Council On Foreign Relations 1946 - The War and Peace Studies

THE WAR AND PEACE STUDIES
OF THE
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS^
1939-1945
THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

THE WAR AND PEACE STUDIES
FIFTY-EIGHT EAST SIXTY-EIGHTH STREET
OF 'THe
3{jew Tork
1946
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS-J

~
1939 - 1945
Generated on 2011-10-30 19:39 GMT / Public Domain, Google-digitized / http://www.hathitrust.org/access_use#pd-google
THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

FIFTY-EIGHT EAST SIXTY-EIGHTH STREET
:N:..ew rork
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
â€¢TX
^ 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
R. C. LEFFINGWELL
ISAIAH BOWMAN ALLBN W. DULLES
Vice-President V ice-President
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS
FRANK ALTSCHUL CLARENCE E. HUNTER
Secretary Treasurer JX
WALTER H. MALLORY
Executive Director
:-.., "-7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG GEORGE O. MAY
WILLIAM A. M. BURDEN PHILIP D. REED

I (~ ~~ :.
JOHN W. DAVIS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER R. C. LEFFINGWELL

LEWIS W. DOUGLAS WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON
STEPHEN DUGGAN MYRON C. TAYLOR

President
THOMAS K. FINLETTER JOHN H. WILLIAMS
HENRY M. WRISTON
ISAIAH BOWMAN ALLEN W. DULLES
Copyright. 1946, by Council on Foreign Relations, Inc.
rice-President I· ice-President
Printed in the United Statei of America
FRANK ALTSCHUL CLARENCE E. HUNTER

Secretary Treasurer
WALTER H. MALLORY
Ex~cutif)e Director
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG GEORGE O. MAY

WILLIAM A. M. BURDEN PHILIP D. REED
JOHN W. DAVIS WIXFIELD W. RIEFLER
L·E'VIS W. DOUGLAS \VHIT~EY H. SHEPARDSON
STEPHEN DUGGAN :\!YRON C. TAYLOR
THOMAS K. FINLETTER JOHS H. 'VILLIA1\IS

HENRY 1\1. WRISTON
Co"n,"t, 1916, hy Council on For~i," Rl'latio1ls, 11Ic.

Pri"ttd i" tI,t r.Yn;ll'd Sta/~s of ~4 mtrica
A3 THE foreign responsibilities of the United
States increase, the participation of its citizens
A S THE
in influencing its foreign policies should increase also.
Without such participation there are bound to be vio-

foreign responsibilities of the United
~ States increase, the participation of its citizens
lent fluctuations in public opinion (as happened, for
example, in the years 1918-1920), with consequent
in influencing its foreign policies should increase also.

abrupt reversals of foreign policy. The channels of
communication between people and government
should be open in both directions and they should be
used as fully and frequently as practicable.

Without such participation there are bound to be vio-
Recognizing this, alert policy-making officials of
government will always be on the lookout for analyses

lent fluctuations in public opinion (as happened, for
and judgments of private citizens and agencies known
to have special competence and believed to be acting

example, in the years 1918-1920), with consequent
from disinterested motives. This will be true particu-
abrupt reversals of foreign policy. The channels of
communication between people and government
larly in times of crisis, when they are overwhelmed
with the work of day-by-day decision and action. But
while independent private agencies should be free to
undertake studies and to report their findings without

should be open in both directions and they should be
fear or favor, government officials must remain free
to accept or disregard them; for it is they who are

used as fully and frequently as practicable.
charged with responsibility for action and are held
accountable to the public for mistakes. Thus the link-

Recognizing this, alert policy-making officials of
age between government and outside agencies should
be informal and loose, each retaining full inde-

government will always be on the lookout for analyses
and judgments of private citizens and agencies known
pendence.
The wartime activities of the Council on Foreign
Relations offer an unusual instance of collaboration to have special competence and believed to be acting
from disinterested motives. This will be true particu-
between government agencies and a private institu-
tion. Since it is difficult, even in a democracy, for
CO
larly in times of crisis, when they are overwhelmed

with the work of day-by-day decision and action. But
while independent private agencies should be free to
undertake studies and to report their findings without
fear or favor, government officials must remain free
to accept or disregard them; for it is they who are
charged with responsibility for action and are held
accountable to the public for mistakes. Thus the link-
age between government and outside agencies should
be informal and loose, each retaining full inde-
pendence.
The wartime activities of the Council on Foreign
Relations offer an unusual instance of collaboration
between government agencies and a private institu-
tion. Since it is difficult, even in a democracy, for
[I]
private citizens to participate in the formulation of
foreign policy, the Council's experience may be con-
private citizens to participate in the formulation of

sidered of interest not merely to Council members but
of general interest in relationship to a broad problem

foreign policy, the Council's experience may be con-
sidered of interest not merely to Council members but
of government.
The wartime work of the Council necessarily was
confidential; and the management is glad now to be
able to report on it to the Council membership. It

of general interest in relationshi p to a broad problem
originated in a visit which Hamilton Fish Armstrong,
Editor of Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory,

of government.
The wartime work of the Council necessarily was
Executive Director of the Council on Foreign Rela-
tions, paid to the Department of State on September
12, 1939, to offer such aid on the part of the Council
as might be useful and appropriate in view of the out-

confidential; and the management is glad now to be
break of the war in Europe. There was no doubt that
even if the United States avoided being drawn into

able to report on it to the Council membership. It
the war, its interests would become profoundly en-
originated in a visit which Hamilton Fish Armstrong,
gaged as the conflict progressed; and certainly they
would be directly affected by the eventual peace set-

Editor of Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory,
Executive Director of the Council on Foreign Rela-
tlements. The Department already was greatly over-
worked as a result of the crisis, and adequate govern-
ment funds for increased staff were not immediately
available. The Council representatives suggested that,

tions, paid to the Department of State on September
particularly pending the time when the Department
itself was able to assemble a staff and begin research

12, 1939, to offer such aid on the part of the Council
as might be useful and appropriate in view of the out-
and analysis on the proper scale, the Council might
undertake work in certain specific fields, without, of
course, any formal assignment of responsibility on the

break of the ,var in Europe. There ,vas no doubt that
one side or restriction of independent action on the
other. Specifically, they proposed that the Council

even if the United States avoided being drawn into
form groups of experts to proceed with research un-
M
the war, its interests \vould become profoundly en-
gaged as the conflict progressed; and certainly they
would be directly affected by the eventual peace set-
tlements. The Department already \vas greatly over-
worked as a result of the crisis, and adequate govern-
ment funds for increased staff \vere not immediately
available. The Council representatives suggested that,
particularly pending the time when the Department
itself was able to assemble a staff and begin research
and analysis on the proper scale, the Council might
undertake work in certain specific fields, ,vithout, of
course, any formal assignment of responsibility on the
one side or restriction of independent action on the
other. Specifically, they proposed that the Council
form groups of experts to proceed ,vith research un-
[2]
der four general headsâ€”Security and Armaments
Problems, Economic and Financial Problems, Politi-
cal Problems, and Territorial Problems. In this way

der four general heads-Security and Armaments
Problems, Economic and Financial Problems, Politi-
the Council's long experience in assembling and con-
ducting such groups would be put to use and the De-
partment would be provided with a cross-section of
expert opinion to supplement its own official informa-

cal Problems, and Territorial Problems. In this way
tion and opinion.
The Department officers welcomed the Council's

the Council's long experience in assembling and con-
suggestion and encouraged the Council management
ducting such groups would be put to use and the De-

to proceed with the formulation of a more detailed
plan. This was done in consultation with Department

partment would be provided with a cross-section of
officials. The Rockefeller Foundation was then ap-
proached for a grant of funds to put the plan into

expert opinion to supplement its own official informa-
operation. When assurances had been received that
the funds were available, the personnel of the groups

tion and opinion.
was selected and on December 8, 1939, an organiza-
tion meeting was held in Washington, at the home of

The Department officers welcomed the Council's
Assistant Secretary of State George S. Messersmith.
General responsibility for the War and Peace

suggestion and encouraged the Council management
Studies rested with the Council's Committee on
Studies, but actual direction was in the hands of a

to proceed with the formulation of a more detailed
Steering Committee, composed at the start as follows:
plan. This was done in consultation with Department
NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice Chairman

officials. The Rockefeller Foundation was then ap-
WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary
PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary

proached for a grant of funds to put the plan into
ISAIAH BOWMAN
ALLEN W. DULLES
operation. When assurances had heen received that
ALVIN H. HANSEN
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON
the funds were available, the personnel of the groups
JACOB VINER
was selected and on December 8, 1939, an organiza-
[3]
tion meeting was held in Washington, at the horne of

Assistant Secretary of State George S. Messersmith.
General responsi hili ty for the War and Peace
Studies rested with the Council's Committee on
Studies, but actual direction was in the hands of a
Steering Committee, composed at the start as follows:
NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, rice Chairman
WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary
PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary
ISAIAH BOWMAN
ALLEN W. DULLES
ALVIN H. HANSEN
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON
JACOB VINER
Individual group members were chosen because of
special experience and competence to deal with par-
ticular subjects. Each group was headed by a Rappor-

Individual group members were chosen because of
teur and had the assistance of a Research Secretary.
special experience and competence to deal with par-
Subjects were assigned for special investigation to
individual group members, and occasionally to out- ticular subjects. Each group was headed by a Rappor-
side experts. After a draft statement had been pre-
pared, it was brought before the group, discussed

teur and had the assistance of a Research Secretary.
thoroughly, sometimes at several successive meetings,
and then put into final form for transmission to Wash-

Subjects were assigned for special investigation to
ington for use by the appropriate officials in the De-
partment. Accompanying it was a digest of the dis-

individual group members, and occasionally to out-
cussion.
side experts. After a draft statement had been pre-
The Rapporteurs received a nominal honorarium
and the Research Secretaries were compensated for pared, it was brought before the group, discussed
thoroughly, sometimes at several successive meetings,
the time they spent on this work according to usual
academic schedules of pay. The members of the
groups served without remuneration. All of them, it
should be added, understood that the nature of their

and then put into final form for transmission to Wash-
work precluded them from receiving any public
recognition or reward.
ington for use by the appropriate officials in the De-
partment. Accompanying it was a digest of the dis-
.
A complete list of the persons who participated in
the work of the groups appears in Appendix A. The
original Rapporteurs and Research Secretaries were CUSSlon.

as follows: Security and Armaments Group, Rappor-
The Rapporteurs received a nominal honorarium

teur Allen W. Dulles, Research Secretary William
and the Research Secretaries were compensated for

M. Franklin; Economic and Financial Group, Rap-
porteurs Alvin H. Hansen and Jacob Viner, Research
Secretaries Arthur R. Upgren and William Diebold,
Jr.; Political Group, Rapporteur Whitney H. Shep-

the time they spent on this work according to usual
ardson, Research Secretary Walter Langsam; Terri-
[4]
academic schedules of pay. The members of the
groups served without remuneration. All of them, it
should be added, understood that the nature of their
work precluded them from receiving any public
recognition or reward.
A complete list of the persons who participated in
the work of the groups appears in Appendix A. The
original Rapporteurs and Research Secretaries were
as follows: Security and Armaments Group, Rappor-
teur Allen W. Dulles, Research Secretary William
M. Franklin; Economic and Financial Group, Rap-
porteurs Alvin H. Hansen and Jacob Viner, Research
Secretaries Arthur R. U pgren and William Diebold,
Jr.; Political Group, Rapporteur Whitney H. Shep-
ardson, Research Secretary Walter Langsam; T erri-
[4]
torial Group, Rapporteur Isaiah Bowman, Research
Secretary Philip E. Mosely.
As the work progressed, the original structure of

torial Group, Rapporteur Isaiah Bowman, Research
the project was changed in only one major respect.
In 1941, it appeared desirable to investigate the claims

Secretary Philip E. Mosely.
of different European nations, the relationship be-
tween the individual national claims, and their bear-

As the work progressed, the original structure of
ing both on the current foreign policy of the United
States and on the eventual postwar settlement. Ac-

the project was changed in only one major respect.
cordingly, in May of that year the Council organized
In 1941, it appeared desirable to investigate the claims
of different European nations, the relationshi p be-
a fifth group, independently of the other groups, aided
by a special grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
The procedure of this group was different from that
of the others. At each meeting competent political and

tween the individual national claims, and their bear-
economic representatives of a particular nation or
group of nations presented their aims and aspirations.

ing both on the current foreign policy of the United
The Rapporteur and Research Secretary had worked
States and on the eventual postwar settlement. Ac-

out a careful agenda with them beforehand. Full
records were kept of the discussion, and these were cordingly, in May of that year the Council organized
a fifth group, independently of the other groups, aided
sent to the State Department, together with written
memoranda submitted by dissident spokesmen on the
same or related topics. The work of this group was
particularly commended by the State Department,

by a special grant from the Rockefeller Foundation.
and in 1942 it therefore was integrated into the War
and Peace Studies project as the Peace Aims Group.

The procedure of this group was different from that
of the others. At each meeting competent political and
A full list of all members of this group appears in
Appendix A. The Rapporteur was Hamilton Fish
Armstrong, and Philip E. Mosely was the first Re- economic representatives of a particular nation or
group of nations presented their aims and aspirations.
search Secretary.
In February of 1941 the relationship between the
Council and the Department of State was modified.
[5]
The Rapporteur and Research Secretary had worked
out a careful agenda with them beforehand. Full
records were kept of the discussion, and these were
sent to the State Department, together with written
memoranda submitted by dissident spokesmen on the
same or related topics. The work of this group was
particularly commended by the State Department,
and in 1942 it therefore was integrated into the War
and Peace Studies project as the Peace Aims Group.
A full list of all members of this group appears in
Appendix A. The Rapporteur was Hamilton Fish
Armstrong, and Philip E. Mosely was the first Re-
search Secretary.
In February of 1941 the relationship between the
Council and the Department of State was modified.
[5]
The Department, as had been foreseen, established a
The Department, as had been foreseen~ established a

Division of Special Research, which organized its
work along lines similar to that of the Council, i.e. it
was divided into Economic, Political, Territorial and
Security sections. Leo Pasvolsky was appointed Di-

Division of Special Research, which organized its
rector of Research. All of the Research Secretaries
serving with the Council groups were subsequently

work along lines similar to that of the Council, i.e. it
engaged by the Department to participate in its new
was divided into Economic, Political, Territorial and
Security sections. Leo Pasvolsk)~ was appointed Di-
Division. The Council was glad to release them for
this purpose, on the proviso that they be permitted to
rector of Research. All of the Research Secretaries

continue serving part-time as Research Secretaries of
their respective Council groups. The arrangement
made it easier for the Council to select the problems
particularly in need of study and to fix a timetable for

serving with the Council groups were subsequently
dealing with them to the best advantage.
The cooperative relationship between the Depart-

engaged by the Department to participate in its new
ment and the Council was further strengthened in
Division. The Council was glad to release them for
1942, when the Department organized an Advisory
Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies, with Secre-

this purpose, on the proviso that they be permitted to
continue serving part-time as Research Secretaries of
tary Cordell Hull as Chairman and Under Secretary
Sumner Welles as Vice-Chairman.* Dr. Pasvolsky
was appointed its Executive Officer. Several experts
from outside the Department were brought in as

their respective Council groups. The arrangement
members of this Committee, among them Hamilton
Fish Armstrong, Isaiah Bowman, Benjamin V.

made it easier for the Council to select the problems
particularly in need of stud)T and to fix a timetable for
Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shot-
well, all of whom had been participating in the Coun-
cil's work for the Department. The Advisory Com- dealing with them to the best advantage.
mittee was divided into several subcommittees. Mr.
*Cf. "Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Con-
The cooperative relationship between the Depart-
ment and the Council was further strengthened in
ference," Introduction, pp. 20-31 (Department of State, Publication 2345,
June 26, 1945).
[6]
1942, when the Department organized an Advisory

Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies, with Secre-
tary Cordell Hull as Chairman and Under Secretary
Sumner Welles as Vice-Chairman.· Dr. Pasvolsky
was appointed its Executive Officer. Several experts
from outside the Department were brought in as
members of this Committee, among them Hamilton
Fish Armstrong, Isaiah Bowman, Benjamin V.
Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shot-
well, all of whom had been participating in the Coun-
cil's work for the Department. The Advisory Com-
mittee was divided into several subcommittees. Mr.
·el. "Report to the President on the Results of the San Francisco Con-
ference," Introduction, pp. 20-31 (Department of State, Publication 2345.
June 26, 1945).
[6]
Davis, who served as chairman of the Steering Com-
mittee of the Council project from its inauguration
in 1940 till his death on July 2,1944, presided over the

Davis, who served as chairman of the Steering Com-
Subcommittee on Security Problems. Mr. Cohen, of
the Council's Economic and Financial Group, was a

mittee of the Council project from its inauguration
member of the Subcommittee on Economic Problems,
in 1940 till his death on July 2, 1944, presided over the
of which Myron C. Taylor was chairman. Dr.
Bowman, Rapporteur of the Council's Territorial

Subcommittee on Security Problems. Mr. Cohen, of
Group, presided over the Subcommittee on Terri-
torial Problems. Mr. Armstrong, Vice-Chairman of

the Council's Economic and Financial Group, was a
the Council's Steering Committee, was a member of
the Subcommittee on Political Problems and of the

member of the Subcommittee on Economic Problems,
Subcommittee on Territorial Problems.
Parenthetically, it might be mentioned that the par-

of which Myron C. Taylor was chairman. Dr.
ticipation of Council members in the work for the
Bowman, Rapporteur of the Council's Territorial
Department described above led in many cases to
other work related to the organization of peace and

Group, presided over the Subcommittee on Terri-
the settlement of postwar problems. For example:
Among the Research Secretaries, Philip E. Mosely, Re-

torial Problems. Mr. Armstrong, Vice-Chairman of
search Secretary of the Territorial Group, was taken by
Secretary Hull to Moscow in 1943, when the representa-

the Council's Steering Committee, was a member of
tives of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union
and China issued the Moscow Declaration, the text of

the Subcommittee on Political Problems and of the
which had been elaborated previously in the Department's
Subcommittee on Territorial Problems.
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies. Later
Parenthetically, it might be mentioned that the par-

