A Project on

WIRELESS NETWORKS

[Submitted as a partial fulfilment of the requirement for B.A.LL.B (Hons.) 5 year

integrated course]
Session: 2019-20
Submitted On: "19 October 2019"

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Manvendra Singh Mrs. Jyotsna Jain
Roll No. - 61 Assistant Professor
Semester- I Section- B

UNIVERSITY OF RAJASTHAN

I ] Page
 Declaration of Originality

I, Manvendra Singh, hereby declare that this project titled "Wireless Networks" is
based on the original research work carried out by me under the guidance and
supervision of "Mrs. Jyotsna Jain".
The interpretation put forth is based on my reading and understanding of the
original texts. The books , articles and websites etc. which have been relied upon by me
have been duly acknowledged at the respective places in the text.
For the present project which I am submitting to the university, no degree or
diploma has been conferred on me before, either in this or in any other university.

Date:19\10\2019 Signature
Name: Manvendra Singh
Roll No.- 61
Semester- 1 Section- B

II| P a g e
 CERTIFICATE

Mrs. Jyotsna Jain Date: 19\10\2019

Assistant Professor
University five year law college University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

This is to certify that Sanjana Jain student of semester(I), section(B) of University

Five Year Law college, University of Rajasthan has carried out project title "Wireless
Networks" under my supervision. It is an investigation of a minor research project. The
student has completed research work in stipulated time and according to norms
prescribed for the purpose.

Supervisor

III| P a g e
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I have written this project titled, "Wireless Networks", under the

supervision of, Mrs. Jyotsna Jain Faculty of University Five Year Law
College, University Of Rajasthan, Jaipur. Her valuable suggestions herein
have not only helped me immensely in making this work but also in
developing an analytical approach in this work.
I found no words to express my sense of graduate for Director
SANJULA THANVI for her constant encouragement at every step.
I am extremely grateful to librarian and library staff of the college for
the support and cooperation extended by them from time to time

Manvendra Singh

IV | Page
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research method which I have opted for making this project in a
doctrinal method. I alluded various websites, also I have practical
knowledge about the hardware and software of computers, my practical
knowledge play a very significant role in making this project. It tried my
best in making this project.

Abstraction
Undoubtedly, Wireless networks are changing the way people connect to
each other and that very fast. This kind of networks has become popular
since the first days of introduction and use. I believe that this was our
primary reason, why we as a team have chosen this topic as our Research
Project. Through him (RP), we think to cover some important details and
necessary things which have to know everyone who thinks to use this kind
of network.
The Project includes an introduction part and overview; skip through
general types of wireless networks and their applications to wireless
standards, to later on continue with wireless software and also with the
wireless security. Our idea was to cover also the impact of this new
technology in the modern world and changes made. With the paper, comes
everything which fulfils normal Research Project standards. We suppose that
time spent on reading it, wont be a wasted time.

5
 CHAPTER- 1
Introduction

If you want to make a call from your mobile, if you want to check your
email from your PDA, if you want to receive a message in your pager, if you
want to make data portable and if you don’t want to have cable problems
than all you need is WIRELESS NETWORK.

How it started?
Wireless Network started as a research project of the University of
Hawaii. It has been surprisingly around for a little over 30 years.
In Hawaii Islands, people there needed a wireless network to connect
universities in 4 Islands. The result of the researchers was Aloha net which
was predecessor of nowadays WLAN. Even that Aloha net it was a mess of
networks it still reached the goal and achieved data transmission 1-2Mbps
which was very impressive for that time.
Over the last couple of years Wireless Network has begun to see various
incremental enhancements and adaptations to the protocol as it grows to
meet industry’s needs1.
Wireless technologies are increasingly becoming popular in our everyday
lives. Government agencies, public places, businesses are using it more and
more in their environment.
Devices commonly used for wireless networking include portable
computers, desktop computers, hand-held computers, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), cellular phones, pen-based computers, and pagers.
You may also ask why wireless instead of wired networks? Because in the
simplest sense wired networks are for communication between fixed
locations and wireless is for communication between devices, so this means
that we are not anymore dependable on the location.
Also the air is free so why don’t we use it…
So, as we said the basic idea behind the wireless network is network
connections without wires.
Less wiring means greater flexibility, portability, increased efficiency, and
reduced wiring costs. Wireless technologies cover a broad range of differing
capabilities oriented toward different uses and needs. They range from
1
Introduction to 802.11 Wireless Networks standard; CyberScience laboratory; May 2003

