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Boot Your Vocabulary Cambridge IELTS 9 - Workbook
Boot Your Vocabulary Cambridge IELTS 9 - Workbook
Boot Your Vocabulary Cambridge IELTS 9 - Workbook
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary Cambridge IELTS 9 - Workbook” được biên
soạn bởi mình và các bạn trong team IELTS Family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các
bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền
tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành tương đối nhiều thời gian để nghiên
cứu cách thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn đọc. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách
không khỏi có những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi
về email thangwrm@gmail.com
Đinh Thắng
TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN
Đinh Thắng
… cùng các bạn Ngọc Anh, Tấn Phong, Âu Lê, Luyện Linh, Thu Anh.
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 1
Sách dành cho các bạn đã học cuốn Boost your vocabulary – Cambridge IELTS 9 do team
IELTS family thực hiện.
Tốt nhất, các bạn nên học xong ít nhất 3 cuốn Boost (Ví dụ cuốn 9,10,11 hoặc cuốn 9,10,12)
thì mới chuyển sang giai đoạn ôn tập trong cuốn Workbook này. Vì quá trình ôn tập cuốn
Workbook có thể ngốn thời gian của bạn, trong khi đọc một cuốn Boost mới có thể giúp bạn “vô
tình” gặp lại các từ đã học và từ sẽ ngấm tự nhiên hơn. Vậy nên, nếu bạn chưa học xong 3
cuốn Boost, thì chưa nên học theo cuốn này.
* Nếu bạn đã học xong 3 cuốn Boost thì chắc chắn lượng từ vựng của bạn đã tăng rồi, và các
bạn có thể thực hiện các bước sau để giúp bạn củng cố lại lượng từ vựng đó:
Bước 1: Điền nghĩa của từ (tiếng Anh hoặc tiếng Việt đều được) vào cột bên phải cuốn sách
này. Lúc điền có thể đối chiếu ngữ cảnh gốc ở cột bên trái.
Bước 2: Trường hợp bạn quên nghĩa của từ nào đó, hãy xem ví dụ liên quan đến từ đó ở
cuối mỗi passage để đoán nghĩa. Ví dụ sau passage 1, test 1, cuốn Workbook 9 này có từ số 1
= synthetic đã được giới thiệu ở trong bảng, cột bên phải.
Bước 3. Trường hợp bạn vẫn quên nghĩa của từ đó thì có 3 khả năng
1- Từ đó khó và ít gặp, và bạn không nhất thiết phải nhớ. Vậy nên đừng quá lo.
2- Ví dụ của team làm sách chưa đủ tốt. Rất khó để chọn được một ví dụ hoàn hảo. Mặc dù đã
cố gắng lọc vài ngàn ví dụ để chọn ra tầm 600 ví dụ cho các từ của cuốn sách này, nhưng việc
đưa ra ví dụ đủ dễ để giúp các bạn đoán từ mà không nắm được nghĩa vẫn thực sự là rất khó.
3- Khả năng ghi nhớ của bạn chưa tốt. Bạn nên đọc lại cuốn Boost nếu thấy có trên 40% các từ
bạn không thể nhớ nghĩa chính xác.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 2
Test 1
READING PASSAGE 1
1. Synthetic=…
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 3
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 4
mauve was the necessary shade for all the 36. Boost=
fashionable ladies in that country.
Not to be outdone, England’s Queen Victoria also 37. Flatter=
appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus
making it all the rage in England as well. The dye was 38. Shade=
bold and fast, and the public clamoured for more.
Perkin went back to the drawing board. 39. Be all the rage=
Although Perkin’s fame was achieved and fortune
assured by his first discovery, the chemist continued 40. Clamour for=
his research. Among other dyes he developed and
introduced were aniline red (1859) and aniline black 41. Go back to the drawing board=
(1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin’s green. It is
important to note that Perkin’s synthetic dye 42. Merely=
discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely
decorative. The dyes also became vital to medical 43. Vital=
research in many ways. For instance, they were used
to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, 44. Crucial=
allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as
tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes
continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what
would have been particularly pleasing to Perkin, their
current use is in the search for a vaccine against
malaria.
1. Synthetic =
_Synthetic fibers such as polyester or nylon are made entirely from carcinogenic
petrochemicals that contribute to numerous health and environmental problems.
2. Curiosity =
_ Children have a natural curiosity about the world around them.
3. Prompt =
_ What exactly prompted him to call you in the middle of the night?
4. Stumble upon something =
_ Workmen stumbled upon huge fossil bones while digging foundations for a
new building.
5. Run-down =
_ The building was run-down, so the rents were low.
6. Solidify =
_ The two countries signed a treaty to solidify their alliance.
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BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY - CAMBRIDGE IELTS 9 | WORKBOOK 5
7. Enthusiasm =
_ The company has had another successful year, thanks to
the enthusiasm and energy of our workforce.
8. Become immersed in =
_ She got some books out of the library and immersed herself in Jewish history
and culture.
9. Devotion =
_He is a person with devotion to work because he is always willing to give up his
personal time in order to do extra hours.
10. Perceive =
_ The human eye is capable of perceiving thousands of insignificant details.
11. Enrolment =
_ Figures for female enrolment in IT degree courses remain low.
12. Gift =
_ Elena sure has a gift for telling stories.
13. Breakthrough =
_ Scientists have made a major breakthrough in the treatment of cancer.
14. Fame =
_Most celebrities gain fame by working hard for years in their chosen professions while
others get famous because of their scandals.
15. Fortune =
_ She inherited a fortune from her grandmother.
16. Derive =
_ Medically, we will derive great benefit from this technique.
17. Substitute =
_ Tofu can be used as a meat substitute in vegetarian recipes.
18. Manufacture =
_The car was manufactured in Germany until 1961.
19. Mysterious =
_ There was something mysterious about him, and she wanted to ask him a lot
of questions.
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20. Excretion =
_ The excretion of toxic substances through the skin.
21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
22. Extract something from something =
_ The oil which is extracted from olives is used for cooking.
23. Afford =
_ Many smaller companies simply cannot afford to
buy health insurance for employees and remain in business.
24. Backdrop =
_ A love story set against a backdrop of war and despair.
25. Grasp =
_ A short opening paragraph enables the reader to quickly grasp what the article is
about.
26. Fabric =
_ The fact that cotton absorbs humidity makes it a great fabric for summer days.
27. Patent =
_ If you don't patent your invention, other people may make all the profit out of it.
28. Instant =
_ We knew that there were no instant or easy solutions to overcome the problems that
we faced.
29. Recognition =
_ There is general recognition that the study techniques of many students are weak.
30. Commercial =
_ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold and
became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office.
31. Assure =
_ Her doctor has assured us that she’ll be fine.
32. Fierce =
_ Fierce winds prevented the race from taking place.
33. Objection =
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_There were 14 letters of support for the scheme and eight letters of objection.
34. Mentor =
_ You need a mentor to guide you along the way.
35. Utilise =
_The offices have a heating system that utilises solar energy.
36. Boost =
_ The win boosted the team’s confidence.
37. Flatter =
_ Finding out your real body shape will help you choose clothes which flatter you best.
38. Shade =
_The room has been decorated in pastel shades (= soft and light colours) throughout.
39. Be all the rage =
_ DiCaprio became all the rage after starring in the film ‘Titanic’.
40. Clamour for =
_ The audience cheered, clamouring for more.
41. Go back to the drawing board =
_ The current system just isn’t working – we need to go back to the drawing board
and start afresh.
42. Merely =
_ He’s merely a boy! you can’t expect him to understand.
43. Vital =
_ Regular exercise is vital for your health.