Mr. Mosely was released from the Research Secretary-
ticipation of Council members in the work for the

ship of the Council's Territorial Group to become political
adviser to the American member of the European Ad-
visory Commission in London. Walter R. Sharp, Research
Secretary of the Political Group, served as Secretary-

Department described above led in many cases to
General of the United Nations Food Conference at
Quebec in 1945. Grayson Kirk, Research Secretary of the

other work related to the organization of peace and
[7]
the settlement of postwar problems. For example:

Among the Research Secretaries, Philip E. Mosely, Re-
search Secretary of the Territorial Group, was taken by
Secretary Hull to Moscow in 1943, when the representa-
tives of Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union
and China issued the Moscow Declaration, the text of
which had been elaborated previously in the Department's
Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policies. Later
Mr. Mosely was released from the Research Secretary-
ship of the Council's Territorial Group to become political
adviser to the American member of the European Ad-
visory Commission in London. Walter R. Sharp, Research
Secretary of the Political Group, served as Secretary-
General of the United Nations Food Conference at
Quebec in 1945. Grayson Kirk, Research Secretary of the
[7J
Security Group, was an expert at the Dumbarton Oaks
Conference and was Executive Officer of Commission III

Security Group, was an expert at the Dumbarton Oaks
Conference and was Executive Officer of Commission III
at San Francisco. Dwight E. Lee, Research Secretary of
the Council's group on Peace Aims, was Assistant Secre-
tary of Committee 1, Commission III, at San Francisco.
Of the Rapporteurs, Dr. Bowman was a member of the

at San Francisco. Dwight E. Lee, Research Secretary of
U. S. Delegation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, was
the Council's group on Peace Aims, was Assistant Secre-
tary of Committee I, Commission III, at San Francisco.
named Special Adviser to the Secretary of State, became a
member of the Department's Policy Committee and served
as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San Fran-
cisco Conference. Mr. Armstrong served as Adviser to the

Of the Rapporteurs, Dr. Bowman was a member of the
American Ambassador in London in 1944, with the rank
of Minister, as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State

U. S. Delegation at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference, was
and as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San
named Special Adviser to the Secretary of State, became a

Francisco Conference.
Of the Group Members, Eugene Staley, of the Eco- member of the Department's Policy Committee and served
nomic and Financial Group, was Secretary of Committee
2, Commission II, at San Francisco. David N. Rowe, a

as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San Fran-
member of the Political Group, was Assistant Secretary
of Committee 4, Commission III at San Francisco. Arthur

cisco Conference. Mr. Armstrong served as Adviser to the
Sweetser, Deputy Director of the Office of War Informa- American Ambassador in London in 1944, with the rank
tion, a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser to
the Preparatory Commission of UNO in London in 1945.

of Minister, as Special Adviser to the Secretary of State
Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Economic and Financial
Group, became Counsellor of the State Department and

and as Adviser to the American Delegation at the San
Francisco Conference.
accompanied Secretary Byrnes to Potsdam, London, Mos-
cow and Paris. John Foster Dulles, who served for a short
time as a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser

Of the Group Members, Eugene Staley, of the Eco-
nomic and Financial Group, was Secretary of Committee
to the U. S. Delegation at San Francisco and at the Con-
ference of Foreign Ministers in London in 1945. Winfield
W. Riefler, a member of the Economic and Financial
2, Commission II, at San Francisco. David N. Rowe, a

Group, served as Adviser on Economic Affairs to the
American Ambassador in London, with the rank of Min-

member of the Political Group, was Assistant Secretary
of Committee 4, Commission III at San Francisco. Arthur
[8]
Sweetser, Deputy Director of the Office of War Informa-

tion, a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser to
the Preparatory Commission of UNO in London in 1945.
Benjamin Cohen, a member of the Economic and Financial
Group, became Counsellor of the ,State Department and
accompanied Secretary Byrnes to Potsdam, London, Mos-
cow and Paris. John Foster Dulles, who served for a short
time as a member of the Political Group, was an Adviser
to the U. S. Delegation at San Francisco and at the Con-
ference of Foreign Ministers in London in 1945. Winfield
W. RieHer, a member of the Economic and Financial
Group, served as Adviser on Economic Affairs to the
American Ambassador in London, ~ith the rank of Min-
[8]
ister. Carter Goodrich and Lindsay Rogers, members of
the Political Group, became Chairman of the Governing
Body of the ILO and Assistant Director of the ILO, re-

ister. Carter Goodrich and Lindsay Rogers, members of
spectively, and represented the ILO at San Francisco.
the Political Group, became Chairman of the Governing

Calvin B. Hoover, a member of the Economic and Finan-
cial Group, was Chairman of the Economic Advisers to Body of the ILO and Assistant Director of the ILO, re-
the Allied Control Commission in Germany. Owen Latti-
more, a member of the Political Group, served on the

spectively, and represented the ILO at San Francisco.
Commission on Japanese Reparations in 1945. George N.
Shuster, a member of the Peace Aims Group, was a dele-

Calvin B. Hoover, a member of the Economic and Finan-
gate to the International Education Conference of UNO cial Group, was Chairman of the Economic Advisers to
at London. Major-General Frank R. McCoy, retired, a
member of the Security Group, served as United States

the Allied Control Commission in Germany. Owen Latti-
member and Chairman of the Far Eastern Advisory Com-
mission.
more, a member of the Political Group, served on the
This list does not pretend to be complete, nor does Commission on Japanese Reparations in 1945. George N.
Shuster, a member of the Peace Aims Group, was a dele-
it, of course, include the names of the many Council
members who served in the armed forces or in other
wartime capacities not connected with the formula-
tion of postwar policies. There is no implication, fur-

gate to the International Education Conference of UNO
ther, that they received official assignments as a re-
at London. Major-General Frank R. McCoy, retired, a
member of the Security Group, served as United States
sult of their Council work; but it may be presumed
that they were better prepared to carry out their offi-
cial duties as a result of having already given long
and specialized study to the special problems of the

member and Chairman of the Far Eastern Advisory Com-
mIssIon.
postwar settlement.
The program was financed by annual renewals of
the initial grant of funds made by the Rockefeller

This list does not pretend to be complete, nor does
Foundation late in 1939. These generous grants con-
tinued until the end of 1945. In addition, the Carnegie

it, of course, include the names of the many Council
members who served in the armed forces or in other
Corporation of New York made the Council an annu-
al grant which contributed to the success of the work.
[9]
wartime capacities not connected with the formula-

tion of postwar policies. There is no implication, fur-
ther, that they received official assignments as a re-
sult of their Council work; but it may be presumed
that they were better prepared to carry out their offi-
cial duties as a result of having already given long
and specialized study to the special problems of the
postwar settlement.
The program was financed by annual renewals of
the initial grant of funds made by the Rockefeller
Foundation late in 1939. These generous grants con-
tinued until the end of 1945. In addition, the Carnegie
Corporation of N ew York made the Council an annu-
al grant which contributed to the success of the work.
[9]
Quantitative statistics do not establish the impor-
tance of an enterprise, but they help to indicate its
scope. In all, a total of 362 meetings were held during

Quantitative statistics do not establish the impor-
the operation of the War and Peace Studies, divided
as follows:
tance of an enterprise, but they help to indicate its
Organization meeting, December 8, 1939.... 1
scope. In all, a total of 362 meetings were held during
the operation of the War and Peace Studies, divided
Group meetings:
Security and Armaments Group.... 51
Economic and Financial Group 64
Political Group 52
as follows:
Territorial Group 48
Peace Aims Group 34
Joint group meetings 4

Organization meeting, December 8, 1939. ... I
â€” 253 Group meetings:
Steering Committee meetings 10
Plenary Sessions 2
Security and Armaments Group. · · · 51
Staff meetings 96
Economic and Financial Group. . . .. 64
Political Group ................. 52
Total 362
As a rule, the groups assembled at the Council
House in New York at 4:3O or 5:30 P.M.; there was

Territorial Group ............... 48
Peace Aims Group .............. 34
an adjournment of an hour for dinner; the discussion
was thereupon resumed and continued until 10:30 or
n :oo o'clock. Occasionally the Steering Committee
met with representatives of the State Department at

Joint group meetings · · · · · · · · · · · · · 4
either the Department or at the Cosmos Club in
253
Steering Committee meetings ............
Washington. At most of the group meetings in New
10
York one or more officers of the State Department
were present. In the case of the Security and Arma-

Plenary Sessions ....................... 2
ments Group, Secretaries Stimson and Knox ap-
Staff meetings ......................... 96

pointed regular representatives of the War and Navy
Departments to attend the group meetings.
[10]
Total. . . . .. 362
As a rule, the groups assembled at the Council

House in New York at 4 :30 or 5 :30 P.M.; there was
an adjournment of an hour for dinner; the discussion
was thereupon resumed and continued until 10 :30 or
I I :00 o'clock. Occasionally the Steering Committee
met with representatives of the State Department at
either the Department or at the Cosmos Club in
Washington. At most of the group meetings in New
York one or more officers of the State Department
were present. In the case of the Security and Arma-
ments Group, Secretaries Stimson and Knox ap-
pointed regular representatives of the War and Navy
Departments to attend the group meetings.
[10]
In all, 682 documents were prepared and sent to the
State Department. Each document was supplied in
sufficient quantity so that it could be distributed to all

In all, 682 documents were prepared and sent to the
the appropriate officers and desks. In addition, the
State Department. Each document was supplied in
documents reached other Departments and agencies
of the Government informally, through the group sufficient quantity so that it could be distributed to all
the appropriate officers and desks. In addition, the
membership of representatives of these Departments
or agencies. The total number of documents, divided
by groups, was:
Security and Armaments Group 172

documents reached other Departments and agencies
Economic and Financial Group 161
Political Group 148

of the Government informally, through the group
Territorial Group 128
membership of representatives of these Departments
Peace Aims Group 65
Steering Committee 8 or agencies. The total number of documents, divided

by grou ps, was:
Total 682
The Studies staff also prepared certain other mate-
rial which became increasingly useful as the United
Security and Armaments Group .......... 172

States passed from a state of neutrality to a state of
limited and then active participation in the war. For
example, a compilation of Selected Documents and

Economic and Financial Group ........... 161
Political Group ........................
Official Statements of United States Policy was under-
taken after one member had pointed out the difficul-

148
ties which he had encountered as a member of the
Territorial Group ....................... 128

American Commission at Paris in 1919 in finding
Peace Aims Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65

the necessary texts for consultation. The Council's
collection of selected documents was kept up to date,
Steering Committee ..................... 8

and copies were made available to all group mem-
bers as well as to the Department of State.
Despite other demands on their time, including in
Total ...... 682

[11]
The Studies staff also prepared certain other mate-

rial which became increasingly useful as the United
States passed from a state of neutrality to a state of
limited and then active participation in the war. For
example, a compilation of Selected Documents and
Official Statements of United States Policy was under-
taken after one member had pointed out the difficul-
ties which he had encountered as a member of the
American Commission at Paris in 1919 in finding
the necessary texts for consultation. The Council's
collection of selected documents was kept up to date,
and copies were made available to all group mem-
bers as well as to the Department of State.
-Despite other demands on their time, including in
[II]
many cases missions abroad for the Government, the
hundred or more men who took part in the work of
the various groups attended the meetings with extraor-

many cases missions abroad for the Government, the
dinary faithfulness. It has been estimated that, assum-
ing an average attendance of 15 members at each

hundred or more men who took part in the ,york of
meeting, individual members attended a total of
the various grou ps attended the meetings with extraor-
5,415 meetings, representing more than 21,000 man-
hours of individual study and discussion. This figure dinary faithfulness. It has been estimated that, assum-
ing an average attendance of 15 members at each
of course does not include the time spent by members
in preparing memoranda, reading documents, cor-
recting minutes, etc., nor the time of out-of-town
members in journeying to and from the meetings in

meeting, individual members attended a total of
New York. Most of the participants were members of
the Council. With the exception of the officially-ap-

5,415 meetings, representing more than 21,000 man-
pointed representatives of the War and Navy Depart-
hours of individual study and discussion. This figure
ments, they attended as private citizens. Many of
them, however, were actively associated with the

of course does not include the time spent by members
Government. The Government agencies, bureaus and
offices with which group members had special con-

in preparing memoranda, reading documents, cor-
nections included:
Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System

recting minutes, etc., nor the time of out-of-town
Civil Aeronautics Board
members in journeying to and from the meetings in

Division of Statistical and Historical Research, Department
of Agriculture
New York. Most of the partici pants were members of
Economic Defense Board
the Council. With the exception of the officially-ap-

Economic Stabilization Board
Federal Loan Administration
Federal Reserve Bank

pointed representati yes of the War and Navy Depart-
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Economic Committee of the United States and Canada

ments, they attended as private citizens. Many of
National Power Policy Committee
them, however, were actively associated with the

Office of Production Management
[12] Government. The Government agencies, bureaus and

offices with which group members had special con-
nections included:
Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System

Civil Aeronautics Board
Division of Statistical and Historical Research, Department
of Agriculture
Economic Defense Board
Economic Stabilization Board
Federal Loan Administration
Federal Reserve Bank
Joint Chiefs of Staff
Joint Economic Committee of the United States and Canada
National Power Policy Committee
Office of Production Management
Office of Strategic Services
Office of War Information
War Production Board

Office of Strategic Services
Altogether, the personnel brought to their work at
the Council House a remarkably wide variety of

Office of War Information
training, experience and current information as the
War Production Board
basis for forming mature judgment.
In proposing to undertake the assignment which
Altogether, the personnel brought to their work at

has been here described, the Council was fully aware
that the proper fulfillment of it would call for all the the Council House a remarkably wide variety of
training, experience and current information as the
energy and attainments at the disposal of its members
and staff. As the late Norman H. Davis observed in a
letter to Raymond Fosdick of the Rockefeller Foun-
dation : "Never in its history has the Council had the

basis for forming mature judgment.
opportunity for service to the country which it enjoys
today. Never has its obligation to do its work thor-

In proposing to undertake the assignment which
oughly and well been greater."
Any appraisal of the manner in which this obliga-

has been here described, the Council was fully aware
tion was discharged must necessarily go beyond an
that the proper fulfillment of it would call for all the

enumeration of the meetings held, the memoranda
prepared, and the personnel called in for service, im- energy and attainments at the disposal of its members
and staff. As the late Norman H. Davis observed in a
pressive as that record may be considered to be. The
real touchstone is the usefulness of the studies to the
Government. This was the criterion which the Steer-
ing Committee and the Rapporteurs of the groups

letter to Raymond Fosdick of the Rockefeller Foun-
dation: "N ever in its history has the Council had the
had to keep in mind at all times, and especially in
reviewing work done and in planning new work for
the future.
opportunity for service to the country which it enjoys

It was recognized as important, for example, that
the groups avoid rigidity of outlook, in order that today. N ever has its obligation to do its work thor-
oughly and well been greater."
their work might be of the maximum use in a world
[13]
Any appraisal of the manner in which this obliga-

tion was discllarged must necessarily go beyond an
enumeration of the meetings held, the memoranda
prepared, and the personnel called in for service, im-
pressive as that record filay be considered to be. The
real toucllstone is the usefulness of the studies to the
Government. This was the criterion which the Steer-
ing Committee and the Rapporteurs of the groups
had to keep in mind at all times, and especially in
reviewing work done and in planning new work for
the future.
I t was recognized as important, for example, that
the groups avoid rigidity of outlook, in order that
their work might be of the maximum use in a world
[13]
situation which was changing constantly. When the
studies were first undertaken, Germany appeared as
the besieged fortress. Then the swift German victories

situation which was changing constantly. \Vhen the
brought most of the Continent under German domi-
nation and necessitated a re-orientation of the pro-

studies \vere first undertaken, Germany appeared as
gram in view of a possible imminent defeat of Great
the besieged fortress. Then the s,,"ift German victories

Britain. The abrupt entrance of the United States
into the conflict was followed by other swift military brought most of the Continent under German domi-
nation and necessitated a re-orientation of the pro-
and political turnings. Flexibility was imperative if
new situations were to be evaluated rapidly and if
future developments were to be foreseen as far as
possible. The records disclose that on several occasions

gram in view of a possible imminent defeat of Great
and in a number of important respects the groups did
foresee the eventual appearance of critical problems

Britain. The abrupt entrance of the L~ nited States
and questions.
into the conflict was followed by other s,,'Pift military
and political turnings. Flexibilit). \,~as imperative if
It was also felt that in order for the groups to be
as useful as possible to the Government, they must
maintain an entirely independent outlook, in keeping
with the Council's character as a non-partisan and

new situations were to be evaluated rapidly and if
private organization. This was achieved without prej-
udice to cordial relations with the Department of

future developments were to be foreseen as far as
State and without violating the arrangement under
which the Council had undertaken the assignment.

possible. The records disclose that on se\"eral occasions
Indeed, the Department encouraged the Council
and in a number of important respects the groups did
groups to exercise independent judgment and to make
foresee the eventual appearance of critical problems

appraisals of situations regardless of previous official
and questions.
positions.
A list of the memoranda prepared by the groups is
given in Appendix B to this report. With the excep-
tion of a few which for one reason or another must I t was also felt that in order for the grou ps to be
as useful as possible to the Go,,"ernment, they must
still remain secret, a full set of them has been placed
[14]
maintain an entirely independent outlook, in keeping

\\l'ith the C~ouncil's character as a non-partisan and
private organization. This \vas achieyed ,vithout prej-
udice to cordial relatiolls \vith the Departnlent of
State and without violating the arrangement under
which the Council had undertaken the assignment.
Indeed, the Department encouraged the Council
groups to exercise independent judgment and to make
appraisals of situations regardless of previous official
positions.
A list of the memoranda prepared by the groups is
given in Appendix B to this report. "rith the excep-
tion of a fe\v which for one reason or another must
still remain secret, a full set of them has been placed
[14]
in the Library of the Council on Foreign Relations
in the Library of the Council on Foreign Relations

and may be consulted there by Council members and
others who make use of the Library facilities.
The memoranda fell into five general classifica-
tions. In the early stages of the war, the groups fre-

and may be consulted there by Council members and
quently offered an analysis of a current situation. A sec-
ond type of memorandum presented information in

others who make use of the Library facilities.
expectation of the development of some situation. A
somewhat different kind of study dealt with more