6
global voice and data networks, which allow users to establish wireless
connections across long distances, to infrared light and radio frequency
technologies that are optimized for short-range wireless connections.
Components of Wireless Networks (as we can see from the configuration
in the figure 12) are all directly replacing the common wired network
components one per one where wireless network card replaces the wired
network card; radio waves replaces Ethernet cabling, plugs and jacks and a
wireless network access point unit replaces the Ethernet hub.

2
Aspinwall,Jim Installing, troubleshooting and repairing wireless networks USA 2003:McGraw-Hill

7
 It is consisted of two types of equipment:
- Wireless station (it can be laptop, notebook personal computer, desktop
PC, PDA, barcode scanner etc)
- Access point (it functions as a base station for wireless network,
aggregating multiple wireless stations onto wired network.
Theoretical ranges for wireless LAN 802.11 are from 29 meters (for 11
Mbps) in a closed office area to 485 meters (for 1 Mbps) in an open area.
However, through empirical analysis, the typical range for connectivity of
802.11 equipment is approximately 50 meters (about 163 ft.) indoors. A
range of 400 meters, nearly ¼ mile, makes WLAN the ideal technology for
many campus applications. It is important to recognize that special high-gain
antennas can increase the range to several miles.3

Figure 2. Typical Range of 802.11 WLAN

Use of Wireless Networks in real-life

Wireless networks can be used anywhere. Its very useful in university
campuses where students can sit under the tree and read mail or search
library for books, it is of great value to fleets of trucks, taxis, delivery
vehicles, and repairpersons for keeping in contact with home, are also

3
Karygiannis,Tom ; Owens.Les ;Wireless Network Security 802.11, Bluetooth and Handheld Devices
Gaithersburg,November 2002.

8
important to the military, wireless parking meters, important use also is for
food, drink, and other vending machines …

Once you begin using wireless data, you'll wonder how you ever lived
without it.

9
 CHAPTER-2
Types of Wireless Networks

Till now we have mentioned what our project will consist and we have
described their essence. Now we are going to explain things more detailed.
In this project we will discuss about 5 wireless networks categories:

1. System interconnection (Bluetooth)

2. Wireless PANs
3. Wireless LANs
4. Wireless MANs
5. Wireless WANs

System interconnection is all about interconnecting the components of a

computer using short-range radio4.
A personal area network (PAN) is A PAN is a subset of a wireless LAN, it
is a computer network used for communication among computer devices
including telephones and personal digital assistants close to one person.
The reach of a PAN is typically a few meters. PANs can be used for
communication among the personal devices themselves, or for connecting to
a higher level network and the Internet.5
Now that we explain what PAN is we can continue with the Wireless PAN
which is tone of the objective of this research paper.
A wireless PAN is a collection of mobile devices that make up a “piconet”
(tiny network), typically located in one room. The PAN replaces the wires
that would normally connect one piece of equipment to another6.
So, Wireless PAN can be made possible via IrDA and Bluetooth.
Bluetooth is a personal area network (PAN) standard and is the most
common WPAN technology.
It is a low power, short range, two-way wireless communication network.
Its goal is to connect components without wires. Bluetooth, the new
technology was named after the 10th Century Danish King Harold
Bluetooth.

