DIGITAL COMMUNICATION REPORT

on
Wirelss Communication
By

Sayali Patil

Shital Patole

Siddhi Naik

Pankaj Purohit

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Kishor Bhosale

Atharva College of Engineering

Malad-Marve Road, Charkop Naka, Malad (W), Mumbai-95

Department of Electronics Engineering

University of MumbaiYear

2018-2019

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INDEX

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INRODUCTION

Wireless Communication is the fastest growing and most vibrant technological areas in the
communication field. Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from one
point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical medium.
Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from transmitter to receiver
that are placed over a limited distance. With the help of Wireless Communication, the transmitter
and receiver can be placed anywhere between few meters (like a T.V. Remote Control) to few
thousand kilometres (Satellite Communication).
We live in a World of communication and Wireless Communication, in particular is a
key part of our lives. Some of the commonly used Wireless Communication Systems in our day
– to – day life are: Mobile Phones, GPS Receivers, Remote Controls, Bluetooth Audio and Wi-Fi
etc.
Communication Systems can be Wired or Wireless and the medium used for
communication can be Guided or Unguided. In Wired Communication, the medium is a physical
path like Co-axial Cables, Twisted Pair Cables and Optical Fiber Links etc. which guides the
signal to propagate from one point to other.Such type of medium is called Guided Medium. On
the other hand, Wireless Communication doesn’t require any physical medium but propagates
the signal through space. Since, space only allows for signal transmission without any guidance,
the medium used in Wireless Communication is called Unguided Medium.If there is no physical
medium, then how does wireless communication transmit signals? Even though there are no
cables used in wireless communication, the transmission and reception of signals is
accomplished with Antennas.Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical signals
to radio signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM) Waves and vice versa. These
Electromagnetic Waves propagates through space. Hence, both transmitter and receiver consists
of an antenna.
Electromagnetic Waves carry the electromagnetic energy of electromagnetic field
through space. Electromagnetic Waves include Gamma Rays (γ – Rays), X – Rays, Ultraviolet
Rays, Visible Light, Infrared Rays, Microwave Rays and Radio Waves. Electromagnetic Waves
(usually Radio Waves) are used in wireless communication to carry the signals.An
Electromagnetic Wave consists of both electric and magnetic fields in the form of time varying
sinusoidal waves. Both these fields are oscillating perpendicular to each other and the direction
of propagation of the Electromagnetic Wave is again perpendicular to both these fields.

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Mathematically, an Electromagnetic Wave can be described using Maxwell’s equations. Pictorial
representation of an Electromagnetic Wave is shown below where the Electric Field is acting in
the Y – axis, magnetic field is acting in the Z – axis and the Electromagnetic Wave propagates in
X – axis.

A Brief History of Wireless Communication

Wireless communication has been a part of human life and is continuously evolving.
Modern Wireless Communication i.e. using electrical signals and radio waves for
communication has been around us for more than 100 years.
In the year 1897, Guglielmo Marconi successfully demonstrated the Wireless Telegraphy
by sending EM Waves for a short distance of 100 meters. This demonstration paved way for
Radio Communication and the term Radio is derived from Radiant Energy.
By early 1900’s, Trans – Atlantic radio transmission had been established, where
Marconi successfully transmitted messages in the form of Morse code. Since then, the
technology related to wireless communication and wireless system has advanced rapidly and thus
enabling transmissions over longer distances at low cost with cheaper devices.Throughout the
development of wireless communication, there are many wireless systems and methods that
flourished and many got disappeared. The best example for this is Telephone Communication
and Television Transmission. Initially, all telephone related communication was carried out (and
still is) using wired network.But the rapid growth of Mobile Communication started to replace
the complex wired telephone system. In this scenario, the wired technology became outdated and
got replaced by wireless communication.Another scenario where wireless communication got
replaced by wired communication is Television broadcasting. In the early days, television signals
were broadcasted using wireless radio transmitters. But this setup got replaced by cable
television.These two examples point out that with the development of technology, we always
have to choose what’s best for the situation i.e. in some areas we have to use wired
communication whereas in the other, going for wireless may be a better option.

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Wireless communucation block diagram

The Transmission Path

A typical transmission path of a Wireless Communication System consists of Encoder,

Encryption, Modulation and Multiplexing. The signal from the source is passed through a Source
Encoder, which converts the signal in to a suitable form for applying signal processing
techniques.

