hx
fõfo;s" ;x ixcdkd;s hx ixcdkd;s" ;x ú;lafla;s" hx
ú;lafla;"s ;x mm[afÉ;s'˜8 hk m%ldYhg wod< j bkaøh s dkqN;
+ s
jk úkaok úcdkkfhkq;"a ú;¾lfhkq;"a ú;¾lfhka t<efUk
m%m[ap uÕskq;a NdIdjg f.dkq lrhs' ;;a NdIdjg f.dkq lrk
{dkh ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka ;j;a whl=g Y%e;s
ud¾.fhka iïnkaO fjhs' flkl=f.a {dkuh wjfndaOh
WmlrKhla fia ndysrg ksl=;a lsÍu ;j;a whl=g {dkh
l= ¿ .eka ù u i|yd WmlrKhla fjhs ' fuh NdIdj yd
ikaksfõokfhys mj;sk wka;¾iïnkaO;dj hs' tneúka
bkaøshdkqN+;S j fyda w;SkaøshdkqN+;S j fyda ,nd.kakd {dkh
m%m[apfhka lsis hï jQ wdl=,;djla we;s j fyda ke;s j ndysrg
bÈß m;a lsÍfuka mqoa.,hl= fyda iudchla i|yd lsis hï
wjfndaOhla we;s lr.ekSug rel=,la imhhs' ;;a rel=, wjfndaO

99
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

lr.;a nqÿ rcdKka jykafia iyïm;S uyd n%yu

a hdf.a wdrdOkdj
ms<sf.k ;uka wjfndaO lr.;a O¾uh foaYkd lsÍu wdrïN
l< fiAl' tys § Wka jykafia fhdod.;a l%u lsysmhla by;
oelajQfhuq' ta ish,a, ikaksfõok l%u jk w;r tajd ish,a,
tla j f.k NdIdj f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' ta wkqj rEmh o
NdIdjls' ksy~ j ys£u o NdIdjls' Wkajykafia fhdod.;a
NdId Wml%u i;rla m%Odk jYfhka olakg ,efí'
1' talxi jHdlrK
2' úNÊc jHdlrK
3' mámqÉPd jHdlrK
4' GmkSh ^wjHdl;&9

fuys GmkSh fyj;a wjHdl; hkq ksy~ j ys£u u fkd

fõ' ;;a ksy~Ndjfha § hula jl% j m%;slafIam lsÍula isÿ jk
w;r hula ikaksfõokh lsÍula o fmkakqï lrhs' §>ksldfha
cd,sh" uyd,s" uʯuksldfha pQ,ud¨XLHmq;a; jeks iQ;%j,
w¾: úrys; f,dalh ms<sn| úu¾Yk lsÍï olakg ,efnk w;r
tajd nqÿ rcdKka jykafia úiska m%;slafIam lrkq ,en we;'
Wka jykafia tajd m%;slafIam lf<a" neyer lsÍï iajrEmfhka
fkd fõ' Bg fya;j = jkafka neyer lsÍï w¾:fhka tajd m%;f s CIam
lf<a kï nqÿ rcdKka jykafia o wka;.dó udj;l .uka l<
Ydia;Djrhl= ùug bv lv ;snQ neúks' wd;auhla we;a oe hs
úuik hul=g ke;e hs m%ldY lsÍu wka;.dó;ajhlg weo
jeàuls' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia tjeks taldka; m%Yak flfrys
oelajQ wdl,amh ;rula fjkia h' uOHu m%;smodfõ .uka l<
Wka jykafia taldka; .eg¨ flfrys uOHia: iajrEmhla
Wiq , ñka wjdÑl j m% ; s l a f Ia m l< fia l ' ;;a wjdÑl
m%;sfCIamj, we;af;a fkd ms<s.kakd nj hs' th u ms<s;=r fõ'
th u ikakf s õokh hs' th u fn!oaO m%;m s odfjys w¾: ksrEmKh
hs' fï whqßka ;=I‚
a ïN+;Ndjh o ikakf s õok udOHhla jYfhka
fhdod.;a m<uq jeks wd.ñl Ydia;Djrhd nqÿ rcdKka jykafia
h' Wka jykafia yd hï m%udKhlg fyda id¾:l j ikakf s õokh
fhdod.;a wkH Ydia;Djrhl= jYfhka ie,elsh yelafla

