Course Code: 18UC0009

Case Studies for Ecology

Case Studies submitted to

K L University under the partial fulfillment of

B.Tech (II Year) during 2019-20

By

R.S.ADARSH

180030511

Under the guidance of

Dr. M.SHANKAR RAO

K.L. UNIVERSITY

Green fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist.522502

 DECLARATION

We declare that the Case Studies entitled

1. A case study on Swatch Bharath programme by Government of India.

2. A case study on Neeru-Chettu programme by Government of Andhra Pradesh.
3. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru lake (Euthrophication).
4. Diversity of ‘Birds of KANGRA VALLEY’.
was carried out by during July to November 2019, and this week is not the same as that of
any other and has not been submitted for any other degree ,diploma.

R.S.ADARSH
Place: vaddeswaram Signature of the Student

Date:15/10/19 Signature of the Faculty

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express my sincere gratitude to Dr. M. SHANKARA RAO for encouraging and

guiding us to undertake this Case Studies work.

We express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. M. SHANKARA RAO

and our beloved course professors of department for their encouragement.

Place : Vaddeswaram
Date : 15/10/19
 CERTIFICATE

This is certify that this case study entitled “

1. A case study on Swatch Bharath programme by Government of India.

2. A case study on Neeru-Chettu programme by Government of Andhra Pradesh.
3. Studies on the ecological impacts of Kolleru lake (Euthrophication).
4. Diversity of ‘Birds of KANGRA VALLEY’.
by “R S Adarsh” is a bonafied work carried out by him in Department of Chemistry.

Supervisor Head of the Department

 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

2. Aim and objectives

3. Review of literature

4. Methodology

5. Results and discussion

6. Conclusion
 1. SWACHH BHARATH PROGRAMME BY GOVT.OF AP

INTRODUCTION :

The Census 2011 showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, close to eight million households do
not have access to toilets and defecate in the open (7.90 million). Weak sanitation has
significant health costs and untreated sewage from cities is the single biggest source of
water resource pollution in India.

This indicates both the scale of the challenge ahead of the Indian cities and the huge
costs incurred from not addressing them. Total Sanitation Campaign is one of the most
prominent social marketing campaigns undertaken by the Government of India under
the Swachh Bharat Mission.

Gujarat has taken it up fervently and provided the Nirmal Gram awards for the
village which has functional toilets in all the houses and institutions of the village.
People in general across the country , particularly women ,have been used to unhealthy
practices of holding their bladders to relieve themselves in fields till it is dark while
remaining cautious to protect themselves from wild animals and snakes.

A recent case in Kerala where an old lady was attacked by stray dogs while she was out
near a community toilet to defecate proves the point of having a secure toilet in one’s own
home, beyond any debate. There have been many such cases reported from other
KCG-Portal of Journals estates too.

But the foremost cause admitted is affordability of a personal toilet for a vast
majority of under-privileged communities in the rural areas in particular. India leads the
world in open defecation with7.90million people lacking this basic requirement.

The current government took up the initiative to enable constructing toilets in every
household of the country. The Ministry of Urban Development decided to give every
household without a toilet ₹4000 to construct a toilet, with additional in centive from state
government under the Swachh Bharat Mission.
OBJECTIVES :
To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas, by promoting
cleanliness, hygiene and eliminating open defecation. To accelerate sanitation coverage in rural
areas to achieve the vision of Swachh Bharat by 2nd October 2019.

 Elimination of open defecation

 Eradication of Manual Scavenging

 Modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management

 To effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices

 Generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health

 Capacity Augmentation for ULB’sTo create an enabling environment for private sector

participation in Capex(capital expenditure) and Opex(operation and maintenance)

DISCUSSION ON CASE STUDY :

ADVANTAGES :

 Boost in tourism
 Improve health of masses
 Adoption of clean technology
 Improved productivity of individuals attract foreign direct investment.

DIS-ADVANTAGES :

 Needs a lot of support

 Improbability of sustained effort
 Difficulty in enforcement
 No clear goals

CONCLUSION :

 Swachh Bharat Mission is the government mission or rather say campaign to attain a
clean India.
 This mission was started by the envisions laid by Mahatma Gandhi and was duly started
on his birth anniversary with by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
 The mission literates to abide by the fundamental duty and let the part of cleaning the
India in land of cities and rivers by not throwing litters in them and as well clearing out
the litters from them.

