Migration 64 Report

REPORT ON
MIGRATION IN ODISHA
2007-08
REPORT ON
MIGRATION IN ODISHA
2007-08
NSS 64th ROUND

(July 2007-June 2008)
Directorate of Economics & Statistics
Government of Odisha
Preface
Directorate of Economics and Statistics conducted all Odisha survey of households in

the 64th round of NSS during July 2007 – June 2008. The present report is based on
the data on migration collected through the 64 th round of NSS in which the information
on migration particulars was collected .It gives quantitative information on various key
characteristics pertaining to migration, such as household migration, migrants and out-
migrants etc.
The field work of 64th round was carried out by the field staffs of respective
DPMU’s of all the thirty districts of Odisha. Software development was handled at
computer division, DES. Multiplier generation, tabulation and drafting of the report was
done in the head quarter, DES, Odisha.
I am thankful to all officers and staffs whose contributions are valuable from field
survey to the preparation and finalization of this report .I hope the report will be found
useful by planners, policy makers, academicians and researchers. Suggestions for
improving the report are most welcome.
Sri Dushasan Behera
Director
OFFICIALS OF N.S.S DIVISION, DE&S, ODISHA
OFFICERS
1. Sri Sitaram Mahanta, Joint Director.

2. Miss Pravati Rani Pradhan, Deputy Director.
3. Dr. Sujata Priyambada Parida, Assistant Director.
STAFFS
1. Sri Kambhu Kantha Mallick, Statistical Investigator.

2. Mrs Parbati Barla, Statistical Investigator.
3. Sri Kashinath Baskey, Statistical Investigator.
4. Sri Gauranga Pradhan, Statistical Assistant.
5. Mrs Sanghamitra Mohanty, Statistical Assistant.
6. Sri Rashi Ranjan Kanungo, Statistical Assistant.
7. Mrs Indira Garnaik, Statistical Assistant.
I
PERSONS INVOLVED IN NSS 64TH ROUND
(From data collection to report preparation)
1. Primary Data Collection
District level Primary Workers & Supervisors

2. Data Entry Software Development. (Computer Center, DE&S)
(i) Sri Prashanna Kumar Dash, Statistical Investigator

(ii) Sri Narayan Prasad Swain, Statistical Investigator
3. Data Entry and Validation
District level Primary Workers & Supervisors

4. Final Validation
All Staff of NSS Division, DE&S

5. Multiplier generation using sampling design & estimation procedure
provided by NSSO, GOI.
Dr. Sujata Priyambada Parida, Assistant Director

6. Tabulation, Analysis and Report Writing
Mrs Indira Garnaik, Statistical Assistant

7. Draft Report Verification
All Officers of NSS Division, All Deputy Directors, Joint

Directors and Director, DE&S
8. Approval of Report
Members of Expert Committee formed by Planning &

Coordination Department
II
CONTENT
Page
List of Tables IV-V
Highlights VI-VIII
Chapter One Introduction 1-6
Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 7-13
Summary of Findings
Chapter Three Household migration 14-29
Chapter Four Out-Migrants 30-44
Appendix -A Detailed Tables 46-49
Appendix -B Estimation Procedure 50-61
Appendix -C Schedule of Migration Particular
III
LIST OF TABLES
Sl.No Table No Subject

1 1 Percentage Distribution of Households by Social group
2 2 Percentage distribution of households by household type (Rural)
3 2(A) Percentage distribution of Households by Household Type (Urban)
4 3 Percentage distribution of Households by whether having Migration

(Rural and Urban Odisha)
5 3(A) Percentage distribution of households having migration by
household type (Rural Odisha)
6 3(B) Percentage distribution of households having migration by

household type (Urban Odisha)
7 3.1(A) Percentage distribution of households migrated by the pattern of

migration
8 3.1(B) Per thousand distribution of households having migration according

to the reason for Migration (Rural Odisha)
9 3.1(c) Per thousand distribution of Households having migration
according to the reason for migration (Urban Odisha)
10 3.2(A) Percentage distribution of Households who has migrated by

Location
11 4 Percentage distribution of households reporting out migration by

former members
12 4.1 Percentage distribution of Households receiving remittance from
out migrant members in (Rural & Urban) Odisha
13 4.1(A) MPCE Decile Class wise average amount of remittance received by

the households and its percentage to total remittance received(Rural
Odisha)
14 4.1(B) MPCE Decile Class wise average amount of remittance received by
the households and its percentage to total remittance
received(Urban Odisha)
15 5 Percentage distribution of persons who have out migrated by the
reason for migration in Odisha
IV
16 5.1 Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for
migration (Rural Odisha)
17 5.2 Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for

migration (Urban Odisha)
18 6 Percentage distribution of persons who migrated out by their

present place of residence
19 6.1 Percentage distribution of out-migrants by whether presently

engaged in any economic activity
20 6.1.1 Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether

engaged in any economic activity(Rural Odisha)
21 6.1.2 Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether

engaged in any economic activity(Urban Odisha)
22 6.2 State Region wise whether Out-migrants presently engaged in any

economic activity (Rural Odisha)
23 6.2(A) State Region wise Whether Out migrants are presently engaged in
economic activity(Urban Odisha)
24 6.2.1 Percentage distribution of persons(migrated out) by whether sent

remittances during the last 365 days
25 6.2.2 State Region wise Percentage distribution of Out-migrants by who

are engaged in economic activity and sent remittance (Rural)
26 6.2.3 State Region wise Percentage distribution of Out-migrants by who

are engaged in economic activity and sent remittance(Urban)
V
HIGHLIGHTS
This report is based on the 64th round survey on Migration Particulars (Schedule 10.2)
conducted during July, 2007 to June, 2008. The survey covered a sample of 5180
households (3830 households in rural areas and 1350 households in urban areas) and
a sample 23882 persons (17955 in rural areas and 5927 in urban areas) of Odisha.
Some of the key findings are stated below.
A. Household migration during last 365 days
Percentage of households having migration in rural areas was very low i.e. nearly 2 per
cent. In urban areas, on the other hand, households having migration constitutes nearly
4.37 percent.
Migration of households was largely confined within State: 78.23 percent of the migrant
households in rural areas and 81.12 per cent of the migrant households in the urban
areas had last usual place of residence within the State.
Migration of households in both the rural and urban areas was dominated by the
migration of households from rural areas. Nearly 80.63 per cent of urban migrant
households migrated from rural areas whereas 32.36 per cent of rural migrant
households migrated from urban areas.
In both rural and urban areas, majority of the households migrated for employment
related reasons. Nearly 46.68 per cent of the households in rural areas and 83.68 per
cent of the households in the urban areas had migrated for employment related reasons.
B. Pattern of migration
The percentage of temporary migration is 86% in the rural areas and 31% in the urban
areas. Moreover, in the rural areas, the percentage of permanent migration was nearly
14 per cent while it is about 69 per cent in urban areas.
VI
c. Out- Migrants
In rural Odisha about 33.45 percent households reported having out- migration of
their former members whereas in urban Odisha it is 19.25 percent.
D.Out-migrant Remittances
14.3 percent households in rural areas and 6.29 percent of households in urban areas
have former members who are out migrated from the households during the period.
About 24.63 percent of the out-migrants from the urban areas, have sent remittances
whereas 29.57 percent of the out migrants from the rural areas have sent remittances
Key indicators of migration at a lance
A. Household level characteristics
Indicator rural urban
(1) (2) (3)
proportion of migrant household (per 1000 households) 20 44
proportion (per 1000) of migrant households for employment related reasons 424 717
no. of households reporting out-migrant (per 1000 household) 335 193
no. of households received remittance (per 1000 household reporting out-

143 67
migrant)
Note:
1. Migrant household: If the entire household, as was being enumerated had moved to the place of
enumeration during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey, it was considered as a migrant
household. If one member of the household had moved ahead of other members to the present household
and others had joined later (but all of them during the reference year) such households were also
VII
considered as migrant households. Where some members of the household were born or married into
households which had moved, during the last 365 days, the entire household was treated as migrated to
the place of enumeration.
2. Migrant: A household member whose last usual place of residence (UPR), anytime in the past, was
different from the present place of enumeration was considered as a migrant member in a household.
3. Out-migrant: Any former member of a household who left the household, any time in the past, for stay
outside the village/ town was considered as out-migrant provided he/ she was alive on the date of survey.
**********************************
VIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0: The report in perspective
1.0.1 Mobility is an integral part of human existence. However, all types of human
mobility are not migration. In NSS surveys, those movements which resulted in change
of the usual place of residence (UPR)1 of the individuals were treated as migration and
a household member whose last usual place of residence (UPR) was different from the
present place of enumeration was considered a migrant. Though social, cultural,
political, personal and natural forces have a bearing on migration, viewing it as an
economic phenomenon receives special attention. People may be motivated to change
their place of residence because of lack of employment opportunities in the area where
they are residing or in the hope of finding better opportunities elsewhere. Apart from
migration of the household members, the other types of movements studied in this
report are those which do not involve change of usual place of residence, but are short-
term and seasonal in nature and predominantly resulting from employment related
factors. Besides, this report also brings out in details features of the out-migrants2 like
their present place of residence, whether they are engaged in economic activities and
remittances from the out-migrants as well as some particulars of household migration.
1.0.2 A survey on the migration particulars in Odisha was carried out during NSS 64 th
round (July, 2007 to June, 2008). The collection of information on migration was carried
out in the 64th round NSS survey. Collection of information on migration particulars of
the households, of the household members and of the out-migrants was carried out.
1.1: Background
Sources of migration data: Census of India is the single largest source of data on
migration characteristics for the people of India. Various surveys conducted by the
NSSO are also the important sources of migration data. To assess the volume and
structure of migration in India, NSSO, starting with the 9th round (May-August, 1955),
conducted a number of surveys to collect data on migration as part of its employment
1
and unemployment enquiries. In the 9th, 11 th (August, 1956 to January, 1957) and 12th
rounds (March - August 1957) of survey, migration particulars were collected for the
labour force population only. From the 13th round (September 1957 to May 1958)
onwards, more detailed information on migration has been collected. In the 18 th round,
survey on migration was conducted on a much larger scale. In the NSS 28 th round
(October 1973 - June 1974) survey on birth, death, morbidity and disability, migration
particulars of the usual members of the sample households were also collected.
1 Usual place of residence: Usual place of residence (UPR) of a person was defined as a place
(village/town) where the person had stayed continuously for a period of six months or more.
2 Any former member of a household who left the household, any time in the past, for stay outside the
village/ town was considered as out-migrant provided he/ she was alive on the date of survey.
1.2: Scope of the present survey
1.2.1 : Subject coverage: The 64th round (July 2007-June 2008) of NSS was
earmarked for survey on ‘Employment-Unemployment and Migration’, ‘Participation and
Expenditure in Education’ and ‘Household Consumer Expenditure’.
1.2.2 : Items of enquiry: In Schedule 10.2 of NSS 64th round (July 2007 – June 2008)
information was collected regarding the employment-unemployment characteristics and
migration particulars.
1.2.2.1 : Regarding migration particulars, information was collected on household

migration, out-migrants, migrants and seasonal short-term migrants. In the present
survey, migration particulars of the households which have migrated to the place of
enumeration during the last 365 days, such as location of last usual residence, pattern
of migration and reason for migration, were collected. Particulars of out-migrants who
migrated out to other village/ town, from the household, any time in the past, such as
present place of residence, reason for migration, period since leaving the household,
whether presently engaged in any economic activity, whether sent remittances, number
of times and amount of remittances sent during last 365 days were collected.
Information on the use of remittances received by the households during last 365 days
2
from the members who migrated out any time in the past was also collected. From each
of the sample migrants, information on reason for migration, period elapsed since
migration, location of last usual place of residence, usual activity pursued at the time of
migration, whether a return migrant, etc., was collected. In this survey, to assess the
short duration movements of the people of Odisha, for the household members who
had stayed away, during the last 365 days, for employment or in search of employment
for a period of 30 days to 6 months, number of spells of duration of 15 days or more,
destination for longest spell and industry of work, if worked were collected.
1.2.3 : Geographical Coverage: The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union
except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir (for central sample),
(ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of the bus route and (iii)
villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the
year. For state sample this survey covered whole of Odisha.
1.3 :The survey outline
1.3.1 : Method of data collection: The survey used the recall-based interview method
using a schedule for data collection from a sample of randomly selected households.
The sample design on the basis of which the selection of households was made is
stated in brief in the following sub-section.
1.3.2 : Period of survey and work programme: The fieldwork of 64th round of NSSO
started from 1st July, 2007 and continued till 30th June, 2008. As usual, the survey period
of this round was divided into four sub-rounds, each with a duration of three months,
the 1st sub-round period ranging from July to September, 2007, the 2nd sub-round period
from October, 2007 to December, 2007, 3rd sub-round from January, 2008 to March,
2008 and 4th sub-round from April, 2008 to June, 2008. An equal number of sample
villages/blocks (FSUs), as far as possible, were allotted for survey in each of these four
sub-rounds.
3
1.4 : Sampling design
1.4.1: Sample size –: As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, most States and Union
Territories participated in the survey: a ‘State sample’ was surveyed by State
Government officials in addition to the ‘Central sample’ surveyed by NSSO.In the 64 th
round, a sample of 13600 FSUs (8304 villages and 5296 urban blocks) was also
selected for survey by the state agencies (State sample) at the all-India level. In Odisha
384 sample villages and 136 urban blocks surveyed by Odisha government. For
Schedule 10.2, a sample of 10 households was planned as second stage unit for survey
from each selected village and urban block.
1.4.2: In NSS 64th round, information was collected on household migration, migration
particulars of the household members, short-term migration, out-migrants, and
remittances of out-migrants. Collection of such detailed information on migration was
not attempted either in NSS 49th round or in NSS 55th round. Distinctive features were:
i : In NSS 64th round, information on household migration was collected as in NSS