The memoranda fell into five general classifica-
general problems which, though not acute at the mo-
ment, were of such complexity and importance that

tions. In the early stages of the war, the groups fre-
no amount of advance preparation could be regarded
quently offered an analysis of a current situation. A sec-
ond type of melnorandum presented information in
as excessive. "Policy papers" formed a fourth kind
of study; they usually contained specific recommen-
dations based on a substantial body of preliminary
memoranda and prolonged discussion. Finally, there

expectation of the development of some situation. A
were memoranda setting forth general principles
which might serve as a guide in the formulation of

somewhat different kind of study dealt with more
future policy.
general problems which, though not acute at the mo-

One concrete example may be cited as a sample of
how group ideas and recommendations were put to ment, were of such complexity and importance that
no amount of advance preparation could be regarded
use. This is not to say that similar ideas and recom-
mendations might not have originated elsewhere; but
the course of actual events shows that the Council
work in this sample case entered into the stream of

as excessive. "Policy papers" formed a fourth kind
of study; they usually contained specific recommen-
official discussion and action. On March 17, 1940,
one of the groups issued a report entitled "The Stra-
tegic Importance of Greenland." This pointed out
dations based on a substantial body of preliminary

the strategic importance of Greenland for trans-
Atlantic aviation and for meteorological observa- memoranda and prolonged discussion. Finally, there
were memoranda setting forth general principles
tions. (The weather in Europe can be predicted two
[153
which might serve as a guide in the formulation of

future policy.
-One concrete example may be cited as a sample of
how group ideas and recommendations were put to
use. This is not to say that similar ideas and recom-
Inendations nlight not ha\re originated elsewhere; but
the course of actual events shows that the Council
work in this sample case entered into the stream of
official discussion and action. On March 17, 1940,
one of the groups issued a report entitled "The Stra-
tegic Importance of Greenland." This pointed out
the strategic importance of Greenland for trans-
Atlantic aviation and for meteorological observa-
tions. (The weather in Europe can be predicted two
[IS]
weeks in advance by observations taken in Green-
weeks in advance by observations taken in Green-

land.) It stated: "The possibility must be considered
that Denmark might be overrun by Germany. In
such case Greenland might be transferred by treaty
to German sovereignty." It pointed out the possible

land.) It stated: "The possibility must be considered
danger to the United States in such an eventuality.
It mentioned, further, that Greenland lies within the

that Denmark might be overrun by Germany. In
geographical sphere "within which the Monroe Doc-
such case Greenland might be transferred by treaty
trine is presumed to apply."
Shortly after the Greenland memorandum was sent

to German sovereignty." It pointed out the possible
to Washington one of the members of the group
which had prepared it was summoned to the White

danger to the United States in such an eventuality.
House. President Roosevelt had a copy of the memo-
randum in his hand and said that he had turned to

It mentioned, further, that Greenland lies within the
his visitor for advice because of his part in raising the
geographical sphere "within which the Monroe Doc-

question of Greenland's strategic importance.
Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At

trine is presumed to apply."
his press conference three days later, the President
stated that he was satisfied that Greenland belonged Shortly after the Greenland memorandum was sent
to Washington one of the members of the group
to the American continent. After a visit to the White
House on the same day, the Danish Minister said
that he and the President had agreed on this fact. At
the same time the President asked the American Red

which had prepared it was summoned to the White
Cross to investigate the needs of the people of Green-
land in case supplies from Denmark should be cut off,

House. President Roosevelt had a copy of the memo-
randum in his hand and said that he had turned to
and said he thought that the American people would
be glad to send relief supplies if needed.
On April 9,1941, an agreement was signed between

his visitor for advice because of his part in raising the
the United States and Denmark. In citing the circum-
stances which had led up to the agreement the State

question of Greenland's strategic importance.
Department announced that the invasion of Denmark
[16]
Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At
his press conference three days later, the President
stated that he was satisfied that Greenland belonged
to the American continent. After a visit to the White
House on the same day, the Danish Minister said
that he and the President had agreed on this fact. At
the same time the President asked the American Red
Cross to investigate the needs of the people of Green-
land in case supplies from Denmark should be cut off,
and said he thought that the American people would
be glad to send relief supplies if needed.
-On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between
the United States and Denmark. In citing the circum-
stances which had led up to the agreement the State
Department announced that the invasion of Denmark
[16J
"at once raised the status of Greenland, which has
been recognized as being within the area of the Mon-
roe Doctrine. The Government of the United States

"at once raised the status of Greenland, which has
announces its policy of maintenance of the status quo
in the Western Hemisphere." The agreement pro-

been recognized as being within the area of the Mon-
vided for assistance by the United States to Green-
roe Doctrine. The Government of the United States

land in the maintenance of its status, and granted to
the United States the right to locate and construct announces its policy of maintenance of the status quo
in the Western Hemisphere." The agreement pro-
airplane landing fields, seaplane facilities and radio
and meteorological installations as may be necessary
for the defense of Greenland, and for the defense of
the American continent. This was eight months be-

vided for assistance by the United States to Green-
fore Germany declared war on the United States.
Integration of the work of the Council groups was

land in the maintenance of its status, and granted to
achieved in a variety of ways. The Steering Commit-
the United States the right to locate and construct
tee had over-all direction and maintained liaison with
the Department of State. The research staff met regu- airplane landing fields, seaplane facilities and radio
and meteorological installations as may be necessary
larly, usually once a week, with the Vice-Chairman,
the Secretary and the Administrative Secretary of the
Steering Committee. From time to time, groups held
joint sessions to exchange views on problems of mu-

for the defense of Greenland, and for the defense of
tual interest. On two occasionsâ€”after the defeat of
France in 1940 and after the conclusion of the Dum-

the American continent. This was eight months be-
barton Oaks talks in 1944â€”plenary sessions were held,
fore Germany declared war on the United States.
attended by the members of all the groups. The 1940
Integration of the ,york of the Council groups was

plenary session took place at a time when the most
pressing problem for the United States was the or-
ganization of its own defense. By 1944 the war had

achieved in a variety of ways. The Steering Commit-
progressed so favorably that members who attended
the plenary session could discuss with officials from

tee had over-all direction and maintained liaison with
the Department of State the Dumbarton Oaks pro-
[17]
the Department of State. The research staff met regu-
larly, usually once a week, with the Vice-Chairman,
the Secretary and the Administrative Secretary of the
Steering Committee. From time to time, groups held
joint sessions to exchange views on problems of mu-
tual interest. On two occasions-after the defeat of
France in 1940 and after the conclusion of the Dum-
barton Oaks talks in 1944-plenary sessions were held,
attended by the members of all the groups. The 1940
plenary session took place at a time when the most
pressing problem for the United States was the or-
ganization of its own defense. By 1944 the war had
progressed so favorably that members who attended
the plenary session could discuss with officials from
the Department of State the Dumbarton Oaks pro-
[17]
posals for a general international organization of the
postwar world.
The termination of the War and Peace Studies

posals for a general international organization of the
Project has left the Council members who partici-
pated with mixed feelings. It has been a source of

postwar world.
gratification to receive formal expressions of com-
mendation from officials of the Department of State,

The termination of the War and Peace Studies
of which the following contained in a letter from Sec-
Project has left the Council members who partici-
retary Hull is typical:
"The excellent memoranda which have resulted from your

pated with mixed feelings. It has been a source of
studies have been very useful to me. I feel sure that they
will be of even greater use when the day for reconstruction

gratification to receive formal expressions of com-
comes at the end of hostilities. I hope that you will go on
with this important work and that you will continue to

mendation from officials of the Department of State,
give us the benefit of the research and thinking done under
the Council's auspices."

of which the following contained in a letter from Sec-
On the other hand, it is clear that few of the great
retary Hull is typical:
problems were really resolved by the cessation of
hostilities, and that diligent work is still required if
the fruits of victory are not to be frittered away.

"The excellent memoranda which have resulted from your
In peace as in war, the Council on Foreign Relations studies have been very useful to me. I feel sure that they
must seek to stimulate independent political thinking
among its members and must make the results avail-

will be of even greater use when the day for reconstruction
able for whatever use those officially responsible for
the conduct of our foreign relations may deem fit.

comes at the end of hostilities. I hope that you will go on
with this important work and that you will continue to
[18]
give us the benefit of the research and thinking done under

the Council's auspices."
On the other hand, it is clear that few of the great
problems ,vere really resolved by the cessation of
hostilities, and that diligent work is still required if
the fruits of victory are not to be frittered away.
In peace as in war, the Council on Foreign Relations
must seek to stimulate independent political thinking
among its members and must tnake the results avail-
able for whatever use those officially responsible for
the conduct of our foreign relations may deem fit.
APPENDIX A
PERSONNEL
APPENDIX A
(with dates of service)
STEERING COMMITTEE
Officers
PERSONNEL
NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman, December 1939-July 1944
ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939-became Chairman, March 1945

(with dates of service)
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice-Chairman, December 1939-
September 1945
WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary, December 1939-September 1945

STEERING COMMITTEE
PAUL F. JONES, Administrative Secretary, January 1940â€”Novem-
ber 1940
Officers
FRANCIS P. MILLER, Administrative Secretary, December 1940-
February 1942
NORMAN H. DAVIS, Chairman, December 1939-July 1944
ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939-became Chairman, March 1945
DWIGHT E. LEE, Administrative Secretary, September 1942-800-
tember 1943
JULIUS W. PRATT, Administrative Secretary, September 1943â€”

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, Vice-Chairman, December 1939-
September 1944
September 1945
WALTER H. MALLORY, Secretary, December 1939-September 1945
RICHARD C. SNYDER, Administrative Secretary, October 1944-
February 1945
WILLIAM EDWIN DIEZ, Administrative Secretary, March 1945-

PAt:L F. JONES, Administrative Secretary, January 194o-Novem-
ber 1940
September 1945
Members
HANSON W. BALDWIN, July 194O-September 1945

FRANCIS P. MILLER, Administrative Secretary, December 1940-
ISAIAH BOWMAN, December 1939â€”Chairman, March 1945
February 1942
ALLEN W. DULLES, December 1939-December 1943
CARTER GOODRICH, August 1942-September 1945

DWIGHT E. LEE, Administrative Secretary, September 1942-SeP-
ALVIN H. HANSEN, December 1939-September 1945
tember 1943
JULIUS W. PRATT, Administrative Secretary, September 1943-
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, December 1939-June 1942
JACOB VINER, December 1939-September 1945
EDWARD P. WARNER, January 1944-September 1945

September 1944
RICHARD C. SNYDER, Administrative Secretary, October 1944-
HENRY M. WRISTON, June 1942-September 1945
[19]
February 1945
WILLIAM EDWIN DIEZ, }\dministrative Secretary, March 1945-
September 1945
Members
HANSON W. BALD\VIN, July 194o-Se ptember 1945
ISAIAH BO\\·MAN, December 1939--Chairman, l\1arch 1945
ALLEN W. DULLES, December 1939-D ecember 1943
CARTER GOODRICH, August 1942 - September 1945
ALVIN H. HAKSEN, December 1939-September 1945
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, December 1939-June 1942
JACOB ,TINER, December 1939-September 1945
ED"rARD P. WARKER, January 1944-September 1945
HENRY M. WRISTON, June 194 2 -S eptember 1945
[19J
SECURITY AND ARMAMENTS GROUP
Rapporteurs
ALLEK W. DULLES, Rapporteur, February 1940-June 1940; Joint

SECURITY AND ARl\1AMENTS GROUP
Rapporteur, July 1940-December 1943.
HANSON W. BALDWIN, Joint Rapporteur, July 194O-September

Rapporteurs
1945
EDWARD P. WARNER, Joint Rapporteur, January 1944-Septem-
ALLEN W. DULLES, Rapporteur, February 194o-June 1940; Joint

ber 1945
Research Secretaries
Rapporteur, July 194o-December 1943.
WILLIAM M. FRANKLIN, February 1940-May 1941
HANSON W. BALDWIN, Joint Rapporteur, July 194o-September
GRAYSON KIRK, June 1941-September 1945
Members
1945
BRIG. GEN. THOMAS J. BETTS, July 194O-December 1943
EDWARD P. WARNER, Joint Rapporteur, January 1944-Septem-
MAJ. GEN. CLAYTON BISSELL, January 1944-September 1945
REAR ADM. RALPH DAVISON, July 1941-December 1943

ber 1945
EDWARD M. EARLE, March 1945-September 1945 Research Secretaries
MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945
JOSEPH C. GREEN, November 1943-September 1945

WILLIAl\'I M. FRANKLIN, February 194o-May 1941
GRAYSON KIRK, June 1941- September 1945
BRIG. GEN. HAYWOOD S. HANSELL, July 1941-July 1942
STACY MAY, July 194O-February 1945
MAJ. GEN. FRANK R. McCov, RETV April 1940-September 1945
COL. JAMES F. OLIVE, February 1943-February 1944
Members
ADM. WILLIAM V. PRATT, RET., April 1941â€”February 1945
BRIG. GEN. THOl\IAS J. BETIS.. July 194o-December 1943

DAVID N. ROWE, March 1945-September 1945
CAPT. RICHARD W. RUBLE, November 1943-May 1945
MAJ. GEN. CLAYTON BISSELL, January 1944-Se ptember 1945

HAROLD F. SHEETS, July 1942-September 1945
HAROLD SPROUT, February 1944-September 1945
REAR Anl\>I. RALPH DAVISON .. July 1941-December 1943

EDWARD M. EARLE, March 1945-September 1945
ADM. WILLIAM H. STANDLEY, RET., February 1940-November
1940
MAJ. GEN. GEORGE V. STRONG, February 194O-November 1940;

MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945
July 1944-September 1945
EDWARD P. WARNER, February 1940-became Joint Rapporteur,

JOSEPH C. GREEN, November 1943-Se ptember 1945
January 1944
BRIG. GEN. HAnVOOD S. HANSELL, July 1941-July 1942
BRIG. GEN. JOHN WECKERLING, January 1944-September 1945
STACY MAY, July 194o-February 1945

HUGH R. WILSON, February 1941-November 1942
THEODORE P. WRIGHT, February 1941-September 1945

MAJ. GEN. FRANK R. McCoy, RET ... April 194o-September 1945
[20]
COL. JAMES F. OLIVE, February 1943-February 1944
ADM. WILLIAM V. PRATT, RET., April 1941-February 1945
DAVID N. RO'VE, March I945-September 1945
CAPT. RICHARD W. RUBLE, November 1943-May 1945
HAROLD F. SHEETS, July 1942-September 1945
HAROLD SPROUT, February 1944-September 1945
ADM. WILLIAl\{ H. STANDLEY, RET., February 194o-November
1940
MAJ. GEN. GEORGE V. STRONG, February 194o-November 1940;
July 1944-September 1945
EDWARD P. WARNER, February 194o-became Joint Rapporteur,
January 1944
BRIG. GEN. JOHN WECKERLING, January 1944-September 1945
HUGH R. WILSON, February I941-November 1942
THBODORE P. WRIGHT, February 194 I - September 1945
[20]
ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL GROUP
Rapporteurs

ALVIN H. HANSEN, Joint Rapporteur, February 1940-Septem-
ber 1945
Rapporteurs
JACOB VINER, Joint Rapporteur, February 1940-September 1945
ALVIN H. HANSEN, Joint Rapporteur, February I94o-Septem-

ARTHUR R. UPGREN, February 194O-July 1940
WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR., August 1940-September 1943

ber 1945
ARTHUR D. GAYER, October 1943-September 1945
JACOB VINER, Joint Rapporteur, February 194o-September 1945
Members
PERCY W. BIDWELL, February 1940-September 1945
EDWIN F. CHINLUND, November 1943-September 1945

BENJAMIN V. COHEN, September 1941-September 1945
LAUCHLIN CURRIE, February 1943-September 1945

ARTHUR R. UPGREN, February 194o-July 1940
RALPH E. FLANDERS, July 1942-February 1944
WILLIAM DIEBOLD, JR., August 194o-September 1943
HEMAN GREENWOOD, March 1945-September 1945
ARTHUR D. GAYER, October 1943-September 1945

LEON FRASER, February 1940-November 1940
CALVIN B. HOOVER, January 1944-September 1945
WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, February 1940-March 1942

Members
PERCY W. BIDWELL, February 194o-September 1945
WILLIAM H. SCHUBART, July 1942-December 1944
HAROLD F. SHEETS, February 1940-May 1942
ALLAN SPROUL, February 1941-December 1943

EDWIN F. CHINLUND, November 1943-September 1945
EUGENE STALEY, February 1940-September 1945
ARTHUR R. UPGREN, July 194o-September 1945

BENJAMIN V. COHEN, September 194 I- September 1945
JACOB VINER, February 1940-September 1945
LAUCHLIN CURRIE, February 1943-Septcmber 1945
RALPH E. FLANDERS, July 1942-February 1944
JOHN H. WILLIAMS, February 1940-November 1940
[20
HEMAN GREENWOOD, March 1945-September 1945

LEON FRASER, February I94o-November 1940
CALVIN B. HOOVER, January 1944-September 1945
WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, February 194o-March 1942
WILLIAM H. SCHUBART, July I942-December 1944
HAROLD F. SHEETS, February 194o-May 1942
ALLAN SPROUL, February 1941- December 1943
EUGENE STALEY, February 194o-September 1945
ARTHUR R. UPGREN" July 194o-Se ptember 1945
JACOB VINER, February I94o-September 1945 .
JOlIN H. WILLIAMS, February 194o-N ovember 1940
POLITICAL GROUP
Rapporteurs
POLITICAL GROUP
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, February 1940-June 1942
HENRY M. WRISTON, Rapporteur, July 1942; Joint Rapporteur,
August 1942-September 1945