100
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

p;= I a f lda á l ;¾l Ydia ; % h Wmfhda . S lr.;a ixch

fn,a,ÜÀmq;a; mu‚'10 ixch fn,a,ÜÀmq;a; oeä j m%;slafIam
fkd l< hq;= .eUqre od¾Yksl yrhlska msßmqka Ydia;Djrhl=
jQjd ksiel h' flda,s;" Wm;siai jeks úo.aO YsIHhka Tyq
hgf;a wOHdmkh ,enqfõ tneúks' ixch fn,a,ÜÀmq;a;
fhdod.;a isjq jeks ;¾lh lsis hï m%udKhlg nqÿ rcdKka
jykafiaf.a ;=Ia‚ïN+;Ndjh fyj;a wjHdl; m%Yak flfrys
oelajQ wdl,amh yd iudk;djla Wiq,hs' flfia kuq;a fï lsis
u meyeÈ,s lsÍul ks¾jdKh ms<sn| jdÑl ú.%yhla Rcq j
olakg fkdue;' yeu wjia:djl u ks¾jdKhg hk ud¾.h
meyeÈ,s lrk nqoaO foaYkh ks¾jdKh ms<sn| ú.%yhlg fkd
hhs' ta ;;a wkqN+;sh jpkhg keÕsh fkd yels neúks' ta tfia
he hs mjid mfilska ;eìh hq;= lreKla fkd jk w;r f:r-
f:Í .d:dj, ry;ka jykafia,d yd f;r‚ka jykafia,d lsis
hï W;aidyhlska ;u w;aoelSï ndysrg m%ldY lsÍug W;aidy
l< wdldrh olakg fõ' iS;sN+;11 jeks mo fhdod.kq ,enqfõ
;;a wruqfKks' tajd ish,a, jHjydr f,dalh yd iïnkaO
jqj;a wruqKq fldg we;af;a ks¾jdKh ú.%y lsÍu hs' wcd;"
wuD;" jeks mo ;sia follska12 ixhq;a;ksldfha ks¾jdKh ú.%y
lsÍug W;aidy fldg we;;a th id¾:l ú.%yhla he hs mejeish
fkd yels h' Wodkmd,sh o fujeks u W;aidyhla ork whqre
olakg ,efí' flfia kuq;a nqoaO NdIs;h wOHhkh lsÍfuka
ks¾jdKh fln÷ o hkak wjfndaO fldg.; fkd yels kuq;a
ks¾jdKh ,o mqoa.,hdf.a iajNdjh y÷kd.ekSfï yelshdjla
we;' ish,a, NdIdj m%dud‚l jYfhka fhdod.ekSfï fkd
yelshdj ms<sìUq lrk nj meyeÈ,s h'

nqÿ rcdKka jykafia iQ;% foaYkdj, Ndú; l< NdId

Ndú;h ú.%y lrk fk;a;m s l
% rK l;=jrhd th wjia:d yhlska
l%ñl j ú.%y lrhs' wCLr fyj;a wl=rej,ska wdrïN lrk
Tyq jH[ack olajd jHdma; lrk fï ixl,amh
fk;a;sm%lrKfhys lsis hï idOdrKhlg ,la lr we;s nj;a
ola k g fõ' flfia kuq ; a NdIdj yd ika k s f õokh hk

101
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

ikao¾Nfhys ikaksfõokh Okd;aul ikaksfõokhla ùu

Wfoid msßiqÿ" ms<sfj<" l%udkql+,nj ikaksfõok ld¾hfhys
meje;sh hq;= nj nqÿ oyu ms<s.kshs' NdIlhdf.a tald.%;dj yd
meyeÈ,s wjfndaOh;a .%ylhdf.a msßiqÿ uki;a msßiqÿ bkaøh
s kq;a
ikaksfõokh jk udOHfhys meyeÈ,s;dj;a kQ;k ikaksfõok
uQ, O¾u yd Rcq j u iïnkaO h'

Wla; ikaksfõol wjYH;d nqoaO pß;fhka o ú.%y

fldg oelaúh yels h' uʯuksldfha n%yaudhq iQ;%h wkqj nqÿ
rcdKka jykafiaf.a NdId Ndú;h ms<ns | ikakf
s õok fl!Y,H
úfYaI;d wglska úoyd oelaúh yels h'
1' úiaiÜG ^meyeÈ,s&
2' u[acq ^ñysß&
3' úf[[hH ^myiqfjka wjfndaO lrúh yels&
4' ijkSh ^fkd lvjd wid isáh yels&
5' wúidÍ ^fkd úireKq&
6' ìkaÿ ^iïmsKaä;&
7' .ïNSr ^.eUqre&
8' kskakdo ^m%;srdj kÕk&13

we;eï úg fï YlH;dj wdOHd;a ñ l YlH;djla

jYfhka ú.%y l< yels w;r nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;= wgdldr
jQ y~ iqmyka;dj n%yaudhq iQ;%fha § WodyrK iys; j úia;r
fldg we;' tys § Wkajykafiaf.a y~ l=rùlNdŒ14 hkafkka
fldjq,a y~lg iudk lrk w;r n%yu a iajr hkqfjka n%yu
a hdf.a
iajrh fyj;a úYsIg a ;u iajrh hkak wjOdrKh lrhs' Y%djlhka
b;d myiqfjka wdl¾IKh lr.; yels msßmqka y~ fm!reIhla
nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;= jQ nj ;;a ,laIK ú.%y lsÍfuka
meyeÈ,s fõ' fï ;;a ; a j h ;j ÿrg;a mila jka f ka
ixhq ; a ; ks l dfha i.d:j.a . fha tk wreKj;S iQ ; % h ;a "
wx.=;a;rksldfha ;sl ksmd;fhys tk wdkkao j.a.fhys oi
jeks iQ;%h;a iu j f.k wOHhkh lsÍfuks' fuys meyeÈ,s
jk mßÈ wNsN+; kï jQ isÇ nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a Y%djlhd