49th round but the same was not collected in NSS 55th round.
ii : In NSS 49th round, information on out-migrants was collected but not in NSS 55th
round. However, collection of information on out-migrants, in NSS 49th round, was
limited for only those who had migrated out of the household for stay outside the
State during the last 5 years before the date of the survey provided he/she was alive
and residing outside the State on the date of survey. In NSS 64th round, any former
member of a household who left the household, any time in the past, for stay outside
the village/ town was considered as out-migrant provided he/ she was alive on the
date of survey and information was collected for such out-migrants.
iii : Amount of remittances from out-migrants and use of such remittances by the
recipient households were not recorded in NSS 49th round.
4
Iv : In NSS 49th round, no information was collected on short-term migrants3. In NSS
55th round, information on short-term migration was limited to only identifying those
household members who, during last 365 days, had undertaken short-term
movements for 60 days or more for employment related reasons. The scope, in NSS
64th round, of information on short-term movement of the household members was
extended with the collection of information on those short-term movements which
were undertaken during last 365 days for 30 days or more but less than 6 months
for employment related purpose, including collection of information on destination
during longest spell, industry of work, etc.
v: In NSS 64th round to ensure, adequate representation of sample for different
categories of migrants, especially to collect information on remittances from out-

migrants, short-term migration and migration for employment related reasons,
suitable second stage stratifications (SSS) were made. The three SSS formed were
as follows:
SSS 1: households having at least one out-migrant and received at least one
remittance from him/ her during last 365 days
SSS 2: remaining households having at least one other type of migrants,

including temporary out-migrants, for employment purpose
SSS 3: other households
1.5 : Contents of the Report
1.5.1 All the estimates presented in this report are based on the State sample data only.
This report deals, in some details, with the particulars of household migration. Various
5
features of the migrants like, location of last place of residence, reason for migration,
usual activity status.
Short-term migrants have been defined, in this report, as those who had stayed away
from the village/town for a period of 1 month or more but less than 6 months during the
last 365 days for employment or in search of employment. At the time of migration,
magnitude of rural-urban and urban-rural migration streams, whether a return migrant,
etc., have been studied thereafter. Next, the short term and seasonal nature of the
movements of the household members who had stayed away from the village/town for
employment or in search of employment for a period of 30 days to 6 months during last
365 days, their destination during longest spell and industry of work, if worked have
been studied. Details of the out-migrants and receipt of remittances by the households
from the out-migrants have been dealt thereafter.
1.5.2 This report contains four Chapters, including the present introductory chapter.
Chapter Two gives in detail the concept and definition of terms used in the survey in
connection with the various items covered in this report. The main findings relating to
the estimates given in this report are presented and discussed in Chapters Three to
Four. To start with, Chapter Three is on household migration. Discussions on the out-
migrants are presented in Chapters Four. The detailed tables forming the basis of this
report are presented in Annexure.
6
CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
2.0 : The concepts and definitions of some important terms used in the survey and
relevant to this report are explained in the following paragraphs.
2.1 : Household: A group of persons who normally lived together and took food from
a common kitchen constituted a household. The adverb “normally” means that
temporary visitors and guests (whose total period of stay in the household was expected
to be less than 6 months) were excluded but temporary stay-away (whose total period
of absence from the household was expected to be less than 6 months) were included.
Thus a child residing in a hostel for studies was excluded from the household of his/her
parents, but a resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the
house) was included in the employer’s/host’s household. “Living together” was given
more importance than “sharing food from a common kitchen” in drawing the boundaries
of a household in case the two criteria were in conflict. However, in the special case of
a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different
house) due to shortage of space, the household formed by such a person’s family
members was taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a hotel, mess, boarding-
lodging house, hostel, etc., was considered to be a single-member household except
that a family living in a hotel (say) was considered one household only. The same
principle was applicable for the residential staff of such establishments. The size of a
household is the total number of persons in the household.
2.2 : Monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE): For a household, this is
the total consumer expenditure over all items divided by the household size and
expressed on a per month (30 days) basis. A person’s MPCE is understood as that of
the household to which he or she belongs.
7
2.2.1: It may be noted that some of the migration characteristics, in this report, have
been studied with the ‘level of living’, of the household members. Thus, the distribution
of population by ‘income level’ is considered as useful background information for the
study of migration. As it is difficult to collect reliable income data, the NSSO, collects
data on consumption expenditure in its surveys.
2.2.1.1: Decile classes of MPCE: The first decile of the distribution of MPCE over the
population of any region or domain is the level of MPCE below which 10 per cent of the
population lie, the second decile, the level below which 20 per cent of the population lie,
and so on. Thus, the population can be divided into 10 “decile classes of MPCE” as
follows: MPCE up to the 1st decile, from 1st decile to the 2nd decile, from the 2nd decile
to the 3rd decile, and so on. Study of migration characteristics in the decile classes help
to portray the variation of such variables with variation in MPCE.
2.2.1.2 : Procedure for collecting monthly per capita consumer expenditure

(MPCE): A worksheet was used for collection of information on household consumer
expenditure in Schedule 10.2 to get a proxy for total household consumer expenditure,
the approximate value of consumer expenditure obtained through the worksheet has
been used for studying migration characteristics of the household members. The
worksheet contained 19 different components of household consumer expenditure.
Depending upon the type of item, either of the two reference periods viz, 30 days and
365 days, was used to record consumption of different groups of items. Conceptual
framework and approach to record household consumer expenditure through the
worksheet is similar to the one adopted for detailed household consumer surveys
carried out by NSSO.
2.3 : Usual place of residence (UPR): In this survey, usual place of residence (UPR)
of a person was defined as a place (village/town) where the person had stayed
continuously for a period of six months or more.
2.4 : Migrant : A household member whose last usual place of residence (UPR),
anytime in the past, was different from the present place of enumeration was considered
as a migrant member in a household.
8
2.5: Return Migration: A phenomenon in which the migrants return back to their earlier
usual place of residence is termed as return migration. In NSS 64th round, the
phenomenon of return migration was captured through a question, whether the place of
enumeration was usual place of residence (UPR) any time in the past. Those who had
answered in the affirmative, i.e., those migrants who had reported that the present place
of enumeration was UPR any time in the past was considered as return migrant.
2.6: Short-term migrants: It may be noted that migration necessarily involves changes
in the usual place of residence (UPR). However, there are another category of persons
who do not change their UPR but undertake short-term movements. In NSS 64th round,
information was collected regarding the short-term movements of the population, who
had stayed away from the village/town for a period of 1 month or more but less than 6
months during the last 365 days for employment or in search of employment. Thus, by
definition of household and household members, such persons are considered as the
members of the household from which they had stayed away for such short duration.
Such persons have been referred to as short-term migrants.
2.7: Destination of the short-term migrants: Destination of the short-term migrants

referred to as the place in which the short-term migrant had stayed for the longest
period, considering all his spells of staying away. A period of staying away from the
village/town for a period of 15 or more was termed as a spell.
2.8: Migrant household: If the entire household, as was being enumerated had moved
to the place of enumeration during the last 365 days preceding the date of survey, it
was considered as a migrant household. If one member of the household had moved
ahead of other members to the present household and others had joined later (but all
of them during the reference year) such households were also considered as migrant
households. Where some members of the household were born or married into
households which had moved, during the last 365 days, the entire household was
treated as migrated to the place of enumeration.
9
2.9: Out-migrant: Any former member of a household who left the household, any time
in the past, for stay outside the village/ town was considered as out-migrant provided
he/ she was alive on the date of survey.
2.10 : Reason for migration: The reasons for migration, which are to be collected in
codes, are as follows:
reason for migration reason for migration
in search of employment social / political problems (riots, terrorism,
political refugee, bad law and order, etc.)
in search of better employment displacement by development project
Business acquisition of own house/ flat
to take up employment / housing problems

better employment
transfer of service/ contract proximity to place of work studies
natural disaster (drought, flood, tsunami, etc.) health care

post retirement marriage
migration of parent/ earning member of the family
other
10
Brief details of each of these reasons are given below:
(i) In search of employment: Persons, who were not already in employment at the
time of leaving the last UPR, when migrated to another village/ town in search of
employment were considered as migrated in search of employment.
(ii) In search of better employment: These included those persons who were
employed at the time of leaving last UPR, but had come to the place of enumeration in
search of better employment, in terms of emoluments, job satisfaction, etc..
(iii) To take up employment / better employment : The first two cases are different
from this one because it related to persons who had come to the place of enumeration
to take up employment. These persons were not in search of employment but were
offered jobs or were offered better jobs than the one they were having at the time of
leaving last UPR.
(iv) Business : Those who had migrated to start a new business or due to shifting of
the existing business were considered as migrated for business.
(v) Transfer of service/ contract : Transfer of service/ contract included persons who
as part of the employment contract or service liability migrate from one place of posting
to another.
(vi) Proximity to place of work: This included persons who had moved in order to be
nearer to their places of work. These were the people who moved to another village/
town with the ex-plicit purpose of avoiding or reducing commuting to place of work or
other similar reasons and formed a separate category from the persons who had
migrated to take up employment/ better employment.
(vii) Studies: Students and others who had left their UPR for studies were classified
under this category. If a person changed UPR to pursue his/her studies and at the same
time looked for employment, which was the case in many occasions, the factor which
was basic for his/her change of residence were considered.
11
(viii) Natural disaster (earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami, etc.): Persons who had
migrated due to natural disaster caused by earthquake, drought, flood, cyclone,
tsunami, etc., were covered under this category.
(ix) Social/ political problems (riots, terrorism, political refugee, bad law and
order, etc.): Migration arising out of social or political problems such as riots, terrorism,
political refugee, bad law and order, etc. were included under this category.
(x) Displacement by development project: Sometime undertaking development