Rapporteurs
CARTER GOODRICH, Joint Rapporteur, August 1942â€”September
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, February 194o-June 1942

HBNRY M. WRISTON, Rapporteur, July 1942; Joint Rapporteur,
1945
WALTER LANGSAM, February 1940-February 1941
August 1942-September 1945

CARTER GooDRICH, Joint Rapporteur, August 1942-September
WALTER R. SHARP, February 1941-September 1945
Members
FRANK ALTSCHUL, March 1945-September 1945
1945
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-September 1945
JAMES P. BAXTER III, November 1943-February 1945
WALTER LANGSAM, February 194o-February 1941

CHARLES W. COLE, March 1945-September 1945
JOHN FOSTER DULLES, February 1940â€”September 1940
MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 1941-September 1945 WALTER R. SHARP, February I94 1- September 1945
THOMAS K. FINLETTER, March 1945-September 1945
CARTBR GOODRICH, September 1941-became Joint Rapporteur,
August 1942
Members
WILLIAM L. LANGER, March 1945-September 1945
FRANK ALTSCHUL, March 1945-September 1945

OWEN LATTIMORE, March 1945-September 1945
DWIGHT E. LEE, March 1945-September 1945

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-September 1945
FRANCIS P. MILLER, May 194O-May 1943
JAMES P. BAXTER III, November 1943-February 1945

CHARLES W. COLE, March 1945-September 1945
PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1942-February 1945
LINDSAY ROGERS, February 1941-September 1945
NICHOLAS ROOSEVELT, March 1944-February 1945 JOHN FOSTER DULLES, February 194o-September 1940
DAVID N. ROWE, November 1943-February 1945
JAMES T. SHOTWELL, February 1940â€”June 1943

MAJ. GEORGE FIELDING ELIOT, February 194 1- September 1945
ARTHUR SWEETSER, February 1941-September 1945
THOMAS K. FIN LETTER, March 1945-September 1945
PAYSON S. WILD, March 1943-September 1945
CARTBR. GooDRICH, September 194I-became Joint Rapporteur,

HENRY M. WRISTON, May 1940-became Rapporteur, July 1942
[22]
August 1942
WILLIAM L. LANGER, March 1945-September 1945
OWEN LArrIMORE, March 1945-September 1945
DWIGHT E. LEE, March 1945-September 1945
FRANCIS P. MILLER, May 194o-May 1943
LINDSAY ROGERS, February 1941-September 1945
NICHOLAS ROOSEVELT, March 1944-February 1945
DAVID N. RO\VE, November 1943-February 1945
JA!vIES T. SHOTWELL, February 1940-June 1943
ARTHUR SWEETSER, February 194I-September 1945
PAYSON S. WILD, March I943-September 1945
HENRY M. WRISTON, May 194o-became Rapporteur, July 1942
TERRITORIAL GROUP
Rapporteur
ISAIAH BOWMAN, February 194O-February 1945

TERRITORIAL GROUP
Rapporteur
PHILIP E. MOSELY, March 194O-September 1941; August 1942-
ISAIAH BOWMAN, February 194o-F ebruary 1945

February 1945
WILLIAM P. MADDOX, September I941-June 1942
Members
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 1940-February 1945 Research Secretaries

H. FOSTER BAIN, February 1944-February 1945
CHARLES H. BEHRE, JR., June 1942-February 1945 PHILIP E. MOSBLY, March 194o-September 1941 ; August 1942-
CHARLES W. COLE, May 1943-February 1945
JOHN C. COOPER, JR., February 1940â€”November 1940

February 1945
RUPERT EMERSON, May 1943-February 1945
WILLIAM P. MADDOX, September 1941-June 1942
A. WHITNEY GRISWOLD, September 1941-January 1942
JOHN GUNTHER, March 1941-August 1941

Members
BRUCE C. HOPPER, February 1940-February 1945
OWEN LATTIMORE, April 194o-February 1945

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, February 194o-February 1945
FRANK W. NOTESTEIN, November 1943-February 1945
WALTER H. VOSKUIL, September 1943-February 1945

H. FOSTBR BAIN, February 1944-February 1945
WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN, February 194o-February 1945 CHARLBS H. BBHRB, JR., June 1942-February 1945
CHARLES W. CoLB, May 1943-Febr uary 1945
JOHN C. CooPER, JR., February 194o-N ovember 1940
RUPERT EMERSON, May 1943-February 1945
A. WHITNBY GRISWOLD, September 1941-January 1942

JOHN GUNTHER, March 1941- August 1941
BRUCE C. HOPPER, February 194o-February 1945
OwEN LATTIMORE, April 194o-February 1945
FRANK W. NOTBSTBIN, November 1943-February 1945
WALTBR H. VOSKUIL, September 1943-F ebruary 1945
WILLIAM L. WESTERMANN, February I94o-February 1945
PEACE AIMS GROUP
Chairman
HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, June 1941-February 1945

PEACE AIMS GROUP
PHILIP E. MOSELY, June 1941-September 1941

Clurirman
MOSE L. HARVEY, November 1941-May 1942
DWIGHT E. LEE, September 1942-February 1945

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG, June 1941-February 1945
Members
JAY ALLEN, November 1941-September 1942
PHILIP E. MOSELY, June 1941-Se ptember 1941

FRANK ALTSCHUL, June 1941-Febmary 1945
PERCY W. BIDWELL, June 1941-February 1945
CRANE BRINTON, September 1942-December 1942

MosB L. HARVEY, November 194 1- May 1942
ALLEN W. DULLES, June 1941-February 1945
FRANK D. GRAHAM, October 1943-February 1945

DWIGHT E. LBB, September 1942-February 1945
JOHN GUNTHER, June 1941-November 1941
BRUCE C. HOPPER, June 1941-February 1945

Membtrs
TRACY B. KITTREDGE, June 1941-April 1942
WILLIAM L. LANGER, June 1941-February 1945

JAY ALLEN, November 1941-S eptember 1942
JAMES G. MCDONALD, June 1941-February 1945
FRANK ALTSCHUL, June 1941-February 1945

WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, June 1941-February 1945

PERCY W. BIDWELL, June 1941-February 1945
LINDSAY ROGERS, June 1941-February 1945
CRANE BRINTON, September 1942-December 1942
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, June 1941-june 1942
WILLIAM L. SHIRER, October 1943-February 1945

ALLEN W. DULLES, June 1941-February 1945
GEORGE N. SHUSTER, June 1941-February 1945
FRANK D. GRAHAM, October 1943-Feb ruary 1945
OSCAR C. STINE, June 1941-February 1945
JOHN GUNTHER, June 1941-November 1941

ARTHUR SWEETSER, September 1942-February 1945
MAX W. THORNBURG, June 1941-November 1941

BRUCE C. HOPPER, June 1941-February 1945
JACOB VINER, October 1942-March 1943
TRACY B. KrI"TREDGE, June 1941-April 1942

WILLIAM L. LANGER, June 1941-February 1945
JOHN K. WRIGHT, November 1942-February 1945
[24]
JAMES G. McDONALD, June 1941-February 1945

PHILIP E. MOSELY, September 1941- Feb ruary 1945
WINFIELD W. RIEFLER, June 1941-February 1945
LINDSAY ROGERS, June 1941-February 1945
WHITNEY H. SHEPARDSON, June 1941-June 1942
WILLIAM L. SHIRER, October 1943-February 1945
GEORGE N. SHUSTER, June 1941-February 1945
OSCAR C. STINE, June 1941-February 1945
ARTHUR SWEETSER, September 1942-February 1945
MAX W. THORNBURG, June 1941-November 1941
JACOB VINER, October 1942-March 1943
JOHN K. WRIGHT, November 1942-February 1945
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
LIST OF MEMORANDA
A-B1 Possible Outcomes of the European War in Relation to
the Armaments Problem (April 5, 1940)
A-Ba A Survey of Significant Disarmament Proposals Prior to

LIST OF MEMORANDA
the World War (May 1, 1940)
A-B3 Disarmament and Foreign Policy: An Examination of

Some Basic Characteristics (May 1, 1940)
A-B4 Possibilities of Controlling or Limiting Aircraft Suitable
for Offense against Ground Objectives (June 28, 1940)

A-BI Possible Outcomes of the European War in Relation to
A-B5 The Problem of Control and Supervision of Arms Limi-
the Armaments Problem (April 5, 1940)
tation Agreements, 1919-34 (June 1, 1940)
A-B2 A Survey of Significant Disarmament Proposals Prior to

A-B6 Areas of Agreement in the Preparatory Disarmament
Commission and the General Disarmament Conference

the World War (May I, 1940)
(June 28, 1940)
A-B3 Disarmament and Foreign Policy: An Examination of
A-B7 Western Hemisphere Security (November 25, 1940)
A-B8 A United States Naval Base at Recife (October 9, 1940)

Some Basic Characteristics (May I, 1940)
A-B9 Joint Defense Commissions with Latin America (Octo- A- B4 Possibilities of Controlling or Limiting Aircraft Suitable
ber 9, 1940)
for Offense against Ground Objectives ( June 28, 1940)

A-B1o Additional Bases for the Defense of the Panama Canal
(October 9, 1940)
A-BS The Problem of Control and Supervision of Arms Limi-
A-Bn United States-Canadian Relations (October 10, 1940)
tation Agreements, 1919-34 (June I, 1940)

A-B12 Token Forces for the New United States Bases (Octo-
ber 14, 1940)

A-B6 Areas of Agreement in the Preparatory Disarmament
Commission and the General Disarmament Conference
A-B13 South American Airlines (November 15, 1940)
A-B14 Nationalization of South American Airlines (November
23, 1940)
(June 28, 1940)
A-B15 Airfields Suitable for Military Uses in South America
A- B 7 Western Hemisphere Security (November 25, 1940)
(November 23, 1940)
A-B8 A United States Naval Base at Recife (October 9, 1940)

A-B9 Joint Defense Commissions with Latin America (Octo-
A-B16 Financial Assistance to South American Aviation (No-
vember 23, 1940)
A-B17 Australasia: An Estimate of Military and Naval Strength

ber 9, 1940)
A-BIO Additional Bases for the Defense of the Pana~a Canal
(February 5, 1941)
A-B18 The Shipping Problem (March 6, 1941)
A-B19 The Far Eastern Crisis (March 15, 1941)
(October 9, 1940)
A-BII United States-Canadian Relations (October 10, 1940 )
A-Bzo The Convoy Problem (April n, 1941)
[25]
A-BI2 Token Forces for the New United States Bases (Octo-
ber 14, 1940)
A-BI3 South American Airlines (November 15, 1940)
A-BI4 Nationalization of South American Airlines (November
23, 1940)
A-BI5 Airfields Suitable for Military Uses in South America
(November 23, 1940)
A-BI6 Financial Assistance to South American Aviation (N 0-
vember 23, 1940)
A-BI7 Australasia: An Estimate of Military and Naval Strength
(February 5, 194 1 )
A-BI8 The Shipping Problem (March 6, 1941)
A-B I 9 The Far Eastern Crisis (March 15, 1941)
A-B20 The Convoy Problem (April I I, 1941)
[25]
A-B21 Suggestions on the Convoy Problem (May 1, 1941)
A-B22 American Observers in Asiatic Russia (July 16, 1941)
A-B23 Air Routes to Australasia (July 18, 1941)

A-B21 Suggestions on the Convoy Problem (May 1,1941)
A-B24 A Base at Freetown (July 28, 1941)
A-B22 American O~rvers in Asiatic Russia (July 16, 1941)
A-B25 An American High Commissioner in Malaysia (August
A-B23 Air Routes to Australasia (July 18, 1941)

A B~ at Freetown (July 28, 1941)
18. 1941)
A-B26 American Missions in the Soviet Union (August 18,

A-B24
1941)
A-B25 An American High Commissioner in Malaysia (August
A-B27 The Repeal of the Neutrality Act (September 4, 1941)
A-B28 Legal Preparation for a "War Status" (September 10,

18, 1941)
I94O American Missions in the Soviet Union (August 18,
194 1 )
A-B29 The Recruitment of American Technicians for Service
with Governments Receiving Lease-Lend Aid (October
1, 1940
A-B27 The Repeal of the Neutrality Act (September 4, 194 1 )
International Policing: A Survey of Recent Proposals
(October 3, 1941)
A-B28 Legal Preparation for a "War Status" (September 10,
The Formation of Anti-Axis Foreign Legions (October
194 1 )
22, 1941)
A-B32 Emergency Policing at the End of the War (October 22,

A-B29 The Recruitment of American Technicians for Service
1941)
with Governments Receiving Lease-Lend Aid (October
A-B33 The Atlantic Charter and Postwar Security (December
I, 1941)
B
A- 3 International Policing: A Survey of Recent Proposals
4, 1940
A-B34 Postwar Control of German Armament (December 4,

0
1941)
(October 3, 1941)
A-B35 War Planning (December 15, 1941)
B
A- 31 The Formation of Anti-Axis Foreign Legions (October
A-B36 Suggested Negotiations with the Governments of Fin-
land and the Soviet Union (January 12, 1942)

22, 1941)
A-B37 American Naval Forces in the Mediterranean (January
B
A- 3 2 Emergency Policing at the End of the War (October 22,
12, 1942)
A-B38 Russian Military Cooperation in the Pacific War (Janu-

1941)
ary 12, 1942)
A- B33 The Atlantic Charter and Postwar Security (December

4, 1941)
A-B39 Secret Treaties (January 16, 1942)
A-B40 Public Relations Policy in Wartime (January 16, 1942)
A-B4I Passport and Visa Requirements for Canadian Visitors to A- B34 Postwar Control of German Armament (December 4,
the United States (January 16, 1942)
1941)
A- B35 War Planning (December 15, 1941)
A-B42 Conservation of American Man Power (January 16,
1942)
A-B43 A Highway to Alaska (January 16, 1942)
A- B36 Suggested Negotiations with the Governments of Fin-

land and the Soviet Union (January 12, 1942)
A-B44 The Strategy of the Indian Ocean (February 12, 1942)
B
A- 37 American Naval Forces in the Mediterranean (January
12, 1942)
A- B38 Russian Military COOperation in the Pacific War (Janu-
ary 12, 1942)
Secret Treaties (January 16, 1942)
Public Relations Policy in Wartime (January 16, 1942)
Passport and Visa Requirements for Canadian Visitors to
the U ni ted States (January 16, 1942)
Conservation of American Man Power (January 16,
1942)
A Highway to Alaska (January 16, 1942)
The Strategy of the Indian Ocean (February 12, 1942)
(26)
A-B45 A Military Mission to India (February n, 1942)
A-B46 Restriction of Publicity on Location of Armaments Plants
(February 12, 1942)

A Military Mission to India (February II, 1942)
A-B47 The Warfare of Ideas (February 12, 1942) Restriction of Publicity on Location of Armaments Plants
A-B48 Aid to Yugoslav Forces (March 5, 1942)
A-B49 The Coordination of Intelligence Service Activities

( February 12, 1942)
(March 5, 1942)
The Warfare of Ideas (February 12, 1942)
A-B5o The Armistice Negotiations, 1918 (April 8, 1942)
Aid to Yugoslav Forces (March 5, 1942)

The COOrdination of Intelligence Service Activities
A-B5I Future of United States Bases and Facilities in Foreign
Territories (April 16, 1942)
A-B52 Postwar Control of Japanese Aviation (April 16, 1942)

(March 5, 1942 )
A-B53 Preparation for the Postwar World (May 14, 1942)
A-B54 The Armistice Terms, 1918 (preliminary) (May 14,

A-Bso The Armistice Negotiations, 1918 (April 8, 1942)
1942)
A-BSI Future of United States Bases and Facilities in Foreign
A-B55 Proposed Aircraft Ferry Routes Across the South Pacific
Territories (April 16, 1942)

(May 14, 1942)
A-B56 Considerations Relating to Aerial Transportation of Sup- A-BS2 Postwar Control of Japanese Aviation (April 16, 1942)
plies to Theatres of Conflict (May 28, 1942)
A-B57 Basic Problems of the Security Program (May 26, 1942)

A-BS3 Preparation for the Postwar World (May 14, 1942)
A-B58 A Measure of Psychological Warfare (June 3, 1942)
A-BS4 The Armistice Terms, 1918 (preliminary) (May 14,
A-B59 Diplomatic Representation to Governments-in-Exile
(June 8, 1942)
1942)
A-B6o Freedom of the Air for International Air Commerce (June
A-BS5 Proposed Aircraft Ferry Routes Across the South Pacific
2, 1942)
(May 14, 1942)

A-B61 American Political Action in the Present Military Crisis
A-BS6 Considerations Relating to Aerial Transportation of Sup-

July 3, 1942)
A-B62 Problems of International Polic1ng (a preliminary topi-
plies to Theatres of Conflict (May 28, 1942)

cal outline) (July 15, 1942)
A-B63 Strategic Air Routes Across the Indian Ocean (July 15,
A-BS7 Basic Problems of the Security Program (May 26, 1942)
1942)
A-B64 Possible American Action in the Indian Political Crisis

A-BS8 A Measure of Psychological Warfare (June 3, 1942)
(July 31, 1942)
A-B59 Diplomatic Representation to Governments-in-Exile
A-B6s Oil as an Instrument in the Disarmament and Policing
of Germany (August 10, 1942)

(June 8, 1942)
A-B66 A Proposed Extradition Convention for Purpose of Psy- A-Boo Freedom of the Air for International Air Commerce (June
chological Warfare (September n, 1942)
A-B67 The Use of Historical Parallelism in Psychological War-

2, 1942)
fare (September n, 1942) A-B61 American Political Action in the Present Military Crisis
[27]
July 3, 1942)
A-B62 Problems of International Policing (a preliminary topi-
cal outline) (J ul y I 5, 1942 )
A-B63 Strategic Air Routes Across the Indian Ocean (July 15,
1942)
A-B64 Possible American Action in the Indian Political Crisis
(July 3 1, 1942)
A-B6S Oil as an Instrument in the Disarmament and Policing
of Germany (August 10, 1942)
A-B66 A Proposed Extradition Convention for Purpose of Psy-
chological Warfare (September I I, 1942)
A-B67 The Use of Historical Parallelism in Psychological War-
fare (September 1 I, 1942)
[27]
A-B68 A Supreme War Council for the United Nations (Sep-
tember 11, 1942)
A-B69 Postwar Security Arrangements in the Pacific Area (Sep-