102
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

ry;ka jykafia kula jQ w;r Wka jykafiag pQ,ksld f,dal

Od;=fõ;a th blaujd;a y~ me;/ùfï YlH;djla meje;s‚'15
;;a ldrKdj meyeÈ,s lrk wjia:dfõ nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a
YlH;dj fln÷ oe hs meyeÈ,s lrk wdkkao f;rekg m%ldY
fldg isákafka Wka jykafia pQ,ksld f,dal Od;=fõ yd th
blaujd;a uʯuksld f,dal Od;=fõ yd th blaujd;a uydiyiaiS
f,dal Od;=fõ yd th blaujd;a y~ me;s/ùug ;rï YlH;djlska
fyì nj;a h'6 NdIdfõ fm!reIh" Yío Ndú;fhys fm!reIh"
;;a ldrKfhka u nqoO a pß;hg wod< j ;j ÿrg;a y÷kd.ekSug
yels h' ixhq;a;ksldfhys uydj.a.d.; Oïuplalmamj;a;k
iQ;%fha § nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a m<uq jeks O¾u foaYkfhys
rdjh n%yau f,dalh olajd jHdma; j hk wdldrh l%udkql+, j
ú.%y fldg we;'17 fï ish¨ lreKqj,ska .uH jkafka meyeÈ,s"
msßiqÿ" ;shqKq" .eUqre fm!refIah y~la nqÿ rcdKka jykafia
i;= j meje;s nj hs' kQ;k wOHdmk yd ikaksfõok uQ,
O¾uj, idlÉPd flfrk NdIlhd fyj;a ikaksfõokh
lrkakdf.a pß;h nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;= j Wmßufhka
meje;s nj Bg idOlhls'

ksje/È ikaksfõokh Wfoid NdIdj muKla fkd j

ndysr iajrEmh o b;d jeoe.;a nj nqoO
a pß;h weiqßka u meyeÈ,s
l< yels h' nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a ikaksfõok ld¾hh Wka
jykafiaf.a rEm ldfhka o isÿ jQ w;r ;j flkl= fj;
ldre‚lnj" ffu;%S iy.;nj" yDohdx.unj" m%shukdmnj"
weiqre l< yelsnj hk ish,a, ndysr rEmfhka ikaksfõokh
úh' nqoaO Y%djlhl= njg m;a jQ yeu fokd u mdfya m%:ufhka
nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a y~ f.dapr fkd lr.kakd w;r
m%:ufhka u b,lal lr.;af;a Wka jykafiaf.a rEm ldh hs'
rEm ldh flfrys m%idohg m;a jk Y%djlhd ksrdhdifhka u
y~ fm!reIh yuqfõ Y%djl;ajhg m;a fjhs' tneúka ndysr
wdlD;sh ikaksfõok ld¾hfhys ,d b;d jeoe.;a uQ, O¾uhla
f,i nqÿ oyfuys meyeÈ,s fõ' O¾u foaYkhl § jqj;a msßiqÿnj
yd msßmqkanj18 b;d jeoe.;a jk wdldrh iQ;%dY%fhka fmkajdÈh

103
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

yels h' nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a wdOHd;añl Yla;sh o id¾:l

ikaksfõok ld¾hhla Wfoid NdIdj muKg u WmldÍ jQ nj
wjfndaO fjhs' Wka jykafia hï wdOHd;añl m%d;syd¾hhla ;u
wNHka;r ;;a;j a h ikakf s õokh lsÍu Wfoid fhdod.;a fial'
YdlHhka yuqfõ bÈß m;a l< huduy m%d;syd¾h bka tlls' óg
wu;r j fÄud yuq f õ f.k yer mE rEm udhdj;a "
OïumoÜGl:dfõ tk NslaIqjla bÈßfha rEmhla ujd mEfuka
l< wjjdo;a uÜgl=Kv a ,S l;d jia;f
= õ § uÜGl=Kva ,S bÈßfhys
my< ùfuka we;s l< m%didoh;a19 nqÿ rcdKka jykafia yd
ne÷Kq ;j;a úYsIag ikaksfõok iajrEmhla u;= lr olajkafka
h' óg wu;r j Wka jykafia isßud kï jQ .‚ldjf.a uD;
foayh ;j;a jeoe.;a ikaksfõok Wml%uhla jYfhka Wmfhda.S
lr.;a nj olakg ,efí' ks.KaGhkaf.a l=uka;K % hla jYfhka
iqkaoÍ kï jQ mßn%dðldj urdoud bka we;sjk flda,dy,h
yuqfõ wdkkao f;reka jykafia m%foaYfhka neyer j huq he
hs fhdackd l<;a nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ta ish¨ wjdo bjiñka
^;dÈ .=Kh úoyd olajñka& ksy~ j ys£u o i;H ikaksfõokh
l< tla wjia:djls'

we;eï wjia:dj, nqÿ rcdKka jykafia b;d uDÿ f,i

ika k s f õok ld¾hfhys fhÿKq fia l ' idrdŒh l:d"
máidrdŒh l:d" idóÑ l:dj,ska hq;a Wka jykafia iqyo
f,i wkHhka wduka;%Kh l< w;r we;eï wjia : dj,
wkHd.ñlhka mjd ;;a wduka;%Kfhka u Y%djl;ajhg m;a jQ
wdldrh Wmd,s wdÈ iQ;%j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' óg wu;r j
uʯuks l dfha tk pxlS iQ ; % f hys pxlS jeks nrm;,
n%dyauK;ajhla bisÆ nuqKka iuÕ nqÿ rcdKka jykafia b;d
iqyo ms<si|rl fhfok iajrEmh20 w;s olaI h" wdl¾IŒh h' ta
Wka jykafiaf.a ikaksfõok fl!Y,Hh úh' uDÿNdjh yd
iq u q ÿ nj bla u jd nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia f .ka ;rula r¿
ikaksfõok m%;spdr o úoHudk úh' uʯuksldfha pd;=u
iQ;%fha § Wka jykafia NslaIQka wu;d zu[af[a uÉPúf,dfmZ
hkdÈ jYfhka ud¿ fjf<kaoka fuka lE.ik NslaIQka le|jd