projects, such as construction of dams, power plants, or starting a new factory, etc.,
might result in eviction of persons and those effected by such displacements may
migrate to other village/ town. Such types of migration were included in this category.
(xi) Acquisition of own house/ flat: Persons who had moved to a place to stay in a
house/ flat acquired by them were categorized in this category. Here again the reason
for movement were directly attributable to the acquisition. Persons who on retirement
moved to their own house, etc., were not included here.
(xii) Housing problems: Certain persons moved from metropolitan cities or large
towns to nearby smaller towns or other areas due to the problems of getting suitable
accommodation, poor amenities, or high rent, etc. Such persons were classified under
this reason
(xiii) Health care: Persons sometimes moved from one place to another due to the
availability of better medical facilities for treatment or conditions, unsuitable weather in
the last UPR. They were covered under this reason.
(xiv) Post retirement: Sometimes after retirement, persons might leave UPR either to
stay in their native place or in some other place chosen by him/ her. If the reason for
migration was due to retirement from employment they were categorized here.
(xv) Marriage: A substantial number of women in India change their UPR after marriage.
Person, whose change in UPR occurred exclusively due to marriage were covered here.
12
(xvi) Migration of parent/ earning member of the family: In many cases, the members
were passive movers in the sense that they changed UPR because the parent or
earning member changed UPR. Such migrants were categorized here.
(xvii) Others: Reasons for migration which could not be classified into any of the above
categories were covered here.
2.11: Nature of Movement: The nature of movement of the migrants were recorded to
find out whether the migration was temporary or permanent in nature. The migration
was treated as a temporary, if the migrant intended to move again to the last usual place
of residence or to any other place. If the migrant, in normal course, was likely to stay at
the place of enumeration and did not plan to move out of the place of enumeration, it
was treated as a permanent migration. Those who migrated temporarily, were further
categorized in two groups, viz., those with expected duration of stay less than 12 months
and those with expected duration of stay 12 months or more.
2.12: Migration streams and internal migrants: In the present survey, information on
location of last usual place of residence was collected from each of the sample migrants,
in terms of 7 categories, specifying, whether, he/she had migrated from the rural/urban
areas, same district/other district, same State/other State or from other countries. It may
be noted that migrants in any area may be (i) from within the State, (ii) from other States,
or (iii) from another country. Total migrants considering the migration streams (i) and (ii)
together constitute the volume of internal migrants.
2.13 : Remittances: These are the transfers, either in cash or in kind, to the
households by their former members who had migrated out. For the purpose of this
survey, the former household members who had migrated out any time in the past
were only considered and the transfers by them during the last 365 days were treated
as remittances. However, if such transfers were in the form of loans, these were not
considered as remittances. The valuation of the remittances received in kind were
done by considering the market value of the kind remittance received by the
household. If the cash remittances were in any foreign currency, exchange value of
the cash remittances in Indian Rupee were arrived at to determine the amount of
remittances. Moreover, amount of remittances were arrived at considering both of the
remittances received through formally recorded channels as well as remittances sent
through informal channels.
13
CHAPTER THREE
HOUSEHOLD MIGRATION
3.0 : Household migration particulars
3.0.1 As stated earlier in Chapter One, NSS 64th round was conducted during July 2007
to June 2008 (hereafter referred to as 2007-08), in which migration particulars were
collected. The information relating to migration collected in this round can be broadly
categorized into 4 groups. Firstly, those relating to household migration such as location
of last residence, pattern of migration (temporary or permanent), and reason for
migration. Secondly, information for the out-migrants, like present place of residence of
the out-migrant, reason for migration, period elapsed since leaving the erstwhile
household, whether engaged in economic activities, frequency and amount of
remittances sent during the last 365 days to the households by such former members
who had migrated out. The information on the use of remittances received from the out-
migrants by the households was also collected. Thirdly, detailed information on the
migrants relating to the nature of movement, period elapsed since leaving the last usual
place of residence (UPR), location of last UPR, usual activity status at the time of
leaving last UPR, reason for migration, and whether a return migrant. Finally, for those
who had stayed away from the village/town for 1 month or more but less than 6 months
during the last 365 days for employment or in search of employment (henceforth
referred to as short-term migrants), destination during longest spell, industry of work
etc.
3.0.2 Main findings regarding migration in Odisha based on data collected on various
aspects of migration, as stated above, are accordingly presented in the Chapter Three
and Chapter four. Characteristics of household migration is presented in this Chapter.
Chapter Four presents various facets of migrants, including return migration.
Characteristics of out-migrants are discussed in Chapter four.
14
3.0.3 Use of estimated aggregates: The estimates, in this report, are generally
presented as ratios. It may be noted that estimates of ratios are generally expected to
be robust and the estimates of aggregates may be used only to combine the ratios but
not for generating estimates of absolute numbers for a characteristic. To estimate an
absolute number in any category, it is advisable to apply the survey estimates of ratios
to the census population or projections1. It may also be noted that as the tables are
generally presented as percentage or ‘per 1000 distribution’, the figures are rounded
off. The estimates presented in the report, in general, refer to the mid-point of the survey
period (July 2007 – June 2008) of NSS 64th round, i.e., 01.01.2008.
3.1 : Accuracy of the result:
In the 64th round NSS survey we have 7075742 no of estimated household in rural
Odisha which lies in between the 2001 and 2011 census data on no of households.
According to the 2001 census report there were 6782879 no of households in rural
Odisha and in 2011 census report there were 8144012 no of rural households. In case
of urban Odisha there were 1505356 no of estimated no of households in this 64 th round
NSS report which lies in between census 2001 and 2011 data i.e 1087248 and 1517073
respectively.
Table- 1
Percentage Distribution of Households by Social group
SOCIAL RURAL URBAN

GROUP Estimated Percentage of Estimated Percentage of
Households households households households
1 2 3 4 5
Schedule 1826126 25.81 163462 10.86
Tribe
Schedule 1485139 20.99 281626 18.71
Caste
Other 2397302 33.88 500801 33.27
Backward
Class
Others 1367176 19.32 559467 37.16
All 7075742 100 1505356 100
15
Figure- 1(A) Figure- 1(B)
Percentage distribution of Households Percentage distribution of Households

by Social group (Rural) by Social Group (Urban)
19.32 10.86
25.81
37.16
18.71
33.88 20.99
33.27
Sch Tribe Sch Caste O.B.C Others

Sch Tribe Sch Caste O.B.C Others
Table 1 and Figures 1(A) and 1(B) show the percentage distribution of households by
social group. From table (1) and figure 1(A) we can say that in rural Odisha Other
Backward Class constitute more percentage i.e.33.88 .Other group has lowest
percentage i.e.19.32% whereas in urban Odisha others constitute more percentage i.e.
37.17. Schedule Tribe has the lowest percentage i.e.10.86.
Table-2
Percentage distribution of households by household type (Rural)
Household Type Estimated Households Percentage of

households
1 2 3
self-employed in non-agriculture 924483 13.07
agriculture labour 2077462 29.36
other labour 513606 7.26
self-employed in agriculture 2575574 36.40
others 984615 13.92
Total 7075742 100
16
Figure-2
In the 64th round of N.S.S survey

Percentage Distribution of Households
by Household type (Rural) self statistics has been taken on household
others employed
14% in non_ type. According to the prime occupation
agriculture
13% of the households the household type
has been categorised into 5 parts in rural
agriculture areas and 4 parts in urban areas .Table
labour
29% no.2 and figure no.2 show the distribution
self
of households by household type in rural
employed
in
Odisha. From the table2 and figure 2 it is
other
agriculture
37%
labour clear that highest number of households
7%
i.e.36.40 percent come under the self-
employed in agriculture category,
followed by 29.36 percent households
under the agriculture labour category. The lowest percentage of households i.e.7.26
come under the other labour group.
Table-2(A)
Percentage distribution of Households by Household Type (Urban)
Household Type Estimated Households Percentage of

households
1 2 3
Self-employed 543220 36.09
Regular wage/salary earning 535567 35.58
Casual Labour 180580 12.00
Others 245989 16.34
Total 1505356 100
17
Figure-2(A)
Table 2(A) and figure2 (B) give information

Percentage distribution of Households on distribution of households according to
by Household Type (Urban)
the household type of urban Odisha. In
Others
16.34
Self_emp urban Odisha highest number of
Casual loyed
36.09%
households i.e. 36.09 percent belongs to
Labour
12% self-employed, followed by 35.58 percent
households under the regular wage/salary
earning group. The lowest percentage of
Regular households i.e.12 % comes under the
wage/sal
ary casual labour group.
earning
35.58%
3.2: Household migration

3.1.0 : Sometimes, instead of the member(s) of a household, the household itself may
migrate from one place (village/town) to another (village/town) either in one go or in a
phased manner. Thus, all households whose members had moved to the place of
enumeration in one go during the last 365 days were considered as migrant
households. These apart, those households, whose members had moved to the place
of enumeration in a phased manner but started and completed their journeys during the
reference period were also considered as migrant households. In this Chapter various
features of household migration which have been discussed are, magnitude of
household migration, location from which the households have migrated and reasons
for migration.
Table - 3 Percentage distribution of Households by whether having Migration

(Rural and Urban Odisha)
Whether Rural Urban

Household
Estimated Households Percentage Estimated Households Percentag
Migrated
Households per thousand of Households per e of
households thousand household
s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Households 142331 20 2 65808 44 4.37
migrated
Households 6933411 980 98 1439548 956 95.63
not migrated
Total 7075742 1000 100 1505356 1000 100
18
Figure - 3
In the 64th round survey

Percentage distribution of Households
information on migration
having migration in Odisha
particulars of the households
100%
80% which migrated to the place of
60% enumeration during the last 365
98 95.63
40%
days has been collected. Table. 3
20%
0% 2 4.37 and figure.3 give information on
Rural Urban the households which migrated to
Households migrated Households not migrated
the place of enumeration during
the last 365 days. In case of rural Odisha only 2 percent households migrated to the
place of enumeration and in urban Odisha it is 4.37 percent. In rural Odisha 98 percent
of households had not migrated to the place of enumeration and in urban Odisha it is
95.63 percent.
Table-3(A)
Table 3(A) gives information on
Percentage distribution of households
having migration by household type (Rural the percentage distribution of
Odisha) households migrated to the place
Household Estimated no of Percentage of enumeration during last 365
Type households
days by household type. In table
1 2 3
3(A) we find that more
self emp non_ 4794 3.37
agr percentage of households i.e.
agr labour 19716 13.85 58.80 who comes under ‘Other’
other labour 10449 7.34 type had moved to the place of
self emp agr 23678 16.64 enumeration in rural Odisha. A
others 83694 58.80 household which does not have
All 142331 100 any income from economic
activities is classified under
“others”, like pension and remittance holders etc. In case of ‘self-employed in
agriculture’ percentage of households moved to the place of enumeration is 16.64.It is
lowest i.e. 3.37 for self employed in non-agricultural household type.
19
Table-3(B)
Table 3(B) gives information on
Percentage distribution of households having
migration by household type (Urban Odisha) the percentage distribution of
Household Type Estimated no Percentage households migrated to the
of households
1 2 3
place of enumeration during
Self-employed 16946 25.75 last 365 days by household
Regular 23551 35.79 type. In table 3(B) we find that
wage/salary
earning more percentage of
Casual Labour 17628 26.79 households i.e 35.79 who
Others 7683 11.68 comes under ‘regular wage
All 65808 100 salary earning’ type had moved
to the place of enumeration in urban Odisha. In case of ‘casual labour’ percentage of
households moved to the place of enumeration is 26.79.It is lowest i.e 11.68 for ‘other’
household type.
3.3: Nature of movement of the migrants
In NSS 64th round, information on the nature of movement of the migrants were
collected to find out whether the migration was temporary or permanent in nature. The
migration was treated as temporary, if the migrant intended to move again to the last
usual place of residence or to any other place. If the migrant, in the normal course, was
likely to stay at the place of enumeration and did not plan to move out of the place of
enumeration, it was treated as a permanent migration. Thus, ‘nature of movement’ of
the household members, is not a reflection of the period elapsed since they migrated,
but depicts the intention of the migrants either to migrate out of the present place of
enumeration sometime in the future or to stay permanently at the place of enumeration
in the normal course. Those who migrated temporarily were further categorized in two
groups, viz., with expected duration of stay (at the place of enumeration) less than 12
months and those with expected duration of stay (at the place of enumeration) 12
months or more.
20
Table- 3.1(A)
Percentage distribution of households migrated by the pattern of migration
Pattern of Rural Urban

migration
Estimated Percent Estimated Percent
households households
1 2 3 4 5
temporary 122660 86 20108 31
permanent 19671 14 45700 69
Total 142331 100 65808 100
From table 3.1(A) it is noticed that in rural Odisha the migration pattern in cases of 86
percent households is temporary whereas in urban Odisha it is 31 percent. In rural
Odisha the migration pattern is permanent for 14 percent households whereas in case
of urban Odisha the same is 69 percent.
Table- 3.1(B)
Per thousand distribution of households having migration according to the reason for
Migration (Rural Odisha)
Reason for Migration Estimated Households Households per

thousand
1 2 3
search of employment 10593 74
search of better employment 18804 132

business 1845 13
to take up emp/better employment 31067 218

transfer of service/contract 3609 25
proximity to place of work 2358 17

studies 62705 441
social/political problem 358 3
displacement by project 4229 30
acquisition of own house/flat 936 7
housing problem 951 7
marriage 59 0
others 4817 34
Total Households having migration 142331 1000
21
Figure- 3.1(B)
Per thousand distribution of households having migration according to

the reason for Migration (Rural Odisha)
displacement by
project, 3
studies, 44
others, 8
search of
employment, 7
transfer of
service/contract, 3
to take up search of better

emp/better employment, 13
employment, 22
Table 3.1(B) and Figure 3.1(B) show the percentage distribution of households of rural
Odisha which have migrated to the enumeration place during the last 365 days
according to the reason behind their migration. From table3.1 (B) and figure 3.1(B) it is
noticed that the highest percentage of households (44.06%) have migrated for studies
followed by 21.81 percent “to take up employment/better employment”. As reasons like
business, proximity to place of work, social political problem, acquisition of own
house/flat, housing problem and marriage has very small percentage share they has
been categorised under ‘others’ in figure 3.1(B) .
22
Table- 3.1(c)
Per thousand distribution of Households having migration according to the reason for
Reason for Migration Estimated Households having