44. Crucial =
_Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
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READING PASSAGE 2
A 8. Curiosity=
The primary reason for the search is basic curiosity
- the same curiosity about the natural world that 9. Drive=
drives all pure science. We want to know whether we
are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether 10. Evolve=
life evolves naturally if given the right conditions, or
whether there is something very special about the 11. Foster=
Earth to have fostered the variety of life forms that
we see around us on the planet. The simple 12. Detection=
detection of a radio signal will be sufficient to
answer this most basic of all questions. In this sense, 13. Sufficient=
SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure
science which is continually pushing out the horizon 14. A cog in the machine/wheel=
of our knowledge. However, there are other reasons
for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. 15. Tenuous=
For example, we have had civilisation on Earth for
perhaps only a few thousand years, and the threats
of nuclear war and pollution over the last few
decades have told us that our survival may be
tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or
will we wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a 16. Wipe something out=
planet like ours is several billion years, we can expect
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C
Even when we make these assumptions, our
understanding of other life forms is still severely
limited. We do not even know, for example, how
many stars have planets, and we certainly do not
know how likely it is that life will arise naturally, given
the right conditions. However, when we look at the
100 billion stars in our galaxy (the Milky Way), and
100 billion galaxies in the observable Universe, it
seems inconceivable that at least one of these
planets does not have a life form on it; in fact, the
best educated guess we can make, using the little 30. Estimate=
that we do know about the conditions for carbon-
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D 34. Traverse=
An alien civilisation could choose many different
ways of sending information across the galaxy, but 35. Frequency=
many of these either require too much energy, or else
are severely attenuated while traversing the vast 36. To date=
distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a
given amount of transmitted power, radio waves in 37. Concentrate on=
the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz travel the
greatest distance, and so all searches to date have 38. Various=
concentrated on looking for radio waves in this
frequency range. So far there have been a number of 39. Radio telescope=
searches by various groups around the world,
including Australian searches using the radio 40. Scale=
telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now
there have not been any detections from the few 41. Dramatically=
hundred stars which have been searched. The scale
of the searches has been increased dramatically 42. Conduct =
since 1992, when the US Congress voted NASA $10
million per year for ten years to conduct a thorough 43. Hardware=
search for extra-terrestrial life. Much of the money in
this project is being spent on developing the special 44. Sensitivity=
hardware needed to search many frequencies at
once. The project has two parts. One part is a 45. Monitor=
targeted search using the world’s largest radio
telescopes, the American-operated telescope in 46. Considerable=
Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in
Nancy in France. This part of the project is searching 47. Debate=
the nearest 1000 likely stars with high sensitivity for
signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz.
The other part of the project is an undirected search
which is monitoring all of space with a lower
sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA’s
Deep Space Network.
E
There is considerable debate over how we should
react if we detect a signal from an alien civilisation.
Everybody agrees that we should not reply 48. Immediately=
immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of
sending a reply over such large distances at short 49. Ethical=
notice, it raises a host of ethical questions that would
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1. Extra-terrestrial =
_ Maybe the reason scientists have yet to receive signals from extraterrestrial
intelligence is because there isn't any extraterrestrial intelligence sending signals.
2. Haunt =
_ 30 years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.
3. Poised on the brink/edge of =
_ The economy is poised on the edge of collapse.
4. Intermittent =
_ The afternoon will be warm but unsettled, with intermittent light rain.
5. Determined =
_ Several publishers rejected her book, but that just made her all the more determined.
6. Make an attempt to do something =
_ The climbers will make another attempt to reach the summit today.
7. Primary =
_ The money I earn is extra, my husband's job is our primary source of income.
8. Curiosity =
_ I opened the packet just to satisfy my curiosity.
9. Drive =
_ Phil, driven by jealousy, started spying on his wife.
10. Evolve =
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_ Over the past three years he has evolved into one of America's most successful
restaurant owners.
11. Foster =
_ Recent studies show that advertising usually fosters competition and therefore lower
prices.
12. Detection =
_ By flying low, the plane was able to avoid detection by enemy radar.
13. Sufficient =
_ It was thought that he'd committed the crime but there wasn't sufficient evidence to
convict him.
14. A cog in the machine/wheel =
_ Copywriters have been seen as just a cog in the big advertising machine’
15. Tenuous =
_ The police have only found a tenuous connection between the two robberies.
16. Wipe something out =
_ Whole villages were wiped out by the floods.
17. Optimism =
_ There was optimism that an agreement could be reached.
18. Adopt =
_ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
19. Ground rules =
_ Our book lays down the ground rules for building a patio successfully.
20. Evidence =
_ At present we have no evidence of life on other planets.
21. An open mind =
We should keep an open mind until all of the evidence is available.
22. Convincing =
_ My April Fool story was so convincing that my friends thought it was real.
23. Conservative =
_ Older people tend to be more conservative and a bit suspicious of anything new.
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24. Assumption =
_ My calculations were based on the assumption that house prices would remain
steady.
25. Radically =
_ The situation is radically different from that of ten years ago.
26. Resemble =
_ A: Who in your family do you resemble most?
B: That's an easy question. I look like and act like my dad for sure.
27. Fellow =
_ Our fellow travellers were mostly Spanish-speaking tourists.
28. Orbit =
_ All planets in our solar system, including Earth, revolve around, in other
words, orbit the sun.
29. Inconceivable =
_ It is inconceivable that a man in such a powerful position could act so unwisely.
30. Estimate =
_ We had estimated about 300 visitors, but the actual number was much higher.
31. Astronomical =
_ We have ten major astronomical events that will take place in 2018 such as super
blue blood moon, solar eclipse, and meteor shower.
32. Severely =
_ The town was severely damaged in the war.
33. Attenuate =
_ Social inequalities could never be eliminated, only attenuated.
34. Traverse =
_ Stanley traversed the continent from west to east.
35. Frequency =
_ Fatal road accidents have decreased in frequency over recent years.
36. To date =
_ Her best performance to date was her third place at the World Junior Championships.
37. Concentrate on =
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49. Ethical =
_ The use of animals in scientific tests raises different ethical questions.
50. Address =
_ Environmental problems relating to the factory have yet to be addressed.
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51. Superior =
_ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding.
52. Urgency =
_ “Let’s get out of here!”, he said with a sense of urgency when he realized that there
was a fire in the room.
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READING PASSAGE 3
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1. Evolutionary =
_ It follows from all this that natural selection cannot be the sole explanation of
evolutionary change.
2. Parched =
_ Due to prolonged drought, the whole land was parched – nothing planted, nothing
sprouting, no vegetation growing on it.
3. Reptile =
_ Reptiles are cold-blooded animals – they need the sun to stay warm.
4. Mammal =
_ Humans, dogs, elephants, and dolphins are all mammals, but birds, fish, and
crocodiles are not.
5. Prior =
_Passengers may board the plane twenty minutes prior to departure.
6. Involve =
_ The test involves simple calculations, such as addition and subtraction.
7. Thoroughgoing =
_ The programme has been a thoroughgoing success.
8. Abandon =
_ The police are trying to trace the mother of a newborn baby found abandoned outside
a hospital.
9. Terrestrial =
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_ Cats, ants or monkeys are called terrestrial animals, as compared with aquatic
animals like fish and lobsters.
10. Cease =
_ The factory has now ceased production and will close next month because of lack of
money.
11. Revert to somebody/something =
_ The city reverted to its former name of St Petersburg.
12. Remote =
_ Children in remote areas don’t get choice or opportunities like those in big cities.
13. Ancestor =
_ Twelve thousand years ago, our ancestors were primitive savages living in caves.
14. Ashore =
_ Seals come ashore to breed.
15. Breed =
_ At this time of year the birds return to the island to breed.
16. Equivalent =
_ A mile is equivalent to about 1.6 kilometers.
17. Incarnation =
_ He believed he had been a cat in a previous incarnation.
18. Fragment =
_ The road was covered with fragments of glass from the shattered window.
