PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

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According to WHO, reproductive ill health accounts for 36.6 per cent of the total disease burden among women aged 15 to 45
years at global level .In India reproductive ill health constitutes 12.5% of the total burden of disease. Almost 39 percent of
currently married women in India report at least one reproductive health problem related to vaginal discharge, urination or
intercourse. Although a few studies have been conducted in this field, but most of them are based on information obtained
from clinics or hospitals. Information on social, economic and demographic determinants is rare. Reproductive health
accounts for 21.9% of the disability-adjusted life years lost by women aged 15–45 years. Lack of awareness about various
gynaecological problems, economic and social barriers, delays the early diagnosis of the gynaecological problems. - Among
reproductive morbidities, gynaecological morbidity (88.64%) was more common than other types of contraceptive morbidity
and obstetric morbidity. Gynaecological morbidity includes reproductive tract infections (RTI) and other type of non-infectious
morbidities like endocrine disorders (menstrual disorders), infertility, gynaecological cancer, congenital malformations or
birth defects, injuries, sexually dysfunctions and menopausal symptoms. Gynaecological morbidity is not perceived as a
serious problem very often even though women with gynaecological morbidity like vaginal discharge and infertility face
serious social consequences in terms of marital disharmony, exclusion from social and religious life. Certain untreated
conditions like RTI, can cause pregnancy related complications, congenital infections, infertility, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
and HIV. Illiteracy, ignorance, gender discrimination and poor social status are the determinants which ultimately increase the
prevalence of gynaecological morbidity. The impact of gynaecological morbidity on women’s reproductive health is
"particularly serious in developing countries like India where the health care is not well equipped to make the diagnosis and
treatment of these conditions". Even with limited data, India reports a heavy burden of gynaecological morbidity. Menstrual
disorders relates with hormonal imbalance leads to considerable risks of heart diseases and osteoporosis. Women with uro-
anal problems hesitate to receive help because of the stigma associated with these conditions which raises prevalence rate.
Prolapse uterus disturbs women considerably. Social stigma and embracement due to this condition are setbacks in health
seeking care for many years. Infertility carries a notable social, personal and emotional consequence. Management for
infertility is time consuming, invasive and an expensive care and leads to enormous stress in family life. Gynaecological
morbidity has only recently been acknowledged as a serious public health concern by international policymakers. Despite
international recognition, gynaecological morbidity remains largely neglected and poorly understood at community level.
Scientists have tended to equate reproductive health with family planning. As a result, family planning programs in developing
nations have neglected women as a distinct group with specific health care needs, resulted in a failure to address issue of
gynaecological health. Until now very little information on women gynaecological morbidity is available in India. Indian studies
on women’s reproductive health problems are scanty, and there are large gaps in knowledge about women’s perceptions of
morbidity and health seeking behaviour. Though gynaecological morbidity is more common than obstetric and contraceptive
morbidity and is a very important problem from medical and public health point of view and only few studies have been
conducted as population based study. In view of this, this present population-based study was conducted to find out the
gynaecological morbidity. In a rural area of Poonamalli block in Thiruvalluvar district of Tamil Nadu this cross-sectional study
was performed. Ever married women were interviewed on urogynaecological disorders from the age group of 15 to 49 years
(reproductive age group). The study populace comprised of ever married women residing in that area for more than 6
months who had accepted to participate in the study. Based on the lowest anticipated gynecological morbidity prevalence
amongst reproductive age group women from rural area (39%) the sample size was determined with an alpha error of 0.05 %,
with a design effect of 2 and the limit of accuracy for anticipated prevalence was 20% of anticipated, the required minimal
sample size was 330. The following category of women was excluded in the interview. 1. Antenatal women 2. Who had
delivery/abortion within three months. 3. Who underwent hysterectomy. 4. Recognized psychiatric patient. 5. Transgender
and bed ridden. The data was collected between August 2013 and January 2014.The selected Poonamallee block is made up of
160 villages and has a population of about 165100. The technique adopted was two-stage cluster sampling. In the primary
stage 30 clusters were identified with PPS (probability proportionate to size) method. Next in the secondary stage 11
participants were selected at random within each cluster. Written permission was sought to use the interview schedule from
Electronic Encyclopedia of Perinatal Data (EEPD) -Volume XV– Questionnaires in Gynaecology. Ethics committee of Sri
Ramachandra University accepted and permitted this study. Individually all participants had agreed to participate in the study
through informed consent. In the current study questionnaire was comprehensive about common gynaecological problems
through informed consent. In the current study questionnaire was comprehensive about common gynaecological problems
like menstrual disorders, abnormal vaginal discharge, urinary problems and infertility. Other than this, symptoms of pelvic
organ prolapse, swelling over lower abdomen/ vagina and lower abdominal pain were also included. Low back ache due to
gynaecological problem alone was accounted for, after exclusion of backache due to bone or muscular problem and systemic
illness. Socioeconomic status was classified as per Prasad’s classification-2010. Information about medical illness like
hypertension, cardiac disorders, diabetes, chronic cough, obesity and other chronic conditions like sinusitis which influence
intra-abdominal pressure were collected in this survey. To find the presence of anaemia clinical examination was made
visually for pallor of conjunctiva, tongue and nail buds .

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Gynaecological morbidities among ever married women: ACompare text
[5] Almost 39 percent of currently married wo men in India report at least one reproductive health problem related to vaginal
discharge, urination or intercourse.Reproductive Morbidity among Iranian Women; Issues Often Inappropriately Addressed in Health 10%
Seeking Behaviors.
http://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jdms/papers/Vol7-issue6/B0760511.pdf