CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1. Aerobic respiration (oxygen-dependent) – occurs in the presence of

oxygen
2. Anaerobic respiration (oxygen-independent) – occurs in the absence of
oxygen

1. Use of ATP to provide the energy needed to start the breakdown

of the food
2. Dehydrogenation or the removal of hydrogen from the substrate

AEROBIC RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + 6H2O + 6O2  6CO2 + 12H2O
+ (38-40)* ATP + 2ADP + 2Pi
*GROSS OF 38 FOR EUKARYOTES AND 40 FOR PROKARYOTES
*NET GAIN OF 36 ATP FOR EUKARYOTES AND 38 ATP FOR PROKARYOTES

SUBSTRATE DECOMPOSTION

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 A. SUBSTRATE GLYCOLYSIS PYVRUVATE OXIDATION KREBS CYCLE/
DECOMPOSITION TRICARBOXYLIC ACID
(TCA) CYCLE/CITRIC
ACID CYCLE
Takes place in CYTOPLASM MITOCHONDRION MITOCHONDRION
MATRIX (eukaryotes) MATRIX (eukaryotes)
CYTOPLASM CYTOPLASM
(prokaryotes) (prokaryotes)
Process (in Breaks down
glucose (with 6
1. A carboxyl group
with 1 carbon is
1.Acetyl
combines with 4-C
CoA

details) carbon atoms) snipped off of

acceptor molecule
into two molecules pyruvate andcalled oxaloacetic
of pyruvic released as a
acid/oxaloacetate,
acid/pyruvate molecule of carbon forming 6-C
(each with 3 dioxide, leaving molecule called
carbon atoms) behind a two-carbon citric acid/citrate.
in 2 phases: The molecule. 2. The 6-C molecule
ENERGY 2. The hydrogen gives up one carbon
INVESTMENT released is accepted for CO2 production,
phase where 2 by NAD to produce becoming 5-C
ATPs are used and NADH molecule.
the ENERGY 3. The 2-carbon 3. This, in turn, gives
PAYOFF phase fragment combines up another carbon
where 4 ATPs are with a compound, for CO2 production,
produced. coenzyme (CoA)becoming a 4-C
forming acetylmolecule
coenzyme A 4. this 4-C molecule is
converted back into
the enzyme pyruvate oxaloacetate, which
dehydrogenase can combine with
complex is used another acetyl CoA
Process Breaks down a
glucose molecule
Converts pyruvic
acid into acetyl CoA
Converts acetyl CoA
into two molecules
(Summary) into 2 molecules with the production of CO2
of pyruvic of a CO2 molecule
acid/pyruvate
ATP produced 2 0 2
[4 ATP produced,
2 ATP used to
start glycolysis]
NADH produced 2 2 6

FADH2 produced 0 0 2

CO2 produced 0 2 4

H2O produced 2 0 0

Acetyl CoA is a reactive molecule that enters a series of chemical changes in

cellular respiration called Kreb’s Cycle

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 the final products of the breakdown of
glucose in aerobic respiration are six molecules of CO2

*Krebs Cycle is named after Hans Adolf Krebs

B. OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

I. HYDROGEN (Proton and Electron) Transport –

electrons are passed from one molecule to another, and energy released in these electron
transfers is used to form an electrochemical gradient.

The substrate glucose was not only broken down into six molecules of Carbon
dioxide but it also underwent loss of hydrogen or dehydrogenation. (NAD to
NADH)

What happens to NADH?

The two electrons lost by NADH to convert into NAD pass through a series of
acceptor molecules, each one attracting electrons more strongly than the
preceding acceptor molecule.

1. Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2

>Reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) transfer their electrons to molecules
near the beginning of the transport chain. In the process, they turn back into NAD+ and
FAD, which can be reused in other steps of cellular respiration.
2. Electron transfer and proton pumping
>As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy
level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H+ ions, moving them
out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an
electrochemical gradient.
3. Splitting of oxygen to form water.
At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular
oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H+ to form H2O/water.

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 Complex I

IN AEROBIC RESPIRATION
NAD  FMN OXYGEN – FINAL
Complex II ACCEPTOR OF HYDROGEN
WATER – FINAL PRODUCT
Ubiquinone
(Coenzyme Q) OF HYDROGEN TRANSFER

Cyt b-Cyt c1

Complex III

Cytochrome C 2 (2H+ + 2e-) + O2  2H2O

(cyt C)

Cyt a-Cyt a3 ½ O2

Complex IV
H2O

O2

O2 then splits into two oxygen atoms and accepts

protons from the matrix to form water. Four
electrons are required to reduce each molecule of
O2 (4x2=8)

cess.
NOTE:
1 glucose molecule = 2 pyruvate molecules 1 glucose molecule = 6 NADH
1 glucose molecule = 2FADH2 1 glucose molecule = 36 ATP
B. HYDROGEN PROTON AND ELECTRON OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
TRANSPORT (PROCESS)
Electron Transport Chain Site for this process
ATP PRODUCED 34
Site of ETC (Eukaryotes) Inner mitochondrial membrane
Site of ETC (Prokaryotes) Plasma membrane
Note: For every NADH that enters ETC, three molecules of ATP are produced.
* The
The last
otherkey point toare:
products remember is this only happens in aerobic conditions. If there is a shortage of oxygen
cellular respiration will take an alternative pathway at the end of glycolysis resulting in the production of
Water (with the help of oxygen we breathe)
NADacid
lactic and FAD
and (which
ATP. are recycled to be used again in the Citric acid cycle and glycolysis)

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Electron transport chain – groups of electron acceptor molecules. Such molecules
are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

C. ENERGY TRANSFER
1. What happens to the next hydrogen protons?

They undergo a process, chemiosmosis. As electrons move energetically

downhill, the complexes capture the released energy and use it to pump H+ ions
from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This pumping forms an
electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The
gradient is sometimes called the proton-motive force, and you can think of it as
a form of stored energy causing hydrogen protons to diffuse across the
membrane back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP Synthase. As ATP
synthase turns from the proton-motive force, it catalyzes the addition of a
phosphate to ADP, capturing energy from the proton gradient as ATP.

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation or oxidative phosphorylation

- Addition of a phosphate group through chemiosmosis

2. Aside from chemiosmosis, how else is ATP produced?

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 An enzyme simply transfers a phosphate group from an organic molecule
(represented by [CHO]) to ADP.

Substrate-level phosphorylation

refers to the synthesis of ATP by reactions in which ADP is one of several

substrates and ATP is one of several products of an enzyme catalyzed reaction

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. How many carbon atoms are there in Acetyl CoA?

2. How many molecules of CO2 are released in the Krebs Cycle?
3. How many molecules of ATP are formed in each turn of the Krebs Cycle?
4. NAD+ and FAD are both hydrogen acceptors. How many NADH and FADH2 are
formed in each turn of the Krebs Cycle?
5. How many turns of Krebs cycle are needed to complete the breakdown of a
glucose molecule?

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
A. SUBSTRATE DECOMPOSTION AND HYDROGEN TRANSPORT

Substrate decomposition is not complete. It begins with glycolysis,

where a molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic
acid. In yeast cells, pyruvic acid is broken down further into
aldehyde and carbon dioxide. Acetaldehyde acts as the acceptor of
hydrogen to produce a molecule of ethyl alcohol.
When oxygen supply is inadequate, even human muscle cells can
undergo anaerobic respiration. Glucose is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvic acid, which in the absence of oxygen acts as the
acceptor of hydrogen to form lactic acid (C3H6O3)
Since NADH does not enter the hydrogen and electron transport
chain, the process is called fermentation. It is the acetaldehyde in
alcoholic fermentation and pyruvic acid in the lactic acid
fermentation that act as the final hydrogen acceptor.
B. ENERGY TRANSFER

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 During glycolysis, 4 ATP molecules are produced directly at
substrate-level phosphorylation.

During fermentation, however, in the absence of oxygen as a final

acceptor, the H from NADH is accepted by the intermediate products
or substrate decomposition as acetaldehyde in yeast and pyruvic
acid in muscle cells. Since there is no hydrogen and etc, the cell loses
the chance to produce 3 ATP molecules per molecule of NADH

Every glucose molecule produces a total of 36-38 molecules of ATP

is respired aerobically against 4 molecules of ATP if respired
anaerobically. Aerobic respiration has a net gain of 34-36 ATPs in
contrast to anaerobic respiration with only 2 ATPs gained.

*FADH2 STANDS FOR FLAVIN ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE HYDROGEN

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