researchers must be
Research I:
RESEARCH ETHICS
Philosophy - a system/rationale of human
beliefs
 Undergoes a process
 Justifies and gives reason
 Sound argument - reasonable
debate in which people are free to criticize
and defend.
 Human belief - an abstraction.
Something that defines ones persona,
limitation and individuality
Ethics - under philosophy, a branch of
philosophy that deals with the rightness or
wrongness.
 Consideration to decide what is
right or wrong.
Research Ethics - what should be done in
research.
THE ETHICS OF TAKING ACTION VS THE
ETHICS OF AVOIDING ACTION
 The discipline that concerns what is
good and what is bad with moral duty
and obligation.
 A set of moral principles or values.
 Principle of conducting/governing an
individual or group.
HISTORY OF ETHICAL RESEARCH MOVEMENT
 Nazi Experimental Atrocities
 Covers inhumane experiments
that the Nazis did on the Jewish slaves.
 Principle of Respect
 Nuremberg Code (World War II)
 Informed consent is an
absolute essential.
 Must use appropriate
research designs and
qualified.
 Favorable risk and benefit
ratio - the benefit should
overpower the risk the
researchers took for the
research.
 Participants must be free to
stop at any time.
 Thallidomide Case
 A medicine for nausea and
insomnia was commercialized to
pregnant women which caused
deformities in the child they gave
birth to.
 Kefauver amendment - start of
having a third party checked on
products, quality controlled before
being commercialized.
 Amendment -
improve/changing a policy
 Tuskegee Syphillis Experiment
 An experiment done on blacks
that researchers claim to cure
their Syphilis but gave them
placebo instead of treatment
(For 3 years). They did not end
up curing Syphilis.
 Done during 1932 - 1972 in
Macon County, Alabama by
the US Public Health Service.
 399 with Syphilis and 201
without.
 Syphilis - a sexually transmitted
disease caused by Treponema
palladium. May be transferred
vertically (mother to child).
 Primary - development of
sores
 Secondary - development
of rash
  Tertiary - damage of internal
organs leading to death
 Principle of Beneficence and
Justice
 Declaration of Helsinki
 Well being of the subject
must take higher
precedence over the
interest of science and
society
 Consent should be in writing
 Use caution if participant is
in dependent relationship
with researcher
 Limited use of placebo
especially if treatment is
available
 Greater access to benefit
once research is concluded
 Ethical Dilemmas
 Did not act for the benefit of
others
 They made matters worse
 Individuals participated
because they were
influenced by an outside
source
 Reasons were unjust
ETHICAL ISSUES
 Benficence (doing good) - research
should only be carried out if some
sort of benefit or good can be
derived from the research
(contribution to knowledge or
improved service/treatment).
 Autonomy (self-rule) – Researchers
have an obligation to disclose
information at a level that
participants can understand so that
they can either refuse or agree to
participate. Concerned with the
concept of informed consent. Giving
right information to the participants
without manipulation.
 Non-maleficence (do no harm) –
Principle of non-maleficence places
an obligation on researchers not to
harm others or expose people to
unnecessary risks. Harm can come in
many forms. It us good practice to
assume that every research project
will involve some form of harm and to
consider in advance how best to
deal with it.
 Justice (Fairness) – the principle
implies that everyone should be
treated fairly and equally.
 Veracity (truth telling) - The principle
concerns truth telling whereby the
researcher is required to provide
comprehensive and accurate
information in a manner that
enhances understanding.
Researchers should always be
honest with participants and keep
any promises made.
 Privacy – concerns respect for
limited access to another person.
Participants always got the right to
decline to talk about certain issues or
to answer specific questions.
 Confidentiality – extension of privacy
but relates specifically to the
agreements made between the
researcher and participants about
what can and cannot be done with
the information collected over a
course of a project. (Data Protection
Act 1998).
Research I:
INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY
•Involves Intangible creations of human
intellect such as; inventions, literary, and
artistic works, designs, symbols, names
and images used in commerce.
•Law that gives people and businesses
property rights to the information or
intellectual goods they create for a
certain period of time.
IMPORTANCE IN THE SOCIETY
•Provides incentive to the creator.
•Provides recognition to the
creators/inventors.
•The material will be ensured or safe from
being stolen.
•Without protection of ideas, businesses
and individuals wouldn’t take the full
credit or benefit that their product
could make.
•The availability of the original products.
MOST COMMON TYPES
•Patent - exclusive right granted for an
invention. Owner’s rights.
•Copyright - term used to describe the
rights over their literary and artistic
works.
