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The Vorticity Equation and Its Applications PDF
The Vorticity Equation and Its Applications PDF
The Vorticity Equation and Its Applications PDF
Felix KAPLANSKI
Tallinn University of Technology
feliks.kaplanski@ttu.ee
Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Examples of vortex flows
A VORTEX RING
At the right is a vortex ring generated by Professor T.T. Lim and his former
colleagues at the University of Melbourne. The visualization technique
appears to be by smoke.
ME33 : Fluid Flow 7 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions
Force
acts
impulsively
ωz = ς
∂Ψ ∂Ψ
u= ,v = −
∂y ∂x
Continuity equation
∂u ∂v
+ =0
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v ∂Ψ ∂Ψ
+ = − =0
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y
2 2
∂ ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ ω ∂ ω ⎤
ω+u +v = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 ⎥
∂t ∂x ∂y ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦
∂ ∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ⎡ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v 1 ∂v v ⎤
2)
: +u +v = − + ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂z ∂t ∂z ∂r ρ ∂r ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦
1
3
4
1
2 2
1
2
∂ ∂v ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂ v ∂v ∂v v v
2)-1)=
( − )+ +u 2 +v + + −
∂t ∂z 3
∂r ∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z∂r ∂z ∂r r r
4
2
∂u ∂u ∂u2
∂ 2u ∂v ∂u 1 ∂p 1 ∂p
−u − −v 2 − =− +
∂z∂r ∂r ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂r ρ ∂z∂r ρ ∂z∂r
⎡ ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u ∂ 2 ∂v ∂u 1 ∂v ∂u 1 ∂u 1 ∂v ⎤
ν ⎢ 2 ( − ) + 2 ( − ) + ( − ) + 2 − 2 ⎥
⎣ ∂z ∂z ∂r ∂r ∂z ∂r r ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ∂z ⎦
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
u= ,v = −
r ∂r r ∂z
Continuity equation
∂ ( ru) ∂ ( rv)
+ =0
∂z ∂r
∂ ( ru) ∂ ( rv) ∂u ∂v
+ =r +r +v =
∂z ∂r ∂z ∂r
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
r −r − + =0
r ∂z∂r r ∂z∂r r ∂z r ∂z
∂ ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ 2 ω ∂ 2 ω 1 ∂ ω ω ⎤
ω+u +v = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂t ∂z ∂r ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦
∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ⎡ ∂ 2ω ∂ 2ω q ∂ω qω ⎤
+v +u = ν ⎢ 2 + 2 + − 2 ⎥
∂t ∂r ∂z ⎣ ∂z ∂r r ∂r r ⎦
The Stokes stream function can be introduced as follows
1 ∂Ψ 1 ∂Ψ
u= q ,v = − q
r ∂r r ∂z
and gives second equation
∂ 2 Ψ ∂ 2 Ψ q ∂Ψ q
2
+ 2
− = − r ω
∂r ∂z r ∂r
ME33 : Fluid Flow 21 Chapter 10: Approximate Solutions
For 3D problem: generalized Helmholtz
equation
∂ωx ∂ωx ∂ωx ∂ωx ∂u ∂u ∂u
+v +u +w = ωx + ω y + ωz + νΔωx ,
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂ω y ∂v ∂v ∂v
+v +u +w = ωx + ω y + ωz + νΔω y ,
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ωz ∂ω ∂ω ∂ω ∂w ∂w ∂w
+ v z + u z + w z = ωx + ωy + ωz + νΔωz ,
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
i j k
2 2 2 2 2 2
→ ∂ ∂ ∂
where Δ = ∂ / ∂x + ∂ / ∂y + ∂ / ∂z ω=
∂x ∂y ∂z
u v w
For 3D problem we can not introduce streamfuction Ψ
like for 2D problem.
∂ωz ∂ω ∂ωz ∂ω ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ ur z + uθ + uz z = ωr z + ωθ z + ωz z + νΔωz ,
∂t ∂r r∂θ ∂z ∂r r∂θ ∂z ,
∂2 1 ∂ 1 ∂2 ∂2
Δ= 2 + + 2 2+ 2
∂r r ∂r r ∂θ ∂z
(u,v,p) (ω, ψ)
Winning: two variables instead of three
1r Γ − r 2 / 4ν t
u( r ,t ) = ∫ ωrdr = (1 − e )
r0 2π r
2.5
u 2
1.5
0.5
1 2 3 4 5
r
! Irrotational
approximation: vorticity is
negligibly small
! In general, inviscid
regions are also
irrotational, but there are
situations where inviscid
flow are rotational, e.g.,
solid body rotation (Ex.
10-3)
! In Cartesian coordinates
! Conversion to cylindrical
coordinates can be
achieved using the
transformation
! Potential and
streamfunction are
derived by observing that
volume flow rate across
any circle is
! This gives velocity
components
! If source/sink is
moved to (x,y) = (a,b)
! If vortex is moved to
(x,y) = (a,b)
! A doublet is a
combination of a line
sink and source of
equal magnitude
! Source
! Sink
! Adding ψ1 and ψ2
together, performing
some algebra, and
taking a→0 gives
Sink Vortex
! Assume body is ψ = 0
(r = a) ⇒ K = Va2