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Design Project Fall01
Design Project Fall01
Design Project Fall01
PROJECT
This project involves the design of a water distribution system for a hypothetical small
community. The community consists of single family homes, apartment buildings, a
warehouse facility, a small hospital and a shopping center. A site plan for the community
is given is Figure 1. A skeleton of the pipe network model for the community is given in
Figure 2. Water is piped from a ground storage facility through a set of pumps into an
elevated storage tank, which then feeds the community. The dimensions of the pipes
within the network can be determined from the site map. The various steps you need to
follow in the design are:
1.Estimation of the demands
2.Sizing of pipes and pumps
3.Checking your design for various operational scenarios, including potential fires.
1.Estimation of demands
Domestic Indoor Demands
The domestic indoor demands are computed from the per capita demand, which are given
as:
57 gpcd (gallons per capita per day) for the low density residential units
61 gpcd for the medium density residential units, 64 gpcd for the high density residential
units
55 gpcd for the apartment units.
The average occupancy is taken to be 3.5 persons per single family home and 2.5 persons
per apartment unit.
Domestic Outdoor Demands
Domestic outdoor demands occur during 5 months in each year, and amount to 350 gpd
per single family home and 1350 gpd per apartment building.
Irrigation
Irrigation demand for the green belt is computed using an application of 1/2" of water per
2
unit area, 20 times during the irrigation season, over an area of 3 x 470 x 150 feet . Note
that the green belt demand is not involved in the network design (see below), but should
be used in the calculation of annual water usage. We are not assigning demand nodes for
the green belt nodes.
Warehouse Facility/Hospital/Shopping Center
The warehouse facility, hospital and shopping center, require:
an indoor supply of 500 gpd, 18000 gpd and 1000 gpd respectively
an outdoor supply of 15000 gpd is required by each of these consumers during the
irrigation season.
Fire Demand
Fire demand (gpm) is estimated from an empirical formula and yields the following
demands:
1000 gpm in each residential block (one hydrant per block),
2000 gpm in a block containing apartments (one hydrant per block)
4000 gpm in the commercial sector (one hydrant for each unit)
An additional amount of 1000 gpm for 30 minutes is required per month for testing fire
hydrants.
The green belt and fire hydrant testing demands are not used in the computation of
maximum hourly, maximum daily and average daily demands, because they can be
scheduled for periods of low water demand. However, they contribute to the total
amount of water used and the total cost of water.
(a)Estimate the total annual demand of water for this community
(b)Exclude the green belt demand, fire hydrant testing and fire demands and use the
other demands to compute the average daily summer demand at each node.
(c)The maximum daily demand and maximum hourly demand are determined as
some multiples of the average daily demand (see e.g. Table 3.6 in the textbook for
values of these "demand factors"). The demand factors also depend on the size of the
community, and are significantly larger than the values given in Table 3.6 for small
communities. Use demand factor values of 7.1 for the max. hourly demand and 6.2
for the max. daily demand.
2. Design Criteria
The water distribution system should satisfy the following criteria:
1.Simulated nodal pressures should be larger than 40 psi for maximum hourly
demand
2.Simulated nodal pressures should be larger than 20 psi for maximum daily demand
combined with a fire demand at any one of the demand nodes (the fire demand can
occur at any demand node, and the design should be checked for all possibilities.
3.The maximum allowed pressure in a pipe is 100 psi.
4.The flow velocity should not exceed 10 feet/second in any pipe.
5.The storage tank is constrained to have a diameter of 50 feet. The elevated storage
facility should not have a water elevation higher than 100 feet; and the lower the
better, to keep construction costs down. The height of water in the storage tank should
not exceed 20 feet and can come down to 5 feet in case of a fire emergency demand
that lasts 2 hours.
6.Try to keep costs as low as possible (we will provide a schedule of costs on the
web).
3. Materials
Assume ductile iron pipes are available in diameters at 2" intervals beginning from 6".
The American Turbine catalog (accessible on the web) can be used to select pumps with
the desired characteristic curves.
4. Suggested Approach
1.Use a demand node within each block in the community to represent all
demands within that block.
2.Assigning the demand values corresponding to the maximum hourly demand at
each of these nodes.
3.With these flow rates, size the pipes and arrive at a height for the elevated
storage tank, to ensure that all pressures are acceptable at maximum hourly
demand. Note that we would like to use as small a pipe as possible in each line,
to keep costs down. Once the height of the elevated storage tank has been
determined, the domestic supply pump can be designed to move water from the
ground storage reservoir to the tank.
4.The next step is to check the above network design under conditions of
maximum daily demand + a fire demand in any of the residential or commercial
units. The demands at the nodes are modified to represent this condition, moving
the fire demand around to different nodes to determine the critical conditions.
Note that the fire demands are highest for the commercial units, which are also
farthest from the supply, so these are likely to be the critical fire demands. The
design for fire conditions can include additional pumps located anywhere in the
system, between the ground storage reservoir and the commercial units.
You can adjust pipe diameters in EPANET at any stage, to revise your design.
5. Report
Your report should include:
(1)network map showing final pipe diameters and pump numbers
(2)Map of flows and pressures during max. hourly demand
(3)map of flows and pressures during critical fire demand
(4)cost estimate for network.