104
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

r¿ f,i wduka;%Kh l< wdldrh meyeÈ,s h'21 tjeks u

;;a;ajhla uyd;Kayd ixLh iQ;%fha § yuq fõ' zfudav mqreIhZ
^fud> mqßi&22 hk jHjydrh fhdod.ksñka Wka jykafia
ikaksfõokfha uqLH wruqKqj,g mgyeks id;s NsCIqjf.a w¾:
Y+kH m%ldYh m%;sfCIam l< fial' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia NdIdj yd ikaksfõokh mqoa., oelau yd
p¾hdj ixúOdkd;aul lsÍfuys ,d Ndú; l< nj hss'

flfia kuqka nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ikaksfõokh yqÿ

,d,kh ms‚i fyj;a ke<eùu ms‚i muKla fhdod.;a nj
iQ ; % idys ; Hfhka ola k g fkd ,efí' uʯuks l dhd.;
uydiq[[ a : iQ;f % ha § zwdufl wduluF:x Núiaidó;sZ jYfhka
olajñka l=U, q l
a rejl= wuq ueá wdÈfhka j<x ksIm
a dokh lrkakd
fia ;uka jykafia o ;u Y%djlhka wdrlaId fkd lrk nj23
mjiñka Wka jykafia m%lg lrkafka lsj hq;= foa lshk nj;a"
ks.%y l< hq;= wjia:dfõ ks.%y lrk nj;a wjOdrKh lrñks'
tneúka ika k s f õokh yq ÿ Ñ;a ; fuda y kh i|yd fyda
Ñ;a;dl¾IKh i|yd fyda nqÿ rcdKka jykafia Wmfhda.S
lr.;af;a i;H meyeÈ,s lsÍug ñi msßi f.dvkÕd.ekSu i|yd
fkd fõ' wOHdmkfha § o NdIdj yd ikaksfõoh Wmfhda.S
lr.; hq;af;a yqÿ ,d,kh fyda m%Yxidj ms‚i fkd j
Y%djlhdf.a nqoaêuh yd Ndjuh ixj¾Okh i|yd h'

nqÿ oyu ikaksfõokfhys b;d jeoe.;a uQ, O¾uhla

wdrlaId lrk nj Oïumofha idyiaij.a.fhka újrKh fõ'
nyq, f,i m%ldY lsÍula wfmalI a d fkd lrk nqÿ oyu ixCIsm;
a
24
jQ" yrj;a jQ tla m%ldYhla jqj;a m%udKj;a fldg i,lhs' nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia ziÉpjd§Z jQ w;r iÉp ikaë o jQ y'
uʯuksldfha iqN iQ;%fha § nqÿ rcdKka jykafia fln÷jd§
oe hs újrKh fõ' Wka jykafia wx.=;a;rksldfha we;eï iQ;%
wkqj ld,jd§" N+;jd§" wF:jd§" Oïujd§" úkhjd§25 hk moj,ska
úfYaIK fldg olajd we;af;a ;;a ikaksfõok ld¾hh b,lal
lrñks'

105
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

by; ish¨ idOl ifudaOdkh fldg t<eôh yels

ks.ukh jkafka nqoaO pß;h f,dj ikaksfõokh we;eUq,la
fia o;a" ikaksfõokh b;d meyeÈ,s f,i fhdod.;a mrudo¾YS
pß;h jQ nj hs'

nqoaO foaYkh o b;d mq¿,a ikaksfõok o¾Ykhla iys;

j f.dvkeÕ=Kq foaYkhla nj meyeÈ,s h' uʯuksldfha Wmd,s
iQ;h a foaYkdj odkl:d" iS,l:d" i.a.l:d26 jYfhka
% wkqj nqoO
l%ufhka .eUqrg hk nj meyeÈ,s fõ' Oïumofha tk m%ldYhla
wkqj nqÿ oyu wkqmQ¾jfhka wjfndaO lr.; hq;a;ls'27 ;;a
iajremh wx.=;a;rksldfha wÜGl ksmd;fha mydrdo iQ;%fhka
o" Wodkmd,sfha tk mydrdo iQ;%fhka o meyeÈ,s f,i olakg
,efí' uqyqo hï fia zwkqmqín fmdfkd" wkqmqín kskafkdZ
jYfhka l%ufhka .eUqrg hkakd fia nqÿ oyu o wkqmíq n islL
a d"
wkqmqín lsßhd" wkqmqín mámod jYfhka l%udkql+, j .eUqrg
hk b.ekaùuls'28 th ikaksfõok ld¾hfhys b;d Wiia
,laIKhla jk w;r kQ;k wOHdmk{hka ;;a lreKq y÷kajd
§ we;af;a okakd foa isg fkd okakd foa olajd hk kshufhks'

