A.

EQUIPMENTS AND SUBTANCES

Equipments

1. Test tube sufficiently

2. Graduated cylinder 1 pc
3. Beaker glass 250 ml 1 pc
4. Beaker glass 100 ml 1 pc
5. Evaporating dish 1 pc
6. Spatula 1 pc
7. Burner 1 set
8. Watch glass 1 pc
9. Funnel 1 pc
10. Pipette sufficiently
11. Wooden clamp 1 pc

Materials

1. NaOH crystal sufficiently

2. KOH crystal sufficiently
3. H2SO4 0.1 M solution sufficiently
4. H2SO4 8 M solution sufficiently
5. KI 0.1 M solution sufficiently
6. Sodium peroxide solution sufficiently
7. Sodium metal sufficiently
8. Glauber salt (Na2SO4.10H20) sufficiently
9. Concentrated HCl sufficiently
10. HCl 0.1 M solution sufficiently
11. KCl 0.1 M solution sufficiently
12. NaCl 0.1 M solution sufficiently
13. Amylum solution sufficiently
14. PP indicator sufficiently
15. Wool yarn sufficiently
16. KCl 1 M solution sufficiently
17. Wood ash sufficiently
B. ANSWER OF QUESTION
Question
1. Explain the propeties of sodium peroxide!
2. Explain the properties, producing and uses of sodium!
Answer
1. It is very hygroscopic, is a strong oxidizer, is diamagnetic and can
react with water to produce a solution of hydroxide and hydrogen
peroxide.
2. Chemical and Physical Properties of Sodium
Sodium reacts quickly with water, snow, and ice to produce
sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. When exposed to air, the sodium
metal loses its silvery color and turns to opaque gray due to the
formation of a layer of sodium oxide. Sodium does not react with
nitrogen, even at very high temperatures, but can react with
ammonia to form sodium amide. Sodium and hydrogen react at
temperatures above 200ºC to form sodium hydride. Sodium hardly
reacts with carbon and does not react with halogens. This element
also reacts with various metal halides to form metals and sodium
chloride. Sodium does not react with paraffin hydrocarbons, but
forms compounds with naphthalene and other aromatic polycyclic
compounds and with aryl alkenes. The reaction of sodium with
alcohol is similar to the reaction of sodium with water, but takes
place more slowly. Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in
the earth's crust, with a composition of around 2.83%. Sodium,
after chloride, is the second most abundant element dissolved in
seawater. The most important sodium salts found in nature are
sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium borate, sodium nitrate,
and sodium sulfate. Sodium salt, among others, is found in sea
water, salty lakes, alkaline lakes and mineral springs.
Producing of Sodium
Sodium was isolated by electrolysis. On earth there are sources for
use as sodium manufacture. The cheapest source is NaCl which can
be obtained from seawater by evaporation.
NaCl has a melting point of more than 800 ° C, so making sodium
only with NaCl alone will require considerable energy. To save
energy, NaCl is mixed with CaCl2 at a ratio of 40% and 60%, so
the melting point drops to 580 ° C.
Reactions that occur:

Cathode: Na+ + e → Na
Anode: Cl- → ½ Cl2 + e
The electrolysis process is carried out by melting it in "Down Cell"
equipment in practice often followed by the formation of calcium
metal but this solid is returned again to the melting point.
Uses of Sodium
a. Sodium chloride (NaCl), is the raw material for making
table salt, NaOH, Na2CO3. Sodium chloride is made from
sea water or from rock salt. The use of sodium chloride
include: as a raw material for making sodium, chlorine, and
sodium compounds such as NaOH and sodium carbonate
(Na2CO3). In the dairy industry: preserving fish and meat:
melting snow on highways in cold winters: regenerating
water softeners.
b. Sodium hydroxide or caustic soda (NaOH). Used in the
soap, paper and textile manufacturing industry, in oil kilns
used to remove sulfur, and extraction of aluminum from its
ore. In the laboratory used to absorb carbon dioxide or
other gases that are acidic, in some organic reactions NaOH
is an important reagent for example in the hydrolysis
reaction. Sodium hydroxide is produced by electrolysis of
sodium chloride solution.
c. Washing soda (Na2CO3), water hardness softeners,
household cleaning agents, glass industries. Sodium
carbonate comes from natural sources, namely trona, which
is abundant in Wyoming, United States. Sodium carbonate
can also be made from NaCl according to the Solvay
process, with the following reaction.
NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) → NaHCO3 (s)
+ NH4Cl (aq)
Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) formed is
separated, then heated to form Na2CO3.
2NaHCO3 (s) → Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (g) + CO2 (g)
The main use of sodium carbonate is to manufacture glass
(especially glass vessels). In addition to making other
chemicals, the pulp and paper industry, the detergent
industry, and water softeners.
d. Sodium hydroxy carbonate (NaHCO3) or baking soda, mix
in drinks to produce. Sodium bicarbonate is formed as an
intermediate product in the Solvay process. Sodium
bicarbonate is called jugasoda cake. If the mixture
containing sodium bicarbonate is roasted, the compound
will break down freeing the CO2 which is splitting the
mixture so that it becomes soft due to the cavities of gas in
it. Baking powder is a mixture of sodium bicarbonate
powder with an acidic substance, such as potassium
hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6). The mixture does not react
in a dry state, but once the powder is in the dough, both of
them will react and produce carbon dioxide gas which
blends the dough.
e. Sodium nitrate (NaNO3), fertilizer, as a reactant in the
manufacture of other nitrate compounds.
f. Sodium nitrite (NaNO2), manufacturing of dyes
(diazotation process), corrosion prevention.
g. Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) or Glauber salt, a laxative
(laxative), a drying agent for organic compounds.
h. Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), washing solution (hypo) in
photography.
i. Na3AlF6, solvent in the synthesis of aluminum metal.
j. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na2SO4.10H2O) or glauber
salt: used by the glass making industry.
k. Na3Pb8: as a sodium lamp filler.
l. Sodium peroxide (Na2O2): food bleach.
m. Na-benzoate, a food preservative in cans, rheumatism
medicine.
n. Na-citrate, an antifreeze substance.
o. Na-glutamate, flavoring (vetsin).
p. Na-salicylate, antipyretic drug (lowering heat).