Households migration (Per
thousand)
1 2 3
search of employment 2964 45
search of better employment 42185 641
business 2749 42
to take up emp/better employment 2071 31
transfer of service/contract 6175 94
proximity to place of work 1680 26
studies 1182 18
acquisition of own house/flat 945 14
housing problem 5292 80
marriage 198 3
others 368 6
All 65808 1000
Figure- 3.1(c)
Per thousand distribution of Households having migration according

to the reason for migration (Urban Odisha)
business, 4
to take up
search of better emp/better
employment, 64 employment, 3
transfer of
service/contract, 9
housing problem, 8
others, 7
search of
employment, 5
23
Table 3.1(c) and figure 3.1(c) reflects about urban Odisha. In urban Odisha the highest
percentage 64.10% of households migrated for “search of better employment”, followed
by “Transfer of service/contract” having 9.38 percentage. Households migrated for
“housing problem” finds next place with 8%. Some reasons like proximity to place of
work, studies, acquisition of own house flat and marriage have negligible percentage
share. So in figure 3.1(c) these reasons has been grouped under ‘others’.
3.4 : Location from which households migrated:
In NSS 64th round, information was collected about the location of last usual place of
residence, (i.e., the place from which the household moved to the place of enumeration),
of the migrant households to study the pattern of migration stream of the migrant
households.
Table - 3.2(A)
Percentage distribution of Households who has migrated by Location
Location Rural Urban

Estimated Households Percent Estimated Households
Households Per Households Per Percent
thousand thousand
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
same dist_Rural 63889 449 44.89 23579 358 35.83
same 5793 41 4.07 1663 25 2.53

dist_Urban
other dist_Rural 28445 200 19.98 19007 289 28.88
other 13226 93 9.29 9134 139 13.88

dist_Urban
other 3936 28 2.77 10476 159 15.92
state_Rural
Other 27041 190 19.00 1949 30 2.96
state_Urban
Total migrated 142331 1000 100 65808 1000 100
households
24
Figure- 3.2(A)
Percentage distribution of Households who has migrated by

Location
Rural Urban
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00 35.83
50.00
40.00
28.88
30.00
44.89 2.96
20.00 2.53 13.88
10.00 19.98 15.92 19.00
4.07 9.29
0.00 2.77
same same other other other Other
dist_Rural dist_Urban dist_Rural dist_Urban state_Rural state_Urban
Table 3.2(A) and figure 3.2(A) give information on the type of the place from which the
households moved to the place of enumeration in both rural and urban Odisha. In case
of rural Odisha highest number of households i.e. 44.89 percent migrated from the same
district-rural followed by 19.98 percent migrated from other district rural of the state.
Similarly in urban Odisha also the highest percentage 35.83 migrated from same
district_rural. Where as in the second place 28.88 percent households migrated from
other district-urban of Odisha.
Table- 4
Percentage distribution of households reporting out migration by former members
Former Rural Urban

member
Estimated Households Percent Estimated Households Percent
migrated/not
households per households per
migrated
thousand thousand
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
migrated 2367099 335 33.45 289826 193 19.25
not 4708643 665 66.55 1215529 807 80.75
migrated
Total 7075742 1000 100 1505356 1000 100
25
Figure- 4
Table 4 and figure 4 give information of both

Percentage distribution of
households reporting out rural and urban Odisha on whether any former
migration by former members member of the household had out migrated
100 anytime in the past. Table 4 and figure 4
80 indicates that in rural Odisha the percentage of
66.55 households having outmigration is 33.45 and in
60 80.75
urban Odisha it is 19.25 percent whereas the
40
percentage of households not having out
20 33.45 migration in rural is 66.75 percent and in urban
19.25
0 Odisha it is 80.75 percent.
Rural Urban
migrated not migrated
Table- 4.1
Percentage distribution of Households receiving remittance from out migrant members

in (Rural & Urban) Odisha
Households Rural Urban

Estimated Households Percent Estimated Households Percent
Households Per thousand Households Per thousand
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Households 1008495 143 14.3 94698 67 6.3

receiving
remittance
Households 6067247 857 85.7 1410658 937 93.7

not
receiving
remittance
Total 7075742 1000 100 1505356 1000 100
Households
26
Figure- 4.1
Table 4.1 and figure 4.1 present the

Percentage distribution of Households
receiving remmitance from out migrant percentage distribution of households
members in Odisha
receiving remittance from the out
100.0
90.0 migrant members in both rural and
80.0
70.0 urban Odisha. In case of rural Odisha
60.0 85.7
50.0 93.7 14.3 percent of households received
40.0
30.0 remittances whereas it is 6.29 percent
20.0
10.0 14.3 in urban Odisha. In rural 85.7 percent
0.0 6.3
Rural Urban
households did not receive remittance
whereas in case of urban it is 93.71
Households not receiving remittance
Households receiving remittance percent.
Table- 4.1(A)
MPCE Decile Class wise average amount of remittance received by the households
and its percentage to total remittance received(Rural Odisha)
Decile Group Decile class(MPCE) Average amount of Percentage share of

remittance received in the remittance in the
Rs decile class to total
remittance received
1 2 3 4
First <= 344.29 307.98 1.82
Second 344.30 - 400.71 542.15 3.29
Third 400.72 - 444.80 1152.33 5.75
Fourth 444.81 - 485.39 1033.56 6.01
Fifth 485.40 - 530.00 1389.54 8.28
Sixth 530.01 - 578.41 1838.47 10.06
Seventh 578.42 - 639.00 1621.8 9.11
Eighth 639.01 - 733.20 2377.18 13.01
Ninth 733.21 - 914.25 2948.21 14.63
Tenth 914.26 and above 5792.48 28.03
All classes 1814.39 100
27
Figure- 4.1(A)
Percentage share of the remittance in the decile class to total

remittance received (rural Odisha)
30.00 28.03
25.00
20.00
14.63
15.00 13.01
10.06 9.11
10.00 8.28
5.75 6.01
5.00 3.29
1.82
0.00
<= 344.29 344.30 - 400.72 - 444.81 - 485.40 - 530.01 - 578.42 - 639.01 - 733.21 - 914.26+
400.71 444.80 485.39 530.00 578.41 639.00 733.20 914.25
Table 4.1(A) and figure 4.1(A) explain on the MPCE Decile Class wise average amount of
remittance received by the households from out migrants and its percentage share in the decile
class to the total amount of the remittance received in rural Odisha.
Table- 4.1(B)
Decile Class (MPCE) Average amount of Percentage share of

remittance received in( the remittance in
Decile Group
Rs) the decile class to
total remittance
received
1 2 3 4
First <= 486.18 541.81 2.35
Second 486.19 - 583.87 374.53 2.06
Third 583.88 - 686.37 590.71 3.10
Fourth 686.38 - 815.33 1077.89 7.18
Fifth 815.34 - 974.00 853.86 5.03
Sixth 974.01 - 1145.15 1887.48 11.42
Seventh 1145.16 - 1392.56 1796.30 11.34
Eighth 1392.57 - 1682.88 1465.95 7.49
Ninth 1682.88 - 2232.33 2448.78 12.91
Tenth 2232.34 and above 5671.99 37.12
All classes 1756.99 100
28
Figure- 4.1(B)
Percentage share of the remittance in the decile class to total

remittance received ( urban Odisha)
40.00 37.12
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00 12.91
11.42 11.34
10.00 7.18 7.49
5.03
5.00 2.35 2.06 3.10
0.00
<= 486.19 - 583.88 - 686.38 - 815.34 - 974.01 - 1145.16 - 1392.57 - 1682.88 - 2232.34+
486.18 583.87 686.37 815.33 974.00 1145.15 1392.56 1682.88 2232.33
Above table 4.1(B) and figure 4.1(B) explain on the MPCE Decile Class wise average
amount of remittance received by the households from out migrants and its percentage
share in the decile class to the total amount of the remittance received in urban Odisha.
********************************************
29
CHAPTER FOUR
OUT- MIGRANTS
4.1 : Out-migrants
In NSS 64th round, from each of the selected household, information about out-
migration of the erstwhile household members were collected. Thus, information in
cases of out-migration of entire household from a village/town, could not be collected
in this survey. Any former member of the households who had left the household,
any time in the past, for stay outside the village/town, was considered as out-
migrant, provided he/she was alive as on the date of survey. For all such former
members of the household, information was collected regarding present place of
residence, reason for out-migration, whether engaged in economic activities,
amount of remittances sent during last 365 days by such out-migrants to their former
households, etc. Besides these, information on the purpose for which remittances,
sent by the out-migrants, were used by the receiving households was also collected.
It needs to be mentioned that the amount of remittances used for different purposes
was not collected, but information on the purposes for which such remittances were
used only was collected. In this Chapter, various features associated with the out-
migrants, amount of remittances sent by such out-migrants, use of remittances, etc.,
have been studied. It may be noted that in NSS 49 th round, information on out-
migration was collected only for those who had left the household for stay outside
the State during the last 5 years before the date of survey. Thus, the results from
these two rounds are not comparable and hence have not been presented.
4.2: Reason for out- migration
For each out-migrant, the reason for out-migration was ascertained and recorded.
Findings on the various reasons of out- migrants has been presented below in the
corresponding tables and figures.
30
Table- 5
Percentage distribution of persons who have out migrated by the reason for
migration in Odisha
Reason for migrated Rural Odisha Urban Odisha

out
Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5
In search of 983175 8.87 52589 3.98
employment
In search of better 1357079 12.24 93036 7.04
employment
Business 220954 1.99 9563 0.72
To take up 1003513 9.04 183416 13.89

employment/ better
employment
Transfer of 133727 1.21 45138 3.42
service/contract
Proximity to place of 143727 1.30 12394 0.94
work
Studies 113539 1.02 36543 2.77
Social/Political 834 0.01 0 0.00

problem
Displacement by 22618 0.20 0 0.00
development project
Acquisition of own 7601 0.07 511 0.04

house flat
Housing problem 2893 0.03 627 0.05
Post retirement 31033 0.28 41 0.00
Marriage 6793434 61.25 832337 63.02
Migration of 269524 2.43 51044 3.86

parent/earning
member of the family
Others 6852 0.06 3508 0.27
All 11090506 100 1320748 100
31
Figure- 5(A)
Percentage distribution of persons who have out migrated by the reason

Others, 8.6
for migration in rural Odisha
In search of
employment, 8.87
Marriage, 61.25
In search of better
employment,
12.24
To take up
employment/
better
employment, 9.04
Figure- 5(B)
Percentage distribution of persons who have out migrated by the

reason for migration in Urban Odisha
Others, 12.07, 12%
In search of
employment, 3.98,
4%
Marriage, 63.02,
63%
In search of better
employment, 7.04,
7%
To take up
employment/ better
employment, 13.89,
14%
Table (5) and figures 5(A) and 5(B) give information on the percentage distribution of
out migrants by the reason for migration for both rural and urban Odisha. Table 5 shows
32
in details on the reasons behind the migration of out migrants. In figures 5(A) and 5(B)
reasons like business ,transfer of service contract, proximity to place of work ,studies,
social political problems, displacement by development project, acquisition of own
house flat, housing problem, post retirement, migration of parent/earning members etc.
has been grouped under the reason ‘others’ .From the tables and figures it is noticed
that the reason for out migrants both in rural and urban Odisha is highest due to
“marriage” i.e. 61.25 percent in rural and 63.02 percent in urban. The reason “in search
of better employment” is at the second position with 12.24 percentage in rural whereas
reason for “to take up employment /better employment” with 13.89 percentage is second
in urban Odisha. “To take up employment /better employment” is in the third position
with 9.04 percent in rural and “others” is in the third position in urban with 12.07
percentage.
4.3: Reason for migration for different categories of out-migrants:
Table 5.1 and 5.2, indicates the share of male and female within each reasons for out-
migration for male and females showed distinct pattern. Both in rural and urban areas,
the reason for the bulk of female out- migrants was marriage: 98.67 per cent in rural
and 100 per cent in urban for female.
Table- 5.1
Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for migration (Rural
Odisha)
Reason for Migration Male Female
Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5
Employment related reason 3763790 97.96 78386 2.04
Studies 91669 80.74 21871 19.26
Social/Political/displacement 8111 23.89 25835 76.11
by projects and Housing
related reason
Marriage 90498 1.33 6702936 98.67
Migration of parent/earning 82651 27.5 217906 72.5
member of the family/Post
retirement
Others 6521 95.17 331 4.83
33
Figure -5.1
Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for

migration(Rural Odisha)
120 2.04 19.26 98.67 72.5 4.83
76.11
100
80
60
40
20
0 27.5
97.96 80.74 23.89 1.33 95.17
Male Female
Table 5.1 and figure 5.1 illustrates on sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by
broad reason for migration in rural Odisha. Percentage share of male for employment
related reasons is high i.e.97.96 which is more than female whose percentage share is
2.04. Reasons like in search of employment /better employment, business, to take up
employment/ better employment, transfer of service, proximity to place of work has been
grouped under employment related reasons. In case of reason like marriage percentage
share of female (98.67) is high than male (1.33) in rural Odisha.
Table- 5.2
Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for migration (Urban
Odisha)
Reason for migration Male Female
Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5
Employment related reason 386264 97.51 9871 2.49
Studies 29689 81.24 6854 18.76