19. Contemporary =
_ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired.
20. Forelimb =
_ In amphibians and reptiles (birds included), these two bones are distinct, but together
form a single structure bearing many of the muscle attachments for the forelimb.
21. Obtain =
_He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
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22. Plot =
_ We plotted a graph to show the increase in sales figures this year.
23. Form =
_ In English the past tense is usually formed by adding "ed".
24. Cluster of something =
_ There was a cluster of fans around him, asking for autographs.
25. Overlap =
_ Maxwell’s responsibilities overlap yours, so you will be sharing some of the work.
26. Amphibious =
_ Most species of frogs are amphibious because they can live both on land and in
water.
27. Approximately =
_ The disease affects approximately 10% of the adult population.
28. Determine =
_Nothing less than this liberation will allow black people to determine their own
destinies.
29. Era =
_21st Century is considered as the era of technology.
30. Apparently =
_ I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.
31. Aquatic =
_Some of my favorite aquatic sports are diving, swimming and surfing.
32. Constitute =
_ Nitrogen constitutes 78% of the earth's atmosphere.
33. Remarkable =
_ Nobody can doubt that the invention of the airplane was one of the most remarkable
inventions in human history.
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34. Generation =
_ The younger generation smokes less than their parents did.
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Test 2
READING PASSAGE 1
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function
deficit in young children can have a major impact on 1. Mental/visual/cognitive/hearing
their development of speech and communication, etc impairment= ...
resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to learn
at school. This is likely to have major consequences 2. Deficit=...
for the individual and the population as a whole. The
New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from 3. Speech=...
research carried out over two decades that 6-10% of
children in that country are affected by hearing loss. 4. Detrimental= ...
C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially 14. Exacerbate = ...
failing to learn to their maximum potential because of
noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of 15. Instruction= ...
noise on the ability of children to learn effectively in
typical classroom environments are now the subject of 16. Generate= …
increasing concern. The International Institute of Noise
Control Engineering (I-INCE), on the advice of the 17. Evaluate= ...
World Health Organization, has established an
international working party, which includes New 18. Reverberation= ...
Zealand, to evaluate noise and reverberation control
for school rooms.
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12. Possession =
_ Please remember to take all your personal possessions with you when you leave the
aircraft.
13. Potential =
_ Tired drivers are a potential danger to other road users.
14. Exacerbate =
_ The family's problems were exacerbated when Walter lost his job.
15. Instruction =
_ The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
16. Generate =
_ The wind farm may be able to generate enough electricity/power for 2,000 homes.
17. Evaluate =
_ The magazine article evaluated ten different smartphones and ranked them
according to price and ease of use.
18. Reverberation =
_ Electronic effects have been added, such as echo and reverberation.
19. Disability =
_ Because of his disability, he depended on his wife to dress him, feed him
and bathe him.
20. Vulnerable =
_ Tourists are more vulnerable to attack, because they do not know which areas of the
city to avoid.
21. Disorder =
_ Children with eating disorders such as anorexia need close supervision.
22. Autism =
_ A child with autism often has a hard time interacting with others.
23. Discrepancy in/between =
_ An employee noticed a discrepancy between the two signatures.
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24. Characterize =
_ He has the confidence that characterizes successful businessmen.
25. Interlink =
_ It’s clear that unemployment and crime are interlinked.
26. Sensory =
_ Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste,
smell, and balance.
27. Stimulus =
_ Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
28. Deeply =
_ It was deeply distressing for him to see his wife in such pain.
29. Quantify =
_ It’s difficult to quantify how many people will have to pay higher taxes.
30. Intrusive =
_ They found the security cameras in public places too intrusive.
31. Adverse =
_ Climate change is likely to have adverse impacts on human health.
32. Be indicative of something =
_ Yesterday's win was indicative of the U.S. team's talent.
33. Sustain =
_ He seems to find it difficult to sustain relationships with women.
34. Persistence =
_ Chandra was determined to become a doctor and her persistence paid off.
35. Screen something out/ Screen out something =
_ We quickly screened out over a hundred candidates who are not suitable to do this
job.
36. Distraction =
_ There are too many distractions in this office - it's hard for me to get anything done.
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37. Concentrate =
_ I can't concentrate on my work with all that noise.
38. Isolate =
_ A high wall isolated the house from the rest of the village.
39. Penetrate =
_ The barbed wire fences and security shields made the air base very difficult
to penetrate.
40. Strategy =
_ One of Oppo’s most effective marketing strategies to bring the products closer
towards customers is the use of Son Tung MTP as the representative.
41. Optimum =
_ Under optimum conditions, as many as 50 meteors per hour may be seen.
42. Diagnose =
_ Several years ago, she was diagnosed as having Alzheimer's disease.
43. Embark on =
_ She graduated in 1962 and embarked on a career as a teacher.
44. Consultation =
_ The decision was reached after consultation with parents and teachers.
45. Barrier =
_ Fear of a language barrier holds many students back from studying abroad.
46. Vitally =
_ It's not vitally important that we get extra funding for the project, but it would help.
47. Formulate =
_ Changes to the education system should be formulated by teachers not politicians.
48. Standard =
_ We have very high safety standards in this laboratory.
49. Literature on =
_ There is very little literature on the disease.
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50. To date =
_ Her best performance to date was her third place at the World Junior Championships.
51. Imperative =
_ It's imperative to act now before the problem gets really serious.
52. Take into account =
_ I hope my teacher will take into account the fact that I was ill just before the exams
when she marks my paper.
53. Appropriate =
_ Each member is given a special exercise routine that is appropriate for his or her
needs.
54. Promulgate =
_ Local governments even promulgated over 600 rules to protect the environment.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Venus in transit
June 2004 saw the first passage, known as a ‘transit’,
of the planet Venus across the face of the Sun in 122
years. Transits have helped shape our view of the 1. Astronomical= ….
whole Universe, as Heather Cooper and Nigel Henbest
explain
2. Steadily= ….
A
On 8 June 2004, more than half the population of the 3. Occasion= ….
world were treated to a rare astronomical event. For
over six hours, the planet Venus steadily inched its 4. Observe= ….
way over the surface of the Sun. This ‘transit’ of Venus
was the first since 6 December 1882. On that 5. It is alleged (that) = …
occasion, the American astronomer Professor Simon
Newcomb led a party to South Africa to observe the 6. Schoolmistresses= ….
event. They were based at a girls’ school, where - it is
alleged - the combined forces of three 7. Outperform= ….
schoolmistresses outperformed the professionals
with the accuracy of their observations. 8. Accuracy= …
C 17. Ultimate= ….
Halley was aware that the AU was one of the most
18. Fundamental= ….
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E
While the early transit timings were as precise as
instruments would allow, the measurements were 39. Dog= ….
dogged by the ‘black drop’ effect. When Venus begins
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to cross the Sun’s disc, it looks smeared not circular - 40. Establish= ….
which makes it difficult to establish timings. This is
due to diffraction of light. The second problem is that 41. Diffract= ….
Venus exhibits a halo of light when it is seen just
outside the Sun’s disc. While this showed astronomers 42. Halo= ….
that Venus was surrounded by a thick layer of gases
refracting sunlight around it, both effects made it 43. Refract= ….
impossible to obtain accurate timings.
44. Obtain= ….
F
But astronomers laboured hard to analyse the results 45. Labour= ….
of these expeditions to observe Venus transits. Johann
Franz Encke, Director of the Berlin Observatory, finally 46. Analyse= ….
determined a value for the AU based on all these
parallax measurements: 47. Supersede= ….
