Solutions Manual to Accompany

Differential Equations for Engineers and Scientists

By
Y. Cengel and W. Palm III

Solutions to Problems in Chapter One

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 CHAPTER 1
Section Review Problems
1-1C Mathematical modeling of physical problems encountered in various fields of science and
engineering requires the application of physical principles and laws by representing the rate of
changes in the dependent variables as derivatives. Therefore the mathematical formulations of
such problems result in differential equations. Consequently, we often use differential equations
instead of algebraic in order to investigate a wide variety of problems in sciences and
engineering.

1-2C Mathematical modeling of physical problems involves two significant steps: (i) All
variables affecting the physical phenomena are identified, reasonable assumptions and
approximations are made, and interdependence of these variables is studied. (ii) The relevant
physical principles and laws are applied, and the problem is formulated mathematically, usually
in the form of a differential equation.

1-3C In order to obtain an accurate model in the form of a differential equation for a given
problem, we should have an adequate knowledge about the nature of the problem, the variables
involved, appropriate simplifying assumptions, and applicable physical laws and principles
involved, as well as a careful analysis.

1-4C The simplifying assumptions are often used to make the physical model easier to solve.
However, a model solution that is not quite consistent with the observed nature of the problem
indicates that that the mathematical model used is too crude. In such cases, a more realistic
model should be prepared by eliminating one or more of the questionable assumptions imposed
in the simplifying the problem.

1-5 Let be vertical position of the parachute varying with time . We take the upward direction
to be positive. Applying Newton’s second law in the -direction we obtain , where is
the net force acting on the parachute, is the total mass of the parachute, and is the local
acceleration of the parachute. Since the parachute cruises at a constant velocity, the net force on
it has to be zero, i.e., , where is the drag force by air on

the parachute. Therefore the desired differential equation with an initial

condition of

1-6 The rate of change of money with a constant interest rate was found in Eq. (1-6) to be
. In this case, the person withdraws money from his account at a constant rate of at the

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 same time. Therefore we should modify the above equation to account for this withdrawal such
that .

1-7C A variable is a quantity which may assume various values during a study. If its value
remains unchanged during a study, it is called a constant. A variable whose value can be changed
arbitrarily is called an independent variable. On the other hand, a variable whose value depends
on the values of other variables and thus cannot be varied independently is called dependent
variable. For example, the density ( ) of an ideal gas (e.g., air) depends on its absolute
temperature ( ), absolute pressure , and the gas constant ( ). Therefore we can express this
relation mathematically as , where dependent variable or function, and and
are independent variables or arguments.

1-8C A function of is said to be continuous at a number if (i) the function is defined at that
number, (ii) the limit exists, and (iii) this limit is equal to the values of the function
at . That is, a function is continuous at if . A function that does not meet
these three conditions is said to be discontinuous.

1-9C In mathematics, partial derivative term is used for multivariable functions which are
depend on two or more independent variables. Partial derivative of a function represents the
derivative of that function with respect to one of its independent variable while holding the
other variables constant. Ordinary derivative term, on the other hand, is used to describe the
derivative of a function, which depends on only one independent variable.

1-10C In general, th derivative of a function is denoted by , where is a positive integer

and called order of the derivative. For example is second order derivative of . The term
“order” should not be confused with the degree of a derivative, which is power of the highest
order of derivative. For example is the fourth degree of the first order derivative of .

1-11C Yes it is. In other words, ⁄

. Set , then , hence , and

1-12 (a) is a continuous function for all in .

(b) Since is continuous on , has to be positive so that be
defined. Therefore is continuous in .
(c) is continuous for all except . Therefore it is continuous on
.
(d) is continuous for all except , and since the function is
not defined for these values.

1-13 (a) Given:

Solution:
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 (b) Given:
Solution:

c) Given:
Solution:

d) Given: √
√
Solution: √ ( √ ) ( √ ) ( √ )

1-14 (a) Given:

Solution: ∫

(b) Given: ;
Solution: ∫ [ ]

1-15C The main difference between an algebraic equation and a differential equation is that a
differential equation involves derivatives of the dependent variables. An algebraic equation, on the
other hand, is simply a mathematical relation between dependent and independent variables.

1-16C A differential equation which involves only ordinary derivatives of one or more dependent
variables with respect to a single independent variable is called an ordinary differential equation,
whereas a differential equation which involves partial derivatives of one or more dependent
variables with respect to one or more independent variables is called partial differential equations.