Social/Political/displacement by 566 49.74 572 50.26
projects and Housing related
reason
Marriage 0 0 832337 100
Migration of parent/earning 4931 9.58 46153 90.42
member of the family/Post
retirement
Others 3398 96.86 110 3.14
34
Figure - 5.2
Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for

migration(Urban Odisha)
120 2.49 18.76 50.26 100 90.42 3.14
100
80
60
97.51 96.86
40 81.24
20 49.74
0
9.58
Male Female
Like rural Odisha in urban Odisha also percentage share of male (97.51) is higher than
female (2.49) as far as employment related reasons are concerned. In case of studies
there is also wide gap between male and female percentage. In case of male it is 81.24
percent whereas in case of female it is only 18.76 percent.
Table- 6
Percentage distribution of persons who migrated out by their present place

of residence
Present place of Rural Urban
Residence of
persons who
Persons Persons
migrated out
1 2 3 4 5
Same state and 6404589 57.75 577766 43.75
within the same
district
Same state but 2032902 18.33 394076 29.84
another district
Outside the State 2616568 23.59 332523 25.18
Another country 33880 0.31 12986 0.98
Not known 2566 0.02 3398 0.26
All 11090506 100 1320748 100
35
Figure- 6(A)

of residence (rural)
0.31, 0%
Same state and
23.59, 24% 0.02, 0% within the same
district
Same state but

another district
Outside the State
57.75, 58%
Another country
18.33, 18%
Not known
Figure - 6(B)

of residence (Urban)
0.98
0.26
Same state and
within the same
25.18 district
Same state but
43.75 another district
Outside the State
Another country
29.84 Not known
Table no (6) and Figures 6(A) and 6(B) give information on the present place of
residence of the out migrants, who migrated out any time in the past of both rural and
urban Odisha. From the concerned table (6) and figures 6 (A) & 6(B) it is found that both
in rural and urban Odisha migration of “same state and within the same district”
36
constitute highest percentage as present place of residence. This is 57.75 percent in
rural and 43.75 percent in urban. In rural areas migration to outside the state is in the
second position with 23.59 percent whereas in urban areas migration to “same state but
another district” is in the second place with 29.84 percent. In rural “same state but
another district” is at the third place with 18.33 percent. But in case of urban “outside
the state is in the third place with 25.18%.
4.4 Engagement in economic activities and remittances sent by the out-migrants:
In the discussion of reasons for out-migration, it transpired that employment related

purpose was the guiding factor for out-migration for male. In this context, the
engagement in economic activities by the out-migrants have been studied. Since
remittances sent by the out-migrants to their former households is understood to play a
vital role in improving the livelihoods of the households, the issue of remittances sent
by the out-migrants to the households from which they had migrated out is also
discussed.
Table- 6.1
Percentage distribution of out-migrants by whether presently

engaged in any economic activity
Rural Urban
Estimated Person Per Percent Estimated Person Per Percent

Persons thousand Persons thousand
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 4252752 383 38.35 401402 304 30.39
No 6757980 609 60.93 910012 689 68.90
Not Known 79773 7 0.72 9335 7 0.71
All 11090506 1000 100 1320748 1000 100
37
Figure- 6.1(A) Figure- 6.1(B)
Percentage distribution of Percentage distribution of

out_migrants by whether presently out_migrants by whether presently
engaged in any economic engaged in any economic activity
activity(Rural) (urban)
0.72,
1%
Yes 0.71,
1% Yes
30.39,
38.35,
30%
38% No No
60.93,
61% 68.90,
Not 69%
Not
Known Known
Table (6.1) and figures 6.1(A) and 6.1(B) present data on each out migrant ,whether
he/she is presently engaged in any economic activity or not . In rural Odisha 38.35
percent out migrants are presently engaged in economic activity whereas in urban it is
30.39 percent .In rural Odisha 60.93 percent out migrants are not engaged in any
economic activity and in urban Odisha it is 68.90 percent.
Table - 6.1.1
Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether engaged in

any economic activity(Rural Odisha)
Whether engaged in any Male Female
economic activity
Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5
Yes 3628517 85.32 624235 14.68
No 368491 5.45 6389489 94.55
Not Known 46231 57.95 33542 42.05
All 4043239 36.46 7047266 63.54
38
Table 6.1.1 shows the sex wise percentage distribution of out migrants by whether
engaged in any economic activity in rural Odisha. Out of total out migrants who are
presently engaged in any economic activity percentage of male is 85.32 which is more
than female i.e. 14.68.
Table - 6.1.2
Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether engaged in any

Whether engaged in any Male Female
economic activity
Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5
Yes 373644 93.08 27757 6.92
No 46271 5.08 863740 94.92
Not known 4934 52.86 4400 47.14
All 424849 32.17 895897 67.83
Table 6.1.2 shows the sex wise percentage distribution of out migrants by whether
engaged in any economic activity in urban Odisha. Out of total out migrants who are
presently engaged in any economic activity percentage of male is 93.08 which is more
than female i.e. 6.92.
Table - 6.2
State Region wise whether Out-migrants presently engaged in any economic

activity (Rural Odisha)
whether Coastal Southern Northern

engaged in
economic Estimated Percent Estimated Percent Estimated Percent
activity Persons Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 1807115 36.72 1559378 48.39 886259 30.08
No 3102786 63.05 1599777 49.64 2055417 69.75
Not Known 11044 0.22 63696 1.98 5033 0.17
All 4920945 100 3222851 100 2946709 100
39
Figure - 6.2
State Region wise wheather Out-migrants presently engaged in any

economic activity(Rural Odisha)
80.00
69.75
70.00 63.05
60.00
48.39 49.64
50.00
36.72
40.00 30.08
30.00
20.00
10.00 0.22 1.98 0.17
0.00
Yes No Not Known
Coastal Southern Northern
Region wise (Rural Odisha) information on the Out-migrants who are presently
engaged in any economic activity has been presented in table 6.2 and in figure: 6.2.
From the concerned table and figure we find that southern region is highest with 48.39
percentage in out migrants presently engaged in any economic activity. Following to
Southern range coastal region is at second position (36.72%) and northern region is at
third position with 30.08 percentage.
Table - 6.2(A)
State Region wise Whether Out migrants are presently engaged in

Engaged in Coastal Southern Northern

economic
activity
Estimated Percent Estimated Percent Estimated Percent
Persons Persons Persons
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 180963 29.94 104884 30.84 115554 30.71
No 419569 69.42 229721 67.54 260721 69.29
Not known 3814 0.64 5520.67 1.62
All 604347 100 340125 100 376275 100
40
Figure- 6.2(A)
State Region wise Whether Out migrants are presently engaged in

80
69.42 67.54 69.29
70
60
50
40
29.94 30.84 30.71
30
20
10 0.6311 1.62
0
Yes No Not known
Region wise (Urban Odisha) information on the Out-migrants who are presently
engaged in any economic activity has been presented in table 6.2(A) and in figure:
6.2(A). From the concerned table and figure it is found that southern region is highest
with 30.84 percentage in presently engaged in any economic activity (out migrants).
Following to Southern range northern region is at second position (30.71%) and coastal
region (29.94%) is at third position.
Table - 6.2.1
Percentage distribution of persons(migrated out) by whether sent

remittances during the last 365 days
Whether sent Rural Urban

remittances
Estimated Persons Percent Estimated Persons Percent
persons Per persons Per
thousand thousand
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 3279040 296 29.57 325310 246 24.63
No 7811465 704 70.43 995438 754 75.37
All 11090506 1000 100 1320748 1000 100
41
Figure:-6.2.1(A). Figure:-6.2.1(B)
Percentage distribution of Percentage Distribution of persons

persons(migrated out) by whether (migrated out) by whether sent
sent remittances during the last remittances during the last 365
365 days(Rural) days(urban)
75.37
80.00 70.43
80.00
60.00 60.00
29.57
40.00 40.00 24.63
20.00 20.00
0.00 0.00
Yes No Yes No
Table (6.2.1) and figures 6.2.1(A) and 6.2.1(B) gives information on if the out migrants
has sent remittances to the household during the last 365 days or not. In rural 29.57
percent of out-migrants has sent remittances to their household whereas it is 24.63
percent in urban Odisha. In rural 70.43 percent out migrants has not sent remittances
to households in the last 365 days whereas it is 75.37 percent in case of urban Odisha.
Table : 6.2.2
State Region wise Percentage distribution of Out-migrants by who are
engaged in economic activity and sent remittance(Rural)
Whether Coastal Southern Northern
Sent
Remittance Estimated Percent Estimated Percent Estimated Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 1595889 32.43 1101157 34.17 581994 19.75
No 3325056 67.57 2121694 65.83 2364715 80.25
All 4920945 100 3222851 100 2946709 100
42
Figure: 6.2.2

engaged in economic activity and sent remittance(Rural)
120.00
100.00
80.00
67.57 65.83
60.00 80.25
40.00
20.00 34.17
32.43
19.75
0.00
Yes No
Table 6.2.2 and figure 6.2.2 show information on whether out migrants who are
presently engaged in economic activity are sending remittances or not (Rural Odisha).
In the present case Southern region is highest with 34.17 percentage and Coastal
region is at second position with 32.43 percentage .With 19.75 percentage Northern
region at third position.
Table: 6.2.3

engaged in economic activity and sent remittance(Urban)
Whether Sent Coastal Southern Northern
Remittance
Estimated Percent Estimated Percent Estimated Percent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yes 168590 27.90 83755 24.62 72965 19.39
No 435758 72.10 256371 75.38 303310 80.61
All 604348 100 340125 100 376275 100
43
Figure: 6.2.3
State Region wise Percentage distribution of out-migrants who are

engaged in economic activity and sent remittance (urban Odisha)
120
100
80
72.1 75.38
60 80.61
40
20
27.9 24.62 19.39
0
Yes No
Table 6.2.3 and figure 6.2.3 show information on whether out migrants who are
presently engaged in economic activity are sending remittances or not (Urban Odisha).
In the present case Coastal region is highest with 27.90 percentage and southern region
is at second position with 24.62 percentage .With 19.39 percentage Northern region is
at third position.
***********************************
44
APPENDIX
45
APPENDIX-A
Appendix: 1
Distribution of households by whether households have migration
Rural Urban
Whether
Household Sample Estimated Sample Estimated
Percen Percen
Migrated Household Household Household Household
t t
s s s s
Households
having 136 142331 2 64 65808 4.37
migration
Households
not having 3694 6933411 98 1286 1439548 95.63
migration
All 3830 7075742 100 1350 1505356 100
Appendix: 2
Distribution of households having migration by the pattern of

migration
Rural Urban
Pattern of
migration Sample Estimated Percent Sample Estimated Percent
Households Households Households Households
i ii ii iii iv v vi
temporary 114 122660 86 49 20108 31
permanent 22 19671 14 15 45700 69
All All
142331 100 64 65808 100
46
Appendix: 3
Distribution of Households who has migrated by Location (Rural Odisha)
Rural
Location Sample Households
Estimated Households Percent
same dist_Rural 42 63889 44.89

same dist_Urban 18 5793 4.07
other dist_Rural 10 28445 19.98
other dist_Urban 18 13226 9.29
other state_Rural 12 3936 2.77
Other
36 27041
state_Urban 19.00
Total migrated
142331
households 136 100
Appendix: 4
Distribution of Households who has migrated by Location(Urban Odisha)