153,340,000 km. Reasonably accurate for the time,
that is quite close to today’s value of 149,597,870 km, 48. Cosmic= ….
determined by radar, which has now superseded
transits and all other methods in accuracy. The AU is a 49. Principle= ….
cosmic measuring rod, and the basis of how we scale
the Universe today. The parallax principle can be 50. Extend= ….
extended to measure the distances to the stars. If we
look at a star in January - when Earth is at one point in 51. Spectacle= ….
its orbit - it will seem to be in a different position from
where it appears six months later. Knowing the width 52. Pave the way for= ….
of Earth’s orbit, the parallax shift lets astronomers
calculate the distance. 53. Vital= ….
G 54. Breakthrough= ….
June 2004’s transit of Venus was thus more of an
astronomical spectacle than a scientifically important
event. But such transits have paved the way for what
might prove to be one of the most vital
breakthroughs in the cosmos - detecting Earth-sized
planets orbiting other stars.
1. Astronomical =
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_ We have ten major astronomical events that will take place in 2018 such as super
blue blood moon, solar eclipse, and meteor shower.
2. Steadily =
_ The company’s exports have grown steadily.
3. Occasion =
_ Thanksgiving is a really big occasion in the States.
4. Observe =
_ Visitors are encouraged to look around and observe how things work.
5. Allege =
_ The two men allege (that) the police forced them to make false confessions.
6. Schoolmistress =
_ Ellen, a schoolmistress, had tried to help Peter in raising him.
7. Outperform =
_ Employment reports suggest that the US economy will outperform Europe in the
months to come.
8. Accuracy =
_ She says she can type 85 words per minute with 90% accuracy.
9. Draw somebody to something =
_ He's an excellent speaker who always draws a crowd.
10. The four corners of the world =
_ People from the four corners of the world have come to Ontario to make it their
home.
11. Extraordinary =
_ She has an extraordinary memory and can remember details and names that I’ve
long forgotten.
12. Polymath =
_ He was a great polymath, being a musician, astronomer, poet, inventor of the term
geography and mathematician.
13. Innermost =
_ He's not the kind of person to reveal his innermost secrets, even to his closest
friends.
14. Desolate =
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_ We looked out over a desolate landscape of bare trees and stony fields.
15. Latitude =
_ The town is at latitude 21° north.
16. Apparent =
_ He played extremely well for several weeks, and then, for no apparent reason,
quit the team.
17. Ultimate =
_ My manager will make the ultimate decision about who to employ.
18. Fundamental =
_ Water is fundamental to survival.
19. Goal =
_ Do you think I'll be able to achieve my goal of losing five kilos before the summer?
20. Scale =
_ Nuclear weapons cause destruction on a massive scale.
21. Fall into place =
_ Once the police received this new evidence, things began falling into place.
22. Determine =
_ Investigators are still trying to determine the cause of the fire.
23. Occur =
_ The accident occurred about 11: 40 pm on Friday.
24. Roughly =
_ One box may look bigger than the other, but in fact they are roughly equal in volume.
25. Predict =
_ Some scientists predict that the Earth's temperature will rise by as much as 5° over
the next 20 years.
26. Inspired =
_ This piece of music was inspired by dolphin sounds
27. Pin somebody/ something down =
_ The fire department is trying to pin down the cause of Wednesday’s fire.
28. Expedition =
_ He led the first major British scientific expedition to the Amazon.
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29. Diverse =
_ The category of "mammals" contains creatures as diverse as whales, elephants, and
human beings.
30. Deserve =
_ After all that hard work, you deserve a holiday.
31. Sympathy =
_ When Robert died, I sent a letter of sympathy to his wife.
32. Thwart =
_ Our holiday plans were thwarted by the airline pilots' strike.
33. Besiege =
_ U23 Vietnam were besieged by waiting journalists and fans when they arrived at Noi
Bai International Airport.
34. Flee =
_ In order to escape capture, he fled to the mountains.
35. Rule something/somebody out =
_ It’s unlikely that he’ll run for president, but you can never rule anything out.
36. Attempt =
_ She passed her driving test at the first attempt.
37. Undaunted =
_ Undaunted by the cold and the rain, people danced until 2 a.m.
38. Precise =
_ It's difficult to be precise about the number of deaths caused by smoking.
39. Dog =
_ Technical problems dogged our trip from the outset.
40. Establish =
_ The British established a rich trade with Portugal.
41. Diffraction =
_ Orange, red, green, blue – all the hues produced by diffraction – were exhibited in
the utmost splendor.
42. Halo =
_ She is also wearing a silver-gray disk that appears like an oval halo behind her head.
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43. Refract =
_ Some of the ray will reflect off the boundary, and some will refract as it passes
through.
44. Obtain =
_ He was found guilty of obtaining money by deception.
45. Labour =
_ Three hours after the explosion, rescue teams were still laboring to free those
trapped.
46. Analyse =
_ A packet of white powder was found and police scientists are analyzing it.
47. Supersede =
_ Iron began to supersede bronze for tool making about 3000 years ago.
48. Cosmic =
_ The universe is believed to have been created about 15 billion years ago in a cosmic
explosion.
49. Principle =
_ The organization works on the principle that all members have the same rights.
50. Extend =
_ The US government is still trying to extend its influence over European politics.
51. Spectacle =
_ It was a strange spectacle to see the two former enemies shaking hands and
slapping each other on the back.
52. Pave the way for =
_ Data from the space flight should pave the way for a more detailed exploration of
Mars.
53. Vital =
_ Regular exercise is vital for your health.
54. Breakthrough =
_ Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
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We think our perceptions of the world are real, but they 21. Rumblings=
are only biological and electrical rumblings.
Perception is not simply a product of what your eyes or 22. Central=
ears transmit to your brain. More than the physical
reality of photons or sound waves, perception is a 23. Pitfall=
product of the brain.
Perception is central to iconoclasm. Iconoclasts see 24. Plague=
things differently to other people. Their brains do not
fall into efficiency pitfalls as much as the average 25. Hardwired=
person's brain. Iconoclasts, either because they were
born that way or through learning, have found ways to 26. Curse=
work around the perceptual shortcuts that plague most
people. Perception is not something that is hardwired 27. Fundamental=
into the brain. It is a learned process, which is both a
curse and an opportunity for change. The brain faces 28. Stimulus=
the fundamental problem of interpreting physical
stimuli from the senses. Everything the brain sees, 29. Ultimate=
hears, or touches has multiple interpretations. The one
that is ultimately chosen is simply the brain's best 30. Conjecture=
theory. In technical terms, these conjectures have
their basis in the statistical likelihood of one 31. Statistical=
interpretation over another and are heavily influenced
by past experience and, importantly for potential 32. Likelihood=
iconoclasts, what other people say.
The best way to see things differently to other people 33. Bombard somebody with
is to bombard the brain with things it has never something=
encountered before. Novelty releases the perceptual
process from the chains of past experience and forces 34. Encounter=
the brain to make new judgments. Successful
iconoclasts have an extraordinary willingness to be 35. Chain=
exposed to what is fresh and different. Observation of
iconoclasts shows that they embrace novelty while 36. Extraordinary=
most people avoid things that are different.
The problem with novelty, however, is that it tends to 37. Observation=
trigger the brain's fear system. Fear is a major
impediment to thinking like an iconoclast and stops the 38. Embrace=
average person in his tracks. There are many types of
fear, but the two that inhibit iconoclastic thinking and 39. Trigger=
people generally find difficult to deal with are fear of
uncertainty and fear of public ridicule. These may 40. Disorder=
seem like trivial phobias. But fear of public speaking,
which everyone must do from time to time, afflicts one- 41. Inhibit=
third of the population. This makes it too common to be
considered a mental disorder. It is simply a common
variant of human nature, one which iconoclasts do not
let inhibit their reactions.
Finally, to be successful iconoclasts, individuals must 42. Coordinate=
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2. Fire=
_ I had a brilliant English teacher who fired me with enthusiasm for literature at
an early age.
3. Pattern=
_ Damage to the ozone layer has caused a change in weather patterns.