The redundant information from signal is removed in this process in order to maximise the
utilization of resources. This signal is then encrypted using an Encryption Standard so that the
signal and the information is secured and doesn’t allow any unauthorised access.

Channel Encoding is a technique that is applied to the signal to reduce the impairments like
noise, interference, etc. During this process, a small amount of redundancy is introduced to the
signal so that it becomes robust against noise. Then the signal is modulated using a suitable
Modulation Technique (like PSK, FSK and QPSK etc.) , so that the signal can be easily
transmitted using antenna.

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The modulated signal is then multiplexed with other signals using different Multiplexing
Techniques like Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) or Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
to share the valuable bandwidth.

The Channel

The channel in Wireless Communication indicates the medium of transmission of the signal i.e.
open space. A wireless channel is unpredictable and also highly variable and random in nature. A
channel maybe subject to interference, distortion, noise, scattering etc. and the result is that the
received signal may be filled with errors.

The Reception Path

The job of the Receiver is to collect the signal from the channel and reproduce it as the source
signal. The reception path of a Wireless Communication System comprises of Demultiplexing ,
Demodulation, Channel Decoding, Decryption and Source Decoding. From the components of
the reception path it is clear that the task of the receiver is just the inverse to that of transmitter.

The signal from the channel is received by the Demultiplexer and is separated from other signals.
The individual signals are demodulated using appropriate Demodulation Techniques and the
original message signal is recovered. The redundant bits from the message are removed using the
Channel Decoder.

Since the message is encrypted, Decryption of the signal removes the security and turns it into
simple sequence of bits. Finally, this signal is given to the Source Decoder to get back the
original transmitted message or signal.

Types of Wireless Communication Systems

Today, people need Mobile Phones for many things like talking, internet, multimedia etc. All
these services must be made available to the user on the go i.e. while the user is mobile. With the
help of these wireless communication services, we can transfer voice, data, videos, images etc.

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Wireless Communication Systems also provide different services like video conferencing,
cellular telephone, paging, TV, Radio etc. Due to the need for variety of communication
services, different types of Wireless Communication Systems are developed. Some of the
important Wireless Communication Systems available today are:

 Television and Radio Broadcasting

 Satellite Communication
 Radar
 Mobile Telephone System (Cellular Communication)
 Global Positioning System (GPS)
 Infrared Communication
 WLAN (Wi-Fi)
 Bluetooth
 Paging
 Cordless Phones
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

There are many other system with each being useful for different applications. Wireless
Communication systems can be again classified as Simplex, Half Duplex and Full Duplex.
Simplex communication is one way communication. An example is Radio broadcast system.

Half Duplex is two way communication but not simultaneous one. An example is walkie – talkie
(civilian band radio). Full Duplex is also two way communication and it is a simultaneous one.
Best example for full duplex is mobile phones.

The devices used for Wireless Communication may vary from one service to other and they may
have different size, shape, data throughput and cost. The area covered by a Wireless
Communication system is also an important factor. The wireless networks may be limited to a
building, an office campus, a city, a small regional area (greater than a city) or might have global
coverage.We will see a brief note about some of the important Wireless Communication
Systems.

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 Satellite Communication

Satellite Communication System is an important type of Wireless Communication. Satellite

Communication Networks provide worldwide coverage independent to population
density.Satellite Communication Systems offer telecommunication (Satellite Phones),
positioning and navigation (GPS), broadcasting, internet, etc. Other wireless services like
mobile, television broadcasting and other radio systems are dependent of Satellite
Communication Systems.

A satellite is an object that revolves around another object. For example, earth is a satellite of
The Sun, and moon is a satellite of earth.

A communication satellite is a microwave repeater station in a space that is used for

telecommunication, radio and television signals. A communication satellite processes the data
coming from one earth station and it converts the data into another form and send it to the
second earth station.

How a Satellite Works

Two stations on earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too far away to use
conventional means. The two stations can use a relay station for their communication. One earth
station transmits the signal to the satellite.

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Uplink frequency is the frequency at which ground station is communicating with satellite.
The satellite transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second earth station, and
this is called Downlink frequency. The second earth station also communicates with the first
one in the same way.

Advantages of Satellite
The advantages of Satellite Communications are as follows −

 The Coverage area is very high than that of terrestrial systems.