1-17C The order of highest derivative in a differential equation indicates the order of the
differential equation.

1-18C A differential equation is said to be linear if the dependent variable and all of its derivatives
are of the first degree, and their coefficients depend on the independent variable only.

1-19 (a) (Linear, constant coefficient)

(b) (Nonlinear, variable coefficient)
(c) (Linear, variable coefficient)
(d) (Linear, variable coefficient)
(e) , dividing both sides by we obtain
, which is a third order nonlinear nonhomogeneous differential
equation with constant coefficient.

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1-20C In order to obtain a unique solution to a problem, more than just the differential equation is
required. We need to specify some conditions (such as value of the function or its derivatives at
some value of the independent variable) so that forcing the solution to satisfy these conditions at
specified points will result in a unique solution. These conditions are called boundary conditions if
they are specified at two or more values of the independent variable.

1-21C In order to obtain a unique solution to a problem, more than just the differential equation is
required. We need to specify some conditions (such as value of the function or its derivatives at
some value of the independent variable) so that forcing the solution to satisfy these conditions at
specified points will result in a unique solution. These conditions are called initial conditions if all of
them are specified at same values of the independent variable. A differential equation accompanied
by a set of initial conditions is called an initial value problem, whereas a differential equation
accompanied by a set of boundary conditions is called a boundary value problem. For example
, is an initial value problem since both conditions are specified at the
same value of . , , , on the other hand, is a boundary value
problem since both conditions are specified at different value of , and . It should be noted
that the differential equation remained the same while the type of problem was changed.

1-22 Given: , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have .
Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of is , and . Then we have .

Therefore is a solution of the differential equation

1-23 Given: , and

Solution: The first derivative of are . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first derivative of is . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

1-24 Given: , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation

1-25 Given: , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we
have . Therefore is a solution of the
differential equation.

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The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the
differential equation

1-26C Some of the linear differential equations, have a single term which involve derivatives, and no
terms which involve the unknown function as a factor, can be solved by direct integration.

1-27C Since the order of the differential equation is three, there will be three arbitrary constant in
the solution.

1-28 (a) can be solved by direct integration. The solution is , where is an arbitrary
constant.
(b) can be solved by direct integration. The solution is ∫ ∫
, where is an arbitrary constant.
(c) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves the integral of the
unknown function ∫ .
(d) can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as . The
solution is ∫ ∫ , where is an arbitrary constant.
( )
(e) can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as
. The solution is ∫ ∫ , √ ,
where is an arbitrary constant.

1-29C No. Not all functions are integrable. For example, is not integrable in closed form in
terms of basic functions.

1-30C With symbolic processing, a computer program solves equations and returns the solution in
symbolic form; that is, as a formula.

1-31C No. For example, using direct integration, the resulting integral might not be integrable.

End-of-Chapter Problems
1.1. Differential Equations in Sciences and Engineering

1-32 An analyst often finds himself/herself in a position to make a choice between a very accurate
but complex model, and a simple but less accurate model. The right choice is usually the simplest
model, which yield adequate results. Construction of very accurate but complicated models are
often not so difficult, however such models are usually difficult to solve and not preferable. At the
minimum, the mathematical model should reflect the essential features of the physical problem that
it represents.

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1.2. How the Differential Equations Arise?

1-33 Let be vertical position of the rock varying with time . We take the upward direction to be
positive. Applying Newton’s second law in the -direction we obtain , where is the net
force acting on the rock, is the mass of the rock, and is the local acceleration of the rock. Hence,
we write , where is the drag force by air on the rock. The desired
differential equation becomes with an initial condition of

1-34 Let be vertical position of the rock varying with time . We take the downward direction to
be positive. Applying Newton’s second law in the -direction we obtain , where is the
net force acting on the object, is the mass of the object, and is the local acceleration of the
object. The net force on the object is , where is the spring constant. By Newton’s law
of motion, we obtain or with an initial condition of .

1-35 The conservation of energy principle requires that the decrease in energy content of the metal
object during a time period of equals to the total heat transfer from the metal object surface to
the surrounding fluid during the same time interval. Therefore we write or
dividing by . Taking the limit as yields . This is the desired
differential equation since it describes the variation of temperature with time. The given initial
condition can be expressed mathematically as .

1-36 The rate of change of is given by .