4. Innovation=
_ The kids-only Internet service is a great innovation which will help parents
control their children's access to the Internet.
5. Iconoclastic=
_ It is tempting to see here an iconoclastic attitude towards male-female roles.
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6. Briefly=
_ He appears briefly towards the end of the film in a cameo role as a priest.
7. Imply=
_ I'm not implying anything about your cooking, but could we eat out tonight?
8. Precise=
_ It's difficult to be precise about the number of deaths caused by smoking.
9. Perception=
_ These photographs will affect people's perceptions of war.
10. Utilize=
_ The Romans were the first to utilize concrete as a building material.
11. Irrelevant=
_ Making a large profit is irrelevant to us - the important thing is to make
the book available to the largest possible audience.
12. Constraint=
_ Financial constraints on the company are preventing them from employing
new staff.
14. Fixed=
_ There’s no fixed routine at work – every day is different.
15. Budget=
_ People on limited budgets should avoid travelling during the holiday season if
they can.
16. Evolve=
_ Over the past three years he has evolved into one of America's most
successful restaurant owners.
17. Impede=
_ Shortages of medicine were impeding the effort to control diseases.
19. Interpret =
_ I didn’t know whether to interpret her silence as acceptance or refusal.
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20. Shortcut=
_ The kids take a shortcut through the parking lot to get to school.
21. Rumblings=
_ As he left, the crowd broke up, and I heard rumblings of disappointment about
having to hang around.
22. Central=
_ Communication plays a central role in developing trust within an organization.
23. Pitfall=
_ However, we should be careful to avoid the pitfall of wanting to do too much.
24. Plague=
_ My shoulder's been plaguing me all week.
25. Hardwired=
_ As humans, we are hardwired to respond to visually appealing stimuli and in
turn ask for more.
26. Curse=
_ Noise is one of the curses of modern-day life.
27. Fundamental=
_ Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
28. Stimulus=
_ Foreign investment has been a stimulus to the industry.
29. Ultimate=
_ My manager will make the ultimate decision about who to employ.
30. Conjecture=
_ "Maybe Burt is jealous", Isabelle conjectured.
31. Statistical=
_ From a statistical point of view the budget for justice and internal affairs has
increased by 252% this year.
32. Likelihood=
_ There is very little likelihood of that happening.
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34. Encounter=
_ This is the first time I have encountered racism at work.
35. Chain=
_ She has built up a chain of 180 bookshops across the country.
36. Extraordinary
_ She has an extraordinary memory and can remember details and names that
I’ve long forgotten.
37. Observation=
_ The police are keeping the suspect under observation.
38. Embrace=
_ We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms.
39. Trigger=
_ Research has shown that lack of sleep and other triggers such as stress
cause a deficiency of the brain chemical dopamine.
40. Disorder
_ Children with eating disorders such as anorexia need close supervision.
41. Inhibit=
_ A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child.
42. Coordinate=
_ The agencies are working together to co-ordinate policy on food safety.
43. Reveal=
_ Doctors are not allowed to reveal confidential information.
44. Empathy=
_ He loves children and has a certain empathy with them.
45. Convince=
_ Agricultural companies have failed to convince consumers that GM foods are
safe.
46. Enthusiasm=
_ After the accident he lost his enthusiasm for the sport.
47. Reputation=
_ She was a good lawyer with a reputation for honesty and diligence.
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49. Alienation=
_ Minority students have a sense of alienation from the mostly white teachers.
50. Asset=
_ Her knowledge and experience would make her a priceless asset to the
team.
51. Crucial=
_ Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
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Test 3
1. Systematic= …..
READING PASSAGE 1 2. Objective= …..
Attitudes to language 3. Linguistic= …..
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1. Systematic =
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Tidal Power
Undersea turbines which produce electricity from the
tides are set to become an important source of
renewable energy for Britain. It is still too early to
predict the extent of the impact they may have, but all
1. Predict=
the signs are that they will play a significant role in the
future.
2. Play a part/role in=
A
Operating on the same principle as wind turbines, the 3. Operate=
power in sea turbines comes from tidal currents
which turn blades similar to ships’ propellers, but, 4. Tidal=
unlike wind, the tides are predictable and the power
input is constant. The technology raises the prospect
of Britain becoming self-sufficient in renewable energy 5. Current=
and drastically reducing its carbon dioxide emissions.
If tide, wind and wave power are all developed, Britain 6. Blade=
would be able to close gas, coal and nuclear power
plants and export renewable power to other parts of 7. Propeller=
Europe. Unlike wind power, which Britain originally
developed and then abandoned for 20 years allowing
the Dutch to make it a major industry, undersea 8. Prospect=
turbines could become a big export earner to island
nations such as Japan and New Zealand. 9. Emission=
B 10. Export=
Tidal sites have already been identified that will
produce one sixth or more of the UK’s power - and at
11. Abandon=
prices competitive with modern gas turbines and
undercutting those of the already ailing nuclear
industry. One site alone, the Pentland Firth, between 12. Identify=
Orkney and mainland Scotland, could produce 10% of
the country’s electricity with banks of turbines under 13. Include=
the sea, and another at Alderney in the Channel
Islands three times the 1,200 megawatts of Britain’s
largest and newest nuclear plant, Sizewell B, in
Suffolk. Other sites identified include the Bristol
Channel and the west coast of Scotland, particularly
the channel between Campbeltown and Northern
Ireland.
C
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Work on designs for the new turbine blades and sites 14. Advance=
are well advanced at the University of Southampton’s
sustainable energy research group. The first station is 15. Sustainable=
expected to be installed off Lynmouth in Devon
shortly to test the technology in a venture jointly
funded by the department of Trade and Industry and 16. Install=
the European Union. AbuBakr Bahaj, in charge of the
Southampton research, said: The prospects for energy 17. Venture=
from tidal currents are far better than from wind
because the flows of water are predictable and 18. Jointly=
constant. The technology for dealing with the hostile
saline environment under the sea has been developed
19. Fund=
in the North Sea oil industry and much is already
known about turbine blade design, because of wind
power and ship propellers. There are a few technical 20. Charge (In charge of
difficulties, but I believe in the next five to ten years we something)=
will be installing commercial marine turbine farms.’
Southampton has been awarded £215,000 over three 21. Deal with=
years to develop the turbines and is working with
Marine Current Turbines, a subsidiary of IT power, on
22. Commercial=
the Lynmouth project. EU research has now identified
106 potential sites for tidal power, 80% round the
coasts of Britain. The best sites are between islands or 23. Subsidiary=
around heavily indented coasts where there are
strong tidal currents. 24. Potential=
D
25. Indented=
A marine turbine blade needs to be only one third of
the size of a wind generator to produce three times as
much power. The blades will be about 20 metres in 26. Generator=
diameter, so around 30 metres of water is required.
Unlike wind power, there are unlikely to be 27. Diameter=
environmental objections. Fish and other creatures
are thought unlikely to be at risk from the relatively 28. Objection=
slow-turning blades. Each turbine will be mounted on a
tower which will connect to the national power supply
grid via underwater cables. The towers will stick out of 29. Relatively=
the water and be lit, to warn shipping, and also be
designed to be lifted out of the water for maintenance 30. The National Grid=
and to clean seaweed from the blades.
E
Dr Bahaj has done most work on the Alderney site,
where there are powerful currents. The single
undersea turbine farm would produce far more power
than needed for the Channel Islands and most would 31. Feed =
be fed into the French Grid and be re-imported into
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F 33. Submerged=
One technical difficulty is cavitation, where low
pressure behind a turning blade causes air bubbles. 34. Debris=
These can cause vibration and damage the blades of
the turbines. Dr Bahaj said: ‘We have to test a number 35. Robust=
of blade types to avoid this happening or at least make
sure it does not damage the turbines or reduce 36. Hostile(hostile
performance. Another slight concern is submerged environment/climate/terrain
debris floating into the blades. So far we do not know etc)=
how much of a problem it might be. We will have to
make the turbines robust because the sea is a hostile
environment, but all the signs that we can do it are
good.’