 The transmission cost is independent of the coverage area.

 Higher bandwidths are possible.

Disadvantages of Satellite
The disadvantages of Satellite Communications are as follows −

 Launching satellites into orbits is a costly process.

 The bandwidths are gradually used up.

 High propagation delay for satellite systems than the conventional terrestrial
systems.

Satellite Communication Basics

The process of satellite communication begins at an earth station. Here an installation is
designed to transmit and receive signals from a satellite in orbit around the earth. Earth stations
send information to satellites in the form of high powered, high frequency (GHz range) signals.

The satellites receive and retransmit the signals back to earth where they are received by other
earth stations in the coverage area of the satellite. Satellite's footprint is the area which
receives a signal of useful strength from the satellite.

The transmission system from the earth station to the satellite through a channel is called
the uplink. The system from the satellite to the earth station through the channel is called
the downlink.

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Satellite Frequency Bands
The satellite frequency bands which are commonly used for communication are the Cband,
Ku-band, and Ka-band. C-band and Ku-band are the commonly used frequency spectrums by
today's satellites.

It is important to note that there is an inverse relationship between frequency and wavelength
i.e. when frequency increases, wavelength decreases this helps to understand the relationship
between antenna diameter and transmission frequency. Larger antennas (satellite dishes) are
necessary to gather the signal with increasing wavelength.

Earth Orbits
A satellite when launched into space, needs to be placed in certain orbit to provide a particular
way for its revolution, so as to maintain accessibility and serve its purpose whether scientific,
military or commercial. Such orbits which are assigned to satellites, with respect to earth are
called as Earth Orbits. The satellites in these orbits are Earth Orbit Satellites.

The important kinds of Earth Orbits are −

 Geo-synchronous Earth Orbit

 Geo-stationary Earth Orbit

 Medium Earth Orbit

 Low Earth Orbit

Geo-synchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites
A Geo-synchronous Earth orbit Satellite is one which is placed at an altitude of 22,300 miles
above the Earth. This orbit is synchronized with a side real day(i.e., 23hours 56minutes). This
orbit can have inclination and eccentricity. It may not be circular. This orbit can be tilted at
the poles of the earth. But it appears stationary when observed from the Earth.

The same geo-synchronous orbit, if it is circular and in the plane of equator, it is called as geo-
stationary orbit. These Satellites are placed at 35,900kms (same as geosynchronous) above the
Earth’s Equator and they keep on rotating with respect to earth’s direction (west to east). These
satellites are considered stationary with respect to earth and hence the name implies.

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Geo-Stationary Earth Orbit Satellites are used for weather forecasting, satellite TV, satellite
radio and other types of global communications.

The above figure shows the difference between Geo-synchronous and Geo- Stationary orbits.
The Axis of rotation indicates the movement of Earth.

The main point to note here is that every Geo-Stationary orbit is a Geo-Synchronous orbit. But
every Geo-Synchronous orbit is NOT a Geo-stationary orbit.

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites

Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellite networks will orbit at distances of about 8000 miles from
earth's surface. Signals transmitted from a MEO satellite travel a shorter distance. This
translates to improved signal strength at the receiving end. This shows that smaller, more
lightweight receiving terminals can be used at the receiving end.

Since the signal is travelling a shorter distance to and from the satellite, there is less
transmission delay. Transmission delay can be defined as the time it takes for a signal to travel
up to a satellite and back down to a receiving station.

For real-time communications, the shorter the transmission delay, the better will be the
communication system. As an example, if a GEO satellite requires 0.25 seconds for a round

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trip, then MEO satellite requires less than 0.1 seconds to complete the same trip. MEOs
operates in the frequency range of 2 GHz and above.

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites

The LEO satellites are mainly classified into three categories namely, little LEOs, big LEOs,
and Mega-LEOs. LEOs will orbit at a distance of 500 to 1000 miles above the earth's surface.

This relatively short distance reduces transmission delay to only 0.05 seconds. This further
reduces the need for sensitive and bulky receiving equipment. Little LEOs will operate in the
800 MHz (0.8 GHz) range. Big LEOs will operate in the 2 GHz or above range, and Mega-
LEOs operates in the 20-30 GHz range.

The higher frequencies associated with Mega-LEOs translates into more information carrying
capacity and yields to the capability of real-time, low delay video transmission scheme.

