“After all the good governance can thrive only when every citizen would ignite

themselves in the flame of patriotism adhering to truth, peace and non-violence as

means to perceive India of our dream.”

The most important challenge before good governance relates to social development. Good
governance does not happen and by chance. It ought to be claimed by citizens and support
definitely and carefully by the government. Good governance helps to design an
environmental in which sustained economic growth can be achieved. In short it means
securing justice, employment and efficient delivery of services.

Problems in Indian scenario related to government effectiveness:-

Threat to peace- the most essential benefit of the public is to provide security of life and
property. The responsibility of the Indian state to protect life and property of each and every
citizen is seriously threatened mainly in areas affected by terrorism (Jammu and Kashmir)
,insurgency (north eastern state) and naxalite violence in 150 districts of India’s mainland.

1) Terrorism
(a) International security issue- Pakistan and Kashmir
India perceives external security threat from Pakistan mainly because of the dispute
on Kashmir. The ongoing conflict on Kashmir is a battle of national interests, bitter
memories, and ideological preconceptions.
Since independence, India has been victim of terrorism. Kashmir is one of the most
strategic state and sharing border with Pakistan, witnessed the upcoming of terrorism
with support from Pakistan. According to the US Department of state, three foreign
terrorist groups are active in Kashmir, namely Lashkar-e-Taiba, Harakut-ul-
mujhideen and jaish-e-muhamad.
The different wave of terrorism targetted the Indian cities with goal of degrading
economic growth of India by creating disorder with series of blasts.
LeT was responsible for the attacks on 13 december 2001 on Indian Parliament and
Mumbai attack in 2008.
The hand of Pakistan is fuelling Jihad in to Kashmir to either join Pakistan or Azadi
(freedom).
Indian Pakistan relations will thus continue within the long standing repression of
competing interests and acrid historical legacies. A permanent settlement in the
forseeable future is extremely not likely.

China
The relationship between China and India is marred by the legacy of a failed promise
of post-colonial co-operation. Under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, India was the
second non-Communist state to recognise the Mao Zedong government, and had
acceptable relations with Beijing until the 1962 war over Aksai Chin and Arunachal
Pradesh. That conflict is still remembered in India as a stab in the back and colours
Indian strategic thinking and public perceptions alike. Beijing, on the other hand, sees
New Delhi as a possible rising rival. China’s continued high rate of economic growth
 is unsustainable, especially due to the advent of robotics and automated
manufacturing. India, on the other hand, is likely to continue its economic expansion
into the future. Moreover, China’s expansion into the disputed shoals and islets of the
South China Sea places it at loggerheads with the United States. With the status of the
US as the centre of gravity of regional security arrangements, even allowing for the
uncertainties surrounding the next administration in Washington, and the BJP’s
broadly pro-American agenda, a closer relationship between India and the United
States continues to be a distinct possibility. As such, despite a massive increase in
trade volumes between the two countries – India is China’s largest trading partner at
present – relations between them are characterised by a fundamental mistrust and
outbreaks of tit-for-tat measures, a situation that is likely to continue into the future.
Moreover, China also controls a small portion of Kashmir, making Beijing and
Islamabad partners in crime from New Delhi’s perspective.

Regardless of official rhetoric, India’s policy of non-alignment in great power politics

is dead and buried without ceremony, as evidenced by military and cultural expansion
(epitomised by “Project Mausam”, a counterpart to China’s Maritime Silk Road
policy), into the Indian Ocean Region and East Africa. It has so far remained constant
under both the BJP and Congress. As a consequence, in spite of some room for
economic and technological co-operation, the relationship between New Delhi and
Beijing is, and will remain, rivalrous, as both countries aim to play great power roles
and to secure the allegiance of minor states in the region. At the same time, since
India maintains a permanent nuclear triad capacity, and possesses a standing army of
some 1.3 million troops, a full-scale war would be exceedingly costly and ruinous to
the prospective “victor”, making it extremely unlikely.