b;d meyeÈ,s f,i kQ;k wOHdmkfõ§kaf.a ks¾jpkh

nqoaO NdIs;fhka o ksrEmKh jkq m%lg fõ' nqÿ oyu yqÿ NdIdj
muKla fhdod.;a oyula fyda o¾Ykhla fkd fõ' th .oH"
moH" idlÉPd" m%fya,sld jeks ikaksfõok Wml%u Ndú;fhka
ikakf s õok ld¾hh l%hs djg kexjQ o¾Ykhls' we;eï wjia:dj,
nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ;¾ldkql+, m%ldY Ndú; lrñka Y%djlhd
.eUqßka weo ne|.ekSug iu;a jk fial' Y%djlhd r|jd.ekSu
Wfoid m%;sm%Yak k.ñka Y%djlhd iÔù j ;uka flfrys
wdl¾IKh lr .kshs' —lsx rEmx ksÉpx jd wksÉpx jd@ wksÉpx
Nkaf;" hoksÉpx ;x iqLx jd ÿlaLx jd@ ÿlaLx Nkaf; hx
ÿlaLx ;x w;a;x jd wk;a;x jd@ wk;a;x Nkaf;˜29 hkdÈ
jYfhka m%Yak lrñka idlÉPd iajrEmfhka Y%djlhd .%yKh
fldg O¾udjfndaOh ,nd§u Wka jykafiaf.a ms<sfj< úh'

106
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia f .a iq ú fYa I ika k s f õok

fl!Y,Hh m%:u O¾u foaYkdfõ § mjd ukd j meyeÈ,s fjhs'
ikakf s õokh Wmßu id¾:lNdjh i|yd fhdod.;a WmlrKhla
jQ w;r nqÿ rcdKka jykafia mia j. uyKqkayg O¾uh
ikaksfõokh lf<a fo fokl= ms~q isÕd hk úg ;=ka fokl=
b,lal lrñka" m%f;Hl jYfhka O¾uh b.ekaùfuks' tfyhska
m%f;Hl ikaksfõok l%uh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq
l< pß;hla f,i nqÿ rcdKka jykafia oelaúh yels h' h<s
;=ka fokl= ms~q isÕd jäk úg wjfYaI fo fokd flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq l< o lsis ÿ wvqjla W!k;djla fkd oelaùu
m%f;Hl ikaksfõokfhys iqúfYaInj hs' we;eï ikaksfõok
l%u nqÿ rcdKka jykafia NdId jHjydrfha w;s olaIhl= nj
ixfla;d;aul j fmkajhs' flkl=f.a ÿ¾j,;djla Wmydid;aul
j yÕjk m%ldY" nuqKka n%yu a hdf.a uqLfhka bme§u" w.a.[a[
iQ;%fha tk jfl%da;a;shla fia ie,elsh yels nuqKkaf.a
ujqjrekg o lsß tfrk nj" orejka m%iQ; lrk nj tjeks
wjia:d lsym s hls' fï wiydh ikakf s õok fl!Y,Hh fya;f = jka
u nqÿ rcdKka jykafia udhdldÍ mqoa.,hl= f,i Wmd,s iQ;%fha
§ ;miaiS kï jQ ks>KaG Y%djlhd úiska y÷kajkq ,en ;sfí'30
§>;miais Wmd,s .Dym;shd nqÿka yuqjg hEu ms<sn| lsis ÿ
tlÕ;djla fkd jqfKa f.!;u nqÿ rcdKka jykafia i;= j
wdl¾IŒh YlH;djla mj;afka h" hk oeä úYajdih fya;f = jks
' ta wka lsij s la fkd j Wka jykafiaf.a ikakf s õok fl!Y,Hh
hs' Wka jykafiaf.a O¾u foaYkd we;eï wjia:dj, ixlaIsma;
jQ w;r we;eï wjia:dj, w;s §¾> úh' ixhq;a;ksldfha tk
fndfyda iQ ; % —ixÅ;a f ;a k fois ; ia i wúN;a ; ia i wF:x
wcdfkhHd;s˜31 hkafkka wjika fjhs' tkï ixlaIm s ;
a j foaYkd
l< udf.a foaYkh kqU,dg w¾: ú.%y fldg f;areï.ekSfï
yelshdjla we;a oe hs hkak hs' fï m%ldYfhka woyia jkafka
Wka jykafia fndfyda úg ixlaIsma; j O¾uh foaYkd l< nj
hs' tkuq;a §>ksldfha tk fndfyda iQ;% w;s §¾> iQ;% njg m;a
j ;sfí' Bg fya;=j jkafka n%dyauKhka jeks ñ:Hd oDIaál
mqoa.,hkaf.a ufkdaNdj úfYdaOkh lsÍu Wfoid nqÿ rcdKka