Applications of communication satellite

Telephony

The first and still, arguably, most important application for communication satellites is in international telephony.
Fixed-point telephones relay calls to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a geostationary satellite. An
analogous path is then followed on the downlink. In contrast, mobile telephones (to and from ships and airplanes)
must be directly connected to equipment to uplink the signal to the satellite, as well as being able to ensure satellite
pointing in the presence of disturbances, such as waves onboard a ship.

Hand held telephony (cellular phones) used in urban areas do not make use of satellite communications. Instead they
have access to a ground based constellation of receiving and retransmitting stations.

Television and Radio Broadcasting

Radio is considered to be the first wireless service to be broadcast. It is an example of a Simplex

Communication System where the information is transmitted only in one direction and all the
users receiving the same data

Weather

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Weather forecast use a variety of observations from which to analyses the current state of the atmosphere. Since the
launch of the first weather satellite in 1960 global observations have been possible, even in the remotest areas.
Observation as obtained from satellite used in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) model.
During the 1970s and 1980s a wide range of satellite missions have been launched from which many different
meteorological observations could be estimated. Some satellite instruments allowed improved estimation of
moisture, cloud and rainfall. Others allowed estimation of wind velocity by tracking features (e.g. clouds) visible in
the imagery or surface wind vectors from microwave backscatter.

Earth Observation

Understand and analyzing global environmental conditions is an essential element of guaranteeing our safety and
quality of life. Among other things, we need to be able to spot environmental disasters in a timely manner, and to
monitor and manage the Earth’s natural resources. For this purpose, a number of Earth Observation satellites are in
orbit for Earth observations. Data collected by these satellites allow us to understand the processes and interactions
among land masses, oceans, and atmosphere. The utility of different data sets for different applications are
agriculture, forestry, geology, risk management, cartography, environment, and defence.

For the defence and security, EO information is a key information source, and it is handled with
moreand more sophisticated Geological Information System instruments. The main applications are
the generation of maps, target monitoring and detection, and digital elevation model generation.

Mobile Telephone Communication System

Perhaps, the most commonly used wireless communication system is the Mobile Phone
Technology. The development of mobile cellular device changed the World like no other
technology. Today’s mobile phones are not limited to just making calls but are integrated with
numerous other features like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GPS, and FM Radio.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is another important low range wireless communication system. It provides data, voice
and audio transmission with a transmission range of 10 meters. Almost all mobile phones, tablets

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and laptops are equipped with Bluetooth devices. They can be connected to wireless Bluetooth
receivers, audio equipment, cameras etc.

Bluetooth provides two modes of communication: Basic Rate/Enhanced Data Rate (BR/EDR),
which is suitable for continuous wireless connections for one-to-one device communications, and
Low Energy (LE), which allows for short bursts of data and thus expands the use of Bluetooth to
low-power applications. In addition to point-to-point (P2P) networking, the LE mode supports
one-to-many broadcasting and many-to-many mesh networking with high reliability and
scalability.

Toshiba is leading the way in the use of low-power technology for Bluetooth applications.
Bluetooth is becoming widely used in power-sensitive coin-cell-operated applications into which
a Bluetooth function could not previously be incorporated. This trend is enabling the wireless
collection and statistical analysis of data, contributing to creation of new value. The Bluetooth
one-to-many data broadcast mode is finding more applications such as accurate positioning using
Bluetooth beacons and sharing of sensor data.

In the coming years, many-to-many wireless communication using a mesh topology will be
realized. Systems with simplified setup and maintenance will also improve communication
reliability and scalability while maintaining data security. Toshiba will continue to work together
with other SIG members to promote Bluetooth technology and create added value in order to
realize these Bluetooth applications.

Progress to Date

As an SIG promoter, Toshiba has led the standardization of Bluetooth and realized
wireless communication between a PC and a smartphone, between a PC and a peripheral
device, and between a smartphone and a peripheral device. The technologies for these
wireless communications have been provided to SIG member companies for the
promotion of Bluetooth.

Promotion of Bluetooth for PC applications

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 In order to allow existing PCs to use Bluetooth, Toshiba has developed PC cards
and software stacks as well as Bluetooth modems. Toshiba began the promotion of
Bluetooth technology, primarily targeting PCs. Toshiba has also released PCs with
a Bluetooth capability to be used as reference models for the development of
Bluetooth-ready peripherals.