4
Tanenbaum, Andrew S; Computer Networks
5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_PAN
6
White paper ;HP Broadband Wireless notebooks: integrated high-speed
wireless connectivity

10
 It was designed to allow low bandwidth wireless connections to become
so simple to use that they seamlessly integrate into our daily life. The
Bluetooth specification is an open specification that is governed by the
Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG)7. Intel, IBM, Toshiba, Nokia, and
Ericsson formed the SIG GROUP in 1998.
It’s a great opportunity if we want to connect scanners, digital cameras,
headsets, mobile phones etc by only being brought within the range, no
driver installation, just turn them on and they’ll work.
Bluetooth has short range (10 m), low power consumption, license-free
2.45 GHz ISM, voice and data transmission, approx. 1 Mbit/s gross data
rate8.

Figure 3. Examples of Bluetooth and their connection

Another type of wireless networks is Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

– WMAN.
It was based on the 802.16a standard and appeared in June 2004 and it
provides a communications path between a subscriber site and a core
network such as the public telephone network and the Internet.
The goal of WMANs is to provide high-speed wireless Internet access
similar to wired access technologies such as cable modem, digital subscriber
line (DSL), Ethernet, and fiber optic. IEEE was motivated by the ability of
the wireless technologies to cover large geographic areas without the need to
deploy wires.
The Wireless MAN standard has a range up to 30 miles with a data rate of
up to 70 Mbits per second, capable of providing 60 businesses with Internet
connections at T1 speeds of 1.5 Megabits or up to 400 homes at DSL
rates9.It is a single-carrier (SC) modulation scheme designed to operate in
7
http://www.wirelessdevnet.com/channels/bluetooth/features/bluetooth.html
8
http://www.holtmann.org/lecture/bluetooth/Bluetooth.pdf
9
http://www.wi-fiplanet.com/columns/article.php/2195771

11
the 10-66 GHz spectrum. However, the 10-66 GHz spectrum is strictly line-
of-sight.
Wireless MAN can serve as the "backhaul" or Internet connection for Wi-
Fi hotspots10. Intel participation in the wireless MAN industry is a major
“wildcard” factor, very important factor because it has integrated Wi-Fi
functionality in its Centrino mobile computing chipset. Now Intel is touting
WiMax as the metropolitan area version of Wi-Fi. The European
organization, ETSI, has been working on a similar project, referred to as
HiperMAN.
Wireless MAN has interesting advantages. It can deliver real-time voice-
over-IP and video services at very low costs, in terms of data-carrying
capability, wireless MAN far surpasses 3G wireless networks, it allows
delivery of service in a highly flexible way, extends, replaces or backs up
existing fiber infrastructure within hours, eliminates fiber trenching and
leased line cost etc.
This table shows the comparison between WMAN, WLAN and
Bluetooth11.

802.16a 802.15
Parameters 802.11 (WLAN)
(WiMAX) (Bluetooth)

Frequency Band: 2-11GHz 2.4GHz Varies

Range ~31 miles ~100 meters ~10meters

Data transfer 11 Mbps - 55 20Kbps - 55 Mbps

70 Mbps
rate: Mbps

Number of
Thousands
users:
Table 4. WMAN, WLAN and Bluetooth comparison

Figure 4 shows an example of a network topology in which PMP and

mesh topologies are used to cover a large metropolitan area.

10
Wi-Fi is a way to connect to the Internet wirelessly - no phone jack required. Wi-Fi hotspots are
locations where you can find a Wi-Fi connection.
11
http://www.javvin.com/protocolWiMAX.html

12
Figure 4. Network Topology

The use of WMAN in reality

WMAN is a very powerful tool for linking all high schools in around 50
villages; it lets teachers, stuff and students in touch between themselves,
farmers can communicate with agricultural experts, health care professionals
at villages can consult specialist at the Main Hospital etc.
MANs bring people into a community and assist them with social,
educational and career challenges.