Urban
Location Percent
Sample Estimated Households
Households
same dist_Rural 20 23579 35.83
same dist_Urban 7 1663 2.53
other dist_Rural 17 19007 28.88
other dist_Urban 12 9134 13.88
other state_Rural 1 10476 15.92
Other state_Urban 7 1949 2.96
Total migrated
65808 100
households 64
47
Appendix: 5
Percentage distribution of households by whether former members have out

migration (Rural Odisha)
Former member Rural

migrated/not Sample Estimated
Percent
migrated Households households
1 2 3 4
migrated 1971 2367099 33.45
not migrated 1859 4708643 66.55
All 3830 7075742 100
Appendix: 6
percentage distribution of households by whether former members have out

Former member Urban

migrated/not Sample Estimated
Percent
migrated Households households
1 2 3 4
migrated 64 289826 19.25
not migrated 1286 1215529 80.75
All 1350 1505356 100
Appendix: 7
Percentage distribution of out-migrants by whether presently engaged in any

economic activity (Rural Odisha)
Engaged in any Rural
economic
Sample Persons
activity Estimated Persons Percent
1 2 3 4
Yes 1649 4252752 38.35
No 1795 6757980 60.93
Not Known 31 79773 0.72
All 3475 11090506 100
48
Appendix: 8
Percentage distribution of out-migrants by whether presently engaged in any

economic activity (Urban Odisha)
Urban
Engaged in any
Sample Persons Estimated Persons Percent
economic activity
i ii iii iv
Yes 533 401402 30.39
No 480 910012 68.90
Not Known 13 9335 0.71
All 1026 1320748 100
Appendix: 9
Percentage distribution of persons(migrated out) by whether sent remittances

during the last 365 days (Rural Odisha)
Rural
Whether sent
remittances Sample Persons Estimated persons Percent
i ii iii iv
Yes 1214 3279040 29.57
No 2261 7811465 70.43
All 3475 11090506 100
Appendix: 10
Percentage distribution of persons(migrated out) by whether sent remittances

during the last 365 days(Urban Odisha)
Urban
Whether sent
remittances Sample Persons Estimated persons Percent
i ii iii iv
Yes 426 325310 24.63

No 600 995438 75.37
All 1026 1320748 100
49
APPENDIX - B
Sample Design and Estimation Procedure
1. Introduction
1.1 The 64th round (July 2007-June 2008) of NSS was Migration Particulars’,
‘Participation and Expenditure in Education’ and ‘Household Consumer Expenditure’.

The survey covered the whole of the Odisha.
The period of survey was of one year duration starting on 1 st July 2007 and ending on
30th June 2008. The survey period of this round was divided into four sub-rounds of
three months’ duration each and in each of these four sub-rounds equal number of
sample villages/ blocks (FSUs) were allotted for survey with a view to ensuring uniform
spread of sample FSUs over the entire survey period.
2. Sample Design
2.1 A stratified multi-stage design for rural as well as urban areas was adopted for
selection of the sample units for the 64th round survey. The first stage units (FSU) were
the 2001 census villages (Panchayat wards in case of Kerala) in the rural sector and
Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks in the urban sector. However, for the newly declared
towns and out growths (OGs) in census 2001 for which UFS were not done (i.e., non-
UFS towns), each individual town/ OG was considered as an FSU. The ultimate stage
units (USU) were households in both the sectors. In case of large FSUs, i.e., villages/
towns/ blocks requiring hamlet-group (hg)/ sub-block (sb) formation, one intermediate
stage was the selection of two hgs/ sbs from each FSU.
2.2 Selection of the first-stage units: The various steps involved before making the
selection of the FSUs are discussed at length in the following few paragraphs before
taking up the issue of selection of USUs within an FSU.
2.2.1 Sampling Frame for the first-stage units (FSUs): For the rural sector, the list of
2001 census villages (Panchayat wards for Kerala) constitutes the sampling frame. For
the urban sector, the list of latest available Urban Frame Survey (UFS) blocks and for
50
non-UFS towns list of such towns/ OGs was considered as the sampling frame.
2.2.2 Stratification of the first stage units: Within each district of a State/ UT, generally
speaking, two basic strata were formed as follows:
i) rural stratum comprising of all rural areas of the district and
ii) urban stratum comprising of all the urban areas of the district.
However, within the urban areas of a district, if there were one or more towns with
population 10 lakhs or more as per population census 2001, each of them formed a
separate basic stratum and the remaining urban areas of the district was considered as
another basic stratum. For a few districts, particularly in case of Tamil Nadu, if total
number of non-UFS towns in the district exceeded certain number, all such towns taken
together formed another basic stratum. Otherwise, they were merged with the UFS
towns for stratification.
2.2.3 Sub-stratification of the first stage units in rural areas: If ‘r’ was the sample size
allocated for a rural stratum, the number of sub-strata formed was ‘r/4’. The villages
within a district, as per frame, were first arranged in ascending order of population as
per the frame, then sub-strata 1 to ‘r/4’ were demarcated in such a way that each sub-
stratum comprised a group of villages of the arranged frame and had more or less equal
population.
2.2.4 Sub-stratification of the first stage units in urban areas: If ‘u’ was the sample size
allocated for a urban stratum, ‘u/4’ number of sub-strata were formed. The towns within
a district, except those with population 10 lakhs or more and also the non-UFS towns,
were first arranged in ascending order of population, then, UFS blocks of each town
were arranged by IV unit no. × block no. in ascending order. From this arranged frame
of UFS blocks of all the towns, ‘u/4’ number of sub-strata were formed in such a way
that each sub-stratum had more or less equal number of FSUs. For towns with
population 10 lakhs or more, the urban blocks were first arranged by IV unit no. × block
no., in ascending order, then ‘u/4’ number of sub-strata were formed in such a way that
51
each sub-stratum had more or less equal number of blocks. All non-UFS towns, if
available in a district and exceeded a certain minimum number, formed one separate
stratum within the district.
2.2.5 Allocation of FSU’s among Strata: At the all-India level, a total number of 12688
FSUs (7984 villages and 4704 urban blocks) was allocated for survey. The total number
of sample FSUs was allocated to the States and UTs in proportion to population as per
census 2001 subject to a minimum sample allocation to each State/ UT. While doing
so, the resource availability in terms of number of field investigators was kept in view.
The State/ UT level sample size was allocated between rural and urban sectors in
proportion to population as per census 2001 with 1.5 weightage to urban sector subject
to the restriction that urban sample size for bigger states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
etc., did not exceed the rural sample size. A minimum of 8 FSUs were allocated to each
state/ UT, separately, for rural and urban areas. Further, the State level allocation for
both rural and urban sectors were adjusted marginally in a few cases to ensure that
each stratum got a minimum allocation of 4 FSUs. Within each sector of a State/ UT,
the respective sample size was allocated to the different strata in proportion to the
stratum population as per census 2001. Allocations at stratum level were adjusted to a
multiple of 4 with a minimum sample size of 4.
2.2.6 Selection of first-stage units: From each sub-stratum of a district of rural sector,
4 FSUs were selected with Probability Proportional to Size With Replacement
(PPSWR), size being the population as per census 2001. For urban sector, from each
sub-stratum 4 FSUs were selected by using Simple Random Sampling Without
Replacement (SRSWOR) for UFS towns and by PPSWR in case of non-UFS towns
with size being the population as per census 2001. Within each sub-stratum, samples
were drawn in the form of two independent sub-samples in both the rural and urban
sectors.
2.3 Selection of Ultimate Stage Units within a FSU: The remaining paragraphs of this
sub-section outlines the various steps leading to the actual selection of USUs within a
FSU.
52
2.3.1 Selection of hamlet-groups/sub-blocks: Large FSUs having approximate present
population of 1200 or more was divided into a suitable number of ‘hamlet-groups’ in the
rural sector and ‘sub-blocks’ in the urban sector as stated below.
approximate present population no. of hgs/sbs to
of the sample village/block be formed (D)
less than 1200 (no hamlet-groups/sub-blocks) 1
1200 to 1799 3
1800 to 2399 4
400 to 2999 5
3000 to 3599 6
and so on
For rural areas of Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Poonch, Rajouri, Udhampur, Doda
districts of Jammu and Kashmir and Idukki district of Kerala, the number of hamlet-
groups formed was as follows.
approximate present population no. of hgs to
of the sample
village be formed
less than 600 (no hamlet-groups) 1
600 to 899 3
900 to 1199 4
1200 to 1499 5
and so on
Two hamlet-groups (hg)/ sub-blocks (sb) were selected from a large FSU wherever
hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks had been formed, by SRSWOR. Listing and selection of the
households were done independently in the two selected hamlet-groups/ sub-blocks.
53
2.3.2 Sampling frame of households: All households listed in an FSU constituted the
sampling frame of households. All the households listed in the selected FSU/ hamlet-
groups/ sub-blocks were stratified, for Schedule 10.2, into three second stage strata
(SSS) as given below:
SSS 1: households having at least one out-migrant and received at least

one remitance from him/ her during last 365 days
SSS 2: remaining households having at least one other type of migrants,

including temporary out-migrants, for employment purpose
SSS 3: other households
2.3.3 Selection of households: For the survey on employment & unemployment and
migration particulars (Schedule 10.2), 10 households were selected from each sample
FSU. In both rural and urban areas, in case no hamlet-group/sub-block formation was
done in the FSU, the number of households selected from the second stage strata
SSS1, SSS2 and SSS3 were 2, 4 and 4, respectively. In case hamlet-groups/sub-blocks
were formed in the village/block, the number of households selected from the second
stage strata SSS1, SSS2 and SSS3 were 1, 2 and 2, respectively, for each of the
hamlet-groups/sub-blocks. The sample households from each of the second stage
strata were selected by SRSWOR.
2.4 Number of FSUs allotted for survey in the NSS 64th round along with the number of
FSUs actually surveyed and number of persons enumerated in respect of the survey on
employment & unemployment and migraton particulars (Schedule 10.2) are given for
different states and union territories in Table 1 at the end of Appendix-B.
54
3. Estimation Procedure
3.1 Notations:
s = subscript for s-th stratum
t = subscript for t-th sub-stratum
m = subscript for sub-sample (m =1, 2)
i = subscript for i-th FSU [village (panchayat ward)/ block/ non-UFS town
or OG] d = subscript for a hamlet-group/ sub-block (d = 1, 2)
j = subscript for j-th second stage stratum in an FSU/ hg/sb ( j = 1, 2 or 3)
k = subscript for k-th sample household under a particular second stage stratum within
an FSU/ hg/sb
D = total number of hg’s/ sb’s formed in the sample village (panchayat ward) / block/
non-UFS town or OG
D* = 1 if D = 1
= D/ 2 for FSUs with D > 1
N = total number of FSUs in any urban (UFS) sub-stratum
Z = total size of a rural sub-stratum or urban sub-stratum of non-UFS towns or OGs (=

sum of sizes for all the FSUs of a sub-stratum)
55
z = size of sample village/ non-UFS town or OG used for selection.
n = number of sample village/ block/ non-UFS town or OG surveyed including zero

cases but excluding casualty for a particular sub-sample and sub-stratum.
H = total number of households listed in a second-stage stratum of a village/ block/

non-UFS town or OG/ hamlet-group/ sub-block of sample FSU
h = number of households surveyed in a second-stage stratum of a village/ block/ non-

UFS town or OG/ hamlet-group/ sub-block of sample FSU
x, y = observed value of characteristics x, y under estimation
ˆ ˆ = estimate of population total X, Y for the characteristics
X , Y x, y
Under the above symbols,
ystmidjk = observed value of the characteristic y for the k-th household in the j-th
second stage stratum of the d-th hg/ sb (d = 1, 2) of the i-th FSU belonging to the m-th
sub-sample for the t-
th sub-stratum of s-th stratum;
However, for ease of understanding, a few symbols have been suppressed in

following paragraphs where they are obvious.
3.2 Estimation of Aggregates for a particular sub-sample and stratum:
3.2.1 Estimate for a sub-stratum in rural areas:
56
(i) For households selected in j-th second stage stratum:
H h H h
Z nj 1 i1 j i2j
ˆ
i1j i2j
*
Y j D yi1 jk y i 2 jk
nj i 1 z i h k 1 h k 1
i i1 j
i 2j
(ii) For all selected households:
ˆ ˆ
Y Y j
3.2.2 Estimate for a sub-stratum in urban areas:
(i) For households selected in j-th second stage stratum:
H h H h
N nj * i1 j i1j i2j i2j
ˆ for UFS sub-stratum,