107
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

jykafiag b;d §¾> j O¾uh ú.%y lr§fï wjYH;djla meje;s

neúks' ;;a lreKq ú.%y lsÍfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka wjYH ;ek
úYaf,aIKd;aul j úia;r iys;j;a wjYH ;ek ixlaIsma;j;a
nqÿ rcdKka jykafia O¾uh foaYkd l< nj hs' Wka jykafia
u Woafoaihkg ksoafoaihka iemehSu w¾:l:k iajrEmhla
wkq.ukh l< nj Tmamq l< yels idOlhls'

óg wu;r j nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a b;d jeoe.;a u

ikaksfõok iajrEmh jQfha úma,jjd§ woyia iudc mßKduh
Wfoid m%;s.dñ f,i (Radically) Wmfhda.S fkd fldg" b;d
ishqï f,i Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu hs' bka tla lreKla jkafka
n%yau ixl,amh hs' n%yau ixl,amh m%;slafIam fkd l< nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia n%yu a hkak zn%yu a d;s ud;dms;frdaZ32 hkafkkq;a
n%yau ixl,amh zhfula mõ neyer lrkafka o Tyq n%yaufhlsZ
hkqfjkq;a ixúOdkd;aul j fjkia w¾:l:k bÈß m;a lrñka
ikaksfõokh l< y' th ikaksfõolhl= i;= úh hq;= b;d
jeoe.;a ,laIKhls' tkï" kj iudchlg kj ixl,am
imhd§fï § iudchg wkq.; j ixl,am y÷kajd§u hs' Ökfha
nqÿ oyu jHdma; lsÍfï § fldka*shqishia oyu wkq.; j jHdma;
lsÍu;a" cmdkfha nqÿ oyu jHdma; lsÍfï § iskaf;da wd.u
wkq.; j jHdma; lsÍu;a id¾:l úh' Y%S ,xldjg o nqÿ oyu
y÷kajd§fï § ñys÷ ysñfhda ,xldfõ meje;s we;eï pdß;% jdß;%
yd weoys,s" úYajdi wkqj nqo oyu ú.%y lrkakg fhÿK y' ;;a
ish¨ idOl yd iudk j nqÿ rcdKka jykafia iu ld,Sk j
n%dyauK iudcfhka odhdo jQ we;eï ixl,am m%;slafIam fkd
fldg tajd ;ukaf.a wkkH;dj iys; j ú.%y lsÍug W;aidy
.;a fial' fo jekak jYfhka oelaúh yelafla n%dyauK ixl,amh
hs ' zn% d ya u KZ hka k m% ; s l a f Ia m fkd l< Wka jyka f ia
n%dyauKhdf.a iajrEmh fjkia l< y' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia
ye¢kaùu i|yd o n%dyauK jpkh fhdod.;a nj jïñl iQ;f % hka
meyeÈ,s fjhs' we;eï wjia:dj, ry;ka jykafiag o n%dyauK
hkak fhdod.;a wdldrh wdisúfidamu iQ;%h wkqj meyeÈ,s
fjhs' ;j;a wjia:djl wdpdr úoHd;aul j nqÿ oyfuys n%dyauK

108
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

jHjydrh Ndú; jQ nj —k cÉpd jif,d fyd;s k cÉpd

fyd;s n%dyauKd˜33 hkafkka meyeÈ,s fõ' fï wdldrfhka L;a;h s "
fjiai" Y=ø" NslaLq jeks mo b;d ishqï f,i fn!oaO wkkH;dj
iys; j ikakf s õokh lsÍfuka nqÿ rcdKka jykafia iu ld,Sk
iudcfhys meje;s ixl,am fn!oaOlrKh l< whqre b;d fyd¢ka
meyeÈ,s h' th olaI ikaksfõolhl=f.a Wml%uYS,SNdjh hs'
iq ; a ; ks m d;fha iNs h iQ ; % h wkq j nq ÿ rcdKka jyka f ia
jH[ackd¾: (Conatation) ;u foaYkdj, Wmhqla; lr.;a
wdldrh meyeÈ,s h' ta wkqj iNsh wrUhd mKaä;" uq‚" n%dyauK34
jeks fmdÿ ixl,am fn!oaOlrKhg ,la lrñka ú.%y l<
wdldrh b;d w.fka h' nqÿ rcdKka jykafia fï wdldrfhka
ixúOdkd;aul j ikaksfõok udOHhla jYfhka NdIdj Ndú;
lsÍfuka b;d YS>%fhka O¾uh iudc.; lsÍug iu;a jQ fial'