A-B68 A Supreme War Council for the United Nations (Sep-
tember 11, 1942)
tember I I, 1942)
A-B7O Problems Involved in the Creation of A Supreme War
Council for the United Nations (October 28, 1942)

A-B6g Postwar Security Arrangements in the Pacific Area (Sep-
A-B71 Problems of the Southwest Pacific (November 14, 1942) tember II, 1942)
A-B72 Controls over German War Potential (November 14,
A- B70 Problems Involved in the Creation of A Supreme War

Council for the United Nations (October 28, 1942)
1942)
A-B73 Prospective Needs for Civil Transport Aircraft: A Note
on the Problem of Civil Aircraft as Military Potential
A- B7I Problems of the Southwest Pacific ( November 14, 1942)

A- B 72 Controls over German War Potential (November 14,
(December 7, 1942)
A-B74 Propaganda for the Japanese Army (December 7, 1942)
A-B75 The Problem of Yugoslavia (December 7, 1942)

1942)
A-B76 Postwar Security and a "Cooling-Off" Period (Decem-
A- B 73 Prospective Needs for Civil Transport Aircraft: A Note

ber 7, 1942)
A-B77 Problems of International Policing (revised draft) (De-

on the Problem of Civil Aircraft as Military Potential
cember 7, 1942)
(December 7, 1942 )
A- B74 Propaganda for the Japanese Army (December 7, 1942)
A-B78 Security Principles and Some Questions About the Peace
Settlement (January 22, 1943)
A-B79 Selection and Training of Political Officers for Services

A- B75 The Problem of Yugoslavia (December 7, 1942)
with the Armed Forces (January 22, 1943)
A-B8o Strategic Bases for the United Nations (February 12,

A- B 76 Postwar Security and a "Cooling-Off" Period (Decem-
1943) ber 7, 1942)
A-B81 The Disarmament of France (February 12, 1943)
A- B 77 Problems of International Policing (revised draft) (De-

A-B82 Soviet Interests in Europe Affecting Postwar Security
(February 12, 1943)

cember 7, 1942 )
A-B83 Various Types of Problems Arising in the Operation of
A- B 78 Security Principles and Some Questions About the Peace
International Policing Arrangements (March 29, 1943)
A-B84 The Organization of an Airforce for International Polic-

Settlement (January 22, 1943)
ing (March 29, 1943)
A- B79 Selection and Training of Political Officers for Services
A-B85 Some Thoughts on International Police Forces (March
with the Armed Forces (January 22, 1943)

29, 1943)
A-B86 Right of Free International Passage for Armed Forces

A-B8o Strategic Bases for the United Nations (February 12,
of Nations Associated in a World Policing Plan (May
1943)
A-B8I The Disarmament of France (February 12, 1943)
3, 1943)
A-B87 Political Problems Involved in the Selection of Bases for
Use in International Policing (May 3, 1943) A-B82 Soviet Interests in Europe Affecting Postwar Security
A-B88 The Determination of Aggression (May 3, 1943)
[28]
( February 12, 1943)
A-B83 Various Types of Problems Arising in the Operation of
International Policing Arrangements (March 29, 1943)
A-B84 The Organization of an Airforce for International Polic-
ing (March 29, 1943)
A-B85 Some Thoughts on International Police Forces (March
29, 1943)
A-B86 Right of Free International Passage for Armed Forces
of Nations Associated in a World Policing Plan (May
3, 1943)
A-B87 Political Problems Involved in the Selection of Bases for
Use in International Policing (May 3, 1943)
A-B88 The Determination of Aggression (May 3, 1943)
A-B89 Some Political Aspects of the Occupation of Italy (June
A-B89 Some Political Aspects of the Occupation of Italy (June

21, 1943)
A-Bgo Problems Involved in Regional vs. World-wide Security
Organization (June 21, 1943)
21, 1943)
A-B91 Problems of Anglo-American Relations (June 21, 1943)
A-B9z Relations Between an International Political Organiza-

A-Bgo Problems Involved in Regional vs. World-wide Security
tion and an International Police Force (June 21, 1943) Organization (June 21, 1943)
A-B93 Postwar American Policy in Relation to Civil Air Trans-
A-B91 Problems of Anglo-American Relations (June 21, 1943)

port (July 12, 1943)
A-B94 Security Aspects of American-Philippine Postwar Rela-

A-B92 Relations Between an International Political Organiza-
tions (September 27, 1943)
tion and an International Police Force (June 21, 1943)
A-B95 The Inter-American System as a Criterion for Regional
Security Organization (November 2, 1943)

A-B93 Postwar American Policy in Relation to Civil Air Trans-
A-B96 Pacific Security and the Japanese Mandated Islands (No- port (July 12, 1943)
vember 2, 1943)
A-B97 Security Policy Vis-a-vis Japan (November 29, 1943)

A-B94 Security Aspects of American-Philippine Postwar Rela-
A-EgS Soviet Russia, Turkey, and the Straits in Present-Day
tions (September 27, 1943)
Strategy (December 31, 1943)
A-B95 The Inter-American System as a Criterion for Regional

Security Organization (November 2, 1943)
A-B99 The Disarmament of Germany: The Versailles Exper1-
ence (February 7, 1944)
A-B1oo The Disposition of the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands (Feb-
A-B96 Pacific Security and the Japanese Mandated Islands (No-

ruary 7, 1944)
A-B1O1 The Disarmament of Germany: General Principles;

vember 2, 1943)
Aerial Disarmament (February 29, 1944)
A-B97 Security Policy Vis-a.-vis Japan (November 29, 1943)
A-B1O2 Limiting the German Army: The Versailles Experience
A-B98 Soviet Russia, Turkey, and the Straits in Present-Day

(February 29, 1944)
A-B1O3 The Oil Situation in the Middle East (March 25, 1944) Strategy (December 31, 1943)
A-B1O4 The Treatment of the Japanese Emperor (April 4, 1944)
A-B1O5 Military Aspects of an Anglo-American Political Agree-

A-B99 The Disarmament of Germany: The Versailles Experi-
ment (May 1, 1944)
ence (February 7, 1944)
A-B1o6 The Disarmament of Japan (May 1, 1944)
A-Bloo The Disposition of the Bonin and Ryukyu Islands (Feb-

A-B1O7 The Kurile Islands (June 5, 1944)
A-B1o8 The Aerial Disarmament of Japan (June 5, 1944)

ruary 7, 1944)
A-B1og The Future of Berlin (July 10, 1944)
A-B 101 The Disarmament of Germany: General Principles;
A-B11o The Respective Roles of Land, Sea, and Air Power in
International Policing (July 10, 1944)

Aerial Disarmament ( February 29, 1944)
A-Bm Russian Sea Power, Present and Future, and Its Bearing
A-B 102 Limiting the German Army: The Versailles Experience
on the Security of the United States (July 10, 1944)
(February 29, 1944)

A-B112 The Regional Organization of Security (July 10, 1944)
[29]
A-BI03 The Oil Situation in the Middle East (March 25, 1944)
A-B104 The Treatment of the Japanese Emperor (April 4, 1944)
A-B 105 Military Aspects of an Anglo-American Political Agree-
ment (May I, 1944)
A-Bl06 The Disarmament of Japan (May I, 1944)
A-B107 The Kurile Islands (June 5, 1944)
A-Bl08 The Aerial Disarmament of Japan (June 5, 1944)
A-BI<>9 The Future of Berlin (July 10, 1944)
A-BIIO The Respective Roles of Land, Sea, and Air Power in
International Policing (July 10, 1944)
A-B I 1 I Russian Sea Power, Present and Future, and I ts Bearing
on the Security of the United States (July 10, 1944)
A-B112 The Regional Organization of Security (July 10, 1944)
[29]
A-Bn3 Bases in a Postwar Security System (July 10, 1944)
A-Bn4 The Determination of Maximum and Minimum Limits

A-B113 Bases in a Postwar Security Syst~m (July 10, 1944)
for the Future Military Power of the Victor States (Octo-
ber 2, 1944)
A-B114 Th~ D~t~nnination of Maximum and Minimum Limits
A-Bn5 The Organization and Procedure of International Com- for the Future Military Pow~r of th~ Victor States (Octo-
missions and Conferences (October 2, 1944)
ber 2, 1944)
A-BIIS Th~ Organization and Procedur~ of Int~rnational Com-
A-Bn6 The Future Military Position of France (November 28,
1944)
A-Bn7 The Future Armaments Positions of the Smaller Powers
missions and Conf~r~nces (October 2, 1944)

A-B116 Th~ Futur~ Military Position of France (November 28,
(November 28, 1944)
A-Bn8 Some Notes on Public Relations at International Con-
ferences (November 28, 1944)

1944)
A-Bu9 Problems of Regional Security Organization (November
28, 1944)
A-B 117 Th~ Future Armam~nts Positions of the Small~r Powers
A-B12O The Disposition of the Italian Fleet (March 20, 1945)
(November 28, 1944)
A-B121 The Authority of a Regional Organization (April 16,
A-B118 Some Notes on Public Relations at International Con-

1945)
A-B122 The Proposed Inter-American Security Treaty and the

ferences (November 28, 1944)
United Nations (July 31, 1945)
A-B119 Problems of Regional Security Organization (November
28, 1944)
A-B123 The Changing Strategic Position of Britain (July 31,
1945)
A-B124 The Postwar Treatment of Germany (July 31, 1945) A-B120 The Disposition of the Italian Fleet (March 20, 1945)
In addition, Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between
February 14,1040, and July 31,1945, were prepared and forwarded

A-B121 Th~ Authority of a Regional Organization (April 16,
to the Department of State.
1945)
A-B122 The Proposed Inter-American Security Treaty and the
[30]
United Nations (July 31, 1945)

A-B1 23 The Changing Strategic Position of Britain (July 31,
1945)
A-B124 The Postwar Treatment of Germany (July 31, 1945)
In addition~ Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between
February 14~ 194 0 , and Jul, 31 ~ 1945, were prepared and forwartied
to the Department of State.
Â£-B1 The Impact of the War upon the Foreign Trade of the
United States (March 1, 1940)

E-BI The Impact of the War upon the Foreign Trade of the
Â£-B2 The Anglo-French Economic Agreement (March 1, 1940)
Â£-B3 Allied Purchasing Policy (March 1, 1940)
Â£-B4 Trade Dislocation and Economic Effects (March 1, 1940)

United States (March I, 1940)
Â£-B5 Price-Fixing by Belligerents (April 6, 1940)
Â£-B6 Exchange Control: Structure and Mechanism (April 6,

E-B2 The Anglo-French Economic Agreement (March I, 1940)
1940) Sup. I Exchange Control: Sterling Exchange (April E- B3 Allied Purchasing Policy (March I, 1940)
15, 1940)
E- B4 Trade Dislocation and Economic Effects (March I, 1940)

E-BS Price-Fixing by Belligerents (April 6, 1940)
Â£-B7 Wartime Exchange Control (March 23, 1940)
Â£-B8 Rationing (March 23, 1940)
Â£-B9 The Impact of War: Summary and Interpretation (March

E-B6 Exchange Control: Structure and Mechanism (April 6,
1940) Sup. I Exchange Control: Sterling Exchange (April
23, 1940)
Â£-B1o The Postwar Trade Role of the United States (April
15, 1940)
IS, 1940)
Â£-Bn Internal Influences on Imports of the United States (April
25, 1940)
E-B7 Wartime Exchange Control (March 23, 1940)
Â£-B12 A Pan-American Trade Bloc (May 27, 1940) E-B8 Rationing (March 23, 1940)
Sup. I A Study of Bloc Combinations Varying According
to Importance of Economic and Defense Problems

E- B9 The Impact of War: Summary and Interpretation (March
(July 15, 1940)
23, 1940)
Sup. II Position of the Western Hemisphere as a Supplier
E-BIO The Postwar Trade Role of the United States (April

of European Imports of Specified Commodities
(July 26, 1940)

IS, 1940)
E-BII Internal Influences on Imports of the United States (April
Â£-B13 The Balance of Payments Position of the United States
25, 1940)
(June 3, 1940)
Â£-B14 Economic Aspects of United States Interests in the War
and the Peace (June 7, 1940)

E-BI2 A Pan-American Trade Bloc (May 27, 1940)
Â£-B15 Geographical Directions of United States Foreign Trade
Sup. I A Study of Bloc Combinations Varying According

(June 20, 1940)
Â£-B16 Alternative Outcomes of the War: American Interests and

to Importance of Economic and Defense Problems
Re-Orientation (June 20, 1940)
(July 15, 1940 )

Â£-B17 The Resources of Germany and the United States. A Com-
parison between a German-Dominated Europe Including

Sup. I I Position of the Western Hemisphere as a Supplier
the Mediterranean Basin and the United States Including of European Imports of Specified Commodities
the Western Hemisphere: Minerals (June 28, 1940)
Â£-B18 The Future Position of Germany and the United States

(July 26, 1940)
in World Trade: Introductory (August 1, 1940)
E-BI3 The Balance of Payments Position of the United States
[31]
(June 3, 1940)
E-BI4 Economic Aspects of United States Interests in the War
and the Peace (June 7, 1940)
E-BIS Geographical Directions of United States Foreign Trade
(June 20, 1940)
E-BI6 Alternative Outcomes of the War: American Interests and
Re-Orientation ( June 20, 1940)
E-BI7 The Resources of Germany and the United States. A Com-
parison between a German-Dominated Europe Including
the Mediterranean Basin and the United States Including
the Western Hemisphere: Minerals (June 28, 1940)
E-BI8 The Future Position of Germany and the United States
in World Trade: Introductory (August I, 1940)
(31]
Sup. I Foreign Trade Needs of a German-Dominated
Europe (September 6, 1940)
Sup. II A Western Hemisphere-Pacific Area Economic

Sup. I Foreign Trade Needs of a German-Dominated
Bloc (August 15, 1940) Europe (September 6, 1940)
Sup. Ill Foreign Trade Position of Europe in Crude Ma-
terials and Foodstuffs (October 30, 1940)

Sup. II A Western Hemisphere-Pacific Area Economic
Â£-B19 The War and United States Foreign Policy: Needs of
Bloc (August 15, 1940)
Future United States Foreign Policy (October 9, 1940)
Sup. III Foreign Trade Position of Europe in Crude Ma-

terials and Foodstuffs (October 30, 1940)
Sup. I A Comparison of the Trade Pos1tion of a German-
Dominated Europe and a Western Hemisphere-
British Empire-Far East Trade Bloc (September

E-BI9 The War and United States Foreign Policy: Needs of
16, 1940)
Â£-B2o Registration of Foreign Assets in the United States and

Future United States Foreign Policy (October 9, 1940)
American Holdings Abroad (October 15, 1940)
Sup. I A Comparison of the Trade Position of a German-
Â£-B21 Study of the Organization of Trade with Totalitarian
Dominated Europe and a Western Hemisphere-

British Empire-Far East Trade Bloc (September
Countries (October 15, 1940)
Â£-B22 Study of Economic Cooperation of Countries Outside the
Totalitarian Area (October 15, 1940)

16, 1940)
Â£-B23 Future Financial Aid to Great Britain (October 15, 1940)
Â£-B24 Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (November

E-B20 Registration of Foreign Assets in the United States and
23, 1940) American Holdings Abroad (October 15, 1940)
Sup. I Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (De-
E-B21 Study of the Organization of Trade with Totalitarian

cember 14, 1940)
Â£-B25 Canadian-United States Economic Problems (February

Countries (October 15, 1940)
I1, 1941)
E-B22 Study of Economic Cooperation of Countries Outside the

Totalitarian Area (October 15, 1940)

Â£-B26 American Far Eastern Policy (January 15, 1941)
Â£-B27 Economic Trading Blocs and Their Importance for the
United States (February 10, 1941) E-B23 Future Financial Aid to Great Britain (October 15, 1940)
Â£-B28 American Shipping: the Immediate Need (March 17,
1941)
E-B24 Japan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (November
Sup. I The American Shipping Problem in Outline (April
23, 1940)
1o, 1941)
Sup. I J apan's Vulnerability to American Sanctions (De-

Â£-B29 Census of Foreign Holdings in the United States and
American Holdings Abroad (March 18, 1941)

cember 14, 1940)
Â£-B30 Frozen Balances (March 24, 1941)
E-B25 Canadian-United States Economic Problems (February
Â£-B31 Problems of Bloc Trading Areas for the United States
(March 7, 1941)
II, 1941)
Â£-B32 Economic War Aims: General Considerations; the Posi-
E-B26 American Far Eastern Policy (January 15, 1941)

tion as of April 1, 1941 (April 17, 1941)
[32]
E-B27 Economic Trading Blocs and Their Importance for the
United States (February 10, 1941)
E-B28 American Shipping: the Immediate Need (March 17,
194 1 )
Sup. I The American Shipping Problem in Outline (April
10, 1941)
E-B29 Census of Foreign Holdings in the United States and
American Holdings Abroad (March 18, 1941)
E- B 30 Frozen Balances (March 24, 1941)
E-B31 Problems of Bloc Trading Areas for the United States
(March 7, 1941)
E-B32 Economic War Aims: General Considerations; the Posi-
tion as of April I, 1941 (April 17, 1941)
[3 2 ]
Â£-B33 The Economic Organization of Peace in the Far East (June
20, 1941)
Â£-B34 Methods of Economic Collaboration: Introductoryâ€”the

E-B33 The Economic Organization of Peace in the Far East (June
Role of the Grand Area in American Economic Policy
20, 1941)
(July 24, 1941)
Sup. I Methods of Measuring Self-Sufficiency (June 25,