1. Predict=
_ In the future, it may be possible to predict earthquakes.
3. Operate=
_ The bus is designed to operate in all weather conditions.
4. Tidal=
_ Helena, but no one was on the beach on the side facing the tidal wave when
it arrived.
5. Current=
_ Strong currents can be very dangerous for swimmers.
6. Blade=
_ The blade of the knife flashed in the moonlight.
7. Propeller=
_ The boat is fitted with a two-blade propeller.
8. Prospect=
_I'm very excited at the prospect of seeing her again.
9. Emission=
_ Environmental groups want a substantial reduction in the emission of
greenhouse gases.
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10. Export=
_Japan exports a huge quantity of cars around the world.
11. Abandon=
_ Rescuers had abandoned all hope of finding any more survivors.
12. Identify=
_ Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
13. Include=
_ Mozart’s musical compositions include symphonies and operas.
14. Advance=
_Everyone was disappointed when the team failed to advance to the next
round of the competition.
15. Sustainable=
_All renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower and
ocean energy are sustainable as they are stable and available in plenty.
16. Install=
_ We’ve installed new anti-virus software.
17. Venture=
_ His bankruptcy was the result of several reckless business ventures.
18. Jointly=
_ The training centre is jointly funded by the government and local industries.
19. Fund=
_ He plans to donate money to fund health centers.
22. Commercial =
_ “Em chưa 18” achieved huge commercial success with two million tickets sold
and became the highest-grossing Vietnamese film at the Vietnamese box office.
23. Subsidiary=
_ Under our law, a subsidiary can go bankrupt and normally the parent
company will not be liable for its debts.
24. Potential=
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25. Indented=
_ Each new paragraph should be indented about two centimetres from the
margin.
26. Generator=
_ The hospital's emergency generators are designed to cope with power cuts.
27. Diameter=
_Draw a circle six centimetres in diameter.
28. Objection=
_ I have no objection except that it may cost more than expected.
29. Relatively=
_ He predicted marketing would be hardest hit, while research would be relatively
spared.
31. Feed =
_ The public baths are fed by natural springs.
32. Vibration=
_ Vibrations were felt hundreds of miles from the centre of the earthquake.
33. Submerged=
_ Humans become unconscious after being submerged for 3 hours in water at
15C.
34. Debris=
_ After the tornado, debris from damaged trees and houses littered the town.
35. Robust=
_ She was almost 90, but still very robust.
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READING PASSAGE 3
A 4. Take place=
In April 2002 an event took place which
demonstrated one of the many applications of
5. Demonstrate=
information theory. The space probe, Voyager I,
launched in 1977, had sent back spectacular images
of Jupiter and Saturn and then soared out of the Solar 6. Application=
System on a one-way mission to the stars. After 25
years of exposure to the freezing temperatures of 7. Space probe=
deep space, the probe was beginning to show its age.
Sensors and circuits were on the brink of failing and 8. Spectacular=
NASA experts realised that they had to do something
or lose contact with their probe forever. The solution
was to get a message to Voyager I to instruct it to use 9. Soar=
spares to change the failing parts. With the probe 12
billion kilometres from Earth, this was not an easy task. 10. Exposure to something=
By means of a radio dish belonging to NASA’s Deep
Space Network, the message was sent out into the 11. On the brink/edge of something=
depths of space. Even travelling at the speed of light, it
took over 11 hours to reach its target, far beyond the
orbit of Pluto. Yet, incredibly, the little probe managed 12. Spare=
to hear the faint call from its home planet, and
successfully made the switchover. 13. Manage to do something=
B 14. Triumph=
It was the longest-distance repair job in history, and a
triumph for the NASA engineers. But it also
15. Highlight=
highlighted the astonishing power of the techniques
developed by American communications engineer
Claude Shannon, who had died just a year earlier.
Born in 1916 in Petoskey, Michigan, Shannon showed
an early talent for maths and for building gadgets, and
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E
Over the years scientists have devised many such
coding methods, and they have proved crucial in
many technological feats. The Voyager spacecraft 36. Devise=
transmitted data using codes which added one extra
bit for every single bit of information; the result was an 37. Crucial=
error rate of just one bit in 10,000 - and stunningly
clear pictures of the planets. Other codes have 38. Transmit=
become part of everyday life - such as the Universal
Product Code, or bar code, which uses a simple error- 39. Error=
detecting system that ensures supermarket check-out
lasers can read the price even on, say, a crumpled bag 40. Ensure=
of crisps. As recently as 1993, engineers made a
major breakthrough by discovering so-called turbo 41. Ultimate=
codes - which come very close to Shannon’s ultimate
limit for the maximum rate that data can be transmitted 42. Ambiguous=
reliably, and now play a key role in the mobile
videophone revolution. 43. Cram something into/onto etc
something =
F
Shannon also laid the foundations of more efficient
ways of storing information, by stripping out
superfluous (‘redundant’) bits from data which
contributed little real information. As mobile phone text
messages like ‘I CN C U’ show, it is often possible to
leave out a lot of data without losing much meaning.
As with error correction, however, there’s a limit
beyond which messages become too ambiguous.
Shannon showed how to calculate this limit, opening
the way to the design of compression methods that
cram maximum information into the minimum space.
1. Genetic code=
_These examples show clearly that the human genetic code does not contain
specific instructions to behave in a particular way.
2. Central=
_Reducing inflation is central to the government's economic policy.
3. Enable=
_The software enables you to create your own DVDs.
4. Take place=
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5. Demonstrate=
_ The teacher demonstrated how to use the equipment.
6. Application=
_ There are both advantages and disadvantages of the application of genetic
engineering in agriculture.
7. Space probe=
_ Despite serious technical obstacles, space agency officials are considering
whether to launch a Jupiter space probe powered entirely by sunlight.
8. Spectacular=
_ In the evening, there will be a spectacular display of fireworks.
9. Soar=
_ Air pollution will soon soar above safety levels.
12. Spare=
_ Are there any spare chairs we can borrow?
14. Triumph=
_ The victory over the French at Waterloo was Wellington's greatest triumph.
15. Highlight=
_ Your CV should highlight your skills and achievements.
16. Breakthrough=
_ Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer.
17. Foundation=
_All theories should be built on a foundation of factual knowledge.
18. Shun=
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_ Some young women are shunned by their families when they become
pregnant outside of marriage.
19. Acclaim=
_ She is being acclaimed as the greatest dancer of her generation.
21. Convey=
_ Please convey our condolences to the family.
22. Prestigious=
_ Harvard University is the oldest university in the US and is regarded as one of
the most prestigious in the world.
23. Apparently=
_I wasn’t there, but apparently it went well.
25. Precise=
_ The precise cause of this serious disease is still unknown.
26. Capture=
_ The data is captured by an optical scanner.
27. Identify=
Even the smallest baby can identify its mother by her voice.
28. Fundamental=
_ Some understanding of grammar is fundamental to learning a language.
29. Guarantee=
_ I guarantee you’ll love this film.
30. Interference=
_ There's a lot of interference on my car radio which makes me annoyed.
31. Genuine=
_ If it is a genuine Michelangelo drawing, it will sell for millions.
32. Relative=
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_ To sit in relative peace and quiet in the Miller house was a very rare
occurrence and Terry was enjoying it.
33. Capacity=
_ The stadium has a seating capacity of 50,000.
36. Devise=
_ The company has also devised a computer program that enables people to
design their own homes.
37. Crucial=
_ Price will be a crucial factor in the success of this new product.