nqÿ rcdKka jykafiaf.a ikaksfõokfhys ;j;a ú.%y

l< hq;= me;slvla jkafka iudc iïuq;sfhys /f|ñka Wmud
yd rEml fhdodf.k b;d ir, j yd iq.u j kj ixl,am
iudc.; lsÍu hs' Wkajykafia ck iudchg b;d ióm isÿùï
yd mßirh ;u woyi meyeÈ,s lr§u i|yd fhdod.;a fial'
iq;a;ksmd;fha liSNdroajdc iQ;%fha tk —ioaOdîcx ;fmdjqÜÀ
m[a[d fu hq. kX.,d˜35 hk .d:dj tys tla mshjrls' óg
wu;r j —h:dms nufrd mqmaMx - jKak.kaOx wfyGhx" tf,;s
riudodh˜36 jeks .d:dj,ska .uHjkakd jQ Wmud tÈfkod
Ôú;fhys olakg ,efnk ir, idudkH Wmud h' uydf.damd,l
iQ;%fha § f.dm,a,l=f.a Ôjk p¾hdj weiqre lrñka .j /<la
md,kh lrkafka hï fia o"37 hkdÈ Wmud Ndú; fldg.ekSu
idudkH iudch yd Ôj;a jQ nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ;;a iudch
u b,lal lrñka ;u wkqN+;s yd w;aoelSï ikaksfõokh l<
wdldrfha wmQ¾jckl nj m%lg lrhs' Wmud fl!Y,Hfhys
wkQk nqÿ rcdKka jykafia ;rï Wmudfjys olaI jQ lsisjl=
lsis ÿ ldjH iïm%odhhl olakg fkd ,efnk nj meyeÈ,s
i;Hhls' Wka jykafia Wmudfjys muKla fkd j rEml
Wmfhda.S;dfjys o olaINdjhg m;a jQ foAYlfhls' liSNdroajdc

109
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh

% hys tk zioaOdîcx ;fmdjqÜÀZ38 wdÈ wjia:d Bg lÈu ksoiqka

iQ;f
fõ' .eUqre od¾Yksl ú.%yj, §" ksoiqka jYfhka ú[a[dKfhys
meje;au yd .uk ú.%y lsÍug .sh id;s NslIa j
q wka;.dó ú.%yhka
bÈß m;a l< kuq;a nqÿ rcdKka jykafia m[apNhfNarj iQ;f % ha
§ j÷rl=f.a .uka ud¾.h Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka j÷rl= w;af;ka
w;a;g mkskakd fuka ú[a[dKh Njfhka Njhg ießirk
wdldrh39 meyeÈ,s l< fial' fujeks Wmud idudkH mßirfha
tÈfkod olakg ,enqKq w;r tajd wuq;=fjka ks¾udKh l< nj
fyda lD;% s u nj fkd Èia f jk Wmud h' fuh id¾:l
ikaksfõolhl= i;= jQ fl!Y,Hhls' Wka jykafia fhdod.;a
;j;a jeoe.;a ikaksfõok Wml%uhla jkafka mßl,amkhg
jvd wkqN+;sh ú.%y lsÍu hs' wßhmßfhaik iQ;%h" uydisykdo
iQ;%h" pQ, isykdo iQ;%h" uydiÉpl iQ;%h jeks iQ;%j, § ;u
wkqN+;s meyeÈ,s lrñka Wka jykafia wjjdo Wjfoia ,ndÿka
wdldrh b;d wmQre h' tfuka u tajd i¾j ld,Sk w.hlska o
hqla; h'

iu ld,Sk iudcfha úúO mqoa.,hka weiqre lrñka

;¾ldkql+, j woyia ú.%y fldg oelaùu Wka jykafiaf.a
foaYkdj, mj;sk úfYaI ,laIKh hs' óg wu;r j wdLHdk
fhdod.ks ñ ka ika k s f õok ld¾hfhys ks h e<S u o úfYa I
,CIKhla jYfhka fmkajd Èh yels h' §>ksldhd.; we;eï
iQ;%j, ft;sydisl wdLHdk fhdod.;a wjia:d olakg ,efí'
w.a.[a[ iQ;%fha tk mqrdK wdLHdkh;a wïnÜG iQ;%fha tk
ft;sydisl f;dr;=re;a nqÿ rcdKka jykafia b;d WÑ; wdldrhg
WÑ; ia:dkhl § fhdod.;a idOl nj meyeÈ,s fõ' fujeks
ft;sydisl l:d jia;=" i;H isÿùï yd ;u Ôjk pß;h wdÈ
wdLHdk iajrEmS ldrKd o od¾Yksl lreKq ú.%y lr.ekSfï §
nqÿ rcdKka jykafia fhdod.;a ;j;a tla jeoe.;a ikaksfõok
Wml%uhla jYfhka oelaúh yels h' flfia fj;;a NdIdj
.%yKh i|yd fkd úh hq;= nj fn!oaO ia:djrh hs' wrK úNx.
iQ;%h40 we;=¿ iQ;% .Kkdjlska ta nj wjOdrKh flf¾'

110
NdIdj" ikaksfõokh yd tys Ndú;h ms<sn| fn!oaO ia:djrh

Wla; lreKq i,ld ne,Sfï § nqoaO pß;fha;a" Wka

jykafiaf.a foaYkdj,;a úúOdldrfha NdId Wml%u" ikakf s õok
Wml%u" ixúOdkd;aul ikakf s õok l%u" Wml%uYS,S ikakf
s õok
l%u" wkqlrKd;aul ikaksfõok l%u yd ks¾udKd;aul
ikaksfõok l%u jHjydr jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr.; yels h'
kQ;k ikaksfõok lafIa;%fha mj;sk m%Odk .eg¨j jkafka
wruqK wmeyeÈ,s ùu hs' f,!lsl wruqKq ikaksfõokh lsÍu
i|yd f,!lsl NdIdj m%udKj;a jk w;r mdr f,!lsl
wdOHd;añl ldrKd meyeÈ,s lsÍfï § f,!lsl NdIdj m%dudKj;a
fkd jk nj wjfndaO úh hq;= h' tneúka wdOHd;añl" wf,!lsl
úIh lafIa;%hla ú.%y lr§ug f,!lsl NdIdjla fhdod.;a nqÿ
rcdKka jykafia we;=¿ fn!oaO Y%djl Y%dúldjka b;d ishqï
f,i oDIaá .%yKfhka f;dr j NdIdj yeisrjQ wdldrh
úiauhckl h' ;;a ish¨ NdId yd ikaksfõok Wml%u kQ;k
wOHdmk wOHhk fCIa;%fha Mf,da;amdokh Wfoid Wmfhda.S
lr.kafka kï f,!lsl;ajfhka u;=jk .eg¨j,g ms<shï o
fhdoñka ksrjq,a fuka u úêu;a wOHdmk l%uhla yd ikakf s õok
l%uhla ilid.ekSug th ufydamldÍ jk nj fkd lsj ukd
h'