1-37 The rate of change of is given by , . Note that decreases with time as
.

1.3. A Brief Review of Basic Concepts

1-38C An equation can involve more than one independent variable. For example, the velocity
field of a fluid depends in general both spatial coordinates and time . Therefore we can
express the velocity field mathematically ), where and are independent
variables, and is the dependent variables. Similarly, an equation can involve more than one
dependent variable. For example, the conservation of mass principle applied to an
incompressible two-dimensional steady flow can be given by

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 where and are the velocity component in the - and -directions, respectively. Since this is a
two-dimensional flow, the dependent variables and are a function of independent variables
and , that is and .

1-39C The first derivative of a function is represented by and gives the slope of the
function, that is the “rate” at which the function is changing. The second derivative , on the
other hand, gives the rate at which the slope ( ) is changing, and the point of inflection.

1-40C The derivative of a function gives the slope of the function, that is the “rate” at which the
function is changing. Since the tangent line is parallel to the -axis at , its slope has to be
zero.

1-41C The derivative of a function gives the slope of the function. For the present case, the
tangent line makes an angle of with the -axis at . Since , we can say that
the slope at the given point is .

1-42C The derivative of a function gives the slope of the function, that is the “rate” at which the
function is changing. Since the tangent line is perpendicular to the -axis at , its slope is
infinity.

1-43C By differentiating ( ) ( ) , and dividing both sides by we

obtain

( ) ( )

For an equality between and ( ) , it is evident from above equation that the second term in

the right hand side should be zero. This can be provided if ( ) or , or both are
zero.

1-44C For a given function , may or may not be a function of depending functional
nature of the function. Set , then . The first derivative of the given function is
not a function .

1-45C The ideal gas relation is given. (a) By differentiating both sides we obtain

By realizing that along the constant lines we get constant. This can be
possible only if constant lines in the - diagram are straight lines. (b) It is clear from

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 the larger pressures will yield larger ratios. Since is the slope of , we can
conclude that high pressure lines are steeper than the low pressure lines.

1-46C Integral can be regarded as the inverse process of differentiation. Integral is widely used
in solving differential equations since solving a differential equation is essentially a process of
removing the derivatives from the equation.

In Problems 1-47 and 1-48, we are to determine the interval in which the given function is continuous.

1-47 (a) is a continuous function on

(b) √ is defined on [ and continuous in that interval
(c) is continuous for all except for
(d) is continuous on { }, where denotes set of reel numbers

1-48 (a) is continuous on

(b) is continuous on
(c) is continuous for all except for
(d) . The condition will make the function discontinuous. Therefore
the function is continuous on { }

1-49 Given: van der Waals equation of state

Solution: From the given equation [ ] constant

1-50 (a) satisfies the given condition

(b) satisfies the given condition

(c) No elementary function can satisfy the given condition.

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1-51 (a) satisfies the given condition

(b) satisfies the given condition

(c) No elementary function can satisfy the given condition.

1-52 Given:
Solution: Since and are independent variables both derivatives are equal to each other.

1-53 (a) Given:

Solution:

(b) Given:
Solution:

(c) Given:
Solution:

1-54 (a) Given:

Solution:

(b) Given:
Solution:

(c) Given:
Solution:

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In Problems 1-55 and 1-56, we are to determine the derivative of the given function

1-55 (a) Given:

Solution:

(b) Given: (there is misprint in the problem statement)

Solution:

c) Given:
Solution:

d) Given:
Solution:

1-56 (a) Given:

Solution:

(b) Given:
Solution:

c) Given:
( ( ) )
Solution:

d) Given:
√

Solution: ( )
√ √ √ √

In Problems 1-57 through 1-59, we are to perform the given integration

1-57 (a) Given:

Solution: ∫ [ ]]

[ ]

(b) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫
∫

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1-58 (a) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫

(b) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫
[ ]

c) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ] ∫ ∫

d) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ]
∫⏟ ∫
[ ]
[ ]

1-59 (a) Given:

Solution: ∫[ ]
∫ ∫ ∫

(b) Given:
Solution: ∫ [ ]
∫ ∫ ∫
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]

(c) Given:
Solution: ∫ [ ]
∫ ∫ ∫

∫ [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
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 (d) Given:
Solution: ∫[ ]
∫⏟ ∫ ∫
[ ]

1.4. Classification of Differential Equations

1-60C A linear differential equation of order can be expressed in the most general form as

A linear differential equation is said to be homogeneous as well if . For example

is a linear homogeneous differential equation.

