II.

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Figure () Anatomy of Female Reproductive System

The affected system of Pregnancy is the Reproductive system. It is the system responsible

for production of female hormones and production of oocytes by oogenesis.

The start of the process called Ovulation. It happens 2 weeks before the first day of

menstrual cycle. Ovulation occur because of the Luteinizing hormone that is secreted by the

Anterior Pituitary gland and one mature egg leaves the ovary. In the Fallopian tube the mature egg

travels through and stays there for about 3 to 4 days waiting for a single sperm cell to fertilize it.

When a fertile woman had a sexual intercourse with a man there will be a high chance of being

pregnant. When a man deposited his sperm cells into the vaginal canal, it travels through the cervix

and uterus going to the fallopian tube looking for a mature egg.
 The sperm cells stay up to 5 days and eventually die after. Once a mature egg and a sperm

cell unite, Fertilization happens. The fertilized egg moves down the fallopian tube toward the

uterus. It begins to divide into more and more cells, forming a ball as it grows. The ball of cells

(called a blastocyst) gets to the uterus about 3–4 days after fertilization.

The blastocyst floats in the uterus for another 2 to 3 days. If the blastocyst attaches to the

lining of your uterus, it’s called implantation and pregnancy officially begins. Implantation usually

starts about 6 days after fertilization, and takes about 3 to 4 days to complete. The embryo develops

from cells on the inside of the blastocyst. The placenta develops from the cells on the outside of

the blastocyst. When a fertilized egg implants in the uterus, it releases pregnancy hormones that

prevent the lining of your uterus from shedding, that’s why women can’t menstruate when they

are pregnant. If the egg doesn’t meet up with sperm, or a fertilized egg doesn’t implant in the

uterus, the thick lining of the uterus isn’t needed and it leaves the body during period.

Ectopic pregnancy specifically affects the fallopian tube. This type of ectopic pregnancy is

called a tubal pregnancy. Sometimes, an ectopic pregnancy occurs in other areas of the body,

such as the ovary, abdominal cavity or the lower part of the uterus (cervix), which connects to

the vagina.

Figure () Difference between a normal pregnancy from Ectopic pregnancy

A tubal pregnancy — the most common type of ectopic pregnancy — happens when a fertilized

egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus, often because the fallopian tube is damaged by

inflammation or is misshapen. Hormonal imbalances or abnormal development of the fertilized

egg also might play a role. Ectopic pregnancy can be difficult to diagnose because symptoms

often are like those of a normal early pregnancy. These can include missed periods, breast

tenderness, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or frequent urination (peeing). The first warning signs of

an ectopic pregnancy are pain or vaginal bleeding. There might be pain in the pelvis, abdomen,

or even the shoulder or neck (if blood from a ruptured ectopic pregnancy builds up and irritates

certain nerves). The pain can range from mild and dull to severe and sharp. It might be felt on

just one side of the pelvis or all over. Usually happens because a fertilized egg wasn't able to

quickly move down the fallopian tube into the uterus. An infection or inflammation of the tube

might have partially or entirely blocked it. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can be

caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia, is a common cause of fallopian tube blockage.