Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hardware of Computer PDF
Hardware of Computer PDF
“Computer hardwares”
INDEX
8. Installation of XP.
Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve
any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the
computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is
the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used
input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the
input devices perform the following functions.
Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
Supply the converted data to the computer system for further
processing.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions
that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. It
preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the
output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage
devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is
generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the
computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and
final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature.
The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the
data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage.
Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores
several programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on
the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is
actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the
secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the
primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices
are Hard disk, CD, etc.
Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character
or a number is represented by an 8 bit code.
The set of 8 bits is called a byte.
A character occupies 1 byte space.
A numeric occupies 2 byte space.
Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB
(Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB.
The size of the primary storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs
having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB memory are quite common.
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a
computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the
commonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are
floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.
Below is a listing of the top 10 MS-DOS commands most commonly used and
that you will most likely use during a normal DOS session.
1. cd
Examples
cd\
Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.
cd..
Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the
C:\Windows\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\Windows>
2. dir
The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or
parent directories.
Examples
dir
Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.
dir /ad
List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one
of the directories listed use the cd command.
dir /s
Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that
directory, if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you
every file and directory on the C: drive of the computer.
3. Copy
4. Del
Examples
del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are
in, if the file exists.
5. edit
Edit allows a user to view, create, and/or modify their computer files.
Example
edit myfile.txt
This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exit
this will create the file myfile.txt.
6. move
Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another, or from
one drive to another.
Example
move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp
Move the files of c:\windows\temp to the temp directory in root, this is of
course assuming you have the windows\temp directory.
7. ren (rename)
Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name.
Example
rename c:\chope hope
Rename the directory chope to hope.
8. deltree
Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and
directories permanently from the computer.
Example
deltree c:\fake010
Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it.
Integrated peripherals
With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include
support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB,
the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly-integrated motherboards
are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.
For example, the ECS RS485M-M, a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based
on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:
* disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA drives
(including RAID 0/1 support)
* integrated ATI Radeon graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA and
TV output
* integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output
* Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking
* USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
* IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phone
or printer)
* temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the health of
computer components
1. Insert the Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, restart your computer,
and then use one of the following methods, depending on your
operating system. For a Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, or
Windows Me Startup disk:
IMPORTANT: If you enable large disk support and create any new
drives on this disk, you will not be able to access the new drive(s)
using other operating systems, including some versions of Windows 95
and Windows NT, as well as earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS.
In addition, disk utilities that were not designated explicitly for the
FAT32 file system will not be able to work with this disk. If you need to
access this disk with other operating systems or older disk utilities, do
not enable large drive support.
Press 1 to select the Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive menu option,
and then press ENTER.
Press 1 to select the Create Primary DOS Partition menu option, and then
press ENTER.
After you press ENTER, you receive the following message:
Do you wish to use the maximum available size for primary DOS
partition?
After you receive this message, use one of the following methods,
depending on the file system that you selected.
For a FAT32 File System
a. If you press Y for the FAT32 file system (in step 2) and you want all of the
space on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C, press Y, and then press
ENTER.
b. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the Fdisk tool and return to a
command prompt.
c. View step 7.
If you want, you can also change the disk allocation unit size, or
specify whether you want to perform a quick format.
Click OK.
1. Insert the Windows 98 Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, and then
restart your computer.
2. When the Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, choose the Start
computer with CD-ROM support option, and then press ENTER.
3. If CD-ROM support is provided by the generic drivers on the Startup
disk, you receive one of the following messages, where X is the drive
letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive:
Drive X: = Driver MSCD001
5. When you receive the following message, press ENTER, and then
follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Setup procedure:
Please wait while the Setup initializes. Setup is now going to perform a
routine check on your system. To continue press Enter.
1. Step 1
Download it to your desktop and run the executable program.
2. Step 2
Choose the drive where you want your installation to go. Unlike other
installation methods. Instead, it will place a file on your local drive
which it will use as a virtual hard drive In most Windows installations,
C: is the local hard drive, so choose it from the dropdown menu as
your installation drive. Again, do not worry -- this will not overwrite
your data!
3. Step 3
Choose an installation size. The base installation requires about four
gigabytes. Since you'll want some room to install programs and store
your data, choose a size larger than that.
4. Step 4
Select your language.
5. Step 5
Input a username and password for your installation. Don't forget
these -- unlike Windows, Linux uses your username and password
extensively: you'll need them to log on to your computer, install
programs, and make changes to the system. This is done for security
reasons.
6. Step 6
Click "Install" and Wubi will begin downloading the installation files.
The download is about 600 megabytes, so get some coffee or let it run
overnight.
7. Step 7
Once the installation files are downloaded, you'll be asked to reboot
your system. When you do, your computer will restart, but instead of
booting directly into an operating system, you'll see a screen that asks
you to select whether you'd like to boot Windows or Ubuntu. Choose
Ubuntu to complete the installation.
8. Step 8
Once the installation has finished, you'll have a completely functional
Ubuntu Linux install. Ubuntu does a great job of detecting and
installing hardware, but if you find that something doesn't work right,
visit the Ubuntu forums and see if it's a known issue. There are
hundreds of people there who are excited you're trying Linux and
they're willing to help you out. If you have a question, don't be afraid
to ask!
A clean installation consists of removing all data from your hard disk by
repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating
system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk. For more information
about important things to consider before you partition and format you hard
disk and how to partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP
Setup program, click the following article number to view the article in the
Microsoft Knowledge Base:
Note To boot from your Windows XP CD, the BIOS settings on your
computer must be configured to do this.
3. When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press
any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
4. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP
Setup.
5. Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
6. Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition
where you want to install Windows XP.
7. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Windows XP
Setup.
1. Start your computer, and then insert the Windows XP CD into the CD
or DVD drive.
2. If Windows automatically detects the CD, click Install Windows to
start the Windows XP Setup Wizard.
If Windows does not automatically detect the CD, click Start. Then
click Run. Type the following command, and then click OK:
CD drive letter:\setup.exe
3. When you are prompted to select an installation type, select Upgrade
(the default setting), and then click Next.
4. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the upgrade.
Note You will need the CD for your previous operating system in order to
complete this method.
Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:
Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media: