PRESENTED BY:

KAUSHAL KUMAR
18M804
• AIM:
 To study energy performance of Intelligent building envelopes.

• OBJECTIVES:
 To study about the building envelope systems.
 To study various literature on intelligent building envelope systems.
 To study about the energy performance of different types of intelligent
building skins.
 To determine the energy optimization pattern (energy reduction and
generation) through the intelligent building envelopes.
METHODOLOGY

Aim and objectives

Literature study

Case studies

Data collection and analysis of data collected from case studies

Final outcome – energy optimization pattern through the intelligent building

envelopes.
Figure 1: Figure showing the methodology to be adopted for the study
 INTRODUCTION
 The high and increasing requirements concerning energy
consumption and the interior comfort of buildings result in
a demand for more efficient envelope or facade
constructions.[1]
 Facades are crucial to energy consumption and comfort
within buildings. Incorporating intelligence in their design
is an effective way to achieve low energy consumption
buildings. [2]
• The façade mediates between the exterior and the interior
of a building. [3]

Sources: [1] M. Wigginton, J. Harris, Intelligent Skin, Architectural Press, Oxford, UK, 2002.
[2] Mostafa M.S., Au K. Abel Rabmana. Abmed Hamza H. AlP’ Development of Intelligent Façade Based on Outdoor Environment
and Indoor Thermal Comfort, 8th International Conference Interdisciplinary in Engineering, 9-10 October 2014, Tirgu Mures, Romania
[3] Knaack, et. al. 2014. Façades: Principles of Construction. Second and revised edition ed.Basel: Birkhäuser.
 BUILDING ENVELOPE

A building envelope is the physical

separator between the conditioned and
unconditioned environment of a building
including the resistance to air, water, heat,
light, and noise transfer. [4]

Building envelope is all of the elements

of the outer shell that maintain a dry, heated,
or cooled indoor environment and facilitate
its climate control.[5]
Figure 2: Building envelope definition and functions

Sources: [4] Cleveland, Cutler J., and Christopher G. Morris. "Building envelope energy. Expanded Edition Burlington Elsevier, 2009
[5] Syed, Asif. Advanced building technologies for sustainability. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. 115
 BUILDING ENVELOPE

The functions of the building envelope can be separated into three categories: [5]

• Support (to resist and transfer structural and dynamic loads).

• Control (the flow of matter and energy of all types).
• Finish (to meet desired aesthetics on the inside and outside).

Sources:
[5] Straube, J.F., Burnett, E.F.P. Building Science for Building Enclosures. Building Science Press, Westford, 2005
 INTELLIGENT BUILDING ENVELOPE

Intelligent Building Envelope: Wigginton and Harris (2002) define the intelligent
building skin or envelope as an active and responsive mediator between the outside
environment and the interior of a building which ensures an optimal interior comfort
with minimal energy consumption. [1]

A recent definition describes the intelligent envelope as the result of its individual
design process, which implements its adaptability with regard to internal and external
Conditions. (Capeluto and Ochoa 2017). [6]

Sources: [1] Wigginton, M., and J. Harris. 2002. “Intelligent Skins.” Butterworth-Heinemann
[6] Capeluto, Guedi, and Carlos Ernesto Ochoa. 2017. “What Is a Real Intelligent Envelope?” In Intelligent Envelopes for High-Performance
Buildings, 1–20
 Function of Intelligent Building Envelope
According to Wiggington and Harris 2002, the study of examples of intelligent
building showed that the envelope was performing up to different functions. [1]

1. The enhancement of daylight (e.g. light shelves/reflectors)

2. The maximization of daylight (e.g. full-height glazing/atria) 1

3. Protection (e.g. louvers/blinds)

4. Insulation (e.g. night-time shutters)

2 3 4

Sources: [1] Wigginton, M., and J. Harris. 2002. “Intelligent Skins.” Butterworth-Heinemann
 Function of Intelligent Building Envelope
5. Ventilation (e.g. automatic dampers)

6. The collection of heat (e.g. solar collectors) 5

7
7. The rejection of heat (e.g. overhangs/brise soleil)

8. The attenuation of sound (e.g. acoustic dampers)

8

9. The generation of electricity (e.g. photovoltaic's) 9

10. The exploitation of pressure differentials (e.g. ventilation chimneys)

Sources: [1] Wigginton, M., and J. Harris. 2002. “Intelligent Skins.” Butterworth-Heinemann 10
 Types of Intelligent Facade
 Intelligent façade types are double skin façade,
double —Glazed façade, ventilated façade, kinetic
facade and solar façade.

 The study by Ghaffarian Hoseini A et al. [7]

demonstrated that the integration of double-skin
facades, double- glazed and ventilated facades as
well as the kinetic and solar facades could be
significantly contribute towards the reduction of
energy consumptions, enhancement of the
building energy and environmental performance,
enrichment of user’s visual and thermal comfort
while ultimately, mitigating the environmental
hazards.

Sources: GhaffarianHoseini A, Berardi U, GhaffarianHoseini A Makaremi N. Intelligent Facades in Low-Energy Buildings. British Journal of
Environment and Climate Change.2012; 2 (4): 437-464
KINETIC FACADES:

• Kinetic facades, as part of the intelligent facades, are capable of adjusting their
shape, form, orientation or openings to automatically respond to the
environmental parameters including the temperature, humidity, wind, etc. (Kensek
and Hansanuwat, 2011)
• Kinetic facades are dynamic and adaptable for responding to the environment.

Figure 3: Conceptual model as part of a kinetic facade [8]

OPEN JOINT VENTILATED FACADES :
 Open joint ventilated facades (OJVFs) are currently proposed as an efficient
replacement of conventional facades. OJVFs are categorized under the advanced
integrated facades with great potentials as intelligent design features. [9]

Figure 4(a): Sample of OJVFs Figure 4(b): Comparison of heat transfer

DOUBLE-SKIN FACADES:
 “Double skin facade refers to a building facade
covering one or several stories with multiple glazed
skins.
 The skins can be air tight or naturally/mechanically
ventilated. The outer skin is usually a hardened single
glazing and can be fully glazed. Inner skin can be
insulating double glazing and is not completely glazed
in most applications.
 An air-tightened double skin facade can provide
increased thermal insulation for the building so as to
reduce the heat loss in winter season.
 On the other hand, moving cavity air inside a Figure 5: The heat transfer and air
ventilated double skin facade can absorb heat energy movement in DSFs
from the sunlight glazing and reduce the heat gain as
well as the cooling demand of a building”. [10]
SOLAR FACADES:
 The integration of photovoltaic into the facades of buildings is a considerable
source of renewable energy for electricity, and it is also used as a source of heat
for heating and cooling purposes in building. [11]

Figure 6: PV facades
 Type of Intelligent Facades Main Potentials

Energy efficient (Decreasing solar heat gains)

Energy efficient (Receiving optimized daylight)
Energy efficient (Ensuring proper air ventilation)
Double-Skin Facade Sound insulation
Enhanced aesthetic feature
Improved thermal comfort
Energy efficient (Decreasing the level of heat transfer)
Double-Glazed Facade Improved thermal comfort
Flexibility
Adaptability
Ventilated Facade Customizability (Shape & Color)
Energy efficient (Resolving moisture problems air ventilation)
Improved thermal comfort

Table 1. Sustainable Potentials Embodied in Various Types of Intelligent Facades [7]

 Type of Intelligent
Main Potentials
Facades

Energy efficient (Interactive and responsive to the environmental attributes)

Adjustable
Kinetic Facade Adaptable
Automatically responsive
Improved thermal comfort
Energy efficient (Source of renewable energy)
Solar Facade Contributive to cooling and heating purposes

Table 1. Sustainable Potentials Embodied in Various Types of Intelligent Facades [7]

 CASE STUDY

1 2 3

1. The Barcelona Media-ICT building.

( smart material in adaptive building envelope)
2. Al Bahar Towers by Aedas
( responsive façade in adaptive building envelope)
3. Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular
and Biomolecular Research.
(Intelligent building skin)
REFRENCES
1. M. Wigginton, J. Harris, Intelligent Skin, Architectural Press, Oxford, UK, 2002.
2. Mostafa M.S., Au K. Abel Rabmana. Abmed Hamza H. AlP’ Development of Intelligent
Façade Based on Outdoor Environment and Indoor Thermal Comfort, 8th International
Conference Interdisciplinary in Engineering, 9-10 October 2014, Tirgu Mures, Romania
3. Knaack, et. al. 2014. Façades: Principles of Construction. Second and revised edition
ed.Basel: Birkhäuser.
4. Cleveland, Cutler J., and Christopher G. Morris. "Building envelope energy. Expanded
Edition Burlington Elsevier, 2009
5. Syed, Asif. Advanced building technologies for sustainability. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 2012. 115
6. Capeluto, Guedi, and Carlos Ernesto Ochoa. 2017. “What Is a Real Intelligent Envelope?”
In Intelligent Envelopes for High-Performance Buildings, 1–20
7. GhaffarianHoseini A, Berardi U, GhaffarianHoseini A Makaremi N. Intelligent Facades in
Low-Energy Buildings. British Journal of Environment and Climate Change.2012; 2 (4):
437-464
8. Suralkar R. Solar Responsive Kinetic Facade Shading Systems inspired by plant movements
in nature. Proceedings of Conference: People and Buildings held at the offices of Arup UK,
23rd; 2011.
9. Giancola E, Sanjuan C, Blanco E, Heras MR. Numerical and experimental analysis of an
open-joint ventilated facade. SimBuild 2010: 4th National Conference of IBPSAUSA, New
York, August 11; 2010.
10. Chan ALS, Chow TT, Fong KF, Lin Z. Investigation on energy performance of double skin
facade in Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings 2009;41:1135-42.
11. Yun GY, McEvoy M, Steemers K. Design and overall energy performance of a
ventilated photovoltaic facade. Solar Energy. 2007;81:383-394.
12. SkeIly M. Essay competition: The individual and the intelligent facade. Building Researh
and Information 2000; 1 (28): 67-69.