Yj D y y
i1 jk i 2 jk
nj i 1 i h k1 h k1
i1 j i 2j
h h
nj H i1j H i2j
ˆ Z 1 * i1 j i2 j for non-UFS sub-stratum

Yj D yi1 jk y i 2 jk
nj i 1 z ih k 1 h k 1
i i1 j
i2j
(ii) For all selected households:

ˆ ˆ
Y Y j
3.2.3 Estimate for a stratum of a sub-sample:
ˆ ˆ
Y sY st t
3.2.4 Overall Estimate for Aggregates::
57
ˆ
Overall estimate for aggregates for a stratum ( ) based on two sub-samples is
Ys
obtained as:
2
ˆ 1 ˆ
Y Y
s 2 sm
m1
3.3 Overall Estimate of Aggregates at State/UT/all-India level:
ˆ
The overall estimate Y at the State/ UT/ all-India level is obtained by summing the stratum
ˆ
estimates over all strata belonging to the State/ UT/ all-India.
Ys
3.4 Estimates of Ratios:
ˆ ˆ
Let Y and X be the overall estimate of the aggregates Y and X for two characteristics y and x
respectively at the State/ UT/ all-India level.
ˆ
ˆ Y ˆ Y
Then the combined ratio estimate (R ) of the ratio
(R )
will be obtained as R ˆ.
X X
58
3.5 Estimates of Error: The estimated variances of the above estimates will be as follows:
ˆ
3.5.1 For aggregate Y :
ˆ ˆ
V aˆ r (Y ) V aˆ r (Y s )
s
where V aˆ r ( Yˆs ) are as given below.
2
n
ˆ ˆ 1 st Z st ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆˆ
M
) SEs(R (Ys
ti R X sti )
(Yst R st
X)
n st ( zsti
n st 1)
t i1
where
ˆ ˆ , ˆ ˆ ,
YstiYstij X
sti X
stij
j j
h H
si 1 i 2 hsi
H
i1 j j j 2j
Yˆstij D sti* y
i1 jk y i 2 jk ,
h k 1 h k 1
i1 j
i2 j
H h H h
ˆ * i1 j si 1 j i2 j si2 j
X stij D sti x
i1 jk
x
i 2 jk
h k 1 h k 1
i1 j
i2j
59
3.5.2.2For strata with SRSWOR selection at first stage:
1 2 2
ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ2 ˆ ˆ ˆˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
MSEs (R)
Y Y R X X 2R Y Y X X
s t1 st2 s t1 st2 s t1 st2 s t1 st2
t 4
ˆ ˆ
where Ys t1 and Y
st2 are the estimates for sub-sample 1 and sub-sample 2 respectively for
stratum ‘s'’ and sub-stratum ‘t’.
3.6 Estimates of RSE:
ˆ
ˆ ˆ Vaˆr Y
RSE Y 100
ˆ
Y
ˆ ˆ
ˆ ˆ MSE R
RSE R ˆ 100
R
3.5.1.1 For strata with PPSWR selection at first stage:
nst ˆ
ˆ 1 ZstYsti ˆ 2
ˆ ppswr s
( st
)
Var (Y ) Y
,
t nst (nst 1) i1 zsti
ˆ
where YstiYstij,
j
H h
H h
i1 j i1 j i2j i2j
ˆ * y y
Y stij Dsti i1 jk i 2 jk
h k 1 h k 1
i1 j
i2 j
3.5.1.2 For strata with SRSWOR selection at first stage:
2
ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
ˆsrswor
Var
Y Y Y ,
60
s st1 st2
t 4
ˆ ˆ
where Yst1 and Yst 2 are the estimates for sub-sample 1 and sub-sample 2 respectively for
stratum ‘s’ and sub-stratum ‘t’.
ˆ
3.5.2 For ratio :
R
ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ ˆ
MSE ( R ) M SEs ( R ) MSEs ( R )
ˆ 2
(X) s s
where s, s' indicate respectively the strata with PPSWR and SRSWOR selection at first stage.
3.5.2.1 For strata with PPSWR selection at first stage:
61
APPENDIX - C
RURAL * CENTRAL *
URBAN STATE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ORGANISATION
SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY
SIXTY FOURTH ROUND: JULY 2007 – JUNE 2008
SCHEDULE 10.2: EMPLOYMENT & UNEMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION
PARTICULARS
[0] descriptive identification of sample household
1. state/u.t: 5. hamlet name:
2. district: 6. ward /inv. unit /block:
*
3. tehsil/town : 7. name of head of household:
4. village name: 8. name of informant:
[1] identification of sample household

item item
item code item code
no. no.
1. srl. no. of sample village/ block 11. sub-sample
2. round number 6 4 12. FOD sub-region
3. schedule number 1 0 2
13. sample hg/sb number (1/2)
4. sample (central-1, state-2)
5. sector (rural-1, urban-2) 14. second-stage stratum
6. state-region 15. sample household number
7. district 16. srl. no. of informant (as in col.1, bl. 4)
8. stratum 17. response code
9. sub-stratum 18. survey code
10. sub-round 19. reason for substitution of original

household (code)
CODES FOR BLOCK 1

item 17: response code : informant: co-operative and capable -1, co-operative but not capable -2, busy -3,
reluctant - 4, others - 9
item 18: survey code : original – 1, substitute – 2, casualty – 3

item 19: reason for substitution of original household : informant busy -1, members away from home
-2, informant non-cooperative -3, others - 9
* tick mark ( ) may be put in the appropriate place.
Schedule 10.2
[2] particulars of field operation

investigator/ senior superintendent / other supervisory
sl. no. item
investigator senior superintendent officer
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. i) name
(block letters)
ii) code
2. date(s) of : DD MM YY DD MM YY DD MM YY
(i) survey/inspection
(ii) receipt
(iii) scrutiny
(iv) despatch
3. number of additional sheets
attached
4. total time taken Schedule
to canvass 10.2
5. (in minutes) block 7 of
schedule
10.2
6. signature
[8] remarks by investigator/ senior investigator
[9] comments by superintendent / senior superintendent
[10] comments by other supervisory officer

Schedule 10.2
[3] household characteristics
location of last usual place
1. household size 9.
if code 1 of residence ( code)
2. principal description: 10. in item 8, pattern of migration ( code)
industry
(NIC-2004) code (5-digit) 11. reason for migration (code)
3. principal description: whether any former member of the
occupation 12. household migrated out any time in the
(NCO-2004) code (3-digit) past (yes - 1, no – 2)
4. household type (code) 13. if 1 in item 12, male
number of members
5. religion (code) 14. who migrated out female
amount of remittances received during the
6. social group (code) 15. last 365 days (Rs.) (to be copied from
entry against srl. no. 99, col.10 of bl. 3.1)
if entry>0 in item 15, use of remittances

7. land possessed as on date of survey (code) 16. (maximum three codes in descending
order of amount used)
whether the household migrated to the

monthly household consumer expenditure
8. village/town of enumeration during the last 17.
(Rs.) (to be copied from item 23, block 7)
365 days. ( yes- 1, no- 2)
Note: 1 acre = 0.4047 hectare, 1 hectare=10, 000 square metre
Codes for Block 3 item 4:
household type:
for rural areas: self-employed in non-agriculture-1, agricultural labour-2, other labour-3, self-employed in agriculture-4,
others-9.
for urban areas: self-employed-1, regular wage/salary earning-2, casual labour-3, others-9.
item 5: religion: Hinduism-1, Islam-2, Christianity -3, Sikhism-4, Jainism-5, Buddhism-6, Zoroastrianism-7, others-9. item 6:
social group: scheduled tribe-1, scheduled caste-2, other backward class-3, others-9.
item 7: land possessed (area in hectare):
less than 0.005 …… 01 2.01 – 3.00 ……………. 07
0.005 - 0.01 …….. 02 3.01 - 4.00 ……………. 08
0.02 - 0.20 …….. 03 4.01 - 6.00 ……………. 10
0.21 - 0.40 …….. 04 6.01 - 8.00 ……….…… 11
0.41 - 1.00 …….. 05 greater than 8.00…..... 12
1.01 – 2.00 …….. 06
item. (9): location of last usual place of residence: same district: rural-1, urban-2; same state but another district: rural-3,
urban-4; another state: rural-5, urban-6; another country-7.
item. (10): pattern of migration: temporary-1, permanent – 2
item. (11): reason for migration:
in search of employment –01, in search of better employment – 02, business – 03, to take up employment / better employment – 04,
transfer of service/ contract – 05, proximity to place of work – 06, studies – 07, natural disaster (drought, flood, tsunami, etc.) –08,
social / political problems (riots, terrorism, political refugee, bad law and order, etc.) –10, displacement by development project –
11, acquisition of own house/ flat – 12, housing problems – 13, health care – 14, post retirement –15, marriage – 16, others –19.
Item 16: use of remittances:
for household consumer expenditure: on food items – 01, education of household members- 02, , household durable –03, marriage
and other ceremonies – 04, health care- 05, others items on household consumer expenditure- 06;
for improving housing condition (major repairs, purchase of land and buildings, etc.)- 07, debt repayment-08, financing working
capital – 10, initiating new entrepreneurial activity – 11, saving/investment – 12, others
– 19.
Schedule 10.2
[3.1] particulars of out-migrants who migrated out any time in the past (i.e., for householdswith entry 1
in item 12 bl. 3)
srl. sex present present reason period whether whether sent if 1 in column 8,
no (male- age place for since presently remittances number of amount of
1, (years) of migra- leaving engaged during the times remittances
female resid- tion the in any last 365 remittances sent during
–2) ence (code) household economic days sent during the last 365
(code) (years) activity (yes – 1, the last 365 days (Rs.)
(yes – 1, no –2) days
no – 2,
not
known –
9)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
99.
total
Codes for Block 3.1
col. (4): present place of residence : same state and within the same district – 1, same state but another district – 2, outside
the state – 3; another country – 4, not known – 9
col. (5): reason for migration:
in search of employment –01, in search of better employment – 02, business – 03, to take up employment / better employment –
04, transfer of service/ contract – 05, proximity to place of work – 06, studies – 07, natural disaster (drought, flood, tsunami,
etc.) –08, social / political problems (riots, terrorism, political refugee, bad law and order, etc.) –10, displacement by
development project – 11, acquisition of own house/ flat – 12, housing problems – 13, health care – 14, post retirement –15,
marriage –16, migration of parent/earning member of the family–17, others –19.
Schedule 10.2
Codes for Block 4