2) Domestic issue-
The creation of a ‘red corridor’ along India’s eastern board has been a long-standing
objective of the Left Wing Extremists. This also represents some of the most
impoverished, backward and poorly governed regions of the country, and is a natural
environment for Maoist mobilization and operation. Over decades, Left Wing Extremist
groups, now principally the Communist Party of India – Maoist (CPI-Maoist) have been
able to establish a measure of ‘disruptive dominance’ across this region – in effect, using
demonstrative acts of extreme violence to obstruct the delivery of public goods by
government agencies, and to intimidate large sections of the population. However, no
continuous ‘corridor’ has been established.
Unfortunately, there has been some ill-conceived rhetoric about ‘liberated areas’
emanating from some of the highest offices in the country’s security establishment over
the past three years, and this has been truly astonishing in some cases. Top officials have
spoken of “40,000 square kilometers” ostensibly “liberated” by the Maoists. This is
manifest nonsense, and it is clear that these officials are not even aware of the meaning of
the expression “liberated area” in the Maoist lexicon. A liberated area exists when the
‘enemy’ has been ‘completely destroyed’, a revolutionary people’s government and
Marxist production relations have been established, the Maoist army acquires the
 character of a regular Army and engages in maneuver or positional warfare with the
state’s Forces. These conditions do not prevail in any part of India.
The Maoists do have tremendous capabilities to execute hit and run actions against
security forces and other targets. They do not, however, ‘hold’ or administer any
significant territories, though there are some amorphous areas where the difficulty of
terrain and the possibility of ambush make the state’s forces extremely reluctant to
operate. Even in these areas, when any significant Force has been deployed against them,
they have quickly withdrawn, avoiding any decisive confrontation.
Nevertheless, the Maoists do constitute, on many parameters, a very significant threat to
India’s internal security. This is by far the most widespread rebellion the country has
experienced; most other insurrections have been limited to a single State, or smaller areas
within States. Despite repeated reverses inflicted on it, Left Wing Extremism has
demonstrated tremendous resilience, and has resurrected itself again and again. The
Maoist intent appears to be deadly serious, and there is a hard core of ideologically driven
leaders who remain relentlessly committed to their goals, and to the expansion of their
areas of activity.

3) Maritime issue- Another aspect of national security that is increasingly relevant for India
is maritime security in the Indian Ocean. When India started reform in 1991, external
merchandise trade accounted for less than 18% of GDP. By 2014 that proportion had
risen to 49.3%, and well over 80% of that was carried by sea. (The proportion of
merchandise trade in GDP has since dropped as world trade has shrunk.) This gives you
an idea of how important the Indian Ocean is to India’s security and well being.
Fortunately, the security situation in the Indian Ocean is not as acute as in the seas near
China with their territorial and maritime disputes, or in the western Pacific where a real
struggle for naval mastery and dominance is unfolding. The Indian Ocean’s issues arise
mainly from troubles on land, particularly around its seven choke-points, and the resulting
piracy and instability that threaten the security and safety of critical sea lanes. 50% of the
world’s trade passes though crucial Indian ocean choke points, and its sea-lanes carry a
large proportion of the world’s energy flows. The open geography of the Indian Ocean
means that no single power can or is likely to dominate it, but this does not prevent great
powers from trying, and their contention is growing.

4) Environmental problems- Because of the country specific role of controlling and

monitoring the environment, it is difficult to enforce environmental standards on
countries from a global perspective, each country should be willing to consider
environmental issues as a probable contributor to the overall global degradation of the
environment and participate in controlling it through its laws and participation by its
industrial sector. In addition, each country could be part of a worldwide
association/organization that uses the global network, technological know-how, and
resources to be a contributing partner to this group in helping the environment (like the
Kyoto Protocol of 1997 and Copenhagen Accord of 2009 on climate change). When
international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) try to help
individual countries on environmental issues, in some instances it creates problems. In a
research paper funded and supported by the World Bank, researchers found that in India,
the role of international institutions and NGO's often have difficulty matching their
interest with that of the state, especially, when it comes to human rights standards
(Randeria, 2003).
Some of the major environmental concerns confronting India include:
* Air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions;
* Energy-related environmental problems such as, chemical & oil pollution and
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions (Greenstone and Hanna, 2014);
* Water pollution from raw sewage, the lack of adequate sanitation, and nonpotable
water throughout the country.
* Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) remains a challenge for India due to the
rising population and the resultant infrastructural needs (Dube, Nandan, and Dua, 2014);
* Over-population and its strain on natural resources; and
* Agricultural factors such as, runoff of agricultural pesticides, overgrazing, short
cultivation cycles, slash and burn practices, destructive logging practices, and
deforestation of timber reserves for fuel, all contribute conjointly to the decimation of the
subcontinent's environmental system (Greenstone and Hanna, 2014).
On environmental issues and concerns, India carries a heavier burden because it is
generally accepted that pollutant concentrations are exceedingly high in many developing
countries imposing substantial health costs and shortened lives (Chen, et. al., 2013). Since
most of the growth in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is projected to occur in
developing countries such as China and India, these two countries are probably
responsible for the future of this world. In the most recent data available, ambient
particulate matter concentrations in India are five times the level of concentrations in the
United States and China's are seven times the U.S. level (Greenstone, 2014).
Interestingly, in anticipation of the Paris Conference on climate change that is scheduled
to start on November 30th, countries have been issuing pledges about how much emission
they are willing to cut in coming decades. India and Brazil, probably the two of the most
air polluting countries in the world have yet to make commitments to take to the Paris
Conference (Gillis and Sengupta, 2015).