1-61C A differential equation is said to have constant coefficients if the coefficients of all terms
which involve dependent variable or its derivatives are constant. However, if any of the terms with
the dependent variable or its derivatives involve the independent variables as a coefficient, that
equation is said to have variable coefficients. For example is a linear
nonhomogeneous differential equation with constant coefficients since the coefficients of and
are constant.

1-62C A linear differential equation of order can be expressed in the most general form as

Therefore the given relation, , is a first order, linear, and nonhomogeneous ordinary
differential equation with constant coefficient.

In Problems 1-63 and 64, we are to determine the order of the differential equation below, whether it is
linear or nonlinear, and whether it has constant or variable coefficients

1-63 (a) (Linear, constant coefficient)

(b) (Linear, variable coefficient)
(c) (Linear, variable coefficient)
(d) (Linear, constant coefficient)
(e) (Nonlinear, variable coefficient)

1-64 (a) or (Linear, constant coefficient)

(b) (Linear, variable coefficient)
(c) (Linear, variable coefficient)
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 (d) , dividing both sides by we obtain , which is a
second order linear nonhomogeneous differential equation with variable coefficient.
(e) (Nonlinear, variable coefficient)

1.5. Solution of Differential Equations

1-65C In algebra, we usually seek discrete values that satisfy an algebraic equation such as
. When dealing with the differential equations, however, we seek functions that satisfy
the equation in a specified interval. For example satisfies the algebraic equation .
But the differential equation is satisfied by the function for any value of .

1-66C Any function which satisfies a differential equation on an interval is called a solution of the
differential equation. A solution which involves one or more arbitrary constants represents a family
of functions, which satisfy the differential equation is called a general solution of the equation.

1-67C Any function which satisfies a differential equation and involves the unknown function and
the independent variables only (no derivatives) is a solution of the differential equation. If the
unknown function can be expressed in terms of independent variable only, then the solution is
called explicit; otherwise, the solution the solution is said to be implicit. For example
is an explicit solution. The solution , on the other hand, is an implicit solution
since unknown function in this case cannot be expressed in terms of only.

In Problems 1-68 through 1-78, we are to show that the given functions are solutions of the given
differential equation.

1-68 Given: , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we
have ⁄ . Therefore is a solution of the
differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential
equation

1-69 Given: , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then
we have . Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we

have . Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

1-70 Given: , and

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Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have
( ) ( ) ( ) . Therefore is a solution of the differential
equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we

have ( ) ( ) ( ) . Therefore is a
solution of the differential equation

1-71 Given: , , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we

have . Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

1-72 Given: , , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have
( ) ( ) ( ) . Therefore is a solution of the differential
equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we

have ( ) ( ) ( ) . Therefore is a solution
of the differential equation

Since , the differential equation is already satisfied by .

1-73 Given: , , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the differential
equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , . Then we

have ( ) ( ) . Therefore is a solution of
the differential equation.

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The first and second derivatives of are , . Then we have
. Therefore is a solution of the differential
equation.

1-74 Given: , √ and [ (√ ) √ ]

Solution: The first and second derivatives of √ are [ (√ )
√ √ ] , [ (√ ) √ √ ] . Then we have
( [ (√ ) √ √ ]) ( [ (√ ) √ √ ])
( √ ) . Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

After laborious manipulations, the first and second derivatives of [ (√ ) √ ]

are found as
[( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) √ ]

[( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) √ ]
Then we have

( [( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) (√ )])
( [( √ ) (√ ) ( √ ) (√ )])
( [ (√ ) √ ])

Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

1-75 Given: , , and

Solution: The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we
have . Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation.

The first and second derivatives of are , and . Then we have

. Therefore is a solution of the differential equation

1-76 The differential equation for this problem was determined in Example 1-1 to be ,
where is vertical distance of the rock from the ground. The appropriate initial conditions
for this problem will be and .

1-77 The parachute cruises at a constant velocity of . By realizing that the net force acting on it is
zero, the differential equation for this problem is , where is vertical distance of the
rock from the ground. The appropriate boundary conditions for this problem will be
and .

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1.6. Solving Differential Equations by Direct Integration

1-78C Since the order of the differential equation is five, there will be five arbitrary constant in the
solution.