A Local Area Network or LAN is simply a way of connecting computers

together within a single organization, and usually in a single site (which may
comprise many buildings such as a college campus). A LAN can be
considered to be the same as an intranet, although the term intranet is often
used to include the computers, servers and the software systems attached to
it as well12.
We have wired LANs and wireless LANs.
The basic distinction between them is their construction where wired
LANs are connected through wires and wireless LANs via radio links or
infrared light.
In this part of the project we will be concentrated in wireless LANs.
WLAN technology and the WLAN industry date back to the mid-1980s
when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) first made the RF
12
Franklin, Tom Wireless Local Area Network 2001

13
spectrum available to industry. During the 1980s and early 1990s, growth
was relatively slow. Today, however, WLAN technology is experiencing
tremendous growth. The key reason for this growth is the increased
bandwidth made possible by the IEEE 802.11 standard13.
Wireless LAN is a type of local area network that uses high frequency
radio waves to communicate between computers, peripherals, and
networking devices.
These wireless devices needs wireless card which will send and receive
signals. Nowadays laptops come with cards already installed.
A wireless LAN comprises a number of "access points" linked into the
main campus network backbone. An access point is a piece of equipment
which acts as a bridge between the wireless parts of the LAN and the wired
parts. They are radio transmitters and receivers which communicate with the
computers in range and with the LAN backbone.
Typically only one or two access points will be needed in a room
(depending on the size of the room, the expected number of users and its
construction14.It permits data rates up to 54Mbps for coverage indoor spots.
An access point communicates with devices equipped with wireless network
adaptors; it connects to a wired Ethernet LAN via an RJ-45 port. Access
point devices typically have coverage areas of up to 300 feet (approximately
100 meters). This coverage area is called a cell or range15.
Wireless LAN uses electromagnetic airwaves to communicate information
from one point to another without relying on any physical connection.
Electromagnetic airwaves for transmitting signals can be radio waves which
simply perform the function of delivering energy to a remote receiver and
infrared waves which are cheaper to install and also some devices have
already installed infrared ports.
A wireless LAN can be used as an extension to or as an alternative for a
wired LAN, a stand-alone network, or as a group access point to the Internet.
So, wireless LANs will be used in conjunction with wired LANs to
maximize the benefits. Wireless devices can be simply a part of the
traditional wired LAN as we see in the figure 5.

13
Karygiannis,Tom ; Owens.Les ;Wireless Network Security 802.11, Bluetooth and Handheld Devices
Gaithersburg,November 2002.
14
Franklin, Tom Wireless Local Area Network 2001
15
Karygiannis,Tom ; Owens.Les ;Wireless Network Security 802.11, Bluetooth and Handheld Devices
Gaithersburg,November 2002.

14
 Figure 5. Basic wireless LANs

It is a flexible data communication system; it transmits and receives data

over the air, minimizing the need for wired connections. Also It is very
important cause it combines data connectivity with user mobility.
This leads to a number of benefits which can be economic and
educational. Economic benefits in the aspect of setting wireless network in
the buildings or places where is very difficult to lay cables and where
drilling walls is very expensive, making rooms flexible and extend coverage
to new areas etc.
Also educational benefits for students who are computing with wireless
connectivity this means new methods into classrooms and new educational
possibilities for exploring. Furthermore they can be accessed from
anywhere, so users with access to a LAN can share applications and devices
anywhere in LAN.

Comparing Wireless LAN with Wireless WAN

Now that we know the basic concepts for Wireless LAN and Wireless
WAN we can make a comparison between them. A wireless wide area
network (Wireless WAN), covers a much more extensive area than wireless
LANs. Coverage is generally offered on a nationwide level with wireless
network infrastructure provided by a wireless service carrier.

15
 While wireless LANs are used to allow network users to be mobile within
a small fixed area, wireless WANs are used to give Internet connectivity
over a much broader coverage area, for mobile users such as business
travelers or field service technicians.
We can compare them in these fields:
1) Speed
802.11b wireless LAN standard transfers data at speeds of up to 11
Mbps, with typical rates of between 1–4 Mbps, decreasing as
more users share the same wireless LAN connection. The next
version, 802.11a, is supposed to transfer data at speeds of up to 54
Mbps16.