38. Transmit=
_ Instructions were transmitted to the pilots through their headphones.
39. Error=
_ The letter contains a number of typing errors.
40. Ensure=
_ Officials will ensure that the election is carried out fairly.
41. Ultimate=
_ Our first class passengers enjoy the ultimate in luxury and service.
42. Ambiguous=
_ Ambiguous writing will score lower than discussion that conveys a clear
message.
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Test 4
READING PASSAGE 1
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1. Radioactivity=
_ Workers were exposed to high levels of radioactivity.
2. Sole =
_ Griffiths is the sole survivor of the plane crash which killed everyone else on board.
3. Prodigious =
_ At the time of his death, Mozart was considered one of the most talented and
prodigious musical composers of all time.
4. Fulfil =
_Our aim is to fulfill our clients’ wishes as efficiently as possible.
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6. Partnership=
_The festival is being coordinated by the city council in partnership with local schools.
7. Mineral=
_ Calcium (Ca) is the most common mineral found in drinking water.
8. Pitchblende=
_ The cliff contains pitchblende veins that have been sources of dissolved uranium.
9. Superior =
_ For babies, breastfeeding is superior to bottle-feeding.
10. Pure =
_Clothes made of pure cotton are much cooler than those made of mixed fibers.
11. Presence =
_ The document was signed in the presence of two witnesses.
12. Ore =
_ Earlier studies on the deposit indicated the copper ore can be treated using
conventional methods.
13. Substance =
_She was arrested for smoking marijuana, an illegal substance.
14. Undertake =
_Dr Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.
15. Resolve=
_It is difficult to see how this conflict can be resolved without taking the matter to court.
16. Devote your time/energy/attention/yourself etc. to something=
_ She has devoted all her energies/life to the care of homeless people.
17. Chiefly =
_ Before 1849, travel was done chiefly on horseback.
18. Radiations =
_ An accident at the power station could result in large amounts of radiation being
released.
19. Metallic =
_The result is a fine-grained rock containing small traces of metallic iron.
20. Interrupt=
_Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask you to come downstairs.
21. Experimental=
_A few of the drugs are experimental and not covered by insurance companies.
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22. Demonstration=
_He gave a demonstration of how the program works.
23. Vacant =
_Then the station you left hires someone to fill your vacant slot.
24. Operate =
_The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
25. Earnest=
_Despite her earnest efforts, she could not find a job. E
26. Triumphant=
_ Winning a ring would be the triumphant moment of his career.
27. Accumulate =
_ As people accumulate more wealth, they tend to spend a greater proportion of their
incomes.
28. Intense=
_ Very intense exercise may actually be bad for you.
29. Abundant =
_ During the 18th century land was cheap, grain was plentiful, and meat was abundant.
30. Leukaemia =
_ When he went to a doctor, he was diagnosed with leukaemia, and everything came to
a screeching halt.
31. Exposure =
_ Too much unprotected exposure to the sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays can cause skin
damage, eye damage, immune system suppression, and skin cancer.
32. Isotopes =
_ By looking at the levels of various isotopes, geochemists can group the rocks that
have similar deep-earth origins.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Young children's sense of
identity
A sense of self develops in young children by
degrees. The process can usefully be thought of in 1. Degree=
terms of the gradual emergence of two somewhat
separate features: the self as a subject, and the self 2. Gradual=
as an object. William James introduced the
distinction in 1892, and contemporaries of his,
such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing 3. Emergence=
debate. Ever since then psychologists have
continued building on the theory. 4. Separate=
B 5. Distinction=
According to James, a child's first step on the road to
self-understanding can be seen as the recognition
6. Contemporary=
that he or she exists. This is an aspect of the self that
he labelled 'self-as-subject', and he gave it various
elements. These included an awareness of one's own 7. Debate=
agency (i.e. one's power to act), and an awareness of
one's distinctiveness from other people. These 8. Various=
features gradually emerge as infants explore their
world and interact with caregivers. Cooley (1902) 9. Infant=
suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was
primarily concerned with being able to exercise
power. He proposed that the earliest examples of 10. Caregiver=
this are an infant's attempts to control physical
objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs. This is 11. Propose=
followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other
people. For example, infants learn that when they cry 12. Attempt=
or smile someone responds to them.
C 13. Mimic=
Another powerful source of information for infants
about the effects they can have on the world around 14. Vocalize=
them is provided when others mimic them. Many
parents spend a lot of time, particularly in the early 15. Reflection=
months, copying their infant's vocalizations and
expressions. In addition, young children enjoy looking
in mirrors, where the movements they can see are
dependent upon their own movements.
This is not to say that infants recognize the reflection
as their own image (a later development). However,
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E
Once children have acquired a certain level of self- 22. Unique=
awareness, they begin to place themselves in a
whole series of categories, which together play such
an important part in defining them uniquely as 23. Characteristic=
'themselves'. This second step in the development of
a full sense of self is what James called the 'self-as-
object'. This has been seen by many to be the aspect 24. Derive something from something=
of the self which is most influenced by social
elements, since it is made up of social roles (such as
student, brother, colleague) and characteristics 25. Identity=
which derive their meaning from comparison or
interaction with other people (such as
trustworthiness, shyness, sporting ability).
F
Cooley and other researchers suggested a close
connection between a person's own understanding of
their identity and other people's understanding of it.
Cooley believed that people build up their sense of
identity from the reactions of others to them, and
from the view they believe others have of them. He
called the self-as-object the 'looking-glass self', since
people come to see themselves as they are reflected
in others. Mead (1934) went even further, and saw
the self and the social world as inextricably bound
together: 'The self is essentially a social structure,
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and it arises in social experience ... it is impossible to 26. Bind smb/smt together=
conceive of a self arising outside of social
experience.'
G 27. Arise=
Lewis and Brooks-Gunn argued that an important
developmental milestone is reached when children
become able to recognize themselves visually 28. Conceive of (doing) something =
without the support of seeing contingent movement.
This recognition occurs around their second birthday.
In one experiment, Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (1979) 29. Milestone=
dabbed some red powder on the noses of children
who were playing in front of a mirror, and then
observed how often they touched their noses. The 30. Contingent=
psychologists reasoned that if the children knew what
they usually looked like, they would be surprised by
the unusual red mark and would start touching it. On 31. Experiment=
the other hand, they found that children of 15 to 18
months are generally not able to recognize
themselves unless other cues such as movement are 32. Longitudinal study/survey/research
present.
etc=
H
Finally, perhaps the most graphic expressions of self-
awareness in general can be seen in the displays of
33. Frustration=
rage which are most common from 18 months to 3
years of age. In a longitudinal study of groups of
three or four children, Bronson (1975) found that the
34. Anger=
intensity of the frustration and anger in their
disagreements increased sharply between the ages
of 1 and 2 years. Often, the children's disagreements
involved a struggle over a toy that none of them had
played with before or after the tug-of-war: the children
seemed to be disputing ownership rather than
wanting to play with it. Although it may be less
marked in other societies, the link between the sense
of 'self' and of 'ownership' is a notable feature of
childhood in Western societies.
1. Degree=
_All the students have different degrees of ability.
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2. Gradual=
_There has been a gradual change in climate.
3. Emergence=
_ The political implications of China's emergence as an economic power are profound.
4. Separate=
_ He tries to keep his professional life completely separate from his private life.
5. Distinction=
_ It’s sometimes very difficult to draw a clear distinction between the meanings of
different words.
6. Contemporary=
_ Atkins is still working, long after many of his contemporaries have retired.
7. Debate=
_ After a long debate, Congress approved the proposal.
8. Various=
_ After the party I collected up bottles from various parts of the house.
9. Infant=
_ We studied newborn infants up to two months old.
10. Caregiver=
_ As patients are sent home sooner and sooner, families are thrown into the role of
caregivers.