In Problems 1-79 through 1-81, we are to determine if the given differential equation can be solved by
direct integration. We also are to obtain the general solution of those that can.

1-79 (a) can be solved by direct integration. The solution, by performing successive two
integrals, is , where and are arbitrary constants.
(b) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves a single term
with the unknown function ; ∫ .
(c) can be solved by direct integration. ∫ ∫
. Integrating one more time, we obtain ∫ ∫( ) or
, where and are arbitrary constants.
(d) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves a single term with
the unknown function ; ∫ .
(e) can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as .
The solution is ∫ ∫ , √ . It is not possible to obtain
the unknown function since the integral ∫ √ cannot be found in terms of
elementary functions.

1-80 (a) can be solved by direct integration. The solution, by performing successive
three integrals, is , where , and are arbitrary constants.
(b) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves the integral of the
unknown function ∫ .
(c) can be solved by direct integration. The solution, by performing
successive three integrals, is , where , and are arbitrary
constants
(d) By performing successive two integrals we are left with ,
where and are arbitrary constants. The resulting differential equation cannot be solved by
direct integration since it involves the integral of the unknown function ∫ .
(e) can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as
. The solution is ∫ ∫ , √ . However the
required two more integrals are not so easy to perform. Maple gives the following results:

> f:=sqrt(C1-4*exp(-2*x));

> int(f,x);

> int(f,x,x);

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1-81 (a) can be solved by direct integration. The solution is , where is
an arbitrary constant.
(b) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves the
integral of the unknown function ∫ .
(c) can be solved by direct integration. By performing successive two
integrals, we are left , and , where and
are arbitrary constants.
(d) cannot be solved by direct integration since it involves a single term
with the unknown function ; ∫ .
(e) can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as .
The solution is ∫ ∫ , √ . It is not possible to
obtain the unknown function since the integral ∫ √ cannot be found in terms of
elementary functions.

1.7. Introduction to Computer Methods

1-82C Suppose we have a differential equation model of a vibratory system and we need to
determine the period of the oscillations. We can determine this from a plot of the solution by
measuring the time between peaks.

1-83C The error is

It can be calculated and plotted in MATLAB as follows:

x=[0:0.001:0.6];
y=((x-sin(x))./sin(x))*100;
plot(x,y,x,5*ones(size(x))),grid, ylabel('Error (%)'),…
xlabel('Theta (rad)'),ginput(1)
The plot is shown below. The ginput function gives the result rad.

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1-84 The function can be plotted in MATLAB as follows:
t=[0:1:300];
V=(6-0.0215*t).^2;
plot(t,V),xlabel('Time (s)'),…
ylabel('Volume, V (cups)'),ginput(1)
The plot is shown below. The volume reaches zero at approximately s.

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1-85 The MATLAB code is
x=[0:0.001:1];
y=-2*x.*exp(2*x)+2*x-3;
plot(x,y),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y')

1-86 All three curves have the same shape, simply shifted up by the value of . It is best to
display them separately to show the shape of the plots. The following MATLAB code illustrates the
use of the subplot function.

xlim=5;
x=[0:0.001:xlim];
y1=1/4-(1/4)*exp(-2*x).*(1+2*x+2*x.^2);
y2=1/4-(1/4)*exp(-2*x).*(1+2*x+2*x.^2)+5;
y3=1/4-(1/4)*exp(-2*x).*(1+2*x+2*x.^2)+10;
subplot(3,1,1),plot(x,y1),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),gtext('y(0)=0')
subplot(3,1,2),plot(x,y2),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),gtext('y(0)=5')
subplot(3,1,3),plot(x,y3),xlabel('x'),ylabel('y'),gtext('y(0)=10')

The plot is shown below. Note how the MATLAB autoscale feature selects the best range of values
on the ordinate axis.

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1-87 We can compute the integral numerically using the MATLAB quad function as follows:
sin_sq=@(x)sin(x.^2);
I=quad(sin_sq,0,sqrt(2*pi))
The result is I = 0.4304.
To evaluate the integral symbolically, we can use the MuPad as follows:
int(sin(x^2),x=0..sqrt(2*PI)):
float(%)
The result is 0.4304077247.

1-88 We can compute the integral numerically using the MATLAB quad function as follows:
integrand=@(x)sqrt(x.^4+5);
I=quad(integrand,0,1)
The result is I = 2.2796 .
To evaluate the integral symbolically, we can use MuPad as follows:
int(sqrt(x.^4+5),x=0..1):
float(%)
The result is 2.279625687.