E-B34 Methods of Economic Collaboration: Introductory-the
1941) Role of the Grand Area in American Economic Policy
Â£-B35 Note on Canadian Interests in the Carribbean (July I1,
1941)
(July 24, 1941)
Â£-B36 Economic War Aims: Main Lines of Approach, Prelimin-
Sup. I Methods of Measuring Self-Sufficiency (June 25,
ary Statement (June 22, 1941)
194 1 )
E-B35 Note on Canadian Interests in the Carribbean (July II,
Â£-B37 Scope of New Trade Agreements (September 3, 1941)
Â£-B38 England's Interests in Continental Europe and the Medi-
terranean Basin: Trade, Shipping, Investment (August 29,

1941)
E-B36 Economic War Aims: Main Lines of Approach, Prelimin-
1940
Â£-B39 An American-British Fair Trade Commission (September
24, 1941)
ary Statement (June 22, 1941)
Â£-B40 Methods of Improving Latin American Statistics (Octo-
ber 2O, 1941)

E-B37 Scope of New Trade Agreements (September 3, 1941)
Â£-B41 The Need for Elucidation of Point Four of the Atlantic
E-B38 England's Interests in Continental Europe and the Medi-
Charter (October 17, 1941)
terranean Basin: Trade, Shipping, Investment (August 29,

Â£-B42 Economic Aspects of Point Eight of the Atlantic Charter
(October 20, 1941)

1941)
Â£-643 Economic Questions Raised by the Eight Points (October
E-B39 An American-British Fair Trade Commission (September

20, 1940
24, 1941)
Â£-B44 International Collaboration to Secure the Coordination of
Stabilization Policies and to Stimulate Investment (No- E-B40 Methods of Improving Latin American Statistics (Octo-
vember 28, 1941)
Â£-B45 Tentative Draft of a Joint Economic Declaration by the

ber 20, 1941)
Governments of the United States and the United King-
E-B41 The Need for Elucidation of Point Four of the Atlantic
dom (January 3, 1942)
Charter (October 17, 1941)

Â£-B46 Rationing: With Special Attention to Fats (January 30,
1942)
E-B42 Economic Aspects of Point Eight of the Atlantic Charter
Â£-B47 Preparation for Reconstruction (February n, 1942)
(October 20, 1941)
Â£-B48 Economic Expeditionary Forces (February 28, 1942)
Â£-B49 Postwar Economic Problems: International Relief, Labor

E-B43 Economic Questions Raised by the Eight Points (October
Problems and Social Legislation, International Trade, In- 20, 1941)
ternational Commodity Problems, Monetary Reconstruc-
E-B« International Collaboration to Secure the COOrdination of

tion, International Long-Term Investment (April 1, 1942)
[33]
Stabilization Policies and to Stimulate Investment (No-
vember 28, 1941)
E-B45 Tentative Draft of a Joint Economic Declaration by the
Governments of the United States and the United King-
dom (January 3, 1942)
E-B46 Rationing: With Special Attention to Fats (January 30,
1942 )
E-B4 7 Preparation for Reconstruction ( February I I, 1942)
E-B48 Economic Expeditionary Forces (February 28, 1942)
E-B49 Postwar Economic Problems: International Relief, Labor
Problems and Social Legislation, International Trade, In-
ternational Commodity Problems, Monetary Reconstruc-
tion, International Long-Term Investment (April J, 1942)
E-B5o Raw Material Commitments at Rio (May 20, 1942)
Â£-B51 United States Raw Materials Agreements with Latin

E-Bso Raw Material Commitments at Rio (May 20, 1942)
American Republics (May 19, 1942)
Â£-B52 International Coordination of Banking Policies (June 15,

E-BSI United States Raw Materials Agreements with Latin
1942)
American Republics (May 19, 1942)
Â£-B53 An American-British Trade Agreement (August 10, 1942)
E-B 52 International COOrdination of Banking Policies (June IS,

Â£-B54 Prospects for Britain's Postwar Export Position (August
10, 1942)
1942)
Â£-B55 International Control of Trade Policies (August 10, 1942)
E-BS3 An American-British Trade Agreement (August 10, 1942)
Â£-B56 American Interests in the Economic Unification of Europe
with Respect to Trade Barriers (September 14, 1942)

E-BS4 Prospects for Britain's Postwar Export Position (August
Â£-B57 Possible Revisions of the Trade Agreements Act (Septem- 10, 1942)
ber 14, 1942)
Â£-B58 The Streat Plan for Postwar Trade Agreements (Octo-

E-BS5 International Control of Trade Policies (August 10, 1942)
ber 15, 1942)
E-B56 American Interests in the Economic Unification of Europe
Â£-B59 World War Debts and the Johnson Act (October 15,
with Respect to Trade Barriers (September 14, 1942)

1942)
E-B6o Action To Be Taken Before the Axis Collapse (November

E-BS7 Possible Revisions of the Trade Agreements Act (Septem-
23, 1942)
ber 14, 1942)
Â£-B61 The Anachronism of Lend-Lease (December 15, 1942)
Â£-B62 Postwar Shipping Problems (February 4, 1943)

E-BS8 The Streat Plan for Post\\rar Trade Agreements (Octo-
Â£-B63 Reparations Policy Toward Germany (March 18, 1943)
ber IS, 1942)
Â£-B64 International Adjustment of Exchange Rates (April 6,
E-B59 World War Debts and the Johnson Act (October IS,
1943)
Â£-B65 A Reparations Tax (April 3, 1943)

1942)
E-B60 Action To Be Taken Before the Axis Collapse (November
Â£-B66 International Development and Investment Bank (Janu-
23, 1942)
ary 8, 1944)
Â£-B67 Business Requirements with Respect to Postwar Foreign
Trade in Relation to Proposed International Organiza-

E-B61 The Anachronism of Lend-Lease (December 15, 1942)
E-B62 Postwar Shipping Problems (February 4, 1943)
tions (April 1, 1944)
Â£-B68 Lend-Lease: Problems of Settlement (April 1, 1944)
Â£-B69 Economic Aspects of the Postwar Treatment of Germany
E-B63 Reparations Policy Toward Germany (March 18, 1943)

E-B64 International Adjustment of Exchange Rates (April 6,
(May 27, 1944)
Â£-B70 The Foreign Surplus-Liquidation After World War I
(May 27, 1944)

1943)
Â£-B71 The United States and the "Colonial Problem" (June 24,
1944)
E-B6S A Reparations Tax (April 3, 1943)
Â£-B72 Underdeveloped Countries and Exchange Control (July E-B66 International Development and Investment Bank (Janu-
29, 1944)
ary 8, 1944)
E- B6 7 Business Requirements with Respect to Postwar Foreign
[34)
Trade in Relation to Proposed International Organiza-

tions (April I, 1944 )
E-B68 Lend-Lease: Problems of Settlement (April I, 1944)
E-B69 Economic Aspects of the Postwar Treatment of Germany
(May 27, 1944)
E-B70 The Foreign Surplus-Liquidation After World War I
(May 27, 1944)
E-B71 The United States and the "Colonial Problem" (June 24,
1944)
E-B72 Underdeveloped Countries and Exchange Control (July
29, 1944)
E-B73 International Cartels and Problems of Monopoly Control
(July 29, 1944)
E-B74 United States Policy Toward International Cartels (July

E-B73 International Cartels and Problems of Monopoly Control
29, 1944)
(July 29, 1944)
E-B75 World Industrialization and International Trade (No-
E-B74 United States Policy Toward International Cartels (July

vember 18, 1944)
E-A76 Coupling Economic Adaptation with Trade Policy (March

29, 1944)
27, 1945)
E-B7S World Industrialization and International Trade (No-
E-B77 A Device to Eliminate Non-Protective Trade Barriers in
the American Tariff (March 24, 1945)

vember 18, 1944)
E-B78 International Aspects of Removing Wartime Economic
E-A76 Coupling Economic Adaptation with Trade Policy (March
Controls (July 26, 1945)
27, 1945)
E-B77 A Device to Eliminate Non-Protective Trade Barriers in
E-C1 The Economic Organization of Peace (no date)
E-C2 European Possessions in the Caribbean (November 1940)
E-C3 Preparedness for Economic Warfare in the Light of the

the American Tariff (March 24, 1945)
World War Experience of the Allies and the United
States (December 17, 1940)

E-B78 International Aspects of Removing Wartime Economic
E-C4 Shipping During the World War (March n, 1941) Controls (July 26, 1945)
E-C5 The Proposal for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire
E-CI The Economic Organization of Peace (no date)

Bloc (July 15, 1941)
E-C6 Response to the Chatham House Critique of the Proposal

E-C2 European Possessions in the Caribbean (November 1940)
for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire Bloc (Septem-
E-C3 Preparedness for Economic Warfare in the Light of the
ber 4, 1941)
E-C7 Note on Postwar Foreign Capital Needs (January 24,

World War Experience of the Allies and the United
1942) States (December 17, 1940)
E-C8 Chatham House Studies of Economic Aspects of the Euro-
pean Settlement (April 20, 1942)

E-C4 Shipping During the World War (March I I, 194 I )
E-C9 Suggestions Regarding an International Monetary Sys-
E-CS The Proposal for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire
tem (November 17, 1942)
Bloc (July 15, 1941)

E-C6 Response to the Chatham House Critique of the Proposal
E-C1o United States Cartel Policy: Two Approaches (June 28,
1943)
E-Cn Postwar Italy: Economic and Political Problems (July

for a Western Hemisphere-British Empire Bloc (Septem-
1o, 1943)
E-C 12 One of the Major Inconsistencies Between Trade Policy

ber 4, 194 1 )
and Agricultural Policy (May 27, 1944)
E-C7 Note on Postwar Foreign Capital Needs (January 24,
E-C 13 Disposal of Government-Owned Surplus Assets (May
27, 1944)
1942)
E-C14 The Problem of International Cartels (July 29, 1944)
E-C8 Chatham House Studies of Economic Aspects of the Euro-
E-C15 The Postwar Treatment of Japan (December 16, 1944)
pean Settlement (April 20, 1942)
E-C9 Suggestions Regarding an International Monetary Sys-
[35]
tem (November 17, 1942)

E-Clo United States Cartel Policy: Two Approaches (June 28,
1943)
E-CI I Postwar Italy: Economic and Political Problems (July
10, 1943)
E-CI2 One of the Major Inconsistencies Between Trade Policy
and Agricultural Policy (May 27, 1944)
E-CI3 Disposal of Government-Owned Surplus Assets (May
27, 1944)
E-CI4 The Problem of International Cartels (July 29, 1944)
E-CI5 The Postwar Treatment of Japan (December 16, 1944)
[35]
Â£-C16 Government Export Guarantees in Postwar Trade (No-
vember 18, 1944)
E-CI6 Government Export Guarantees in Postwar Trade (No-

vember 18, 1944)
Â£-C17 The British Balance of Payments After the War (May
26, 1945)
Â£-D1 Alternative Methods of Controlling Germany's Key In-

E-CI7 The British Balance of Payments After the War (May
dustrial Areas (July 8, 1942)

26, 1945)
February 10, 1940, and August 3, 1945, were prepared and for-
E-DI Alternative Methods of Controlling Germany's Key In-
warded to the Department of State.
dustrial Areas (July 8, 1942)

February 10, 1940, and ~ugust 3, 1945, were prepared and for-
wartled to the Department of State.
POLITICAL GROUP
P-B1 Relations with the Neutral States at the Peace Conference

POLITICAL GROUP
of Paris (March 29, 1940)
P-B2 American and British Press Opinion of an Early Attempt
P-BI Relations with the Neutral States at the Peace Conference

(1931) to Set Up an Economic Bloc in Europe (July I1,
1940)
of Paris (March 29, 1940)
P-B3 History of the Campaign to Bring About American Entry
P-B2 American and British Press Opinion of an Early Attempt

(1931) to Set Up an Economic Bloc in Europe (July II,
into the World Court, as a Possible Object Lesson in Pro-
cedure (February 22, 1940)
P-B4 Experience of, and American Attitudes Towards, the Post-

1940)
Armistice Blockade of Germany, 1918-19 (April 27, 1940)
P-B5 American Attitudes Towards the War and the Peace,

P-B3 History of the Campaign to Bring About American Entry
May, 1940 (May 17, 1940)
into the World Court, as a Possible Object Lesson in Pro-
P-B6 Versailles, Past and Future, in the Light of German His-
cedure (February 22, 1940)

torical Opinion (October 12, 1940)
P-B7 Survey of American Attitudes Towards the War and Its

P-B4 Experience of, and American Attitudes Towards, the Post-
Relation to the United States, September, 1940 (Septem-
Armistice Blockade of Germany, 1918-19 (April 27, 1940)
ber 12, 1940)
P-B8 An Examination of Western Hemisphere Affinities (Octo-

P-BS American Attitudes Towards the War and the Peace,
ber 5, 1940) May, 1940 (May 17, 1940)
P-B9 Burma Road (September 27, 1940)
P-B6 Versailles, Past and Future, in the Light of German His-

P-B1o United States Relations with Portugal (September 28,
1940)
torical Opinion (October 12, 1940)
P-Bu Proposed Mission to French West Indies (September 28,
P-B7 Survey of American Attitudes Towards the War and Its

Relation to the United States, September, 1940 (Septem-
1940)
P-B12 Suggestions for Acquiring Armed Bases in Latin America
(October 6, 1940)
ber 12, 1940)
P-B13 The Political Feasibility of the Proposals Advanced in
Memorandum E-B19: Needs of Future United States

P-B8 An Examination of Western Hemisphere Affinities (Octo-
Foreign Policy (November 10, 1940)
ber 5, 1940)
P-B14 Memorandum on the Creation of Two Democratic Blocs
P-B9 Burma Road (September 27, 1940)

P-Blo United States Relations with Portugal (September 28,
in the Postwar Non-German World (November 24, 1940)
P-B15 How is Japan Likely to React to Economic Sanctions by the
United States? (December 8, 1940)
194°)
P-B16 Secret Treaties (April u, 1941)
P-B17 Canadian War Problems and the Role of the United States
P-BI I Proposed Mission to French West Indies (September 28,
(April 14, 1941) 1940)
P-B18 Note on a Program of Joint Action for the American and
P-BI2 Suggestions for Acquiring Armed Bases in Latin America

British Governments (May 2, 1941)
[37]
(October 6, 1940)
P-BI3 The Political Feasibility of the Proposals Advanced in
Memorandum E-BI9: Needs of Future United States
Foreign Policy (November 10, 1940)
P-BI4 Memorandum on the Creation of T'\vo Democratic Blocs
in the Postwar Non-German World (November 24, 1940)
P-BI5 How is Japan Likely to React to Economic Sanctions by the
United States? (December 8,1940)
P-BI6 Secret Treaties (April 1 I, 1941)
P-BI7 Canadian War Problems and the Role of the United States
(April 14, 1941)
P-BI8 Note on a Program of Joint Action for the American and
British Governments (May 2, 1941)
P-B19 The Island of Great Britain as a Factor in the Strategy of
American Defense (May 16, 1941)
P-BI9 The Island of Great Britain as a Factor in the Strategy of

P-B2O The Political Conditions of American-British Partnership
(June 4, 1941)
American Defense (May 16,1941)
P-B2 1 General Weygand and the Position in French North Africa
P-B20 The Political Conditions of American-British Partnership
(June 4, 194 1 )
(June 10, 1941)
P-B22 American Treaty Rights in Relation to the French Man-
dated Territories (June 12, 1941)

P-B21 General Weygand and the Position in French North Africa
P-B23 Basic American Interests: Preliminary Draft (July 10,
1941)
(June 10, 1941)
P-B24 The Politico-Military Situation in West Africa (August
P-B22 American Treaty Rights in Relation to the French Man-
25, 1941)
dated Territories (June 12, 1941)

P-B23 Basic American Interests: Preliminary Draft (July 10,
P-B25 A Commissioner for the Caribbean (August 26, 1941)
P-B26 Proposal for an American Press Service in Great Britain
(August 26, 1941)

1941)
P-B27 Proposed Warning to the German Government on Abuses
in Occupied Countries (September 17, 1941)

P-B24 The Politico-Military Situation in West Africa (August
P-B28 Institutional Arrangements for Postwar American-British
25, 1941)
Cooperation (preliminary draft) (September 17, 1941)
P-B25 A Commissioner for the Caribbean (August 26, 1941)

P-B29 Finland's Position in the War (September 30, 1941)
P-B3o Approaches to Postwar International Organization (pre-

P-B26 Proposal for an American Press Service in Great Britain
liminary draft) (September 17, 1941)
(August 26, 194 I )

P-B27 Proposed Warning to the German Government on Abuses
P-B3I Considerations Affecting a Lease-Lend Settlement with
Great Britain (November 22, 1941)
P-B32 A Comparative Analysis of the Wilsonian and Roosevelt- in Occupied Countries (September 17, 1941)
Churchill Peace Programs (December 3, 1941)
P-B33 Procedural Arrangements for the Postwar Settlement (De-

P-B28 Institutional Arrangements for Post\\"ar American-British
cember 16, 1941)
Cooperation (preliminary draft) (September 17, 1941)
P-B34 A Note on Spanish Morocco in Relation to Allied Strategy
P-B29 Finland's Position in the War (September 30, 1941)

in the Mediterranean (December 23, 1941)
P-B35 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Ethiopia

P-B30 Approaches to Postwar International Organization (pre-
(February 3, 1942)
liminary draft) (September 17, 1941)

P-B31 Considerations Affecting a Lease-Lend Settlement with
P-B36 Public Understanding of Foreign Policy in the Present
Crisis (February 3, 1942)
P-B37 Problems of Postwar International Organization: A Ten-

Great Britain (November 22, 1941)
tative Outline (March 2, 1942)
P-B38 The Realization of the Social Objectives of the Atlantic

P-B32 A Comparative Analysis of the Wilsonian and Roosevelt-
Charter (April 2, 1942)
Churchill Peace Programs (December 3, 1941)
P-B39 Washington: United Nations Center (April 27, 1942)
P-B33 Procedural Arrangements for the Postwar Settlement (De-

[383
cember 16, 1941)