col. (3): relation to head:
self-1, spouse of head-2, married child-3, spouse of married child-4, unmarried child-5, grandchild-6, father/mother/father-in-law/mother-in-law-7, brother/sister/brother-
in-law/sister-in-law/other relatives-8, servants/employees/other non-relatives-9.
col. (6): marital status:
never married-1, currently married-2, widowed-3, divorced/separated-4. col. (7): educational
level - general:
not literate -01, literate without any schooling: 02, literate without formal schooling: literate through NFEC/AIEP -03, literate through TLC/ AEC -04, others - 05; literate with formal
schooling including EGS: below primary -06, primary -07, upper primary / middle -08, secondary -10, higher secondary -11, diploma/certificate course -12, graduate -13, postgraduate
and above -14.
col. (8): educational level - technical:
no technical education -1, technical degree (graduate level) in agriculture/ engineering/ technology/ IT/medicine/management, etc.-2; technical degree
(postgraduate and above level) in agriculture/ engineering/ technology/ IT/ medicine/ management, etc.-3;
diploma or certificate (below graduate level) in agriculture/ engineering/ technology/IT/ medicine/ management, etc. -4; diploma or certificate
(graduate level) in agriculture/ engineering/ technology/IT/ medicine/ management, etc. -5;
diploma or certificate (postgraduate and above level) in agriculture/ engineering/ technology/IT/ medicine/ management, etc. -6;
col. (9): status:
worked in h.h. enterprise (self-employed): own account worker -11, employer-12, worked as helper in h.h. enterprise (unpaid family worker) -21; worked as regular salaried/ wage
employee -31, worked as casual wage labour: in public works -41, in other types of work -51; did not work but was seeking and/or available for work -81, attended educational institution
-91, attended domestic duties only -92, attended domestic duties and was also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots, firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing, tailoring,
weaving, etc. for household use -93, rentiers, pensioners , remittance recipients, etc. -94, not able to work due to disability -95, others (including begging, prostitution, etc.) -97.
col. (11): industry: 5-digit code as per NIC –2004.
col. (12): occupation: 3-digit code as per NCO –2004
col. (14): status: codes as in col. 9 of this block (only codes 11 to 51 are applicable here).
col. (16) : industry : 5-digit code as per NIC-2004. col. (17) : occupation : 3-digit code as per NCO-2004.
Codes for Block 5
col. (4) and (18): status:
codes 11, 12, 21, 31, 51 and 91-95, 97 of col. (9), block 4 and also the following codes: worked as casual wage labour in public works other than NREG public works – 41, worked as
casual wage labour in NREG public works – 42, had work in h.h. enterprise but did not work due to: sickness -61, other reasons -62; had regular salaried/wage employment but did not
work due to: sickness -71, other reasons - 72; sought work -81, did not seek but was available for work -82, did not work due to temporary sickness (for casual workers only) -98.
col. (5): industry division: 2- digit division codes as per NIC-2004.
col. (6): operation (for rural areas only): manual work in cultivation: ploughing -01, sowing -02, transplanting -03, weeding -04, harvesting -05, other cultivation activities -06; manual
work in other agricultural activities: forestry -07, plantation -08, animal husbandry -10, fisheries -11, other agricultural activities -12; manual work in non-agricultural activities -13, non-
manual work in: cultivation -14, activities other than cultivation -15.
col. (19): industry : 5-digit code as per NIC-2004.. col.
(20): occupation : 3-digit code as per NCO-2004.
Schedule 10.2
[4] demographic and usual activity particulars of household members

srl. educational usual principal activity for 1 in col. 13, usual subsidiary economic
)
no. level activity
any work in(yes-1,no-

name of member
industry- occupation industry- occupation
description industry occupa- description industry occupa-
sex (male-1, female -2)

relation to head (code)
whether engaged insubsidiarycapacity 2

(NIC-2004 tion (NIC- tion
marital status (code)

5-digit (NCO- 2004 (NCO-
technical (code)
general (code)
code) 2004 5-digit 2004
3-digit code) 3-digit
age (years)
code code
status(code)
status(code)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17)
[5] time disposition during the week ended on ………………….
srl. age current day activity particulars
current weekly
no. (yrs.) for codes 31, 41, 42, 51,
srl. status for codes 11 to 72 in activity particulars
as in as in intensity of activity (full-1.0, half-0.5) 71, 72 in col. 4,
no. (code) col. 4
total no. of days in each

col.1, col.5, of industry for rural 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st wage and salary earnings status
bl. 4 bl. 4 acti- division areas day day day day day day day (received or receivable) for (code)
for codes 11-72 in col. 18
vity (2-digit only, the work done
activity (0.0)
NIC- type of during the week (Rs.)
2004 operation cash kind total industry occupation
code) (code) (col. 15 (5-digit (3-digit
+ NIC-2004 NCO-2004
col. 16) code) code)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (20)
description of industry-occupation:
total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0
total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0
total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0
total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0
total 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7.0

Schedule 10.2
Codes for Block 6

col. (5): destination during longest spell: same district: rural-1, urban-2; same state but another district: rural-3, urban-4; another state: rural-5, urban-6; another country-
7. col. (6) and col. (15): industry division: 2- digit division codes as per NIC-2004
col. (9) nature of movement:
temporary: with expected duration of stay less than 12 months – 1, with expected duration of stay 12 months or more - 2; permanent - 3
col. (11): location of last upr:
same district: rural-1, urban-2; same state but another district: rural-3, urban-4; another state: rural-5, urban-6; another country-7. col. (13):
state/ u.t. code:
Andhra Pradesh ….28 Gujarat ….24 Madhya Pradesh ….23 Punjab ….03 West Bengal ….19
Arunachal Pradesh ….12 Haryana ….06 Maharashtra ….27 Rajasthan ….08 A & N Islands ….35
Assam ….18 Himachal Pradesh ….02 Manipur ….14 Sikkim ….11 Chandigarh ….04
Bihar ….10 Jammu & Kashmir ….01 Megahlaya ….17 Tamil Nadu ….33 Dadra & Nagar Haveli ….26
Chhattisgarh ….22 Jharkhand ….20 Mizoram ….15 Tripura ….16 Daman & Diu ….25
Delhi ….07 Karnataka ….29 Nagaland ….13 Uttaranchal ….05 Lakshadweep ….31
Goa ….30 Kerala ….32 Orissa ….21 Uttar Pradesh ….09 Pondicherry ….34
country code:
Afghanistan – 41, Bangladesh- 42, Bhutan- 43, Maldives- 44, Nepal - 45, Pakistan- 46, Sri Lanka –47, Gulf Countries (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE and other
countries of the region)- 48, Other Asian Countries- 49, USA- 50, Canada- 51, Other Countries of North and South America- 52, UK- 53, Other Countries of Europe- 54,
Countries of Africa- 55, Rest of the World- 99.
col. (14): usual activity (ps) at the time of leaving last upr:
worked in h.h. enterprise (self-employed): own account worker -11, employer-12, worked as helper in h.h. enterprise (unpaid family worker) -21; worked as regular
salaried/ wage employee -31, worked as casual wage labour: in public works -41, in other types of work -51; did not work but was seeking and/or available for work -81,
attended educational institution -91, attended domestic duties only -92, attended domestic duties and was also engaged in free collection of goods (vegetables, roots,
firewood, cattle feed, etc.), sewing, tailoring, weaving, etc. for household use -93, rentiers, pensioners , remittance recipients, etc. -94, not able to work due to disability
-95, others (including begging, prostitution, etc.) -97.
col. (16): reason for leaving the last usual place of residence:
in search of employment –01, in search of better employment – 02, business – 03, to take up employment / better employment – 04, transfer of service/ contract – 05,
proximity to place of work – 06, studies – 07, natural disaster (drought, flood, tsunami, etc.) –08, social / political problems (riots, terrorism, political refugee, bad law
and order, etc.) –10, displacement by development project – 11, acquisition of own house/ flat – 12, housing problems – 13, health care – 14, post retirement –15, marriage
–16, migration of parent/earning member of the family–17, others –19.
Schedule 10.2
[6] migration particulars of household members

srl. age whether if 1 in col.3, whether if code 1 in col. 7,
no. (as in stayed desti- if worked, place of whether nature peri- particulars of last usual activity (ps) at reason
(as in col.5, away from nation industry of enum- the place of od si- upr the time of for
col. bl. 4) vill./town for during work for eration of move- nce leaving last upr leaving
1, bl. 1 month or longest longest differs enumer- ment leav- loca- state /u.t./ status for codes the last
4) more but less spell duration of from last ation (code) ing the tion country code 11-51 in upr
than 6 (code) work upr was upr last (code) name code col. 14, (code)
months (2-digit (yes-1, any time upr industry
during last NIC 2004) no-2) in the (years) division
365 days for
o spel past (2-digit
f ls
employment (yes-1, NIC 2004)
or in search no-2)
of employ-
numb
ment
er
(yes-1, no-2)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16)
Schedule 10.2
[7] household consumer expenditure

value of consumption
srl. (Rs) during
no. item group last 30 last 365
days days
(1) (2) (3) (4)
1. cereals & cereal products (includes muri, chira, maida, suji, noodles, bread (bakery),
barley, cereal substitutes, etc.)
2. pulses & pulse products (includes soyabean, gram products, besan, sattu, etc.)
milk and milk products (includes milk condensed/powder, baby food, ghee, butter,
3. ice-
cream, etc.)
4. edible oil and vanaspati
5. vegetables, fruits & nuts (includes garlic, ginger, mango, banana, coconut, dates,
kishmish, monacca, other dry fruits , etc.)
6. egg, fish & meat
7. sugar (includes gur, candy (misri), honey, etc.)
salt & spices and other food items (includes beverages such as tea, coffee, fruit juice
8. and
processed food such as biscuits, cake, pickles, sauce, cooked meals, dry chillies,
curry powder, etc.)
9. pan, tobacco & intoxicants

10. fuel & light
entertainment (includes cinema, picnic, sports, club fees, video cassettes, cable
11. charges,
etc.)
12. personal care and effects, toilet articles and other sundry articles (includes spectacles,
torch, umbrella, lighter, toothpaste, hair oil, shaving blades, electric bulb, tubelight,
glassware, bucket, washing soap, agarbati, insecticide, etc.)
13. consumer services and conveyance (includes domestic servant, tailoring, grinding
charges, telephone, legal expenses, pet animals porter charges, diesel, petrol, school
bus/van, etc.)
14. rent/ house rent, consumer taxes and cesses (includes water charges, etc.)
15. medical expenses (non-institutional)
16. sub-total (items 1 to 15)
17. medical (institutional)
tuition fees & other fees, school books & other educational articles (includes private
18. tutor,
school/college fees, newspaper, library charges, stationery, internet charges, etc.)
19. clothing, bedding and footwear
20. durable goods
21. sub-total (items 17 to 20)
22. average monthly expenditure for items 17 to 20 [item 21 x (30÷365)]
monthly household consumer expenditure (item 16
23. + item 22)
NSS DIVISION
DIRECTORATE OF ECONOMICS & STATISTICS
ODISHA

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REPORT ON

NSS 64th ROUND

Directorate of Economics and Statistics conducted all Odisha survey of households in

Sri Dushasan Behera

1. Sri Sitaram Mahanta, Joint Director.

1. Sri Kambhu Kantha Mallick, Statistical Investigator.

1. Primary Data Collection

District level Primary Workers & Supervisors

(i) Sri Prashanna Kumar Dash, Statistical Investigator

District level Primary Workers & Supervisors

All Staff of NSS Division, DE&S

Dr. Sujata Priyambada Parida, Assistant Director

Mrs Indira Garnaik, Statistical Assistant

All Officers of NSS Division, All Deputy Directors, Joint

Members of Expert Committee formed by Planning &

Chapter One Introduction 1-6

Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions 7-13

Chapter Three Household migration 14-29

Chapter Four Out-Migrants 30-44

Appendix -A Detailed Tables 46-49

Appendix -B Estimation Procedure 50-61

Appendix -C Schedule of Migration Particular

Sl.No Table No Subject

3 2(A) Percentage distribution of Households by Household Type (Urban)

4 3 Percentage distribution of Households by whether having Migration

6 3(B) Percentage distribution of households having migration by

7 3.1(A) Percentage distribution of households migrated by the pattern of

8 3.1(B) Per thousand distribution of households having migration according

10 3.2(A) Percentage distribution of Households who has migrated by

11 4 Percentage distribution of households reporting out migration by

13 4.1(A) MPCE Decile Class wise average amount of remittance received by

17 5.2 Sex wise percentage distribution of migrants by broad reason for

18 6 Percentage distribution of persons who migrated out by their

19 6.1 Percentage distribution of out-migrants by whether presently

20 6.1.1 Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether

21 6.1.2 Sex wise Percentage distribution of out migrants by whether

22 6.2 State Region wise whether Out-migrants presently engaged in any

24 6.2.1 Percentage distribution of persons(migrated out) by whether sent

25 6.2.2 State Region wise Percentage distribution of Out-migrants by who

26 6.2.3 State Region wise Percentage distribution of Out-migrants by who

A. Household migration during last 365 days

Key indicators of migration at a lance

A. Household level characteristics

Indicator rural urban

(1) (2) (3)

proportion of migrant household (per 1000 households) 20 44

no. of households reporting out-migrant (per 1000 household) 335 193

no. of households received remittance (per 1000 household reporting out-

1.0: The report in perspective

1.2: Scope of the present survey

1.2.2.1 : Regarding migration particulars, information was collected on household

1.3 :The survey outline

i : In NSS 64th round, information on household migration was collected as in NSS

v: In NSS 64th round to ensure, adequate representation of sample for different

categories of migrants, especially to collect information on remittances from out-

SSS 2: remaining households having at least one other type of migrants,

SSS 3: other households

1.5 : Contents of the Report

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

2.2.1.2 : Procedure for collecting monthly per capita consumer expenditure

2.7: Destination of the short-term migrants: Destination of the short-term migrants

reason for migration reason for migration

in search of employment social / political problems (riots, terrorism,

political refugee, bad law and order, etc.)