‘Swachh Bharat Abhiyan’ or ‘Clean India Mission’ is the best tribute that we can give to
Mahatma Gandhi. The initiative has started showing its results in the past few years and a sense
of responsibility has been evoked in the minds of the citizens.

There is a huge participation in the campaign from all the corners of the nation. The drive has
taken the face of a national movement and people are joining hands to clean their surroundings
and environment.
FUTURE IDEAS:

Some of the technologies that can help in Swachh Bharath Mission are

 Increase our reliance on solar power.

 Invest more in recycling supply chains and infrastructure.
 There’s a type of concrete that can ‘eat’ air pollution. This type of concrete could
be used in government-funded infrastructure projects. And also, there could be a
mandate for private builders as well.
 Mobile Apps to Report Dirty Areas - And the civic body responsible must take
action on it. It should be a govt-citizen responsibility. ‘Swachha’ app by central
govt is a good example.
 There’s a type of road building material that can help in reducing NOx
emissions.
 Adopt these solid waste management technologies
 Avoid personal transport whenever possible. Encourage Car Pooling if you can't
avoid. Much better you can use Public transportation.
 Pool money along with your area mates and install large sized dustbins in the
places where littering is done on the road
 2. Neeru-Chettu Programme By Govt.Of AP

INTRODUCTION :

Government have launched Neeru-Chettu Programme with a vision to make Andhra

Pradesh a drought proof State through Inter –linking of rivers, water conservation and
water management in a scientific manner.

For creating awareness on Neeru-Chettu, Avagahana Sadassulu were conducted

from 2nd May to 11th May -2015 in all the Gram Panchayats of the State.

The Government have now decided to conduct a campaign from 2nd October to 3rd
December -2015 to create awareness on Drought Proofing, Inter- linking of rivers, Water
Conservation, Water Management and Plantation.

The campaign envisages active participation from all sections of the society
besides various Government departments at village level, mandal level, district
level, state level and High Schools, Colleges and Universities.

The programme was launched at all municipalities and corporations, including

Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Guntur, Rajahmundry and Tirupati.

The government will number each sapling, and steps will be taken to ensure 90 per cent
survival of saplings. More than 10 lakh saplings will be planted in the State as part of the
programme, which will be on till September 7.

At Nellore, Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu called for efforts to effectively

implement the ‘Neeru-Meeru’, ‘Badipilustundi’, ‘Polampilustundi’ and poverty
eradication programmes, which are aimed at improving the greenery and water
resources, school enrolment, agricultural productivity and poverty alleviation.

At Rajahmundry, Mayor Pantam Rajani Sesha Sai planted saplings. Speaking on the
occasion, Ms. Rajani said the Rajahmundry Municipal Corporation would plant one lakh
saplings in the city before the Godavari pushkarams, which are due in 2015.
OBJECTIVES:

The main objective is to create awareness among all the stakeholders on various
aspects related to drought proofing, inter linking of rivers, water conservation,
water management and plantation through discussions, debates and competitions at
various levels in the State by involving students, farmers, NGOs, Water Users
Associations(WUAs), public representatives, Government departments etc.

THEMES:

 Themes for discussions, debates competitions, exhibitions etc.,

 Water Conservation.
 Water Management.
 Plantation of Trees.
 Inter linking of Rivers
 Drought Proofing.