P~B34 A Note on Spanish Morocco in Relation to Allied Strategy
in the Mediterranean (December 23, 1941)
P- B 35 Re-establishment of Diplomatic Relations with Ethiopia
(February 3, 1942)
P- B 36 Public Understanding of Foreign Policy in the Present
Crisis (February 3, 1942)
B
P- 37 Problems of Postwar International Organization: A Ten-
tative Outline (March 2, 1942)
P- B38 The Realization of the Social Objectives of the Atlantic
Charter (April 2, 1942)
P-B39 Washington: United Nations Center (April 27, 1942)
[38]
P-B40 The League Experience and the Social Objectives of the
Atlantic Charter (April 27, 1942)
P-B40 The League Experience and the Social Objectives of the

P-B4I The Use of Immigrants in Economic Expeditionary Forces
(June 29, 1942)

Atlantic Charter (April 27, 1942)
P-B42 A Publicity Policy Concerning Enemy Atrocities (July
P-B41 'rhe Use of Immigrants in Economic Expeditionary Forces
(June 29, 1942 )
6, 1942)
P-B43 United Nations Reprisals Against Enemy Atrocities (July
6, 1942) P-B42 A Publicity Policy Concerning Enemy Atrocities (July

P-B44 An American Commitment on Peace Aims (July 9, 1942)
P-B45 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (August 3, 1942)

6, 1942)
P-B46 Possible Advantages of a Preliminary Peace Treaty (Au-
P-B43 United Nations Reprisals Against Enemy Atrocities (July
gust 6, 1942)
6, 1942)
P-B44 An American Commitment on Peace Aims (July 9, 1942)
P-B47 Suggestions for Adapting the I.L.O. for Greater Usefulness
(August 7, 1942)
P-B48 National Sovereignty and the International Tasks of the

P-B45 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (August 3, 1942 )
Postwar world (August 31, 1942)
P-B49 The Japanese Mandated Islands (September n, 1942)

P-B46 Possible Advantages of a Preliminary Peace Treaty (Au-
P-B5O Reparations and Cooling-Off (September 25, 1942)
gust 6, 1942)
P-B5I Alternative Bases for the Development of Postwar World
P-B47 Suggestions for Adapting the I.L.O. for Greater Usefulness

Organization (October 2, 1942)
P-B52 A Yardstick for Postwar World Organization (October

(August 7, 1942)
5, 1942)
P-B48 National Sovereignty and the International Tasks of the
P-B53 The Political Role of the Supreme War Council of World
War I (October 30, 1942)

Postwar world (August 3 I, 1942)
P-B54 Boundaries and Cooling-Off (December 2, 1942) P-B49 The Japanese Mandated Islands (September 1 I, 1942)
P-B55 Probable Demands of Labor in the Peace Settlement (De-
P-B50 Reparations and Cooling-Off (September 25, 1942)

cember 8, 1942)
P-B56 India and the United Nations (December 14, 1942)

P-B51 Alternative Bases for the Development of Postwar World
P-B57 The "Grading" of States (January 4, 1943)
Organization (October 2, 1942)

P-B52 A Yardstick for Postwar World Organization (October
P-B58 Instrumentalities of United Nations Economic Coopera-
tion : Lessons from the Allied Experience of World War I
(February 4, 1943)
5, 1942)
P-B59 The Scope and Provisions of a Preliminary Peace Treaty
(March 1, 1943)
P-B53 The Political Role of the Supreme War Council of World
P-B6o The I.L.O. and the United Nations (March 22, 1943)
War I (October 30, 1942)
P-B61 Should Non-Axis Europe Be Permanently Disarmed After
P-B54 Boundaries and Cooling-Off (December 2, 1942)

the War? (March 22, 1943)
P-B62 Ratification of a Treaty Before an Armistice (April 13,

P-BS5 Probable Demands of J.Jabor in the Peace Settlement (De-
1943)
cember 8, 1942)
[39]
P-B56 India and the United Nations (December 14, 1942)

P-B57 The "Grading" of States (January 4, 1943)
P-B 58 Instrumentalities of United Nations Economic Cooperti.
tion: Lessons from the Allied Experience of World War I
( February 4, 1943)
P-B59 The Scope and Provisions of a Preliminary Peace Treaty
(March I, 1943)
P-B60 The I.L.O. and the United Nations (March 22, 1943)
P-B61 Should Non-Axis Europe Be Permanently Disarmed After
the War? (March 22, 1943)
P-B62 Ratification of a Treaty Before an Armistice (April 13,
1943)
P-B63 Regional Collaboration for the Development of Impover-
ished Areas (May 3, 1943)

P-B63 Regional Collaboration for the Development of Impover-
P-B64 American Farmers and the Peace (May 17, 1943)
P-B65 American Policy Toward Acts of Dispossession in Enemy-

ished Areas (May 3, 1943)
Occupied Territories (May 25, 1943) P-B64 American Farmers and the Peace (May 17, 1943)
P-B65 American Policy Toward Acts of Dispossession in Enemy-
P-B66 American Political Commitments to Postwar International
Security (May 26, 1943)
P-B67 American Participation in International Police Activity

Occupied Territories (May 25, 1943)
(June 14, 1943)
P-B68 The Distinction Between War and International Policing

P-B66 American Political Commitments to Postwar International
(June 14, 1943)
Security (May 26, 1943)
P-B69 The Organization of Special Conferences (June 28, 1943)
P-B67 American Participation in International Police Activity

P-B7O Diplomatic Facilities and Immunities for Officials of In-
ternational Agencies (July 31, 1943)

(June 14, 1943)
P-B7I European Regionalism and Postwar World Organization
P-B68 The Distinction Between War and International Policing
(June 14, 1943)
(September 27, 1943)
P-B72 Revision of the Boundary Between Denmark and Ger-
many (October 25, 1943) P-B69 The Organization of Special Conferences (June 28, 1943)
P-B73 The Separation of the I.L.O. and the League (November
22, 1943)
P-B70 Diplomatic Facilities and Immunities for Officials of In-
P-B74 The Problem of Policy-Making in Regard to the Philip-
ternational Agencies (J uly 31, 1943)
pines (November 22, 1943)
P-B7 I European Regionalism and Postwar World Organization

(September 27, 1943)
P-B75 Transitional United Nations Controls in Liberated Europe
(November 22, 1943)
P-B76 Next Steps in a United Nations Policy Toward France

P-B72 Revision of the Boundary Between Denmark and Ger-
(December 29, 1943)
P-B77 Political Considerations Affecting Anglo-American Col-

many (October 25, 1943)
laboration in the Postwar World (January 31, 1944)
P-B73 The Separation of the I.L.O. and the League (November
P-B78 Functional Relationships in International Organization
(February 5, 1944)
22, 1943)
P-B79 The I.L.O. and the New Functional Organizations
P-B74 The Problem of Policy-Making in Regard to the Philip-
(March 20, 1944)
pines (November 22, 1943)
P-B8o Problems Connected with the Evolution from Four Power
Control to a General International Organization (April

P-B75 Transitional United Nations Controls in Liberated Europe
17, 1944) (November 22, 1943)
P-B81 The Problem of Constituting an Independent Political
Regime in Korea (May 22, 1944)

P-B76 Next Steps in a United Nations Policy Toward France
P-B82 The Security Functions of a United Nations Political Or-
(December 29, 1943)
ganization (May 22, 1944)
P-B77 Political Considerations Affecting Anglo-American Col-

laboration in the Postwar World (January 31, 1944)
[40}
P-B78 Functional Relationships in International Organization

(February 5, 1944)
B
P- 79 The I.L.O. and the New Functional Organizations
(March 20, 1944)
P-B80 Problems Connected with the Evolution from Four Power
Control to a General International Organization (April
17, 1944)
P-B81 The Problem of Constituting an Independent Political
Regime in Korea (May 22, 1944)
P-B82 The Security Functions of a United Nations Political Or-
ganization (May 22, 1944)
[40J
P-B83 Nature of Membership in "The General International Or-
ganization (July 5, 1944)
P-B84 The Inter-American System in the Postwar World (July

P-B83 Nature of Membership in "The General International Or-
5, J944) ganization (July 5, 1944)
P-B85 The Disposition of the Japanese Mandated Islands (July
5, 1944)
P-B84 The Inter-American System in the Postwar World (July
P-B86 American Public Opinion and Postwar Security Commit-
5, 1944)
ments: Results of a Poll of Regional Committees on For-
P-B85 The Disposition of the Japanese Mandated Islands (July

5, 1944)
eign Relations, Spring 1944 (July 20, 1944)
P-B87 The United Nations and an International Court (Septem-
ber 25, 1944) P-B86 American Public Opinion and Postwar Security Commit-
P-B88 The Case for Annexation of Micronesia by the United
States (September 25, 1944)

ments: Results of a Poll of Regional Committees on For-
P-BS9 The Political Future of Formosa and the Pescadores (Sep-
eign Relations, Spring 1944 (July 20, 1944)
tember 25, 1944)
P-B87 The United Nations and an International Court (Septem-

P-BQO Means of Securing Sustained Popular Support for Ameri-
can Participation in Postwar International Organization

ber 25, 1944)
(November 20, 1944)
P-B88 The Case for Annexation of Micronesia by the United
P-B91 American Representation in "The United Nations" (De-
cember 29, 1944)

States (September 25, 1944)
P-B92 An Approach to the European Problem of Minorities P-B89 The Political Future of Formosa and the Pescadores (Sep-
(March 19, 1945)
P-C1 Report on French Official and Press Opinion Regarding

tember 25, 1944)
War Aims and Peace Terms, September 1, 1939, to March
P-Bgo Means of Securing Sustained Popular Support for Ameri-
15, 1940
can Participation in Postwar International Organization
P-C2 The Main Trends of British Opinion on Peace Aims, Sep-
tember 1939-December 1941

(November 20, 1944)
P-C3 Germany's War Aims (February n, 1941) P-B91 American Representation in "The United Nations" (De-
P-D1 Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (preliminary
cember 29, 1944)

P-B92 An Approach to the European Problem of Minoriti~s
draft) (July 23, 1942)
February 26, 1940, and June 18, 1945, were prepared and for-
(March 19, 1945)

[41]
P-CI Report on French Official and Press Opinion Regarding
War Aims and Peace Terms, September I, 1939, to March
15, 1940
P-C2 The Main Trends of British Opinion on Peace Aims, Sep-
tember 1939-December 1941
P-C3 Germany's War Aims (February II, 1941)
P-DI Dependent Areas in the Postwar World (preliminary
draft ) (July 23, 1942)
In aJdition~ Discussion Digests of 53 meetings held between
February 26~ 1940~ and June 18~ 1945~ were prepared and for-
TERRITORIAL GROUP
TERRITORIAL GROUP
T-B1 Memorandum on Hungarian Claims and Policies in the
Reconstruction of Europe (March 17, 1940)
T-BI Memorandum on Hungarian Claims and Policies in the

T-Ba The Near and Middle East at the End of the World Wai
(1919-23) and at the End of the Present War (March
23, 1940)
Reconstruction of Europe (March 17, 1940)
T-B3 The Strategic Importance of Greenland (March 17, 1940)
T-B4 The Strategic Importance of Iceland (April n, 1940)

T-B2 The Near and Middle East at the End of the World War
T-B5 Treaty Basis of United States Rights with Respect to
( 19 I 9-23) and at the End of the Present War (March
23, 1940)
Mandated Territories (April 18, 1940)
T-B6 Tentative Proposal for a Conference of Non-Belligerent
Blocs or Countries (April 6, 1940) T-B3 The Strategic Importance of Greenland (March 17,1940)
T-B7 The Interests of the United States and the Fate of Small
T-B4 The Strategic Importance of Iceland (April 1 I, 1940)

Nation-States in Europe (April 15, 1940)
T-B8 Political Regions of Eastern Asia (May 13, 1940)

T-B5 Treaty Basis of United States Rights with Respect to
T-B9 The Legal Situation in the Arctic (May 20, 1940)
Mandated Territories (April IS, 1940)

T-B6 Tentative Proposal for a Conference of Non-Belligerent
T-B1o Refugee Settlement (May 15, 1940)
T-Bn Principles of United States Foreign Policy (June 28, 1940)
T-B12 Bases of Possible American Participation in the War in

Blocs or Countries (April 6, 1940)
Europe (June 10, 1940)
T-B13 Alternatives to Absolute National Sovereignty of the Air-

T-B7 The Interests of the United States and the Fate of Small
space (June 12, 1940)
Nation-States in Europe (April 15, 1940)
T-B14 Some Problems Concerning the Navigation of the Airspace
T-BS Political Regions of Eastern Asia (May 13, 1940)

T-B9 The Legal Situation in the Arctic (May 20, 1940)
above the Territorial Waters (July 16, 1940)
T-B15 Some Prospective Problems of United States-Canadian Re-
T-Blo Refugee Settlement (May 15, 1940)

lations (July 18, 1940)
T-B16 General Situation in the Mediterranean Area, Mayâ€”June,
1940 (July 8, 1940)

T-BI I Principles of TJnited States Foreign Policy (June 28, 1940)
T-B17 Alternatives of United States Policy in the Western Pa-
T-BI2 Basps of Possible American Participation in the War in
cific (September 19, 1940)
Europe (June 10, 1940)

'f-BI3 Alternatives to Absolute National Sovereignty of the Air-
T-B18 A Reappraisal of the Stimson Doctrine (November 4,
1940)
T-B19 A Hemisphere Policy on Air Navigation (October 12,

space (June 12, 1940)
1940)
T-B20 Aid to China (October I1, 1940)

T-BI4 Some Problems Concerning the Navigation of the Airspace
T-B2I Significance for American Policy of the Soviet Technique
above the Territorial Waters (July 16, 1940),
of Expansion (October 28, 1940)
T-BI5 Some Prospective Problems of United States-Canadian Re-

T-B22 Alternatives of American Policy toward Russia (Decem-
ber 9, 1940)
lations (July IS, 1940)
[42]
T-BI6 General Situation in the Mediterranean Area, May-June,
1940 (July S, 1940 )
T-BI7 Alternatives of United States Policy in the Western Pa-
cific (September 19, 1940)
T-BI8 A Reappraisal of the Stimson Doctrine (November 4,
194°)
T-BI9 A Hemisphere Policy on Air Navigation (October 12,
194°)
T-B20 Aid to China (October 11,194°)
T -B2 I Significance for American Policy of the Soviet Technique
of Expansion (October 28, 1940)
T-B22 Alternatives of American Policy toward Russia (Decem-
ber 9, 1940)
T-B23 Mediterranean Problems as Posed by the Situation of
March 1, 1941 (March 1, 1941)
T-B24 American Interference and Non-interference in Europe,

T-B23 Mediterranean Problems as Posed by the Situation of
1823-1914 (March 6, 1941) March I, 1941 (March I, 1941)
T-B25 Territories and Boundaries (March 6, 1941)
T-B26 The Soviet-Japanese Treaty of Neutrality, April I3th,

T-B24 American Interference and Non-Interference in Europe,
1941, and World Revolution in the Far East (April 19,
1823-1914 (March 6, 1941)
1941)
T-B27 Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and

T-B25 Territories and Boundaries (March 6, 1941)
Japan (April 3, 1941)
T-B26 The Soviet-Japanese Treaty of Neutrality, April 13th,
T-B28 The Relation of the United States to Greenland (May
1941, and World Revolution in the Far East (April 19,

16, 1941)
T-B29 The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo-

1941)
Japanese Neutrality Agreement (May 6, 1941)
T-B27 Possible Effects of an Agreement between Russia and

T-B3O Coming American Responsibilities in the Caribbean (April
11, 1941)
Japan (April 3, 1941)
T-B3I The Near East (June 25, 1941)
T-B28 The Relation of the United States to Greenland (May

T-B32 A Current Balance Sheet of the "Free French" Movement
(July 30, 1941)

16, 1941)
T-B33 The Russo-German War, Turkey and Iran (July 31,
T-B29 The Chinese Communists, the Comintern, and the Russo-
Japanese Neutrality Agreement (May 6, 1941)
1941)
T-B34 Questions of America's Policy Regarding the Nazi-Bol-
shevik War (August 22, 1941)

T -B30 Coming American Responsibilities in the Caribbean (April
I I, 1941)
T-B35 A Program of Support for the Governments-in-Exile (Sep-
tember 18, 1941)
T-B31 The Near East (June 25,1941)

T-B36 Iran as a Route for American Aid to Russia (September
T-B32 A Current Balance Sheet of the "Free French" Movement

22, 1941)
T-B37 Supplementary Note on "A Program of Support for the
Governments-in-Exile" (September 25, 1941)

(July 30, 1941)
T-B38 American Representation in Critical Areas (October 20,
1941)
T-B33 The Russo-German War, Turkey and Iran (July 31,
T-B39 Proposals for America's Policy with Respect to Japan
1941)
(November 15, 1941)
T-B40 An American Policy Respecting Turkeyâ€”Implications of

T-B34 Questions of America's Policy Regarding the N azi-Bol-
the Turkish-German Trade Agreement of October 9, 1941
shevik War (August 22, 1941)
(November 15, 1941)
T-B4I Need for Immediate American-British Consideration of

T-B35 A Program of Support for the Governlnents-in-Exile (Sep-
Postwar Issues (November 17, 1941)
tember 18, 1941)
[43]
T-B36 Iran as a Route for American Aid to Russia (September

22, 1941)
T-B37 Supplementary Note on "A Program of Support for the
Governments-in-Exile" (September 25, 1941)
T-B38 American Representation in Critical Areas (October 20,
1941)
T-B39 Proposals for America's Policy with Respect to Japan
(November 15, 1941)
T-B40 An American Policy Respecting Turkey-Implications of
the Turkish-German Trade Agreement of October 9, 1941
(November 15, 1941)
T-B41 Need for Immediate American-British Consideration of
Postwar Issues (November 17,1941)
T-B42 The Free French in American Wartime Strategy (De-
cember 19, 1941) T-B42 The Free French in American Wartime Strategy (De-
T-B43 America's Interest in the Question of Former Italian East
Africa (December 24, 1941)

cember 19, 1941)
T-B44 Current American Policy Toward European "Free Move-
T-B43 America's Interest in the Question of Former Italian East
ments" and Governments-in-Exile (January 19, 1942)
Africa (December 24, 194 I )