•Trademark – a sign capable of
distinguishing a certain product or
enterprise.
PATENT
•Right granted to an inventor to control
others from making or selling his/her
invention for a certain period of time.
•Designed to encourage inventions that
are unique and useful to the society.
TYPES OF PATENT
1.Utility patent – technical document that
teaches the public how to use a
certain machine, process or system.
*Provisional patent – allows the inventor to
file a document that proves that he is in
possession of the invention.
2.Design patent – protects the design of a
useful item. (e.g. shape of a bottle)
3.Plant patent – protects new kinds of
plants, focuses on conventional
horticulture.
COPYRIGHT
•The right to reproduce or make copies,
publish, or sell his or her original work of
authorship.
•Protect the time, effort, and creativity of
the work’s creator.
•To induce and reward authors, through
provision of property rights, to make
works for the public to enjoy.
TYPES OF COPYRIGHT
1.Literary Works – involves words, numbers,
books, periodicals, manuscripts.
2.Musical Works – musician’s own version of
their songs without permission of the
song writer.
3.Dramatic Works – performed before an
audience.
4.Artistic Works – involves painting,
drawings, digitals illustrations.
5. Motion pictures and Other Audiovisual
Works - combined visual and audio,
presented on a TV, computer or
projector. (recorded sounds and
images)
6.Sound Recordings – series of musical,
spoken, or other sounds.
7.Architectural Works - design of a
building in architectural blueprints,
drawings and even buildings itself.
TRADEMARK
•A recognizable design that denotes a
certain company or enterprise because
they are a source of goods or services.
•It is a logo, symbols, phrases, slogan,
brand etc.
*Note: Trademark prohibits the
“likelihood of confusion” with an
existing one.
TYPES OF TRADEMARK
1.Generic Mark – describes the qualities,
characteristics, or ingredients of the
goods you sell.
2.Descriptive Mark – it should evolve from
what the brand represent to who it
represent.
3.Suggestive Mark – the customers uses
imagination to figure out what is
being served.
4.Fanciful Mark – a term, name or logo that
is different from anything that exists.
5.Arbitrary Mark – could be a phrase or a
term with a well-known meaning, the
mark is not related to the goods or
service.
6.Service Mark – design that distinguishes a
company that provides services
instead of products.
INFRINGEMENT
•Patent infringement – occurs if another
individuals make or sell a patented item
without the permission of the patent
holder.
•Copyright infringement – use of works
protected by copyright law without
permission.
•Trademark infringement – unauthorized
use of a trademark in connection with
goods or services.
Research I: INTEL
ISEF
 International Science and Engineering
Fair
 International guidelines/rules/forms for
any research covered by IRB
 IRB (Institutional Review Board) - a
body/committee that reviews
researches done internationally. A must
in every congress. (Reviews ethics,
potential hazards, and qualifications).
 Ethics - plagiarism, intellectual
property, authorship, authenticity.
ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN A RESEARCH
PROJECT
 Researcher
 Adult Sponsor/Research Adviser
 Qualified Scientist - finished masters
degree. A person who can guide you
content wise.
 Supervisor
DEFAULT FORMS
 Form 1A: Student Checklist
 Form 1B: Approval Form
 Form 1C: Regulated Research Institute
 Form 1: Checklist for Adult Sponsor
 Form 2: Qualified Scientist Form
 Form 3: Risk Assessment Form
Research I:
LABORATORY
ANIMALS
A. Animal Rights - treat animals as human
beings
B. Animal Welfare - policies protecting
animals and promoting humanely
treatment.
HOW TO KILL LABORATORY ANIMALS
- Cervical Dislocation
- CO2 Chamber
MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF LABORATORY
ANIMALS

1. Mouse (Mus musculus) - most frequently

used animal in pharmacology, virology,
genetics, and models of human disease.

2. Rat (Rattus norvegicus) - brown rat or

farm rat. Used in physiology of cognitive
processes, behavior, and diabetes. Used
for blood related experiments. (Rattus
rattus are black rats, disease carrying).

3. Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) - serology,

insulin, pyrogens quantification. Eye related
effects of chemicals.

4. Cat (Felis catus) - study of CNS and

respiratory system.

5. Dog (Canis familiaris) - electrophyisiology

and neurophysiology.

6. Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) -

microbiology, serology, auditory system.

7. Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) -

genetics

8. Pig (Susscrofa domesticus)- surgical

techniques, temporary covering of burns
with porcine skin.

9. Primates (Macaca mulatta, Papio ursinus,

Pan trogiodytes) - Monkey, baboon,
chimpanzee. Used in neurology, virology,
and behaviour,

10. Frog - physiology of blood circulation

and electrophysiology.

11. Fish, molluscs, insects - Fishes are used

mainly for toxicity potency (effectiveness),
optimisation (concentration of
effectiveness), and toxicity (concentration
of lethality, LD50)