- Wireless WAN speeds differ depending on the technology used.

GPRS networks offer a maximum user data rate of over 115 kbps if all
eight timeslots in a cell are allocated for data transmission, (one
timeslot can provide between 9 and 21 kbps17)

2) Data security
Security is one of the most important features when using a wireless
network. Security is one of the biggest strengths for cellular wireless
networks (WWANs) and one of the biggest weaknesses in 802.11
networks (WLANs). Security can be increased on wireless LANs by
using shared key authentication. This shared key must be delivered
through a secure method other than the 802.11 connection.

3) Hotspots
Hotspots are wireless LANs available to the public in a location, like
an airport, coffee shop, or city neighborhood. These (hotspots) enable
users to access the network either free of charge, or for a fee paid to
the network operator.

4) Costs
Since wireless LANs operate in the unlicensed frequency range, there
is no service cost for using a private wireless LAN. There will be a
monthly Internet service provider cost for accessing the Internet
through your wireless LAN access point
16
White paper ; Wireless LANs vs. Wireless WANs ; 2002 November 18; Sierra Wireless
17
White paper ; Wireless LANs vs. Wireless WANs ; 2002 November 18; Sierra Wireless

16
 For cellular wireless WANs, the wireless network is acting as your
Internet service provider by providing access to the Internet over their
wireless network. The wireless provider therefore charges a monthly
subscription rate to their network, similar to a wireless phone
subscription.

As a great SOLUTION is to WLAN and WWAN work together.

Used together, a user would have the best of both technologies, offering
high-speed wireless access in a campus area, and access to all their data and
applications with high-speed cellular access from anywhere with wireless
WAN network coverage.

17
 CHAPTER- 3

Conclusion

Increasing the security of wireless networking is becoming essential

and necessity. This because the wireless networks have the undesirable
property that all data transmitted is broadcast to all wireless clients on the
network. This leaves open the possibility of eavesdropping on private
information and it appears as perfect opportunity for hackers to use it for
their own benefit.

However there are improvements that have occurred in both

confidentiality and authentication, by including the 802.11 wireless
standards. This standard is a protocol for encryption in wireless networks
called WEP. Basically this was a huge improvement over plain-text
communication. Above mentioned standard it also served as a catalyst for
hackers who wished to gain access the data that are being transmitted
through a wireless network. This secure data included bank transactions, e-
commerce sales, and several others. Later on several weaknesses were
discovered in the WEP protocol that allowed hackers to decode data.

In the same time the computer security community reaches by

improving some of the known weaknesses in the WEP protocol. Also, the
most secure networks do not use a single pre-shared key, because most of
the weaknesses with WEP involved capture vast amounts of data encrypted
with a single key. As substitute for this they use a protocol that provides user
with a session key after authenticates each of them. But, if single user keeps
a session open for a long time, it is likely that an attacker could discover the
session key. Even if the case when the session key is compromised, the
attacker will only have the ability to read the messages for the remainder of
that session.
Wireless Network use will continue to grow and become more
important over the next five years.

One of the most common questions about wireless is, How far will it
go?

18
As with most answers about technical things, it depends. 802.11b was
designed with native, unmodified, unenhanced devices to extend the length
of a 10BaseT Ethernet wire by 300 meters. This equals 985 feet, about a city
block, or 0.18 miles. Unobstructed, unimpeded with line-of-sight, 802.11b
will do just that and probably more. But who is going to hold their laptops
above their heads or mount an access point itself on a rooftop to
communicate digitally?
Who knows what will happen after 10 years…New standards will be
created, old standards will die off…
It is the choices of today which will inevitably help to shape the emerging
world of wireless tomorrow.

19