T-B44 Current American Policy Toward European "Free Move-
T-B45 Encouragement of a "Free Italy" Movement (January
19, 1942)
T-B46 Afghanistan and the War (February 20, 1942)

ments" and Governments-in-Exile (January 19, 1942)
T-B47 The United States and the Anglo-Russian War Agreement
with Iran (February 20, 1942)

T-B4S Encouragement of a "Free Italy" Movement (January
T-B48 The United States and Syria-Lebanon (April 21, 1942) 19, 1942)
T-B49 Italian Libya: Consideration of Some Alternative Pro-
T-B46 Afghanistan and the War (February 20, 1942)

posals Affecting Its Future Status (April 27, 1942)
Political-Territorial Changes and the Stimson Doctrine

T-B47 The United States and the Anglo-Russian War Agreement
(June I1, 1942)
with Iran (February 20, 1942)

T-B48 The United States and Syria-Ubanon (April 21, 1942)
The Future of the Italian Possessions in the Aegean Sea
(June 25, 1942)
T-B52 The Future of Albania (July 7, 1942) T-B49 Italian Libya: Consideration of Some Alternative Pro-
T-B53 The Consequences of Establishing an Independent Syria
(August 19, 1942)

posals Affecting Its Future Status (April 27, 1942)
T-B54 Postwar United States-Philippine Relations (August 31,
T-Bso Political-Territorial Changes and the Stimson Doctrine
1942)
(June I I, 1942)
T-BSI The Future of the Italian Possessions in the Aegean Sea
T-B55 Russia and an East European Federation (October 26,
1942)
(June 25, 1942)

T-B56 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The
Kurds (December 1, 1942)
T-B57 Mineral Supplies of Muslim and Hindu India, Compared

T-BS2 The Future of Albania (July 7, 1942)
(December 15, 1942)
T-BS3 The Consequences of Establishing an Independent Syria
T-B58 Current Yugoslav Quarrels: The American Interest (De-
(August 19, 1942)

cember 18, 1942)
T-B59 The Future of Cyprus (February 16, 1943)

T-BS4 Postwar United States-Philippine Relations (August 31,
T-B6o The German-Belgian Boundary (March 1, 1943)
1942)
Assyrians (Nestorian Christians) (March 1, 1943)

T-B55 Russia and an East European Federation (October 26,
T-B62 Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of China (April
1942)
26, 1943)
Sup. I Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of

China: Leading Iron Smelting and Steel Opera-
Kurds (December I, 1942)
tions Companies (revised table) (June 14, 1943)
T-BS7 Mineral Supplies of Muslim and Hindu India, Compared

(December IS, 1942 )
[44]
T -B 58 Current Yugoslav Quarrels: The American Interest (De-

cember 18, 1942)
T-BS9 The Future of Cyprus (February 16, 1943)
T-B60 The German-Belgian Boundary (March I, 1943)
T-B6I Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The
Assyrians (N estorian Christians) (March I, 1943)
T-B62 Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of China (April
26, 1943)
Sup. I Chinese Mineral Resources and the Future of
China: Leading Iron Smelting and Steel Opera-
tions Companies (revised table) (June 14, 1943)
[44]
T-B63 Mongolia and the Peace Settlement (June 8, 1943)
T-B63 Mongolia and the Peace Settlement (June 8, 1943)

Armenians (July 25, 1943)
T-B65 Thailand (August 2, 1943) T-B64 Near Eastern Peoples Without a National Future: The
T-B66 Regional Collaboration in the Low Countries (August 4,
1943)
Armenians (July 25, 1943)
T-B6y Regionalism in Southeast Asia (September 14, 1943)
T-B65 Thailand (August 2, 1943)
T-B68 The New Zionism and a Policy for the United States (Oc-
T-B66 Regional Collaboration in the Low Countries (August 4,

tober 19, 1943)
T-B69 The Future Status of Indo-China as an Example of Post-

1943)
war Colonial Relationships (November 16, 1943)
T-B67 Regionalism in Southeast Asia (September 14, 1943)
T-B7O Great Britain, Russia, and the United States in Iran (Jan-
uary 18, 1944)

T -B68 The New Zionism and a Policy for the United States (Oc-
T-B7I Controls of Competition in International Air Transport
tober 19, 1943)
(March 14, 1944)
T-B72 Problems of Policy Toward Areas of Heavy Population

T-B69 The Future Status of Indo-China as an Example of Post-
Pressure (April 21, 1944)
war Colonial Relationships (November 16, 1943)
T-B73 Mineral Resources and the U.S.S.R. as a World Power
T-B70 Great Britain, Russia, and the United States in Iran (Jan-
uary 18, 1944)
(May 25, 1944)
T-B74 Elements to Be Considered in an Oil Policy for the United
States (May 16, 1944)

T-B7 I Controls of Competition in International Air Transport
T-B75 Limitations of the Plebiscite in the Settlement of Boundary
Disputes (June 4, 1944)

(March 14, 1944)
T-B76 Palestine: A Solution of Its Immediate Problem (Decem-
T-B72 Problems of Policy Toward Areas of Heavy Population
ber 19, 1944)
Pressure (April 21, 1944)

T-B77 The Problem of National "Free Access" to Minerals (De-
cember 19, 1944)

T-B73 Mineral Resources and the U.S.S.R. as a World Power
T-B78 The German Problem (December 19, 1944)
(May 25, 1944)

T-B74 Elements to Be Considered in an Oil Policy for the United
T-D1 Control of the Ruhr Area as a Means of Restricting Ger-
many's War Potential (July 8, 1942)
T-D2 Political, Territorial and Strategic Elements of a Settle-

States (May 16, 1944)
ment in the Far East (July 22, 1942)

T-B75 Limitations of the Plebiscite in the Settlement of Boundary
February 16,1940, and December 19,1944, were prepared and for- Disputes (June 4, 1944)
[45)
T-B76 Palestine: A Solution of Its Immediate Problem (Decem-
ber 19, 1944)
T-B77 The Problem of National "Free Access" to Minerals (De-
cember 19, 1944)
T-B78 The German Problem (December 19, 1944)
T-DI Control of the Ruhr Area as a Means of Restricting Ger-
many's War Potential (July 8, 1942)
T-D2 Political, Territorial and Strategic Elements of a Settle-
ment in the Far East (July 22, 1942)
In addition l Discussion Digests of 48 meetings held between
February 161 19401 and December 191 1944J were prepared and for-
warded to the Department 0/ State.
PEACE AIMS GROUP
A-1 Polish Peace Aims (June 2, 1941)
PEACE AIMS GROUP

A-2 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (June 16, 1941)
A-3 Norwegian Peace Aims (June 30, 1941)
A-I Polish Peace Aims (June 2, 1941)

A-2 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (June 16, 1941)
A-4 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Legitimist presen-
tation) (July 14, 1941)
A-5 Yugoslav Peace Aims (August 5, 1941)

A-3 Norwegian Peace Aims (June 30, 1941)
A-6 Rumanian Peace Aims (August 18, 1941)
A-7 Hungarian Peace Aims (September 4, 1941)

A-4 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Legitimist presen-
A-8 Baltic Peace Aims (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) (Sep-
tation) (July 14, 1941)
tember 15, 1941)
A-5 Yugoslav Peace Aims (August 5, 1941)

A-6 Rumanian Peace Aims (August 18, 1941)
A-9 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims
of Eastern European Nations (December 15, 1941)
A-1o Italian Peace Aims (December 15, 1941)

A-7 Hungarian Peace Aims (September 4, 1941)
EN-An French Peace Aims
& 12 (January I2th and February 2, 1942)

A-8 Baltic Peace Aims (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia) (Sep-
EN-A13 Netherlands Peace Aims (February 16, 1942) tember 15,1941)
EN-A14 Greek Peace Aims (March 16, 1942)
A-9 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims

EN-A15 Danish Peace Aims (April 13, 1942)
EN-A16 Belgian Peace Aims (May 14, 1942)

of Eastern European Nations (December 15, 1941)
EN-A17 Digest of Preliminary Views Regarding the Peace Aims
A-10 Italian Peace Aims (December 15,1941)
EN-AI I French Peace Aims
of European Nations (September 1, 1942)
EN-A18 British Peace Aims
& 19 (September 16 and October 8, 1942) & 12 (January 12th and February 2, 1942)
EN-A2O Draft Memorandum on a United Nations Program for
EN-AI3 Netherlands Peace Aims (February 16, 1942)

Freedom from Want of Food (December 7, 1942)
EN-A2I Norwegian Peace Aims (January 18, 1943)

EN-AI4 Greek Peace Aims (March 16, 1942)
EN-A22 French Peace Aims (Leftist opinion) (February 8, 1943)
EN-AI5 Danish Peace Aims (April 13, 1942)

EN-AI6 Belgian Peace Aims (May 14, 1942)
EN-A23 French Peace Aims (third discussion) (March 23, 1943)
EN-A24 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (second discussion) (April 12,
1943)
EN-AI7 Digest of Preliminary Vie,vs Regarding the Peace Aims
EN-A25 Future of the Jews in Europe with Special Relation to
Palestine (May 31, 1943)

of European Nations (September I, 1942)
EN-A26 Spain and the Peace Settlement (July 26, 1943)
EN-A18 British Peace Aims
EN-A27 Republican Spain and the Peace Settlement (October
& 19 (September 16 and October 8, 19+2)

4, 1943)
EN-AaS Swedish Peace Aims (November 1, 1943)

EN -A2o Draft l\lemorandum on a United Nations Program for
EN-A29 French Peace Aims (fourth discussion) (December 6,
Freedom from Want of Food (December 7, 1942)
1943)
[46]
EN-A21 Norwegian Peace Aims (January 18, 1943)
EN -A22 French Peace Aims (Leftist opinion) ( February 8, 1943)
EN-A2 3 French Peace Aims (third discussion) (March 23, 1943)
EN -A24 Czechoslovak Peace Aims (second discussion) (April 12,
1943)
EN-A25 :Future of the Jews in Europe \vith Special Relation to
Palestine (May 3 I, 1943)
EN -A26 Spain and the Peace Settlement (July 26, 1943)
EN -A2 7 Republican Spain and the Peace Settlement (October
4, 1943)
EN-A28 Swedish Peace Aims (November I, 1943)
EN -A29 French Peace Aims (fourth discussion) (December 6,
1943)
EN-A3O Austria and the Peace Settlement (January 10, 1944)
EN-A3I Germany and the Peace Settlement (first and second dis-
& 32 cussions) (February 28 and March 27, 1944)

EN-A30 Austria and the Peace Settlement (January 10, 1944)
EN-A33 Germany and the Peace Settlement (third discussion)
EN -A3 1 Germany and the Peace Settlement (first and second dis-
& 32 cussions) (February 28 and March 27, 1944)
(April 24, 1944)
In addition, Discussion Digests of certain of the meetings held
between June i, 1041, and October 4, 1043, were prepared and for-
EN -A33 Germany and the Peace Settlement (third discussion)
warded to the Department of State. Also, the following special
reports were submitted:

(April 24, 1944)
C-1 A Central-Eastern European Economic Bloc and Czecho-
slovak Interests (August 7, 1941) In addition~ Discussion Digests of certain of the meetings held
C-2 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Social-
Democratic presentation) (September 12, 1941)

between June 2~ I94I~ and October 4~ I943~ were prepared and for-
C-3 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Center
warded to the Department of State. A lso~ the following special
presentation) (October 4, 1941)
reports were submitted:

C-4 Macedonia and the Postwar Settlement (November 21,
1941)
C-5 The Future of Hungary (December 3, 1941)

C-I A Central-Eastern European Economic Bloc and Czecho-
EN-C6 Chatham House Studies on the European Settlement
slovak Interests (August 7, 1941)

C-2 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Social-
(April 21, 1942)
EN-C7 Political Trends in France and United Nations Policy
(January 25, 1943) Democratic presentation) (September 12, 1941)

EN-C8 Political Alignments and the Outlook for Democratic Re-
construction in Germany (February 10, 1943)

C-3 Austria and the Danubian Problem (Austrian Center
EN-C9 Summary of French Peace Aims (February 23, 1943)
presentation) (October 4, 1941)
EN-C1o Summary of Belgian Peace Aims (March 1, 1943)
C-4 Macedonia and the Postwar Settlement (November 21,

EN-Cn Summary of Netherlands Peace Aims (March 1, 1943)
EN-C12 Summary of Danish Peace Aims (March 8, 1943)

1941)
EN-C13 Summary of Norwegian Peace Aims (March 15, 1943)
C-5 The Future of Hungary (December 3, 1941)
EN-C14 Summary of Czechoslovak Peace Aims (May 5, 1943)
EN-C15 Austrian Peace Aims: Views of Emigre Groups (July

EN-C6 Chatham House Studies on the European Settlement
26, 1943)
(April 2 I, 1942)
EN-C16 Views of Some European Socialists on Peace (November
EN-C7 Political Trends in France and United Nations Policy

20, 1943)
[47]
(January 25, 1943)
EN -C8 Political Alignments and the Outlook for Detnocratic Re-
construction in Germany ( February 10, 1943)
EN-C9 Summary of French Peace Aims (February 23, 1943)
EN-CIo Summary of Belgian Peace Aims (March I, 1943)
EN-ell Summary of Netherlands Peace Aims (March I, 1943)
EN-CI2 Summary of Danish Peace Ain1s (March 8, 1943)
EN-C I 3 Summary of Norwegian Peace Aims (March 15, 1943)
EN-CI4 Summary of Czechoslovak Peace Aims (May 5, 1943)
EN -C 15 Austrian Peace Aims: Views of Emigre Groups (July
26, 1943)
EN-CI6 Views of Some European Socialists on Peace (November
20, 1943)
STEERING COMMITTEE
STEERING CO~fMITTEE
SC-B1 List of Memoranda Issued December 1939-December
1941, with an Analysis of Recommendations (December
seBI List of Memoranda Issued December 1939-December

31, I940
SC-B2 List of Memoranda Issued in 1942 with Recommenda-
tions or Conclusions (dated December 31, 1942, but not

1941, with an Analysis of Recommendations (December
31, 194 1 )
listed among documents issued in 1942)
SC-Bjt Index of Memoranda Issued to December 31, 1942
(March 15, 1943)

SCB2 List of Memoranda Issued in 19-12 with Recommenda-
SC-B4 List of Memoranda Issued in 1943 with Recommenda-
tions or Conclusions (dated December 3 I, 1942, but not

tions or Conclusions (December 31, 1943)
SC-B5 Index of Memoranda Issued During 1943, Supplement

listed among documents issued in 19+2)
to SC-Bj (March 15, 1944)
SCB3 Index of Memoranda Issued to December 31, 1942
(March 15, 1943)
to SC-B3 and SC-B5 (March 15, 1945)
SC-Cl Problems of International Air Transport; Special Meet- SCB4 List of Memoranda Issued in 1943 with Recommenda-
ing (April 5, 1943)
SC-Ca Special Conference on the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals,

tions or Conclusions (December 31, 1943)
held at Princeton, New Jersey, October 20-22, 1944
SCBS Index of Memoranda Issued During 1943, Supplement
[48]
to SCB3 (A-farch 15, 1944)

to SCB3 and SC- B5 (~Iarch 15, 1945)
SCCI Problems of International Air Transport; Special Meet-
ing (April 5, 1943)
SCC2 Special Conference on the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals,

held at Princeton, New Jersey, October 20-22, 1944

Council On Foreign Relations 1946 - The War and Peace Studies

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THE WAR AND PEACE STUDIES

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS^

THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS-J

THE HAROLD PRATT HOUSE

^ 7 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS

ISAIAH BOWMAN ALLBN W. DULLES

WILLIAM A. M. BURDEN PHILIP D. REED

JOHN W. DAVIS WINFIELD W. RIEFLER R. C. LEFFINGWELL

STEPHEN DUGGAN MYRON C. TAYLOR

FRANK ALTSCHUL CLARENCE E. HUNTER

HAMILTON FISH ARMSTRONG GEORGE O. MAY

THOMAS K. FINLETTER JOHS H. 'VILLIA1\IS

Co"n,"t, 1916, hy Council on For~i," Rl'latio1ls, 11Ic.

States increase, the participation of its citizens

Without such participation there are bound to be vio-

example, in the years 1918-1920), with consequent

in influencing its foreign policies should increase also.

communication between people and government

should be open in both directions and they should be

used as fully and frequently as practicable.

government will always be on the lookout for analyses

to have special competence and believed to be acting

with the work of day-by-day decision and action. But

while independent private agencies should be free to

undertake studies and to report their findings without

to accept or disregard them; for it is they who are

accountable to the public for mistakes. Thus the link-

be informal and loose, each retaining full inde-

The wartime activities of the Council on Foreign

tion. Since it is difficult, even in a democracy, for

larly in times of crisis, when they are overwhelmed

foreign policy, the Council's experience may be con-

private citizens to participate in the formulation of

of general interest in relationship to a broad problem

The wartime work of the Council necessarily was

confidential; and the management is glad now to be

able to report on it to the Council membership. It

Editor of Foreign Affairs, and Walter H. Mallory,

tions, paid to the Department of State on September

12, 1939, to offer such aid on the part of the Council

as might be useful and appropriate in view of the out-

even if the United States avoided being drawn into

would be directly affected by the eventual peace set-

worked as a result of the crisis, and adequate govern-

ment funds for increased staff were not immediately

available. The Council representatives suggested that,

itself was able to assemble a staff and begin research

and analysis on the proper scale, the Council might

undertake work in certain specific fields, without, of

course, any formal assignment of responsibility on the

other. Specifically, they proposed that the Council

Problems, Economic and Financial Problems, Politi-

cal Problems, and Territorial Problems. In this way

ducting such groups would be put to use and the De-

partment would be provided with a cross-section of

expert opinion to supplement its own official informa-

The Department officers welcomed the Council's

ducting such groups would be put to use and the De-

plan. This was done in consultation with Department

proached for a grant of funds to put the plan into

the funds were available, the personnel of the groups

tion meeting was held in Washington, at the home of