11. Propose=
_ She proposed that the book should be banned.
12. Attempt=
_ All my attempts to get the machine working failed miserably.
13. Mimic=
_ ""Hmm, '' Phil said. ""Hmm, '' Graham mimicked.
14. Vocalize=
_ Your baby will begin to vocalize long before she can talk.
15. Reflection=
_ He admired his reflection in the mirror.
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17. Distinct=
_ The learning needs of the two groups are quite distinct from each other.
18. Co-operate=
_ The president said that Mexico would continue to cooperate with the US in the fight
against drugs.
19. Empirical=
_ The diagnosis of a business problem should be based both on empirical analysis
and on theoretical analysis.
20. Acquire=
_ The course makes it possible for workers to acquire new skills.
22. Unique=
_ Cao Lầu is not something you’ll find all over Vietnam – it’s very unique to Hoi An, the
historic trading port town along the central coast.
23. Characteristic=
_ The two diseases have a number of characteristics in common.
25. Identity=
_ Some people fear that globalization will inevitably lead to the total loss of cultural
identity.
27. Arise=
_ Low achievement at school often arises from poverty and bad social conditions.
29. Milestone=
_ For most people, the birth of their first child is a milestone in their lives.
30. Contingent=
_ Outdoor activities are, as ever, contingent on the weather.
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31. Experiment=
_ Scientists are conducting/ carrying out/ doing experiments to test the
effectiveness the new drug.
33. Frustration=
_ His failure to get the right job has a been a great frustration to him.
34. Anger=
_ Andrea still feels a lot of anger towards her mom, who left when she was a little girl.
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2. Relic=….
The Development of
3. Infallible=….
Museums
A 4. Testimony=….
The conviction that historical relics provide
infallible testimony about the past is rooted in the 5. Root=….
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when
science was regarded as objective and value free. 6. Objective=….
As one writer observes: 'Although it is now evident
that artefacts are as easily altered as chronicles,
public faith in their veracity endures: a tangible relic 7. Artefact=….
seems ipso facto real.' Such conviction was, until
recently, reflected in museum displays. Museums 8. Chronicle=….
used to look - and some still do - much like storage
rooms of objects packed together in showcases: 9. Veracity=….
good for scholars who wanted to study the subtle
differences in design, but not for the ordinary visitor,
10. Endure=….
to whom it all looked alike. Similarly, the information
accompanying the objects often made little sense to
the lay visitor. The content and format of explanations 11. Tangible=….
dated back to a time when the museum was the
exclusive domain of the scientific researcher. 12. Ipso facto=….
B 13. Scholar=….
Recently, however, attitudes towards history and the
way it should be presented have altered. The key
word in heritage display is now 'experience', the 14. Accompany=….
more exciting the better and, if possible, involving all
the senses. Good examples of this approach in the 15. Exclusive=….
UK are the Jorvik Centre in York; the National
Museum of Photography, Film and Television in 16. Heritage=….
Bradford; and the Imperial War Museum in London.
In the US the trend emerged much earlier:
Williamsburg has been a prototype for many 17. Emerge=….
heritage developments in other parts of the world. No
one can predict where the process will end. On so- 18. Prototype=….
called heritage sites the re-enactment of historical
events is increasingly popular, and computers will 19. Virtual=….
soon provide virtual reality experiences, which will
present visitors with a vivid image of the period of
20. Vivid=….
their choice, in which they themselves can act as if
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D 28. Fulfill=….
Theme parks are undergoing other changes, too, as
they try to present more serious social and cultural
issues, and move away from fantasy. This 29. Operate=….
development is a response to market forces and,
although museums and heritage sites have a special,
rather distinct, role to fulfill, they are also operating 30. Be engaged in something=….
in a very competitive environment, where visitors
make choices on how and where to spend their free
time. Heritage and museum experts do not have to 31. Interpret=….
invent stories and recreate historical environments to
attract their visitors: their assets are already in place.
However, exhibits must be both based on artefacts 32. Steer a course=….
and facts as we know them, and attractively
presented. Those who are professionally engaged in
the art of interpreting history are thus in a difficult
position, as they must steer a narrow course
between the demands of 'evidence' and
'attractiveness', especially given the increasing need
in the heritage industry for income-generating
activities.
E
It could be claimed that in order to make everything in
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1. Conviction=….
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_ The students possess the conviction that they can make a difference to their
community.
2. Relic=….
_ Everything in the house seemed old and untouched, like relics of an ancient time.
3. Infallible=….
_ There is no infallible way of predicting exactly what the weather will be like.
4. Testimony=….
_ The pyramids are an eloquent testimony to the ancient Egyptians' engineering
skills.
5. Root=….
_ The high crime rate has its roots in unemployment and poverty.
6. Objective=….
_ Sometimes it's hard to be objective when the situation gets emotional.
7. Artefact=….
_ The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times.
8. Chronicle=….
_ The report is a chronicle of the history of the Party since its formation.
9. Veracity=….
_ Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?
10. Endure=….
_ Friendships which endure over many years.
11. Tangible=….
_ There is no tangible evidence of dishonesty among the company's directors.
13. Scholar=….
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_ Chu Van An is the only Vietnamese scholar who is worshipped in Ha Noi's Van
Mieu (Temple of Literature) - Quoc Tu Giam (the first university of Viet Nam).
14. Accompany=…
_ There's a workbook to accompany the course book.
15. Exclusive=….
_ Your password gives you exclusive access to your personal computer files.
16. Heritage=….
_ In 1994 and subsequently in 2000, Ha Long Bay was recognized by UNESCO as
World Natural Heritage.
17. Emerge=….
_ The sun emerged from behind the clouds.
18. Prototype=….
_ Pilots have begun testing a prototype of the new aircraft.
19. Virtual=….
_ Finding a cheap place to rent is a virtual impossibility in this area.
20. Vivid=….
_ I loved listening to his vivid descriptions of life in Italy.
21. Intolerable=….
_ Three-quarters of the world's population live in conditions that people in the West
would find intolerable.
22. Vulgarize=….
_ Such hateful speech vulgarizes our culture and goes against everything the
University of St. Thomas stands for.
23. Sharp=….
_ The mountains stood in sharp contrast to the blue sky.
25. Evaporate=….
_ Plants keep cool during the summer by evaporating water from their leaves.
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26. Adopt=….
_ Congress finally adopted the law after a two-year debate.
27. Undergo=….
_ I had to undergo a medical examination when I started my pension scheme.
28. Fulfill=….
_ She said the president had failed to fulfill his campaign promises.
29. Operate=….
_ The video provides instruction on how to operate the computer.
31. Interpret=….
_ This dream can be interpreted in several different ways.
33. Depict=….
_ Her paintings depict the lives of ordinary people in the last century.
34. Correspond=….
_ The American FBI corresponds to the British MI5.
35. Perception=….
_ There is a general perception that exams are becoming easier to pass.
36. Dominant=….
_ Japan became dominant in the mass market during the 1980s.
37. Gesture=….
_ In Viet Nam, crossing your fingers is considered a rude and disrespectful gesture.
38. Compensation=….
_ She admitted her company's responsibility for the disaster and went on to explain
how compensation would be paid to the victims.
39. Prejudice=….
_ Women still face prejudice in the workplace.
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40. Bias=….
_ It’s clear that the company has a bias against women and minorities.
41. Inevitable=….
_ The accident was the inevitable consequence of carelessness.
42. Occupy=….
_ The bed seemed to occupy most of the room.
43. Era=….
_ He remembers the 1960s as being an era of sexual permissiveness.
44. Wonder=….
_ I wonder what the future holds for you and me.
45. Stroll=….
_ We drove to Penrhyn Castle, and strolled around the beautiful gardens there.
46. Nostalgia=….
_ He looked back on his university days with a certain amount of nostalgia.
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