1-89 Table 1-2 shows how to evaluate a definite integral. To evaluate an indefinite integral, modify
the commands given in Table 1-2 by deleting the limits 0, x or 0..x, but leaving the integration
variable x.
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(a) The answer is

[ ]

if , and

If .

(b) The answer is

1-90 Table 1-2 shows how to evaluate a definite integral. To evaluate an indefinite integral, modify
the commands given in Table 1-2 by deleting the limits 0, x or 0..x, but leaving the integration
variable x.

(a) The answer is

(b) The answer is

(c) The answer is

{[ ] }
(d) The answer is

[ ]

1-91 Table 1-2 shows how to evaluate a definite integral. To evaluate an indefinite integral, modify
the commands given in Table 1-2 by deleting the limits 0, x or 0..x, but leaving the integration
variable x.

(a) The answer is

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The symbolic processing programs often do not simplify their ansers, partly because it depends on
individual preferences. For, example, some would prefer the expression to . Also, some
would prefer to combine the exponentials into a hyberbolic sine, as

(b) The answer is

[ ] [ ]

Another form returned is

[ ]

(c) The answer is

[ ] [ ]

(d) The answer is

Another form returned is

[ ]

1-92 If these problems can be solved by direct integration, the required integral will be an indefinite
integral, since no initial conditions are given. Table 1-2 shows how to evaluate a definite integral. To
evaluate an indefinite integral, modify the commands given in Table 1-2 by deleting the limits 0, or
0.. , but leaving the integration variable .

(a) Using direct integration,

∫ ∫

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 ∫ ∫
The answer is

(b) Rearrange the equation as

This equation cannot be solved by direct integration since it is not possible to integrate the left side
without knowing . However, the more advanced methods of Chapter 5 give the solution in
terms of the special functions called Bessel’s functions.

(c) There is a misprint in the first printing of the text. The equation should be

This equation can be solved by direct integration as follows.

∫ ∫

Integrating one more time, we obtain

∫ ∫( )

or

where and are arbitrary constants.

(d) Rearrange the equation as

This equation cannot be solved by direct integration since it is not possible to integrate the left side
without knowing . However, the more advanced methods of Chapter 5 give the solution in
terms of the special functions called Airy’s functions.

(e) This equation can be solved partly by direct integration by rewriting it as . The
solution is ∫ ∫ , √ . It is not possible to obtain the
unknown function in terms of elementary functions since the integral ∫ √ cannot be
found in terms of elementary functions.
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1-93 (a) The answer is

(b) Rearrange the equation as

This equation cannot be solved by direct integration since it is not possible to integrate the left side
without knowing . However, the more advanced computer methods of later chapters give the
following solution.

√ √ (√ ) √ (√ )

(c) Rearrange the equation as

∫ ∫

The answer is

(d) By performing successive two integrations we are left with , where and
are arbitrary constants. The resulting differential equation cannot be solved by direct integration
since it involves the integral of the unknown function ∫ . However, the more advanced computer
methods of later chapters give the following solution.

(e) The equation can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as

The solution is

∫ ∫

However the required two more integrations are not so easy to perform. Maple gives the following
results:

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> f:=sqrt(C1-4*exp(-2*x));
> int(f,x);

> int(f,x,x);

1-94 (a) Integrate both sides to obtain

∫ ∫

and

∫ ∫( )

The answer is

These integrations can be easily performed with the standard symbolic programs.

(b) Rearrange the equation as

This equation cannot be solved by direct integration since it is not possible to integrate the left side
without knowing .

(c) Integrate both sides to obtain

∫ ∫

and

∫ ∫[ ]

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The answer is

(d) Rearrange the equation as

This equation cannot be solved by direct integration since it is not possible to integrate the left side
without knowing .

(e) This equation can be solved by direct integration by rewriting it as

The solution is

∫ ∫

It is not possible to obtain the unknown function since the integral ∫ √ cannot be
found in terms of elementary functions.

Review Problems

In Problems 1-95 through 1-103, we are to determine the values of for which the given differential
equation has a solution of the form

1-95 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since,
, . Solving for gives and .
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , Solving for gives .
(c) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since,
, . Solving for gives and .