ACTIVITIES:

 Preparation of resource material for conducting the campaign

 Conducting campaign on different themes at village, mandal, district and state
level and also in schools, colleges and universities.
 Meetings, Discussions, competitions on the selected themes and select 2
winners from each village.
DISCUSSION :

 The Mandal committee shall conduct meetings, debates, essay writings,

exhibitions and other competitions on the themes mentioned above on every
Friday from 2nd October to 3rd December-2015 (if Friday is a holiday, conduct on
subsequent working day) in at least in 2(Two) villages by involving all
farmers, NGOs, Public representatives, Water Users’ Association,
Janmabhoomi Mavooru Committees and Departments involved in Neeru-Chettu.
 The village level committee shall assist the Mandal level committee in
conducting campaign in their village.
 The Mandal Committee will select 2 winners from each village and
communicate the list of winners from all villages in the mandal to the district
committee. It shall also prepare village wise drought proofing plans for the mandal
and communicate to the district committee. A model discussion paper for
guiding the same is enclosed at Annexure-I.
 The District committee under the chairmanship of the District collector shall prepare
detailed schedules, provide required resource material and guidance for
conducting different activities in the district down below.
 District Committee in co-ordination with the Higher Education and School
Education Departments shall conduct debates, essay writings, exhibitions and
other competitions on the themes mentioned above on every Wednesday
from 2nd October to 3rd December-2015 (if the Wednesday is a holiday, conduct on
subsequent working day) by involving all Students and teachers in Schools,
colleges and universities in both private and government sectors . It shall
also select 2 winners from each institute in the district and issue appropriate
certificates to them.
 The district committee will short list the best winners from the lists furnished
by the mandal committees and educational institutions to a tune of 100 winners
from each district and bring them to state level function along with district
level drought proofing plans prepared based on the reports received from mandal
committees.
CONCLUSION:

Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu said his government aimed at supplying water to every
inch of the land in the State so that the tears of farmers could be wiped off for ever.

Launching the Neeru-Chettu programme at Kotekal in Kurnool district on Saturday, he said

rain water harvesting, improvement in ground water level, conservation practices and adoption
of modern farm methods like drip irrigation would help achieve this objective.

Mr. Naidu said he would take up the water mission with a religious zeal as he strongly believed
that water alone would bring prosperity to farmers in special and society at large.

One should appreciate NEERU-CHETTU PROGRAMME as this programme is entirely

deviant from the routine nature of commercial contracts and are essentially in the nature of
community based Programmes for the collective benefit of entire Village as a unit.

The idea behind these Programmes is allotment of work through the Janmabhoomi Maavooru
- Committee on no profit no loss basis.

The way in which these works are taken up more particularly having regard to the rates at
which they are being allowed, itself is indicative that the same are for general good of the public
and for the community benefit.
FUTURE IDEAS:

 Improvement & enhancement of surface water, soil moisture and groundwater

 Decrease in soil erosion and improvement in soil health
 Contributing to the overall goal achievement of the Primary Sector Mission through
increase in the productivity of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry & fisheries
sectors
 Reduce the gap between Irrigation Potential created and area irrigated
 Increase area under irrigation per unit of water used
 Protective irrigation provided to rain fed crops nearby
 Reduce stream outflow from basin into the sea
 The outcomes have to be measured at the end of the five years, evaluated along with
the gap analysis for future guidance and improvement of the programme.
 In Neeru-Chettu programme only de-silting of tanks and feeder channels, etc., are taken
up with a view to conserve water and to create additional water storage, thereby
avoiding wastage of water.
 3. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT ON KOLLERU LAKE.

INTRODUCTION:

 Wetlands have been intricately linked with humankind throughout the ages. The

cultural, spiritual and economical importance of wetlands to indigenous

communities is beyond words.

 No other type of ecosystem is so important to millions of migratory birds, fish,

amphibians, insects, plants and trees. Despite their importance and value, wetlands

around the world are being modified or reclaimed.

 Wetlands can be ranked amongst the most highly threatened ecosystems on the

planet and unfortunately the degradation and loss of wetlands are continuing.

 Worldwide, around 50% of wetlands are estimated to have disappeared since 1900

(Wetland Internationals, 2006).

 Among various wetland types, freshwater lakes are of great economic,

ecological and cultural importance, with billions of people depending directly on them

for drinking water, food and their livelihood.

 Lakes have more complex and fragile ecosystems than rivers, as they do not have a

self-cleaning ability. More than half the world’s five million lakes and reservoirs

face huge ecological threats that are endangering the global environment,

experts have warned Chourey, (2001)India is no exception to the global scenario.

 Indian wetlands are not only the home of a wide variety of plants and animals but they

also provide livelihood to thousands of communities with a wide range of ecological

services. Despite all these benefits from the wetlands.

OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the Ecological State of the lake by its(a)water and sediments Quality;
(b)Biodiversity; (c)Siltation; (d) livelihoods and (e) Economy
 To identify different User groups of the lakes and document the use practices along
with the best management practices
 To develop appropriate conservation models within the frame work of the
National Wetlands Conservation Rules
 To develop plans for the establishment of an Educational Tourism programme
involving local educational institutions

DISCUSSION:
 Wetlands near urban centres are under increasing developmental pressure for
residential, industrial and commercial facilities.
 Urban wetlands are essential for preserving public water supplies.
 Due to unplanned urban and agricultural development, industries, road construction,
impoundment, resource extraction and dredge disposal, wetlands have been drained and
transformed, causing substantial economic and ecological losses in the long term.
 Demand for shrimps and fishes has provided economic incentives to convert wetlands
and mangrove forests to develop pisciculture and aquaculture ponds.
CONCLUSION:

 The major sources of pollution are agricultural run-off containing residues of

several agrochemicals, fertilizers, fish tank discharges containing antibiotics, pro-
biotics, food wastes and others, industrial effluents containing chemical residues
and organics of different types and municipal and domestic sewage
 As a result, the water of the lake turned more alkaline in nature, turbid, nutrient
rich, low in dissolved oxygen (DO) and high in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Changes in total dissolved solids (TDS) and salinity imbalance in the lake has been
reported (Rao et al., 2006).
 Annually around 116800 tons of inorganic fertilizers are used there, of which about
one fourth ends up in the lake via run-off and leaching (Gopala krishnayya, 1999)
 Besides, natural nutrients from the vast catchment, from the natural levees of
Godavari and Krishna rivers, drift down to the lake taking along 68,000 tons of cattle
manures as deltaic area is dense with cattle population.
 The vegetation along the river banks also contributes substantially to the nutrient
load, while their litters decay. In addition, about 7.4 lakh ducks.
 High levels of organic pollutants are also reported from the Kolleru Lake (Rao and
Pillala, 2001).
 The total organochlorine pesticides used in and around the lake area is estimated
to be about 1600 tons / year.
FUTURE IDEAS:

 Construction of canals and diversion of streams and rivers to transport water to lower
arid regions for irrigation has altered the drainage pattern and significantly degraded
the wetlands of the region
 Unrestricted dumping of sewage and toxic chemicals from industries has polluted many
freshwater wetlands
 Over withdrawal of groundwater has led to salinization
 Officials also launched a campaign to explain the fallout of such an activity on the
ecological balance of the lake in areas such as Kolletikota, Gudivaka Lanka, Agadala
Lanka, Nidamarru, Pulaparru, Kalakollu, Pedapadu, Madhavapuram, and Akiveedu in
West Godavari district.
 ensure organized restoration of the freshwater Kolleru Lake and arresting salinity of the
Lake waters.
 4. Diversity of Birds of Kangra Valley (Himachal Pradesh)

INTRODUCTION:

Himachal Pradesh is known for its rich forests, rugged mountains, great climatic
variability, altitudinal variation which supports an amazing faunal diversity especially
the bird diversity.

The present study deals with the avifaunal diversity of Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary
which reveals the presence of 169 bird species belonging to 16 orders and 48 families.

Family Anatidae dominates among all bird families, representing 17 species of birds with a
total count of 36625 individuals.

The Himalaya is the most magnificent complex folded mountain chain among the global
mountain systems.

As it occupies a special position not only from the standpoint of providing water to a
large part of Indian subcontinent, but also harboring a variety of endemic and exotic
flora and fauna.

The present study is carried out to assess the bird fauna at Pong Dam Wildlife
Sanctuary, Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh.

Among vertebrates birds constitute a well defined group of fauna. Birds occupy an
important position in the animal kingdom, especially in relation to man.

Zoological Survey of India reported the occurrence of 72 species from Pin Valley
National Park (Editor-Director 2008).

Population estimation of any species is important in order to know whether a species

is declining or increasing so that proper management and conservation can be done
to protect the Wildlife.