Founding of a Bluetooth certification company and promotion of Bluetooth

for PC peripheral applications
Toshiba founded a Bluetooth certification company to help commercialize Bluetooth-
capable products and thereby increase the uptake of Bluetooth in other applications.
Toshiba has also developed ICs, SD cards, USB dongles and other Bluetooth products to
promote the use of Bluetooth in PC peripherals.

Promotion of Bluetooth for home appliance applications

Toshiba has provided Bluetooth solutions for smartphones to make it possible for
them to communicate with PCs, and promoted Bluetooth technology mainly
designed for smartphones. In addition, Toshiba has released refrigerators, oven-
toaster-grills (OTGs), home washer-dryers, access points and other products with
Bluetooth capabilities, as well as network-enabled home appliances with new
Internet services.

Promotion of Bluetooth for audiovisual applications

Toshiba has released Bluetooth headsets capable of recognizing voice commands,

Bluetooth LCD projectors and other Bluetooth-ready products in order to provide
new Bluetooth experiences.

Promotion of Bluetooth by providing Bluetooth stacks

Toshiba has participated in various working groups (WGs) for Bluetooth

standardization. Our major contributions in AVWG include the development of
success scenarios for audiovisual applications using Bluetooth BR/EDR,
considering common use scenarios where users switch from voice communication
to music playback and vice versa. In addition, Toshiba has provided a Bluetooth

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 PC stack that incorporates its technical expertise to other companies, contributing
to the promotion of Bluetooth Audio and other aspects of Bluetooth technology.
Furthermore, in order to help reduce the time required for Bluetooth pairing and
simplify user operation, Toshiba proposed Bluetooth auto connection technology,
contributing to the improvement of Bluetooth usability.\

Mobile phone generations

In the early 1980s, 1G was introduced as voice-only communication via "brick

phones". Later in 1991, the development of 2G introduced Short Message Service (SMS)
and Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) capabilities, allowing picture messages to be
sent and received between phones. In 1998, 3G was introduced to provide faster data-
transmission speeds to support video calling and internet access. 4G was released in 2008
to support more demanding services such as gaming services, HD mobile TV, video
conferencing, and 3D TV. 5G technology has been planned for the upcoming future.

Wearable mobile devices & 5 G

After 2G, 3G and 4G, there is already talk of 5G networks that would multiply
transmission speed by 100 times. Also the current issues with respect to battery charge
retention may be a thing of the past with bigger power banks and long-lasting batteries.

Wearable mobile technology has arrived and could come up with several new
applications related to health, fitness, disease, marketing.

Motorola Mobility has a patent for a mobile system that is capable of identifying
whether the user is lying. It is implanted under the neck and capable of capturing human
voice. Google has reportedly developed several biometric applications for mobile which

are capable of controlling sugar levels which is a boon for diabetes affected patients .

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The future is indeed promising for mobility and the more faster businesses catch on the
bandwagon more returns they could reap.

The future of Mobile Computing

According to researchandmarkets.com, the global enterprise mobility solutions market is

expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 35.43% in the next three

years. The mobile computing applications of enterprise mobility solutions are in

managing mobile computing devices, wireless networks and related services. This is

a cloud based technology enabling sustained connectivity. The report said that revenue

generated through software licenses ad subscription fees have been used as a yardstick

for the future estimates of growth

Wireless Multiple Access Techniques

In wireless communication systems, it is often desirable to allow the subscriber to send
information simultaneously from the mobile station to the base station while receiving
information from the base station to the mobile station.

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A cellular system divides any given area into cells where a mobile unit in each cell
communicates with a base station. The main aim in the cellular system design is to be able
to increase the capacity of the channel, i.e., to handle as many calls as possible in a given
bandwidth with a sufficient level of quality of service.

There are several different ways to allow access to the channel. These includes mainly the
following −

 Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)

 Time division multiple-access (TDMA)

 Code division multiple-access (CDMA)

 Space division multiple access (SDMA)

Depending on how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users, these techniques can be
classified as narrowband and wideband systems.

Narrowband Systems
Systems operating with channels substantially narrower than the coherence bandwidth are
called as Narrow band systems. Narrow band TDMA allows users to use the same channel but
allocates a unique time slot to each user on the channel, thus separating a small number of users
in time on a single channel.