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1-96 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in ( ) . Since,
, . Solving for gives and .
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , Solving for gives .
(c) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in ( ) . Since,
, . Solving for gives and .

1-97 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives and .
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , Solving for gives .
(c) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives ( √ ).

1-98 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , Solving for gives ( √ ).
(c) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives √ .

1-99 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
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derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , Solving for gives ( √ ).
(c) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting these
derivatives in the given differential equation results in
. Since , . Solving for gives ( √ )

1-100 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting
these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since ,
. Solving for gives ( √ )
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting
these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since , .
Solving for gives .

1-101 (a) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting
these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since ,
. Solving for gives ( √ )
(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting
these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since ,
. Solving for gives √ .

1-102 (a) Dividing both sides of the given equation by we get . The
solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second derivatives of the proposed solution we
obtain and . Substituting these derivatives in the given differential
equation results in . Since , . Solving for gives

(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting
these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since ,
. Solving for gives ( √ )

1-103 (a) Dividing both sides of the given equation by we get . The
solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second derivatives of the proposed solution we
obtain and . Substituting these derivatives in the given differential
equation results in . Since , . Solving for gives
√

(b) . The solution is in the form of . Taking the first and second
derivatives of the proposed solution we obtain and . Substituting

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these derivatives in the given differential equation results in . Since ,
. Solving for gives .
1-104 Given: , | m/s, and .
Solution: Integrating the given differential equation twice we obtain . By
inserting second initial condition, Therefore we get
. The first initial condition, on the other hand, yields | ,
then . Substituting the calculated values of and into the general solution, we obtain
. For seconds, the position of the rock will be
m.

1-105 Given: , and

Solution: Since the parachute cruises at a constant velocity of , we can write | .
Integrating the differential equation we obtain . The boundary condition
requires that . Substituting into the general solution, we obtain
. Since m at , m/s.

1-106 Given: ( ) with | (due to thermal symmetry), and .

Solution: The differential equation can be arranged to give

( )

Integrating the differential equation once we obtain

Thermal symmetry about the midpoint of the spherical body requires that
|
Therefore the differential equation takes the form

Integrating the differential equation one more time we obtain

Introducing the boundary condition yields

Substituting the calculated into the general solution of the differential equation we obtain

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The temperature at the center is calculated to be

1-107 Given: ( ) with | (due to thermal symmetry), and .

Solution: Multiplying both sides of the differential equation by and rearranging gives
( )

Integrating the differential equation once we obtain

Thermal symmetry about the centerline of the spherical body requires that
|
Therefore the differential equation takes the form

Integrating the differential equation one more time we obtain

Introducing the boundary condition yields

Substituting into the general solution of the differential equation we obtain

Which is the desired solution for the temperature distribution in the wire as a function of . The
temperature at the center is calculated to be

1-108 Given: with BCs and

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Solution: This is a second order linear homogeneous differential equation whose general solution
can be obtained by direct integration twice such that

Applying the boundary conditions gives

BC at
BC at

Substituting and into the general solution, the variation of temperature is determined to be

Maple solution:
> restart:
> with(DEtools):
> T1:=80:T2:=10:L:=0.2:
> ode := diff(T(x), x, x) = 0:
> bcs := T(0) = T1, T(L) = T2:
> dsolve({bcs, ode});

1-109 Given: with | , and .

Solution: Rearranging the differential equation and integrating

where Integrating one more time

Applying the boundary conditions:

B.C. at

B.C. at

Substituting the and relations into the general solution of the differential equation give

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which is the desired solution for the differential equation. The temperature at the insulated surface
is then

Therefore the temperature at the insulated surface is . This problem can also be
solved with Maple as follows:
Maple solution
> restart;
> with(DEtools);
> p := 0.2e-1; k := 30; To := 30; g := 7*10^4; L := .5:
> ode := diff(T(x), x, x) = -g*exp(p*x)/k:
> bcs := T(L) = To, (D(T))(0) = 0:
> dsolve({bcs, ode}):
> TEMP := unapply(dsolve({bcs, ode}), x);
> evalf(TEMP(0));

1-110 (a) With ,

Thus

And

Thus

(b) Since

we have

∫ ∫

Thus
]
and

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(c)

1-111 (a) With ,

Thus

and

and

Thus

and

√ √
(b) Since

we have

∫ ∫

Thus

So

and

√
which is the desired result.

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