So keeping this in view present study has been carried out to assess the avifauna of
Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary.
OBJECTIVES:

 Due to large area of study sites, stratified sampling technique was adopted
so as to include all different kinds of habitats of area by selecting a representative
sample of each habitat.
 Each site was searched along routes of roads, paths and other accessible ways
in the periphery of about 4-5km. Three visits (2 autumn and 1 winter) were made
to Una district during 2008, 2009 and 2011.
 The relative abundance was estimated on the basis frequency of sightings and
number of birds seen. The seasonal status of birds was evaluated on the basis
of presence or absence of birds during different seasons.
 Due to industrialization and urbanization most of the water bodies are
severely polluted, which directly or indirectly affect the aquatic fauna &
flora of the aquatic ecosystem.
 Kangra Valley Birdlife Sanctuary is supporting a diverse number of species
of birds because of its diverse habitats.

DISCUSSION:

 During present study on avifauna of Pong Dam wildlife sanctuary district of

Himachal Pradesh, 169 species of birds belonging to 48 families and 16 orders
have been recorded.
 Family Anatidae, the well-known family which is famous for its migratory nature &
found in large congregations, has been observed to be represented by highest number
of species of birds (17 species) in this area, followed by family
Motacillidae (11 species).
 Families Laridae & Muscicapidae has been represented by 10 species each;
families Scolopacidae (9 species), Accipitridae & Alaudidae (8 species
each),Charadriidae (7 species), Ardeidae & Columbidae (6 species each),
Phylloscopidae & Leiothrichidae (5 species each), Rallidae, Corvidae, Cisticolidae
& Sturnidae (4 species each) respectively.
 However families Phasinidae, Megalaimidae, Psittacidae, Dicruridae, Hirundinidae
and Passeridae have found to be represented by 3 species each, and the rest of the
 families are represented by either 2 species or 1 species each (as given in Table 1).
 In total, the highest number of individuals of birds has been observed in winter
(43203 number of individuals).
 Out of which bar headed goose (27395 number of individuals) was found to
be maximum in numbers followed by common pochards (4083 number of
individuals), common coots (3350 number of individuals), northern pintail (1625
number of individuals), common teal (1381) and little cormorant (865 number of
individuals) respectively.
 Dominant family Anatidae represented by 17 species of birds, was with a total
count of 36625 individuals. In summer the numbers of individuals of birds were
observed less (1105 individuals).
 Birds sighted during the surveys have been categorized based on their migratory
nature as follows: R =Resident, R/PM=Resident with Partial movements,
R/SM=Resident with summer influx, SM=Summer Migrant, WM=Winter Migrant,
WM/PM=Winter Migrant with Partial Movements, as well as their conservation status
following IUCN Red Data list of species (2018 version)
 .Out of 169 species recorded in the areas surveyed 73 species were migrants to
Pong Dam Lake Wildlife Sanctuary and 96 species of birds were resident to this
area.
CONCLUSION

Present study documented information on avifauna of Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary. The
analysis of data reveals a total of 44,308 individuals, distributed among 169 species
belonging to 48 families and 16 orders recorded from this region. The highest numbers
of individuals i.e. 43,203 of birds were observed in winter (with a total number of 126
species of birds belonging to 15 orders and 36 families) as compared to summer with
a total of 1105 individuals (with 122 species belonging to 15 orders and 43 families).
Due to onset of winters when the wetlands become frozen in Europe and North and Central
Asia, some of the migratory bird species like Bar headed goose, Common Shelduck,
Brahminy Duck, Common Pochard, Common coots have been observed in highest numbers
in winter here as they spend winters in more affable climatic conditions. During winter the
maximum numbers of birds have been observed as it is an ideal resting place for
migratory birds due to easy accessibility of food and shelter, whereas in summer their number
was less in this area because these birds migrate back to their breeding places. More over
the lower Himalaya is relatively rich in avifauna as compared to middle Himalaya.

FUTURE IDEA

The Pong Dam Wildlife Sanctuary is an important resting and feeding station for
migratory bird species, keeping this in view it is our suggestions to protect and conserve
this aquatic ecosystem to sustain the bird diversity of this region.