Analytical Methods

in Chemistry
 Goals of
Analytical Chemistry
n What is it?
n Identification
n Qualitative Analysis
n How much?
n Quantitative Analysis
n Analytical Chemistry deals with methods for determining
the chemical composition of samples of matter .

n A qualitative method yields information about the

identity of atomic or molecular species or the functional
groups in the sample;
n A quantitative method, in contrast, provides
numerical information as to the relative amount of one
or more of these components.
Present Day Instrumental Analysis

n Better and Faster

n More Data (Images)
n Miniaturization
n Better data processing methods
n Chemometrics
 Classical Methods
n Separation of analytes by precipitation, extraction,
or distillation.

n Qualitative analysis by reaction of analytes with reagents

that yielded products that could be recognized by their
colors, boiling or melting points, solubilities, optical
activities, or refractive indexes.

n Quantitative analysis by gravimetric or

by titrimetric techniques.
n Gravimetric Methods – the mass of the
analyte or some compound produced from
the analyte was determined.

n Titrimetric Methods – the volume or

mass of a standard reagent required to
react completely with the analyte was
measured.
 Instrumental Methods

Measurements of physical properties of

analytes, such as conductivity, electrode
potential, light absorption, or emission,
mass to charge ratio, and fluorescence,
began to be used for quantitative analysis
of a variety of inorganic, organic, and
biochemical analyte.
Instrumentation is divided into two
Category
n Detection

n Quantitation
 Analytical Signals

n Data Domain – information encoded

n Non-electrical Domains (scale, number,
chemical)
n Electrical Domains – (volts, current, charge)
n Analog Domains – continuous quantities (volts,
current)
n Time Domains– (pulses, slopes)
n Digital Domains – (Hi/Lo)
 SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
n Measurement of light transmitted
(indirectly proportional to the light
absorbed) = concentration of unknown
substance
 FLAME PHOTOMETRY
n Measurement of amount of light emitted
as ions are excited by the flame =
concentration of unknown substance

n For monoatomic ions like Na+, K+, and Cl-

FLAME PHOTOMETRY
 ATOMIC ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
n Determination of chemical elements using
the absorption of optical radiation
(light) by free atoms in the gaseous
state

n For diatomic ions like Ca2+, Mg2+, Mn2+

ION-SELECTIVE ELECTRODE
n is a transducer (or sensor) that converts
the activity of a specific ion dissolved in
a solution into an electrical potential.
n the voltage is theoretically dependent on
the logarithm of the ionic activity,
according to the Nernst equation.

n Na+, Cl-, H+, HCO3-, and compute pH

 MASS SPECTROSCOPY
n is an analytical technique that ionizes
chemical species and sorts the ions into a
spectrum based on their mass-to-charge
ratio.
n in simpler terms, a mass spectrum
measures the masses within a sample.
 FLUOROMETRY
n a beam with a wavelength varying
between 180 and ∼800 nm passes
through a solution in a cuvette

n then measure – from an angle - the

light that is emitted by the sample
 TURBIDIMETRY AND
NEPHELOMETRY
n TURBIDIMETRY
n is the measurement of light-scattering
species in solution by means of a decrease in
intensity of the incident beam after it has
passed through the solution
n NEPHELOMETRY
n Is the measurement of amount of light
scattered at 90 degrees angle of the
sample holder