Wideband Systems
In wideband systems, the transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much larger than the
coherence bandwidth of the channel. Thus, multipath fading doesn’t greatly affect the received
signal within a wideband channel, and frequency selective fades occur only in a small fraction
of the signal bandwidth.

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

FDMA is the basic technology for advanced mobile phone services. The features of FDMA are
as follows.

 FDMA allots a different sub-band of frequency to each different user to access the
network.

 If FDMA is not in use, the channel is left idle instead of allotting to the other users.

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  FDMA is implemented in Narrowband systems and it is less complex than TDMA.

 Tight filtering is done here to reduce adjacent channel interference.

 The base station BS and mobile station MS, transmit and receive simultaneously and
continuously in FDMA.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In the cases where continuous transmission is not required, there TDMA is used instead of
FDMA. The features of TDMA include the following.

 TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users where each users makes use
of non-overlapping time slots.

 Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous, but occurs in bursts. Hence handsoff
process is simpler.

 TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception thus duplexers are not
required.

 TDMA has an advantage that is possible to allocate different numbers of time slots per
frame to different users.

 Bandwidth can be supplied on demand to different users by concatenating or reassigning

time slot based on priority.

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code division multiple access technique is an example of multiple access where several
transmitters use a single channel to send information simultaneously. Its features are as follows.

 In CDMA every user uses the full available spectrum instead of getting allotted by
separate frequency.

 CDMA is much recommended for voice and data communications.

 While multiple codes occupy the same channel in CDMA, the users having same code
can communicate with each other.

 CDMA offers more air-space capacity than TDMA.

 The hands-off between base stations is very well handled by CDMA.

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Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
Space division multiple access or spatial division multiple access is a technique which is MIMO
(multiple-input multiple-output) architecture and used mostly in wireless and satellite
communication. It has the following features.

 All users can communicate at the same time using the same channel.

 SDMA is completely free from interference.

 A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency.

 The directional spot-beam antennas are used and hence the base station in SDMA, can
track a moving user.

 Controls the radiated energy for each user in space.

Spread Spectrum Multiple Access (SSMA)

Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) uses signals which have a transmission bandwidth
whose magnitude is greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth.

There are two main types of spread spectrum multiple access techniques −

 Frequency hopped spread spectrum (FHSS)

 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)

Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum (FHSS)

This is a digital multiple access system in which the carrier frequencies of the individual users
are varied in a pseudo random fashion within a wideband channel. The digital data is broken
into uniform sized bursts which is then transmitted on different carrier frequencies.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

This is the most commonly used technology for CDMA. In DS-SS, the message signal is
multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise Code. Each user is given his own code word which is
orthogonal to the codes of other users and in order to detect the user, the receiver must know the
code word used by the transmitter.

The combinational sequences called as hybrid are also used as another type of spread
spectrum. Time hopping is also another type which is rarely mentioned.

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Since many users can share the same spread spectrum bandwidth without interfering with one
another, spread spectrum systems become bandwidth efficient in a multiple user environment.

The wireless channel is susceptible to a variety of transmission impediments such as path loss,
interference and blockage. These factors restrict the range, data rate, and the reliability of the
wireless transmission.

Advantages of Wireless Communication

1)As wireless frequency penetrates the walls, wireless networks are easy to install anywhere
based on choice. This flexibility is one of the great benefits of wireless network where wired
cable can not be installed.
2)Wireless networks are easy to install and easy to maintain compare to messy wired
counterparts. This will help when network grows and will have hundreds to thousands of
customers.
Disadvantages of Wireless Communication

1)Wireless signals can be easily hacked and hence it will hamper privacy. To avoid this, security
algorithms (AES, WEP, WAP2) and modulation techniques (FHSS, DSSS) are employed in
wireless networks.
2)The earlier wireless networks were slower. Now-a-days wireless LANs with advanced
standards such as IEEE 802.11ac and 802.11ad are available which provides same performance
as traditional ethernet based LANs.
3)Wireless networks require careful radio frequency planning at the beginning of the
installation.
4)Wireless communication is subject to interference. There are various receiver techniques and
modulation techniques which make wireless system robust against any kind of interference.

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references

https://toshiba.semicon-storage.com/us/product/wireless-communication/bluetooth/bt_sig.html

https://www.educba.com/mobile-computing-applications-and-services/

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