Science

Biosphere
Group 4
Contents
l Definition of Biosphere
l 3 Domains of Biology
• Bacteria
• Archae
• Eukarya
l 6 Kingdoms of Life
l Biological Organization
• from Atom to Biosphere
l Biomes
• Terrestrial
• Aquatic
Definition of Biosphere
The biosphere is the layer around the Earth that contains all living things.
• Narrow layer around Earth's surface in which life can exist.
- Deep Ocean → Above Mountains
• A layer that gets sunlight for plants, which

provide for animals
• Also layer that has water, energy and

moderate temperatures
3 Domains in Biology
Domain - is the highest level of classification of living organisms.

Domain Archaea
- universal ancestor.
• Prokaryotic
• Harsh Environments
• No oxygen
There are 3 domains: Domain Bacteria • Deep sea vents
1. Bacteria • Prokaryotic
• Common bacteria
2. Archae • Some are good
• Some cause Domain Eukarya
3. Eukarya disease
• Found in more • Eukaryotic
places • Nucleus
• Membrane bound
organelles
6 Kingdoms of Life
PROKARYOTES
l Archaebacteria • 'pro' = pre or before, 'karyo' = nucleus
Prokaryotes • Are almost all single celled organisms or Unicellular
l Eubacteria • They do not have a nucleus
• They do not have membrane-bound organelles
• They are considered microorganisms
l Protista • They are divided in two domains - bacteria and archea
l Fungi EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotes • 'eu' = true or after , 'karyo' = nucleus
l Plantae • Multicellular
• Membrane-bound nucleus
• Contains a 'true' nucleus
l Animalia • Has a membrane-bound organelles
1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria (or only Bacteria)
• Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes (no nucleus)

• Unicellular • Unicellular
• Mainly heterotrophs • Mainly heterotrophs
• Suited to extreme environments • Reproduce through Binary Fission
• Ex: halophiles • Live in diverse environments
• Ex: cyanobacteria, spirochetes
3. Protista 4. Fungi
• Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) • Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular

• Unicellular • Saprophytes: obtain nutrients through
• Protozoans (animal-like; heterotrophs) absorption
• Algae (plant-like; autotrophs) • Reproduce sexually and asexually
• Reproduce sexually or asexually • Most live in terrestrial habitats
• Live in moist habitats • Ex: mushrooms, yeast, puffballs
• Ex: amoeba, euglena, diatom
5. Plantae 6. Animalia
• Eukaryotic • Eukaryotic
• Multicellular • Multicellular
• Autotrophs • Heterotrophs
• Most live in terrestrial habitats • Live in terrestrial and aquatic environments
• Reproduce sexually and asexually • Most reproduce sexually
• Ex: mosses, ferns, flowering plants • Ex: worm, starfish, frog, snake, bird, dog
In short...
6 Kingdoms of Life
Bacteria Archae Eukarya

Eubacteria
Biological Organization
l Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels.
l Each level of biological organization has distinct properties.
l It is organized like a complete address or where you live, from

specific to broad:
- Your address
- GMA
- Cavite
- Philippines
- Asia
- Earth
- Our Solar System
- The Milky Way
Galaxy
- The Universe
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
ex
pl
Organism
m
co
Organ System
Organ
Tissue
Cell
e
Organelle
pl
m
si
Molecule
Atom
1. Atom
Definition Examples
The smallest unit of matter Oxygen (O2), Helium (He)
Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ >Organ System > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem >Biosphere
2. Molecule
Definition Examples
Group of atoms chemically DNA, chlorophyll, water, salt
bonded together
3. Organelle
Definition Examples
Specialized part w/in a cell Chloroplast, nucleus,
vacuole, mitochondria
4. Cell
Definition Examples
The basic unit of life Nerve cell, muscle cell, plant cell,
red blood cell
5. Tissue
Definition Examples
Group of specialized cells that Muscle tissue, skin tissue
perform a specific function
6. Organ
Definition Examples
Group of tissues joined as a unit Heart, brain, liver, skin, kidney
to perform a function
7. Organ System
Definition Examples
Group of organs joined as a Nervous system, circulatory
unit to perform a function system
Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem >Biosphere
8. Organism
Definition Examples
A distinct living thing; classified Human, snake, mushroom
into unicellular or multicellular
9. Population
Definition Examples
A group of organisms of the Coyotes in Yosemite Nat.
same species, living in the Park, dogs in Baesa
same area
10. Community
Definition Examples
The interacting, living All the populations (plants,
populations, that live in the animals, fungi, bacteria) in
same area Yosemite
11. Ecosystem
Definition Examples
A community of living The Yosemite community
organisms, and their non- plus its energy, soil, etc.
living parts of the
environment (energy, soil,
etc.)
12. Biosphere or ecosphere

Definition Examples
The zone of life on planet Earth. The earth’s biosphere (it’s the only
The sum of all ecosystems on biosphere yet discovered)
Earth.
Atom > Molecule > Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism > Population > Community > Ecosystem > Biosphere
What is a Biome?
Biomes are large regions characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of
plant and animal communities.
• Each biome is made up of many individual ecosystems.

• Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such as climate, relief, geology, soils and
vegetation.
Two Kinds of Biomes:
1. The Terrestrial Biomes

2. The Aquatic Biomes
Kinds of Biomes
Terrestrial Biome is an area of land with a Aquatic Biome this includes all water bodies on
similar climate that includes communities of the Earth's surface.
plants and animals.
Aquatic Biome
Terrestrial Biome
• Marine
• Rainforests (Temperate or Tropical) a) Oceans
• Tundra b) Coral Reefs
c) Estuaries
• Taiga
• Desert • Freshwater
• Temperate Deciduous a) Rivers and Streams
• Grassland b) Ponds and Lakes
c) Wetlands
Terrestrial Biome: Rainforests
• 2 types: Tropical and Temperate

• Most trees flare at the base
• Vegetation is dense (tall and green)
• Rich in diversity (especially in tropical rainforests)
Precipitation and Climate
• Lush and wet

• Rainfall is regular throughout the year
• Tropical rainforests are warm and moist; while Temperate rainforests
are cool
Terrestrial Biome: Tundra
• Arctic tundra is located at the poles

• Animals are adapted to handle cold winters and to breed and raise
young quickly in the very short and cool summers
• The soil is often frozen. Permafrost, or permanent ice, usually exists
within a meter of the surface.
• Water is unavailable during most of the year.

• The average annual temperature is only 10 to 20F.
• Annual precipitation is very low, usually less than 10 inches.
Terrestrial Biome: Taiga
• The largest biome in the world.

• Winters are cold. Summers are warm. Lots of conifers grow here.
• Prone to wildfires. Many trees have adapted to this by growing thick
bark.
• The average temperature is below freezing for six months of the year.
• Total yearly precipitation in the taiga is 12-33 inches.
• Although the cold winters have some snowfall, most of the
precipitation comes during the warm, humid summer months.
Terrestrial Biome: Desert
• Land of extremes: extreme heat and extreme dryness but sudden flash
floods and cold nights.
• Have so few trees and other vegetation.
• Deserts are usually very, very dry.

• Even the wettest deserts get less than ten inches of precipitation a
year.
• There may be only a few periods of rains per year with a lot of time
between rains.
Terrestrial Biome: Temperate Deciduous
• Has four seasons of winter, spring, summer and fall.

• Animals and plants have special adaptations to cope with yearly or
seasonal changes.
• The word “deciduous” means exactly what the leaves on these trees
do: change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back
again the spring.
• Gets the second-most amount of rainfall per year

• Average temperature of the forest is about 50 degrees Fahrenheit
Terrestrial Biome: Grasslands
• Big open spaces

• There are not many bushes in the grassland. Trees are found only by
rivers and streams. The grassland seems like an endless ocean of
grass.
• Grassland soil tends to be deep and fertile.
• Found on every continent except Antartica.
• Grasslands receive about 10 to 30 inches of rain per year.

• If they received more rain, the grasslands would become a forest.
• If they received less rain, they would become a desert.
Aquatic Biome: Marine
• Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth's

surface and include oceans, coral reefs and estuaries.
• Marine algae supply much of the world's oxygen supply

and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon
dioxide.
• The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for

the land.
Aquatic Biome: Freshwater
• Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration - usually

less than 1%.
• Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low
salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt
concentration.
• You'll find a wide variety of animal life in or around freshwater
ecosystems such as aquatic birds, amphibians, mammals and of
course, a wide variety of fish.
• The water cycle is very important to fresh water ecosystems.
Summary
Biological Organization: Terrestrial Biomes

The biosphere is the layer around
• Rainforests (Temperate or Tropical)
the Earth that contains all living 1. Atom
things. • Tundra
2. Molecule
3. Organelle • Taiga
4. Cell • Desert
3 Domains of Biology 5. Tissue • Temperate Deciduous
6. Organ
1. Bacteria 7. Organ System • Grassland
2. Archae 8. Organism
9. Population Aquatic Biomes
3. Eukarya 10. Community • Marine
11. Ecosystem a) Oceans
6 Kingdoms of Life 12. Biosphere or Ecosphere b) Coral Reefs
c) Estuaries
1. Archaebacteria 4. Fungi 2 Kinds of Biomes • Freshwater
2. Eubacteria 5. Plantae a) Rivers and Streams
1. Terrestrial Biomes b) Ponds and Lakes
3. Protista 6. Animalia 2. Aquatic Biomes c) Wetlands
THE END
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Biosphere

• from Atom to Biosphere

• A layer that gets sunlight for plants, which

• Also layer that has water, energy and

Domain - is the highest level of classification of living organisms.

• Prokaryotes • Prokaryotes (no nucleus)

• Eukaryotic (have a nucleus) • Eukaryotic Mostly multicellular

Bacteria Archae Eukarya

l Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels.

l Each level of biological organization has distinct properties.

l It is organized like a complete address or where you live, from

12. Biosphere or ecosphere

• Each biome is made up of many individual ecosystems.

Two Kinds of Biomes:

1. The Terrestrial Biomes

• 2 types: Tropical and Temperate

Precipitation and Climate

• Lush and wet

• Arctic tundra is located at the poles

Precipitation and Climate

• Water is unavailable during most of the year.

• The largest biome in the world.

Precipitation and Climate

Precipitation and Climate

• Deserts are usually very, very dry.

• Has four seasons of winter, spring, summer and fall.

Precipitation and Climate

• Gets the second-most amount of rainfall per year

• Big open spaces

Precipitation and Climate

• Grasslands receive about 10 to 30 inches of rain per year.

• Marine regions cover about three-fourths of the Earth's

• Marine algae supply much of the world's oxygen supply

• The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for

• Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration - usually

Biological Organization: Terrestrial Biomes

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