wdka;sl igyka
1
uÊCêuksldh i" wßhmßfhaik iQ;%h" msgqj 410
2
idF:x inH[ackx" uÊCêu ksldh i" wßhmßfhaik iQ;%h" msgqj 421
3
wx.=;a;rksldh ta;o.a.md,sh" msgqj 46
4
uÊCêuksldh i" wßhmßfhaik iQ;%h" msgqj 408
5
ixhq;a;ksldh iii" Ndr iQ;%h" msgqj 46
6
w[a[x p ÈÜÀx k WmdÈh;s" uCêuksldh ii" §>kL iQ;%h" msgqj 280
7
iífíix fjd NsCLfj iqNdis;x" wx.=;a;rksldh iv" uÊCêuksldh"
msgqj 188
8
uÊCêuksldh i" uOqmsKaäl iQ;%h" msgqj 280
9
tlxi nHdlrŒhx m[ayx tlxfik nHdlfrd;s" úNÊcnHdlrŒhx
m[ayx úNÊc nHdlfrd;" mámqÉPdnHdlrŒhx m[ayx mámqÉPd
nHdlfrd;" GmkShx m[ayx Gfm;" wx ks" ;sl ksmd;h" l:dj;a:q
iQ;%h" msgqj 352
10
§>ksldh" n%yaucd, iQ;%h" msgq 45-49

111
 zm%NdZ Ydia;%Sh ix.%yh" ;=ka jeks l,dmh
21
f:r.d:dmd<s" msgqj 34
32
ixhq;a;ksldh IV" 640 msgqj isg
43
uÊCêuksldh ii" n%yaudhq i%;%h" msgqj 582
54
n%yauiaifrda fLda mk Njx f.da;fud" lrùlNdKS" tu
65
ixhq;a;ksldh i" wreKj;S iQ;%h" msgqj 280
76
wx.;a;rksldh" wdkkao j.a.h" 10 iQ;%h
87
ixhq;a;ksldh v ^ii&" Oïuplalmj;a;k iQ;%h" msgqj 274
98
ixhq;a;ksldh iv" OïulÓl iQ;%h" msgqj 280
109
uÜGl=Kav,S l:djia;=j
20
uÊCêuksldh ii" pxlS i%;%h" msgqj 659
21
uÊCêuksldh ii" pd;=u iQ;%h" msgqj 206
22
uyd;KaydixLh iQ;%h i" msgqj 602
23
uÊCêuksldh iii" uydiq[a[: iQ;%h" msgqj 516
24
iyiaiïms fp jdpd wkF:mo ixys;d talx wF:mox fifhHd hx
iq;ajd Wmiïu;s" Oïumoh" iyiai j.a.h" 1 .d:dj
25
uÊCêuksldh 1" pq,a,yFÓmfodamu iQ;%h" msgqj 436
26
uÊCêuksldh ii" Wmd,s iQ;%h" msgqj 74
27
wkqmqífík fïOdù f:dal f:dalx Lfka Lfk" Oïumoh 18 -5
28
wx.=;a;rksldh v" wÜGl ksmd;h mydrdo iQ;%h" msgqj 82
29
u'ks' I" 344 msg
30
uÊCêuksldh ii" .ym;s j.a.h" Wmd,s iQ;%h" msgqj 62
31
ixhqla;ksldh II" iqiSu iQ;%h" msgqj 192
32
wx.=;a;rksldh i" ;sl ksmd;h"msgqj 244
33
Lqoaolksldh" iq;a; ksmd;h" ji, iQ;%h" msgqj 42
34
iq;a;ksmd;" iNsh iQ;%h" msgqj 164
35
iq;a;ksmd;" msgqj 24
36
Oïumoh" mqmaM j.a.h" 6 .d:dj
37
wx.=;a;rksldh vi" f.damd,l iQ;%h" msgqj 652
38
iq;a;ksmd;h" liSNdroajdc iQ;%h" msgqj 24
39
ixhqla;ksldh II" wiaiq;jka;= iQ;%h" msgqj 148
40
uÊCêuksldh iii" msgqj 490

uQ,dY%h kdudj,sh
wx.=;a;rksldh i" ;sl ksmd;h" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d'
wx.=;a;rksldh iv" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d'
wx.=;a;rksldh v" wÜGl ksmd;h" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl
.%ka:ud,d'
wx.=;a;rksldh vi" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d'
Lqoaolksldh" Oïumoh" nqoaO chka;s ;%smsgl .%ka:ud,d'
112